Fiveways, Croydon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Fiveways, Croydon: Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

287370A

Prepared for Transport for London

Prepared by Parsons Brinckerhoff Manchester Technology Centre Oxford Road Manchester M1 7ED

Report Title : Fiveways, Croydon: Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Report Status : Final

Job No : 287370A

Date : August 2014

DOCUMENT HISTORY AND STATUS

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Revision details Pages Version Date Comments affected August 1.0 2014

AUTHORISATION SHEET

Client: Transport for London Project: Fiveways, Croydon Address: PREPARED BY Name: Position: Date: August 2014 AGREED BY Name: Position: Date: August 2014 AUTHORISED FOR ISSUE Name: Position: Date: DISTRIBUTION ACCEPTED BY Name: Position: Date: ACCEPTED BY Name: Position: Date:

Fiveways, Croydon: Archaeological Desk- based Assessment

CONTENTS Page List of Abbreviations 3 Executive Summary 5 SECTION 1 7 1 Acknowledgements 9 SECTION 2 10 2 Introduction 11 SECTION 3 12 3 Methodology 13 3.1 Planning Background and Legislative Framework 13 3.2 Approach 15 3.3 Assessment Methodology 16 SECTION 4 26 4 Baseline Condition 27 4.1 Historical and Archaeological Background 26 4.2 Archaeological Interventions 29 4.3 Development of the Scheme Area 30 SECTION 5 33 5 Gazetteer of Heritage Assets 34 SECTION 6 39 6 Study Area Visit and Setting Assessment 40 6.1 Study Area Visit 39 6.2 Setting Assessment 40 SECTION 7 47 7 Significance of the Heritage Assets 48 7.1 Introduction 48 7.2 Statement of Significance 49 SECTION 8 51 8 Likely Impact of Development 52 8.1 Sensitivity (Value) of the Heritage Assets 52 8.2 Impact Assessment 52

SECTION 9 55 9 Mitigation Strategy 56 9.1 Recommendations 56

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SECTION 10 57 10 Bibliography 58 10.1 Cartographic Sources 58 10.2 Documentary Sources 58 10.3 Online Sources 59

FIGURES 60

List of Figures

Figure 1: Site Location Plan Figure 2: Plan of the Heritage Assets within the Scheme Area and Study Areas Figure 3A: Extract from John Ward‟s: „The Mannor of Wadden‟, 1692 Figure 3B: Extract from „A Plan of Waddon Court Farm‟, 1799 Figure 3C: Extract from the 1800 Enclosure Map Figure 3D: Extract from the 1847 Tithe Map Figure 3E: Extract from the 1868 Ordnance Survey Map Figure 3F: Extract from the 1913 Ordnance Survey Map Figure 3G: Extract from the 1933 Ordnance Survey Map

List of Plates:

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DCLG Department of Communities and Local Government DCMS Department of Culture, Media and Sport DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges HA Heritage Asset HER Historic Environment Record IfA The Institute for Archaeologists NGR National Grid Reference NPPF National Planning Policy Framework OS Ordnance Survey

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SECTION 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1.1.1 Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB) is grateful to Transport for London (TfL) for commissioning this report. PB would like to thank the staff at Greater London Historic Environment Record for their assistance during the data capture phase of the assessment. The staff at Croydon Museum and Archives are also acknowledged.

1.1.2

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION

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2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Circumstances of the Project

2.1.1 Parsons Brinckerhoff is currently supporting Transport for London (TfL) on the Fiveways Feasibility modelling commission. Concurrently, PB has been commissioned by TfL to produce an archaeological desk-based assessment for the same study. There are two potential scheme options which include a new elevated link road (Option 1); or the replacement of an existing bridge in conjunction with the widening of Epsom Road (Option 2).

2.2 Location, Topography and Geology

2.2.1 Fiveways is located in the west of Waddon which lies in the west of Croydon borough, approximately 2km from Croydon town centre (Figure 1). Waddon is situated in the Wandle River valley and the topography slopes down towards the river at the north and west. The scheme area is located at the base of Duppas Hill with an approximate height of 45m AOD. The bedrock geology comprises Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation, Seaford Chalk Formation and Newhaven Chalk Formation whilst the superficial geology is likely to be alluvial sand and gravels (www.bgs.ac.uk). The scheme area lies within the Waddon Archaeological Priority Zone as defined by Croydon Borough Council.

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SECTION 3 METHODOLOGY

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3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Planning Background and Legislative Framework

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)

3.1.1 National planning policies on the conservation of the historic environment are set out in the NPPF, which was published by the Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) in 2012. Sites of archaeological or cultural heritage significance that are valued components of the historic environment and merit consideration in planning decisions are grouped as 'heritage assets'. The NPPF states that "heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource" the conservation of which can bring "wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits..." (DCLG 2012, Section 12, 126). It also states that the "...significance of any heritage assets affected including any contribution made by their setting..." should be understood in order to assess the potential impact (op cit, 128). In addition to standing remains, heritage assets of archaeological interest can comprise sub-surface remains and, therefore, assessments should be undertaken for a site with potential below ground archaeological deposits.

3.1.2 NPPF draws a distinction between designated heritage assets and other remains considered to be of lesser significance; "... great weight should be given to the asset's conservation. Substantial harm to or loss of a Grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, including scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, Grade I and II* listed buildings and Grade I and II* registered parks and gardens and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional..." (op cit, 132). Therefore, preservation in situ is the preferred course in relation to such sites unless exceptional circumstances exist.

3.1.3 It is normally accepted that non-designated heritage assets will be preserved by record, in accordance with their significance and the magnitude of the harm to or loss of the asset as a result of the proposals, to "...avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset's conservation and any aspect of the proposals..." (op cit, 129). Non- designated heritage assets of archaeological interest will also be subject to the policies reserved for designated heritage assets if they are of equivalent significance to Scheduled Monuments (op cit, 132).

Local Planning Policy

3.1.4 The Croydon Local Plan (adopted 2013) sets out the key policies relating to the historic environment, this includes both a general Strategic Policy and also Detailed Policies and Proposals. The sections of Croydon Strategic Policy specifically relating to character, conservation and heritage comprise:

SP4.12 The Council and its partners will respect, and optimise opportunities to enhance, Croydon‟s heritage assets, their setting and the historic landscape including through high quality new development and public realm that respects the local character and is well integrated.

