Contents PART ONE AFRICAN POLITICS and the PRE-UNION

Contents

Preface xv The Authors xix The Documents xxi

PART ONE AFRICAN POLITICS AND THE PRE-UNION POLITICAL ORDER, 1882-1909

Introduction 3 Early African Political Activity 4 Hopes and Grievances in the Wake of the Anglo-Boer War 8 African Fears at the Prospect of Union 10

Documents Early African Political Activity 12 1. Statement by S. N. Mvambo on the purpose of Imbumba, Decem- ber, 1883 {Extract] 12 2. Editorial on taxation, in Imvo Zabantsundu, November 10, 1884 {Extract} 12 3. "Muzzling the Natives." Editorial in Imvo Zabantsundu, March 23, 1887 13 4. Petition to Queen Victoria, from "the Native Inhabitants of the Location of Oxkraal," July, 1887 15 5. Article on the pass law deputation in Imvo Zabanstundu, July 25, 1889 16 6. "The Future of the Bill." Editorial in Imvo Zabantsundu, August 15, 1894 17

vii Hopes and Grievances in the Wake of the Anglo-Boer War 18 7. "Questions Affecting the Natives and Coloured People Resident in British South Africa." Statement by the Executive of the South African Native Congress, 1903 [?} 18 8a - 8d. Minutes of Evidence, South African Native Affairs Commis- sion, 1903-1905 29 8a. Testimony of Martin Lutuli of the Natal Native Congress, before the South African Native Affairs Commission, May 28, 1904 {Extracts} 29 8b. Testimony of the Rev. E. T. Mpela, the Rev. B. Kumalo, J. Twayi, A. Jordaan, J. Mocher, J. Lavers, and Peter Thaslane of the Native Vigilance Association of the Orange River Colony, before the South African Native Affairs Commission, September 23, 1904 {Extracts} 34 8c. Testimony of the Rev. Samuel Jacobus Brander, the Rev. Joshua Mphothleng Mphela, and Stephen Nguato of the Ethiopian Catholic Church in Zion, before the South African Native Affairs Commission, October 4, 1904 {Extracts} 39 8d. Testimony of James B. Mama and John Makue, Transvaal, before the South African Native Affairs Commission, October 7, 1904 {Extracts} 42 9. Petition to King Edward VII, from the Native United Political Asso- ciations of the Transvaal Colony, April 25, 1905 45 10. Resolutions of the South African Native Congress, April 10, 1906 {Extracts} 46 11. Petition to King Edward VII, from the Orange River Colony Native Congress, June, 1906 48 12. Petition to the House of Commons, from J. Tengo Jabavu and thir- teen other signatories, July 13, 1906 49 13. Petition to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, from the Natal Native Congress, October, 1908 50 African Fears at the Prospect of Union 52 14. Petition to the South African National Convention from "aboriginal natives of South Africa, resident in the Transvaal," October 22, 1908 52 15. Resolutions of the South African Native Convention, March 24-26, 1909 53 16. Petition to the Governor of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, from the Traskeian Territories General Council, June 21, 1909 54 17. Petition to the House of Commons, from W. P. Schreiner, A. Ab- durahman, J. Tengo Jabavu, et al, July, 1909 55 18. "Latest Developments." Editorial in Imvo Zabantsundu, August 31, 1909 56

viii PART TWO THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS COMES INTO BEING: ACCELERATED PROTEST AND APPEALS ABROAD, 1910-1920 Introduction 61 The Establishment of the South African Native National Congress 61 The Land Question 62 Further Grievances 64 Appeals Abroad 67 Documents The Establishment of the South African Native National Congress 68 19. "A Talk Upon My Native Land." Pamphlet by the Rev. John L. Dube, 1892 {Extract] 68 20. "The Regeneration of Africa." Article by Pixley ka Isaka Seme, in The African Abroad, April 5, 1906 69 21. "Native Union." Article by Pixley ka Isaka Seme, in Imvo Zabant- sundu, October 24, 1911 71 22. "The South African Races Congress." Inaugural Address by J. Tengo Jabavu, President, South African Races Congress, April 2, 1912 73 23. Constitution of the South African Native National Congress, Sep- tember, 1919 {Extracts] 76 The Land Question 82 24. "The Squatters' Bill." Article in Imvo Zabantsundu, March 19, 1912 82 25. Petition to the Prime Minister, from the Rev. John L. Dube, Presi- dent, South African Native National Congress, February 14, 1914 84 26. "Resolution against the Natives Land Act, 1913 and the Report of the Natives Land Commission," by the South African Native Na- tional Congress, October 2, 1916 86 27a - 27c. Minutes of Evidence, Eastern Transvaal Natives Land Com- mittee, October 1917-January 1918 88 27a. Testimony of Saul Msane, Sprinkhaan, and Jonas Mapope before the Eastern Transvaal Natives Land Committee, October 23, 1917 {Extracts] 88 27b. Testimony of the Delegation of the South African Native National Congress, Ermelo, before the Eastern Transvaal Land Committee, January 8, 1918 90 27c. Letter to the Sub-Native Commissioner, Pietersburg, from Filipus Bopape, November 23, 1917 92