SP4.13 The Council and its partners will strengthen the protection of and promote improvements to the following heritage assets and their settings:

 Statutory Listed Buildings;

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 Archaeological Priority Zones;  Local List of Buildings;  Local List of Historic Parks and Gardens; 3.1.5 The more specific policies within the Detailed Policies and Proposals include:

DM17 Heritage Assets and Conservation: To preserve and enhance the character, appearance and setting of heritage assets within the borough, the Council will determine all development proposals that affect heritage assets in accordance with the following:

 Development affecting heritage assets will only be permitted if their special character and appearance is preserved or enhanced;  Proposals for development will only be permitted if they will enhance the setting of the heritage asset affected or have no adverse impact on the existing setting;  Proposals for enabling development must have benefits that outweigh the detriment of departing from other planning policies and the proposed development must be the minimum necessary to secure the heritage asset‟s long-term future. DM17.2 Applications for development proposals that affect heritage assets must demonstrate:

 How particular attention has been paid to scale, height, massing, historic building lines, the pattern of historic development, use, design, detailing and materials;  That it is of a high quality design that integrates with and makes a positive contribution to the historic environment; and  How the integrity of any retained historic fabric is preserved. DM17.3 To preserve and enhance listed buildings, scheduled ancient monuments and registered parks and gardens within the borough, the Council will determine all development proposals that affect these heritage assets in accordance with the following:

 Substantial harm to or loss of a Grade II listed building or park or garden should be exceptional; DM17.5 To protect and enhance the character, appearance and setting of locally listed buildings within the borough, the Council will determine all development proposals that affect locally listed buildings in accordance with the following:

 Substantial weight will be given to protecting and enhancing locally listed buildings;  All alterations and extensions should enhance the building‟s character, setting and features and must not adversely affect the significance of the building; and  All proposals for development must have regard to Croydon‟s Local List of Buildings of Historic or Architectural Importance SPD. DM17.6 To preserve and enhance the character, appearance and setting of Local Areas of Special Character within the borough, the Council will determine all development proposals that affect Local Areas of Special Character in accordance with the following:

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 Substantial weight will be given to protecting and enhancing buildings that make a positive contribution to the special character and appearance of a local area of special character; and  All proposals for development must have regard to the development principles in the Conservation Area General Guidance SPD (or equivalent local guidance on Local Areas of Special Character). DM17.7 Substantial weight will be given to conserving and enhancing landscape features or planting that makes a positive contribution to the special historic character and original layout of statutorily registered and locally listed historic parks and gardens.

DM17.9 In consultation with the Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service, or equivalent authority, the Council will require the necessary level of investigation and recording for development proposals that affect, or have the potential to affect Croydon‟s archaeological heritage. Remains of archaeological importance, whether scheduled or not, should be protected in situ or, if this is not possible, excavated and removed as directed by the Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service or equivalent authority.

3.2 Approach

Standards and Guidance

3.2.1 This desk-based assessment has been written to comply with the Guidance and Standards for desk-based assessments in compliance with the National Planning Policy Framework (See Section 3.1, above). Furthermore, the assessment was carried out in accordance with the relevant professional guidelines - Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) and English Heritage (IfA 2012, Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment; IfA 2013, Code of Conduct; English Heritage 2006, Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE)).

Study Areas

3.2.2 This desk-based assessment has focused on the Scheme Area, although historic information for the immediate surrounding area (hereafter known as the inner study area) was considered in order to provide an essential contextual background.

Terminology

3.2.3 The technical terminology applied to the assessment process in this document is based on that contained within the NPPF Planning Practice Guide (DCLG 2014), English Heritage's „The Setting of Heritage Assets‟ (2011) and the Cultural Heritage Section (Volume 11, Section 3, Part 2) of the Design Manual for Road and Bridges (DMRB) issued by the Highways Agency in 2007. This latter document has been widely adopted throughout the heritage industry as a baseline. However, the terminology has been enhanced as appropriate throughout this report.

3.2.4 Cultural heritage comprises Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Parks and Gardens, Battlefields, Conservation Areas, earthworks and buried archaeological remains. In this instance buildings and parks and gardens that are in included in

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Croydon‟s „Local Lists‟ have been included as they are viewed as a reflection of the borough‟s rich and varied heritage. For the ease of presentation in this document, cultural heritage features are referred to as heritage assets, and additionally for the purposes of clarity a minor distinction is made between standing remains and buried archaeology.

Aims

3.2.5 The desk-based assessment will study the historic environment within the study area. It will consist of an analysis of data in order to identify the likely heritage assets, their significance, character of the study area and consideration of the setting of the heritage assets, and the nature, extent and quality of the known or potential archaeological, historic, architectural and aesthetic interest. Importance is to be judged in a neighbourhood, local, regional, national or international context as appropriate (IfA 2012).

Objectives

3.2.6 The specific objectives of this desk-based assessment are to:

 Assess the potential for heritage assets to survive within the Scheme Area and Study Area;  Assess the value and significance of the known or potential heritage assets;  Identify the potential impact of proposed or predicted changes on or harm to the significance of the assets and their settings;  Provide strategies for further evaluation where the nature, extent or significance of the resource is not sufficiently well defined;  Suggest strategies to conserve the significance of the assets and their settings, and;  Present proposals for archaeological mitigation.

3.3 Assessment Methodology

Data Collection

3.3.1 The principal sources of information consulted were historical and modern maps although published and unpublished secondary sources were also reviewed. The following repositories were consulted during the data gathering process:

 Greater London Historic Environment Record (HER);  Croydon Museum and Archive;  Historical Maps including Ordnance Survey.

Study Area Visit and Setting Assessment

3.3.2 The inner study area was visited in July 2014 in order to assess its character, identify any visible historic features and assess possible factors which may affect the survival or condition of known or potential assets. Additionally, the outer study area was visited in order to allow an assessment of the potential for direct impacts on the

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significance of the setting of the heritage assets (Figure 2). The general topography was noted, as was the presence of any large areas of plantation, and building complexes such as housing estates, industrial plant, and so forth. Each designated heritage asset, or clusters of assets were also visited in order to assess the potential harm to the significance of the setting of the asset. A photographic archive was compiled and a selection of images is presented as Plates 1-8.

3.3.3 All of the heritage assets identified through the data collection and the study area visit are described in detail in the Gazetteer (Section 5). Their location is shown on Figure 2.

Assessment of Significance

3.3.4 In line with Policy 128 of NPPF this document describes the significance of any heritage assets identified within the grid connection routes or study area as appropriate. For the purposes of this document significance can be defined as the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest, which may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic (English Heritage 2010). A full discussion of significance based upon heritage values is presented in Section 7. Additionally, this significance may derive not only from its physical presence but also from its setting. The assessment of the significance of setting is presented in Section 7, and relies heavily upon English Heritage's 'The Setting of Heritage Assets' (2011).

3.3.5 The IfA 'Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment' (2012) also considers that an assessment of the significance of heritage assets should include archaeological, historic, architectural and artistic interests pertaining to the asset. It should identify the potential impact of proposed or predicted changes on the significance of the asset and the opportunities for reducing that impact. Policy 129 of NPPF states that this evidence should be taken into account when considering the impact of a proposal.

3.3.6 English Heritage present a set of heritage values in their guidance document 'Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance' (2008): aesthetic, communal, historic and evidential, which is the approach adopted for analysing significance in this document. Full definitions of these values are presented in Section 7. Additionally, and in order to consider the archaeological and historic significance in particular, an additional set of criteria are employed which relate to the Secretary of State's criteria for assessing the national importance of monuments, as contained in Annex 1 of the policy statement on scheduled monuments produced by the Department of Culture, Media, and Sport (2010). These criteria relate to period, rarity, documentation, group value, survival/condition, fragility/vulnerability, diversity, and potential and are presented in Section 5.

3.3.7 Initially, the sensitivity, value or importance of the heritage asset is judged in a neighbourhood, local, regional, national and international context, which results in the cultural sensitivity of the asset being determined along with the appropriate form of mitigation (Table 1, below).

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Table 1: Criteria Used to Determine Importance of Heritage Assets Cultural Mitigation Criteria value/Sensitivity World Heritage Sites; To be avoided Very high (international) Sites of International Importance. Scheduled Monuments; To be avoided High (National) All Listed Buildings; Registered Parks and Gardens. Conservation Areas containing buildings that contributes Avoidance Medium significantly to its historic character; recommended (Regional/County) Areas of Archaeological Importance; Locally listed buildings. Archaeological sites and remains with a local or borough Avoidance interest for education, cultural appreciation, locally listed recommended Low (Local/Borough) buildings; Assets which contribute to local or cultural understanding of the area. Relatively numerous types of remains, of some local Avoidance not importance; envisaged Negligible Isolated findspots with no context; (Neighbourhood/ Areas in which investigative techniques have revealed no, or Negligible) minimal, evidence of archaeological remains, or where previous large-scale disturbance or removal of deposits can be demonstrated. Potential archaeological sites for which there is little Avoidance information. It may not be possible to determine the unnecessary Uncertain /Potential importance of the site based on current knowledge. Such sites are likely isolated findspots, place names or cropmarks identified on aerial photographs.

3.3.8 Table 1 is a general guide to the attributes of cultural heritage assets and it should be noted that not all the qualities listed need be present in every case and professional judgement is used in balancing the different criteria.

Potential Impact

3.3.9 Harm to significance is the basis of assessing impact. In order to assess the level of harm or potential impact of any future development on built heritage or buried archaeological remains, consideration has been afforded to:

 Assessing in detail any impact and the significance of the effects arising from any future development of the study area;  Reviewing the evidence for past impacts that may have affected the archaeological sites of interest identified during the desk-based assessment;  Outlining suitable mitigation measures, where possible at this stage, to avoid, reduce, or remedy adverse impacts. 3.3.10 Key impacts have been identified as those that would potentially harm the significance of the heritage asset. Each potential impact has been determined as the predicted deviation from the baseline conditions, in accordance with current knowledge of the site and the proposed development. Although the impact is

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assessed in terms of the sensitivity of the asset to the magnitude of change or potential scale of harm during the proposed development, consideration is afforded to the heritage values of the assets (Section 7). The magnitude, or scale of an impact is often difficult to define, but will be termed as substantial harm, moderate harm, slight harm, or negligible, as shown in Table 2, below.

Table 2: Criteria Used to Determine Scale of Impact (Harm)

Magnitude of Description Impact

Substantial Significant change in environmental factors; Complete destruction of the site or harm feature; Change to the site or feature resulting in a fundamental change in ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its cultural heritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting. Moderate harm Significant change in environmental factors; Change to the site or feature resulting in an appreciable change in ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its cultural heritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting. Slight harm Change to the site or feature resulting in a small change in our ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its cultural heritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting. Negligible Negligible change or no material changes to the site or feature. No real change in our ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its cultural heritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting.

3.3.11 The interaction of the potential scale of impact (Table 2) and the sensitivity of the heritage asset (Table 1) produce the impact significance. This may be calculated by using the matrix shown in Table 3, which is included to allow an objective assessment to be presented.

Table 3: Impact Significance Matrix No Negligible Slight harm Moderate harm Substantial harm Change

Moderate/ Very High Neutral Slight Large/very large Very large large High Neutral Slight Moderate/slight Moderate/large Large/very large Medium Neutral Neutral/slight Slight Moderate Moderate/large SENSITIVITY Low Neutral Neutral/slight Neutral/slight Slight Slight/moderate Negligible Neutral Neutral/slight Neutral/slight Neutral/slight Slight Significance of the Impact

3.3.12 It is normal practice to state that impacts of moderate or above significance are regarded as significant impacts. Mitigation measures as appropriate for each heritage asset affected are presented in Section 9.

Limitations

3.3.13 This assessment is based on the development proposals as presented at the time of compiling this report, taking in to account where possible all noted variables. Any

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comments received on this document from English Heritage and the appropriate Planning Archaeologist should also be taken into consideration for future assessment or investigations.

3.4 Assessing the Significance of Setting to Heritage Assets

3.4.1 The definition of setting used here is taken from the NPPF (DCLG 2012): setting is the surroundings in which an asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surrounding evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral. Furthermore, the English Heritage document 'Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance' (2008) states that setting also relates to the asset's local context, embracing present and past relationships to the adjacent landscape. More recently, English Heritage (2011) considers that the significance of a heritage asset derives not only from its physical presence and historic fabric, but also from its setting - the surrounding within which it is experienced.

3.4.2 English Heritage in their guidance document, 'The Setting of Heritage Assets' (2011), has provided a stepped approach to the assessment of significance of setting to heritage assets. Following the initial identification of the heritage asset(s) and associated setting the following steps comprise:

 Assessing whether, how and to what degree the settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage assets;  Assessing the effect of the proposed development on the setting, and the resulting implications for the significance of the heritage asset(s);  Maximising enhancement and minimising harm (mitigation). 3.4.3 In assessing whether, how and to what degree the settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage assets, a number of potential attributes of a setting may help in determining its significance. These are presented in Table 4 below.

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Table 4: Determining the Contribution of Setting to the Significance of the Heritage Asset(s) Contribution of Setting: Potential attributes / factors to consider The asset’s physical surroundings: Topography; Other heritage assets (archaeological remains, buildings, structures, landscapes, areas or archaeological remains); Definition, scale and „grain‟ of surrounding streetscape, landscape and spaces; Historic materials and surfaces; Land use; Openness, enclosure and boundaries; functional relationships and communications; Green spaces, trees and vegetation; History and degree of change over time; Integrity; Issues, such as soil chemistry and hydrology Experience of the asset: Surrounding landscape and town character; Views from, towards, through and across, including the asset; Visual dominance, prominence or role as focal point; Intentional intervisibility with other historic and natural features; Noise, vibration and other pollutants and nuisances; Tranquillity, remoteness, „wildness‟; Sense of enclosure, seclusion, intimacy or privacy; Dynamism and activity; Accessibility, permeability and patterns of movement; Degree of interpretation or promotion to the public; The rarity of comparable survivals of setting The asset’s associative attributes: Associative relationships between heritage assets; Cultural associations; Celebrated artistic representations; Traditions

3.4.4 Having assessed the contribution of the setting to the significance of the asset, the effect of the proposed development on the setting can be determined by consideration of the potential attributes of the development affecting setting. These are outlined in Table 5 below.

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Table 5: Potential Attributes of the Proposed Development Attribute Factors to consider Location and siting of Proximity to asset; the development Extent; Position in relation to landform; Degree to which location will physically or visually isolate asset; Position in relation to key views The form and Prominence, dominance, or conspicuousness; appearance of the Competition with or distraction from the asset; development Dimensions, scale and massing; Proportions; Visual permeability; Materials (texture, colour, reflectiveness, etc.); Architectural style or design; Introduction of movement or activity; Diurnal or seasonal change Other effects of the Change to built surroundings and spaces; development Change to skyline; Noise, odour, vibration, dust, etc; Lighting effects and „light spill‟; Change to general character (e.g. suburbanising or industrialising); Change to public access, use or amenity; Change to land use, land cover, tree cover; Changes to archaeological context, soil chemistry or hydrology; Changes to communications/accessibility/permeability Permanence of the Anticipated lifetime/temporariness; development Recurrence; Reversibility Longer term or Changes to ownership arrangements; consequential effects Economic and social viability; of the development Communal and social viability

3.4.5 Once the contribution of the setting has been determined and the potential attributes of the proposed development upon it have been identified, the contribution needs to be evaluated in order to determine the magnitude of the potential impact. This is undertaken using the definitions presented in Table 6, below.

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Table 6: Definitions of Sensitivity for the Settings of Heritage Assets Sensitivity Contribution to Examples for settings significance of the asset Very high Very substantial A defined setting that is contemporary with and historically and functionally linked with the heritage asset, may contain other heritage assets of international or national importance, has a very high degree of intervisibility with the asset and makes a very substantial contribution to both the significance of the heritage asset and to the understanding and appreciation of the significance of the asset. High Substantial Contemporary with and historically and functionally linked with the heritage asset, with minor alterations (in extent and/or character), has a high degree of intervisibility with the asset and which makes a substantial contribution to both the significance of the heritage asset and to the understanding and appreciation of the significance of the asset. Medium Moderate Contemporary with and/or historically and/or functionally linked with the heritage asset but with alterations which may detract from the understanding of the heritage asset, and/or with a moderate degree of intervisibility with the asset and/or which makes a moderate contribution to the significance of the heritage asset and/or a moderate contribution to the understanding and appreciation of the significance of the asset. Low Minor Largely altered so that there is very little evidence of contemporaneous and/or historic and/or functional links with the heritage asset, and/or with a low degree of intervisibility with the asset and/or which makes a minor contribution to both the significance of the heritage asset and to the understanding and appreciation of the significance of the asset.

3.4.6 Changes may occur in the surroundings of an asset that neither affects their contribution to the significance of the asset, nor the extent to which its significance can be experienced. In such instances it will be considered that there is no impact upon setting.

3.4.7 The criteria for assessing the magnitude of impacts on setting are presented below (Table 7). The sensitivity of a heritage asset to changes in its setting can be evaluated in the first instance by reference to any relevant designation, whereby those designated as nationally important will generally be considered the most sensitive. At the other end of the scale assets that are imperceptible or very difficult to perceive on the ground will generally be less sensitive than those that are more readily appreciable as they are to some extent already divorced from their setting.

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Table 7 Criteria for Assessment of Magnitude of an Impact on the Setting of a Cultural Heritage Asset Magnitude Guideline Criteria Major beneficial The contribution of setting to the cultural heritage asset‟s significance is considerably enhanced as a result of the development; a lost relationship between the asset and its setting is restored, or the legibility of the relationship is greatly enhanced. Elements of the surroundings that detract from the asset‟s cultural heritage significance or the appreciation of that significance are removed.

Moderate beneficial The contribution of setting to the cultural heritage asset‟s significance is enhanced to a clearly appreciable extent as a result of the development; as a result the relationship between the asset and its setting is rendered more readily apparent. The negative effect of elements of the surroundings that detract from the asset‟s cultural heritage significance or the appreciation of that significance is appreciably reduced. Minor beneficial The setting of the cultural heritage asset is slightly improved as a result of the development, slightly improving the degree to which the setting‟s relationship with the asset can be appreciated. Negligible The setting of the cultural heritage asset is changed by the development in ways that do not alter the contribution of setting to the asset‟s significance. Minor adverse The contribution of the setting of the cultural heritage asset to its significance is slightly degraded as a result of the development, but without adversely affecting the interpretability of the asset and its setting; characteristics of historic value can still be appreciated, the changes do not strongly conflict with the character of the site, and could be easily reversed to approximate the pre- development conditions. Moderate adverse The contribution of the setting of the cultural heritage asset to its significance is reduced appreciably as a result of the development. Relevant setting characteristics can still be appreciated but less readily. Major adverse The contribution of the setting of the cultural heritage asset to its significance is effectively lost or substantially reduced as a result of the development, the relationship between the asset and its setting is no longer readily appreciable.

3.4.8 The interaction of the sensitivity of the setting (Table 6) and the impact on the setting (Table 7) produce the impact significance. This may be calculated by using the matrix shown in Table 8, which is included to allow a subject assessment to be presented.

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Table 8: Impact Significance Matrix for Adverse Impact on Setting No Change Negligible Minor adverse Moderate adverse Major adverse

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SECTION 4 BASELINE CONDITION

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4 BASELINE CONDITION

4.1 Historical and Archaeological Background

4.1.1 The following section presents a summary of the historical and archaeological background of the general area. This is presented by historical period (Table 9), and has been compiled in order to place the study area into a wider archaeological context. This compilation has been made by analysing records provided by the Greater London Historic Environment Record, together with a study of historic maps and secondary sources.

Table 9: Summary of British Archaeological Periods and Date Ranges

Period Date Range

Prehistoric Period: Palaeolithic 500,000 – 10,000 BC Mesolithic 10,000 – 3,500 BC Neolithic 3,500 – 2,200 BC Bronze Age 2,200 – 700 BC Iron Age 700 BC – AD 43 Romano-British AD 43 – AD 410 Early Medieval (Anglo-Saxon and AD 410 – AD 1066 Viking periods) Late Medieval AD 1066 – AD 1540 Post-medieval AD 1540 – c1750 Industrial Period cAD1750 – 1901 Modern Post-1901

Prehistoric Period (500,000 – AD 43)

4.1.2 The presence of the River Wandle, and the springs that feed it, make the Wandle Valley and the area of Waddon a likely site for occupation in the prehistoric period. There is a substantial body of evidence for activity in this period although much is from isolated findspots rather than occupation sites.

Palaeolithic (500,000 – 10,000 BC)

4.1.3 A Palaeolithic occupation site was identified to the immediate north of the scheme area at Waddon Park Avenue and an assemblage of cores, flakes and potboilers were recovered from the scheme area. Further evidence of Palaeolithic activity in the area is represented by two fragments of mammoth tusks recovered from Croydon gravels approximately 1km from the scheme area (PCA 2011).

Mesolithic (10,000 – 3,500 BC)

4.1.4 Previous interventions within the scheme area identified a flint scatter of Mesolithic to Bronze Age date at the site of Waddon Goods Yard (AOC 1997). Other Mesolithic assemblages have been found in Beddington, to the north, and Old Palace Road to the north-east.

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Neolithic (3,500 – 2,200 BC)

4.1.5 Although much of the assemblage recovered from Waddon Goods Yard was undiagnostic, a late Neolithic oblique arrowhead was retrieved with the majority of the debitage technologically consistent with being Neolithic in date (AOC 1997). Approximately forty pieces of flint were recovered from the area around Aldwick Road in 1914 as part of a „flint foray‟ by the CNHS. The same survey recovered three scrapers from Cross Shaws.

4.1.6 Excavations to the north of the study area at 14 Progress Way uncovered a late Neolithic burning pit, the fill of which included burnt flint fragments and carbonised wood. Analysis of the material yielded a date of 2565 – 2140 BC. Further evidence of pottery fragments and flint tools and debitage were recovered elsewhere on the site.

4.1.7 A series of subterranean chambers were discovered accidentally in 1902 under the lawn of the former Waddon House. The presence of Neolithic material in the fill of the beehive-shaped chambers led to the conclusion that they were Neolithic in date. A further cave excavated in 1954 recorded both Neolithic and Bronze Age flints as well as Iron Age and Roman pottery. It is unclear whether the infill and the finds were in situ or re-deposited within more modern features. The site is now known as Waddon Caves.

Bronze Age (2,200 – 700 BC)

4.1.8 Archaeological Investigations undertaken by the Museum of London Archaeological Service (MoLAS) in 1993 at 542-546 Purley Way, immediately opposite the site on the western side of Purley Way (SMR 021651), recovered nearly 1,400 pieces of struck flint dated to the late Neolithic to late Bronze Age but with evidence of earlier activity dated to the late Mesolithic to early Neolithic. A considerable quantity of burnt flint was also recovered, although pottery was limited to a few sherds of late Bronze Age or early Iron Age date. A small pit contained sufficient charcoal within its fill to obtain a radiocarbon date that fell into the early to middle Bronze Age (Potter 1994).

Iron Age (700 BC – AD43)

4.1.9 There are two putative Iron Age trackways running through the scheme and study areas. An east-west aligned route is supposed to follow the route of the present day Duppas Hill road, whilst a north-south aligned track is meant to be present in the vicinity of Stafford Road.

4.1.10 During the development of the Cedars Estate in the 1920s, to the north-west of the scheme area, pottery, a lithic implement and a skull dated to 100BC were excavated. Further investigations uncovered a hearth 4ft in diameter along with further pottery, flints and bone.

Romano-British Period (AD43 – AD 410)

4.1.11 It is quite likely that one or more Roman roads passed through the vicinity of the study area. One route is suggested to have followed the Mere Bank, now forming the boundary between Croydon and Sutton. The road ran west of and parallel to Purley Way, later forming a Saxon boundary. Roman Way and Violet Lane, running north- south to the east of the study area is another purported route.

4.1.12 Roman roof tile was recovered from interventions within the scheme area; however this was not retrieved from a feature and may be re-deposited rather than indicative of

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occupation (AOC Archaeology 1997). In the northwest of the study area, at Aldwick Road, a 1920s excavation reportedly found evidence of Roman occupation with associated finds of tile, glass and pottery. Findspots of both coins and pottery are also noted within the vicinity.

4.1.13 Further afield, a Roman villa was excavated at the site of the present Beddington Sewage works. The villa was established in the late second century AD and the investigations also found evidence for an additional house, bathhouse and five other buildings. Unlike many other villa sites there was no evidence for continued occupation of the site into the Early Saxon period (PCA 2011).

Early Medieval Period (AD 410 – 1066)

4.1.14 The name Croydon is of Saxon origin, apparently derived from Crogdene or Crogedene, and is thought to mean „crooked, wooded valley‟ or „the valley where wild saffron grows‟ (Gent 2002, 1). Waddon is also alleged to be of Saxon origin, although there are differing opinions on the meaning of the name. One explanation suggests it comes from the Saxon words woet and dene meaning „wet valley‟, but others suggest the name derives from Wōden the deity originally worshipped in the area (Garrow 1818, 33).

4.1.15 Saxon graves were uncovered during archaeological interventions at the site of a former factory c.300m to the west of the site. A total of seven graves were uncovered, six of which contained grave goods, although soil conditions had resulted in poor preservation (Archaeology South-East 2008). A cemetery would suggest that there is a settlement in the vicinity, but evidence for this is sparse.

Medieval Period (1066 – 1540)

4.1.16 Waddon is not directly mentioned in the Domesday survey; however Croydon, in Wallington Hundred, is noted as being held by Archbishop Lanfranc with the entry referring to a mill (Morris 1975). The mill is speculated to have stood on the River Wandle at Waddon and is thought to have medieval origins, although at the time of the survey Waddon was not part of Croydon.

4.1.17 Waddon formed part of the ancient demesne of the crown as a member of the royal manor of Bermondsey (Malden 1912). In 1127 the manor of Waddon was given by Henry I to the monks of Bermondsey, who in turn transferred it to the Archbishop Courtenay in 1390 in exchange for the appropriation of the church of Croydon. In 1202 two carucates of land and a mill in Waddon were the subject of a fine levied between Ralph de Haling and the Prior of Bermondsey (Malden 1912).

4.1.18 Documentary sources record Duppas Hill as the location for jousting tournaments. In 1286, William, the only son of the 7th Earl of Warren is noted as being killed there. A 1493 survey by John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury described the Manor of Waddon as “lay on the west side of the parish, and contained in there a common of about 220 acres, known as Waddon Marsh, which was traversed by the Mitcham Road, in the centre its village and the large estate of Waddon Court Farm, and on the south its great common fields stretching southwards of the Beddington Road, and ending at the extreme southern point of the parish with down land upon which sheep were pastured” (Paget 1929).

4.1.19 Waddon Manor House, or Court, so called since the manorial court met there, was a medieval moated site, located in the area now known as Waddon Ponds. The south

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end of the waters split and curved to form a moat in the centre of which stood the manor house (Thornhill 1803, 109).

Post-medieval Period (1540 – c.1750) to Modern Period (1901 – Present)

4.1.20 Archaeological investigations at 414 Purley Way revealed a number of features associated with early post-medieval brick production, an archaeomagnetic date of the tile kiln found on site gave a date of AD1530 – 1560. A further three brick clamps were also found and all of the features were sealed beneath a seventeenth century ploughsoil.

4.1.21 Excavations at 375 Purley Way, to the north of the scheme area, recorded one end of a brick barrel-vaulted cellar. This is believed to have been part of Waddon Manor House, a successor to that noted in the medieval period. Pits, clay pipes and pottery dated to the seventeenth century were also recorded and probably represent ancillary services to the house and its estate.

4.1.22 In 1575 Waddon Manor and farm is recorded as held by Richard Yeoman and Thomas, his son. When Richard died in 1590 he was buried in the south aisle of Croydon Parish Church (Thornhill 1994, 108). A survey of 1646 recorded that „there was a fair old timber built manor house with two tiled barns, two stables, a garden orchard and two yards containing three acres‟. In 1648 the manor, with the farm house and mill were sold by the trustees to Sir William Brereton, the purchaser of Croydon, for £1612 11s 8d. Upon the Restoration after 1660, they were returned to the See of Canterbury until 1862 when it was taken over, with Croydon, by the Ecclesiastical commissioners (www.british-history.ac.uk).

4.1.23 Waddon Train Station was opened in February 1863 on the London Brighton and South Coast Railway, sixteen years after the line itself was opened (Mitchell and Smith 1992). The small bridge that was originally constructed to carry the road over the railway line was widened in 1925 as a by-pass for Croydon. It was replaced entirely again in 1936-37 (Mitchell and Smith 1992).

4.2 Archaeological Interventions

4.2.1 There are several previous archaeological interventions within the inner study area. An evaluation by AOC Archaeology was undertaken at Waddon Goods Yard, . The investigation recovered a flint scatter broadly datable from the Neolithic to Bronze Age period, with other finds of Roman and medieval date. Although no features were recorded the lithic scatter may be indicative of prehistoric occupation in the vicinity of the scheme area.

4.2.2 A MoLAS excavation at 414 Purley Way, The archaeology comprised a tile kiln and three brick clamps, the tile kiln being up to 9m in diameter. Overlying these was a seventeenth century former plough soil and probable boundary ditch.

4.2.3 at the site of the former Payne‟s Poppetts factory, an excavation by Archaeology South East revealed evidence spanning from the Mesolithic to the Anglo-Saxon period. Unstratified flints represent the earliest phases, whilst a pit dates to the Late Iron Age/ Early Bronze Age. A total of seven Anglo-Saxon graves were excavated.

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4.3 Development of the Scheme Area

4.3.1 A total of eight maps were consulted for the development of the study area, although only seven are reproduced here. The earliest available map was a traced version of a 1692 map produced by John Ward, surveyor and mathematicall (sic.) professor in London depicting „The Mannor of Wadden‟ (Figure 3A). The main focus of the map appears to be the residence within the moated enclosure, in the area now known as Waddon Ponds. It is depicted as having several outlying buildings as well as an orchard and gardens. The mill is also present, although not named directly, the surrounding fields noted as „Millers Field‟ and „Mill Meadow‟.

4.3.2 Although Waddon town is noted there is very little other detail of the town itself. A crossroads is noted to the immediate south of the town

4.3.3 The next available map was „A Plan of Waddon Court Farm‟ of 1799 (Figure 3B) which provides a more detailed plan of Waddon Town and shows a number of changes.

4.3.4 Although the 1800 Enclosure map (Figure 3C)

4.3.5 The 1847 Tithe map (Figure 3D) was only available as a traced copy and therefore had neither the field names nor the accompanying Tithe apportionment. However the major changes include the presence of the new railway line

The road network appears to have remained intact, the north-south road clearly crosses over the railway line. However it is less clear how the east-west road, now Duppas Hill Road, interacts with the railway line.

4.3.6 The first Ordnance Survey map available dated to 1868 (Figure 3E).

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based Assessment

4.3.7 The 1913 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 3F) shows a large increase in development around the scheme area. . A new road, the current Stafford Road, runs from the junction of Duppas Hill and Epsom Road down to Purley Way at the south-east. The road has a central tramway and houses along the western side. Most of the land belonging to „The Priory‟ has also been developed, in particular the former running track and field at the bottom of Duppas Hill Road. Waddon House is no longer in existence with much of the land turned to the development of rows of semi- detached and terraced houses along new roads including Alton Road and Waddon Park Avenue. The „Sepulchral Chambers‟, the purported Neolithic chambers noted previously, are located on the map.

4.3.8 The final map presented here is the 1933 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 3G). Residential development appears to have continued apace, with several new roads, including the current Purley Way, now present.

. To the south of the railway line, larger buildings would suggest properties of a more industrial nature. For the first time the land below Duppas Hill is noted as „Sports Grounds‟ although the western and southern fringes of the field have been given over to residential development

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SECTION 5 GAZETTEER OF HERITAGE ASSETS

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5 GAZETTEER OF HERITAGE ASSETS

5.1.1 A total of thirteen heritage assets have been identified using data from the HER, which are detailed below. Although considered in the baseline, findspots have not been included within the gazetteer as the finds have been removed from their context and cannot be impacted upon by any development.

Heritage Asset Number 01 Asset Name Duppas Hill recreation ground NGR TQ 3155 6476 Asset Type Park Period Medieval to Modern Statutory Designation None HER No MLO104046 Value/Importance Local (Low) Description Locally listed park and garden.

Duppas Hill was the first recreation ground in Croydon; the site was purchased from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners by the Croydon Board of Health in 1865. There is a long history of use of the site for sporting events, with tournaments held here until 1286, when Lord William de Warenne was treacherously killed. Duppas Hill is mainly used as sports fields but has been used for many of Croydon‟s festivals and events over the years, including the annual firework displays presented by Sir Frederick Edridge, and bonfires to celebrate national as well as local events.

Location

Heritage Asset Number 02 Asset Name The Waddon Hotel NGR TQ 3122 6484 Asset Type Public House Period Industrial Period Statutory Designation None HER No None Value/Importance Local (Low) Description The Waddon Hotel public house, constructed shortly after Waddon railway station. It appears to be of a style that would suggest it may be a former railway hotel.

Location

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Heritage Asset Number 03 Asset Name Duppas Hill Road trackway NGR TQ 3413 6547 Asset Type Trackway Period Iron Age Statutory Designation None HER No MLO162 Value/Importance Uncertain/Potential Description This is the suggested route of an Iron Age trackway.

Location

Heritage Asset Number 04 Asset Name Stafford Road trackway NGR TQ 3107 6459 Asset Type Trackway Period Iron Age Statutory Designation None HER No MLO130 Value/Importance Uncertain/Potential Description This is the suggested route of an Iron Age trackway.

Location

Heritage Asset Number 05 Asset Name Old Tithe barn NGR TQ 3106 6440 Asset Type Barn Period Post-medieval/Industrial Statutory Designation Grade II Listed building HER No MLO82310 Value/Importance National (High) Description This former barn dates to the eighteenth century and is now used as offices. It has an unusual structure of two parallel ranges with an M shaped roof and it is timber framed. The aisled barn has seven bays with no aisle posts in the centre.

Location

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Heritage Asset Number 06 Asset Name 339 Purley Way NGR TQ 3117 6524 Asset Type House Period Industrial Statutory Designation Grade II Listed Building HER No MLO82393 Value/Importance National (High) Description These early nineteenth century pair of houses each have three storeys and three bays. They are constructed of stock brick with the ground floor obscured by modern shops.

Location

Heritage Asset Number 07 Asset Name 351 Purley Way NGR TQ 3118 6521 Asset Type House Period Post-medieval Statutory Designation Grade II Listed Building HER No MLO82343 Value/Importance National (High) Description This house was built 1700-1730, with an altered symmetrical two and a half storeys with a stuccoed front. A central pedimented doorcase with a fanlight between modern show windows. There are five first floor windows with modern sashes and a steep tiled roof.

Location

Heritage Asset Number 08 Asset Name Hare and Hounds Public House NGR TQ 3115 6529 Asset Type Public House Period Industrial Statutory Designation None HER No DLO34694 Value/Importance Local (Low) Description A two-storey, Victorian detached property with a slate, gabled roof with three chimney stacks. There is a brick and render facing with a

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decorative cast iron balcony to the front. Location

Heritage Asset Number 09 Asset Name No. 50 Ridgeway NGR TQ 3080 6508 Asset Type House Period Modern Statutory Designation None HER No DLO34704 Value/Importance Local(Low) Description A two-storey, detached property with a pantile, gabled roof with two chimney stacks. It has a rendered facing with brick banding and painted timber casement windows. Location

Heritage Asset Number 10 Asset Name Waddon ponds NGR TQ 3093 6512 Asset Type Mill Pond Period Medieval to modern Statutory Designation None HER No MLO99469 Value/Importance Local (Low) Description The park ponds were formed in 1928 by Croydon Corporation's purchase of parts of Waddon Court and Waddon Lodge estates. The ponds were formerly millponds; the river had been dammed at the northern end to form a lake but the river was later diverted to the north and east in the late nineteenth century. Associated with HA11 – HA13. Location

Heritage Asset Number 11 Asset Name Waddon Mill NGR TQ 3092 6527 Asset Type Mill Period Medieval to modern Statutory Designation None HER No MLO120

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Value/Importance Local (Low) Description Waddon Mill is mentioned in 1648 as being on the river flowing from Croydon, although it is speculated that the mill mentioned in the Domesday Book entry for Croydon is that at Waddon. A mill remained on the site in to the twentieth century. Associated with HA10, HA12 and HA13. Location

Heritage Asset Number 12 Asset Name Waddon Ponds Public Park NGR TQ 3093 6512 Asset Type Public Park Period Modern Statutory Designation Locally listed park and garden. HER No MLO99470 Value/Importance Local (Low) Description The park was formed in 1928 by Croydon Corporation's purchase of parts of Waddon Court and Waddon Lodge estates. The parks ponds were formerly millponds; the river had been dammed at the northern end to form a lake but the river was later diverted to the north and east in the late nineteenth century. Along with the ponds are ornamental gardens and a children's playground. Associated with HA10, HA11 and HA13. Location

Heritage Asset Number 13 Asset Name Earthworks at Waddon Ponds NGR TQ 3095 6504 Asset Type Moated medieval site Period Medieval Statutory Designation None HER No None Value/Importance Local (Low) Description Earthworks within Waddon Ponds public park that are surrounded on three sides by branches of the pond that reputedly originally formed a moat around a medieval hall. Although there have been no archaeological interventions in the area, cartographic evidence would suggest that the earthworks are those belonging to a medieval dwelling. Associated with HA10 - HA13.

Location

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SECTION 6 STUDY AREA VISIT AND SETTING ASSESSMENT

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SECTION 7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HERITAGE ASSETS

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7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HERITAGE ASSETS

7.1 Introduction

Assessment Criteria

7.1.1 When applied to a heritage asset, the term 'significance' can be taken to have several definitions. The first is importance, suggesting that there is something about the asset that is valuable, has status and should not be ignored. An asset site may be important because it is a rare survival, or the earliest known example of its type. It may represent a benchmark in terms of the application of technological development, or be a typical example of such sites. The level to which a site has remained intact is also an important factor in determining its value. The next is the idea of conveying meaning, implying that the asset is a source of knowledge. Finally, there is the concept of a sign, that the asset is symbolic, and acts as a pointer to something beyond itself. The significance of any heritage asset is to a large extent embodied in its surviving fabric, which can retain evidence for how the asset developed and was adapted over time.

7.1.2 It is necessary to define what it is that gives significance to a heritage asset and therefore warrants protection. The scheme area and its immediate environs encompass layers of archaeological and historical development, which may be valued for different reasons by different people, all of which should be taken into account in determining the overall significance. In their 'Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance', English Heritage has identified four areas of heritage values, which will be considered in determining the overall significance of the assets (English Heritage 2008). The definitions are provided in Table 10, below.

Table 10: Definition of Heritage Values Criteria Definition Historical This originates from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present. This may include illustrative value, such as its connection to an important development, such as technology, or associative value, such as the connection to an important event or person. Aesthetic This is derived from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place or building. These may be related to the design of a place, for example, through defensive reasons, or the informal development over time, such as the relationship of structures to their setting. Communal This derives from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it or for whom it figures in their collective experience of memory. Communal values are closely bound up with historical (particularly associative) and aesthetic values, but tend to have additional and specific aspects, such as commemorative, symbolic, social and spiritual values. Evidential This is drawn from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity. This evidence comes from the physical remains and its removal diminishes our ability to understand and interpret that evidence.

7.1.3 In addition to the above, and particularly relevant to assets of an archaeological nature can further be determined with reference to the Secretary of State's criteria for

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assessing the national importance of monuments, as contained in Annex 1 of the policy statement on scheduled monuments (DCMS, 2013). These criteria relate to period, rarity, documentation, group value, survival/condition, fragility/vulnerability, diversity, and potential. The definition of these criteria is presented in Table 11, below.

Table 11: Definition of Criteria used to determine Archaeological Significance Criteria Definition Period Heritage Assets that characterise a category of asset or period.

Rarity This should take account of all aspects of the distribution of a particular class of Heritage Asset, both in a national and a regional context. Documentary The significance of a Heritage Asset may be enhanced by the Evidence existence of records of previous investigation or, in the case of more recent assets, by the supporting evidence of contemporary written records Group Value The value of a single Heritage Asset (such as a field system) may be greatly enhanced by its association with related contemporary assets (such as a settlement and cemetery) or with assets of different periods. Survival/Condition The survival of an asset‟s archaeological potential both above and below ground is a particularly important consideration and should be assessed in relation to its present condition and surviving features. Fragility/Vulnerability Highly important archaeological evidence from some field monuments can be destroyed by a single ploughing or unsympathetic treatment; there are also existing standing structures of particular form or complexity whose value can again be severely reduced by neglect or careless treatment.

Diversity Some Heritage Assets may possess a combination of high quality features, others a single important attribute. Potential On occasion, the nature of the evidence cannot be specified precisely but it may still be possible to document reasons anticipating its existence and importance. This is usually confined to buried remains rather than upstanding Heritage Assets.

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SECTION 8 LIKELY IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT

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8 LIKELY IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT

8.1 Sensitivity (Value) of the Asset

8.1.1 Initially, and prior to calculating the magnitude of impact, the value or importance of the heritage asset is established in a neighbourhood, local, regional, national and international context, which results in the cultural sensitivity of the asset being determined, along with the appropriate form of mitigation (Table 12, below).

Table 12: Value of Sensitivity of the Heritage Assets Identified

Value/sensitivity Heritage Assets Mitigation

International To be avoided

National To be avoided

Regional/County Avoidance recommended

Local/Borough Avoidance recommended

Neighbourhood Avoidance not envisaged

Uncertain Avoidance unnecessary

8.1.2 The consideration of the sensitivity of statutory designated assets such as Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, and Registered Parks and Gardens is reflected in their Grade. For example, Grade I Listed Buildings are those which are considered to be of exceptional national architectural or historic importance. Grade II* Listed Buildings are of particular national importance and special interest. Both Grade I and II* Listed Buildings are of great importance to the nation's built heritage and their importance will generally be beyond dispute. Grade II Listed Buildings are usually designated for their architectural and historic interest. They are usually of a more local or regional significance and make up around 95 per cent of all Listed Buildings. In this instance those buildings and parks on the Local List have been included on the advice of the Greater London HER.

8.2 Impact Assessment

8.2.1 Current planning policy guidance for the historic environment, embodied in NPPF (DCLG 2012), advises that heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource. It has been the intention of this study to identify the archaeological and cultural heritage significance and potential of the study area, and assess the impact of the proposed development, thus allowing the policy stated in NPPF (ibid) to be enacted upon.

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HA Number Importance/Value Significance Impact Significance of of Setting impact

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SECTION 9 MITIGATION STRATEGY

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9 MITIGATION STRATEGY

9.1 Recommendations

9.1.1 Current legislation (NPPF, DCLG 2012) draws a distinction between archaeological remains of national importance and other remains considered to be of lesser significance. Those perceived to be of international or national importance may require preservation in situ (non-intrusive), whilst those of lesser significance may undergo preservation by record (intrusive), where Regional/County or Local/Borough significance can be demonstrated. Furthermore, both the Planning Act (2008) and NPPF (2012) in paragraphs 5.8.9 and 128 respectively cite the requirement for the evaluation of assets where their significance is not fully understood.

9.1.2 At present there are two proposed options for the scheme area, each of which will impact differently on the heritage assets and any potential buried archaeology. Despite the scale of local development, recent interventions in the vicinity have uncovered archaeological remains from the prehistoric to post-medieval period, and therefore there is moderate to high potential for buried archaeology.

9.1.3 The proximity of recorded buried archaeology and the lack of previous development on the site suggests that the potential for buried archaeology remains high. A suitable scheme of archaeological mitigation is likely to be necessary and would need to be made in agreement with the Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service, should this option be chosen, following discussions with the Client.

9.1.4

9.1.5

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SECTION 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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10 BIBLIOGRAPHY

10.1 Cartographic Sources

The Mannor of Wadden by John Ward Surveyor and Mathematicall Professor in London, 1692

A Plan of Waddon Court Farm, 1799

A Plan of the Parish of Croydon in the county of Surrey, 1800 (Enclosure map)

Plan of the Parish of Croydon in the county of Surrey, 1847

Ordnance Survey, 1868, County Series Surrey, 1:2500

Ordnance Survey, 1913, County Series Surrey, 1:2500

Ordnance Survey, 1933, County Series Surrey, 1:2500

10.2 Documentary Sources

AOC Archaeology Ltd. 1997. An Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief at Waddon Goods Yard, Purley Way, Waddon, Croydon. Unpublished report.

Archaeology South-East, 2008 An Archaeological Excavation at the Former Payne’s Poppetts Factory Unpubl. report

Croydon Museum and Archives local research folder

DCLG, 2012 National Planning Policy Framework, London

DCMS, 2010 Annex 1: Scheduled Monuments, London

DMRB, 2007 Cultural Heritage, Vol II, Section 3, Part 2, London

English Heritage, 2006 Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment: The MoRPHE Project Managers’ Guide, Swindon

English Heritage, 2006 Understanding Historic Buildings Swindon

English Heritage, 2008 Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance, Swindon

English Heritage, 2011 The Setting of Heritage Assets, London

Garrow, Rev. DW, 1818 The History and Antiquities of Croydon Croydon

Gent, J, 2002 Croydon Past Surrey

IfA, 2012 Standards and Guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment, Reading

IfA, 2013 Code of Conduct, Reading

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London Borough of Croydon, 2013 Croydon Local Plan: Strategic Policies (CLP1) Croydon

London Borough of Croydon, 2013 Croydon Local Plan: Detailed Policies and Proposals (CLP2) Croydon

Malden, HE (Ed.), 1912 Volume 4 "Croydon: Borough, manors, churches and charities." A History of the County of Surrey:

Mitchell, V, and Smith, K, 1992 London Suburban Railways – West Croydon to Epsom, Middleton Press

Morris, J, 1975 Domesday Book: Surrey, Chichester

Paget, CG, 1929 Byways in the History of Croydon, Croydon Public Libraries

Pre-Construct Archaeology Ltd, 2006 An Archaeological Evaluation on land at 489 Purley Way, Croydon, Unpubl. report

Pre-Construct Archaeology Ltd, 2011 An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Fiveways Retail Park, Purley Way, Croydon, Unpubl. report

Thornhill, L, 1994 Waddon Prior to the Inclosure Award CNHS Proceedings 18

10.3 Online Sources

www.bgs.ac.uk, accessed 30/07/2014

www.british-history.ac.uk accessed 30/07/2014

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SECTION 11 FIGURES

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