ix Further Grievances 94 28. Testimony of Chief Stephen Mini, J. T. Gumede, and the Rev. Abner Mtimkulu of the Natal Native Congress, before the Select Committee on Native Affairs, June 15 and 18, 1917 {Extracts] 94 29. "To the Native Conference at Queenstown." Address by Meshach Pelem, President, Bantu Union, February 26, 1919 {Extracts} 101 30. Address on disturbances in Bloemfontein location, by I. J. Nthatisi, March 4, 1919 104 31. "Pass Law Résisters, Native Case Stated." Report on interview with I. Bud Mbelle, J. W. Dunjwa, and P. J. Motsoakae of the South African Native National Congress, April 1, 1919 106 32. "Presidental Address" by S. M. Makgatho, South African Native National Congress, May 6, 1919 107 33a - 33c. Minutes of Evidence, Select Committee on Native Affairs, June, 1920 110 33a. Testimony of J. Tengo Jabavu, before the Select Committee on Native Affairs, June 15, 1920 110 33b. Testimony of Meshach Pelem, President, Bantu Union, before the Select Committee on Native Affairs, June 11, 1920 {Extract} 113 33c. Testimony of the Rev. Z. R. Mahabane, President, Cape Province Native Congress, before the Select Committee on Native Affairs, June 15,1920 115 34. "Native Unrest." Paper by Professor D. D. T. Jabavu read before the Natal Missionary Conference, July, 1920 118 Appeals Abroad 125 35. Petition to King George V, from the South African Native National Congress, July 20, 1914 125 36. "An Appeal to the Members of the Imperial Parliament and Public of Great Britain." Petition from the South African Native National Congress, 1914 130 37. Native Life in South Africa, by Solomon Plaatje, 1916 {Extracts] 133 38. Petition to King George V, from the South African Native National Congress, December 16, 1918 137 PART THREE NEW GROPINGS FOR EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION AND REPRESENTATION, 1921-1934 Introduction 145 Africans "Respectfully Submit" 148 Africans and Whites in Dialogue 150 Non-Europeans Meet Together 151 Africans Acting Alone 152 Documents Africans "Respectfully Submit" 158 39a - 39d. The Governor-General's Native Conferences 158 39a. Proceedings and Resolutions of the Governor-General's Native Conference, 1923 {Extracts] 158 39b. Proceedings and Resolutions of the Governor-General's Native Conference, 1924 {Extracts} 166 39c. Proceedings and Resolutions of the Governor-General's Native Conference, 1925 {Extracts] 172 39d. Proceedings and Resolutions of the Governor-General's Native Conference, 1926 {Extracts} 180 40a - 40b. Minutes of Evidence, Select Committee on Subject of Native Bills, May, 1927 196 40a. Testimony of Charles Sakwe, Elijah Qamata, and William Mlandu of the Transkeian Native General Council, before the Select Com- mittee on Subject of Native Bills, May 6, 1927 {Extracts} 196 40b. Testimony of Professor D. D. T. Jabavu, Walter Rubusana, and the Rev. Abner Mtimkulu of the Cape Native Voters' Convention and Meshach Pelem of the Bantu Union, before the Select Committee on Subject of Native Bills, May 30, 1927 {Extracts} 202 Africans and Whites in Dialogue 212 41a - 41d. Views of Africans 212 41a. 'The Race Problem." Article in The Guardian by R. V. Selope Thema, September, 1922 212 41b. "Christianity, Basis of Native Policy?" Article in The Workers' Herald by James S. Thaele, December 21, 1923 214 41c. "The Native Problem." Article in The Cape Times by the Rev. Abner Mtimkulu, May 30, 1924 216 41d. "Bridging the Gap Between White and Black in South Africa." Address by Dr. A. B. Xuma at the Conference of European and Bantu Christian Student Associations at Fort Hare, June 27-July 3, 1930 {Extracts} 218

xi 42a - 42b. Dutch Reformed Church Conferences 227 42a. Proceedings and Resolutions of the Dutch Reformed Church Con- ference, September, 1923 {Extracts] 227 42b. Report on proceedings and resolutions of the Dutch Reformed Church Conference, February 3, 1927 {Extracts} 233 43a-43b. National European-Bantu Conferences 239 43a. Proceedings and Resolutions of the National European-Bantu Con- ference, February, 1929 {Extracts} 239 43b. Proceedings and Resolutions of the National European-Bantu Con- ference, July, 1933 {Extracts} 247

Non-Europeans Meet Together 257 44. Proceedings and Resolutions of the Non-European Conference, June, 1927 {Extracts] 257 45. Report on proceedings and resolutions of the Non-European Con- ference, in The Cape Times, January 4 and 6, 1930 {Extracts} 267 46. Proceedings and Resolutions of the Non-European Conference, January, 1931 {Extracts} 273 47. "Native Disabilities in South Africa." Pamphlet by Professor D. D. T. Jabavu, July, 1932 281

Africans Acting Alone 290 48a - 48m. The African National Congress Strives for Unity 290 48a. "The Exclusion of the Bantu." Address by the Rev. Z. R. Maha- bane, President, Cape Province National Congress, 1921 290 48b. Resolutions of the Annual Conference of the African National Congress, May 28-29, 1923 297 48c. Resolutions of the Annual Conference of the African National Congress, May 31,1924 298 48d. Report on proceedings and resolutions of the Annual Conference of the African National Congress, January 4-5, 1926 {Extracts] 299 48e. Resolutions of the Convention of Bantu Chiefs, Held under the aus- pices of the African National Congress, April 15, 1927 302 48f. "To All Leaders of the African People." Statement by J. T. Gumede, President, ANC, September 7, 1927 304 48g. "What Do the People Say?" Editorial in Abantu-Batho, January 26, 1928 304 48h. Report of T. D. Mweli Skota, Secretary-General of the African Na- tional Congress, January, 1930 {?] 306 48i. Report on the proceedings of the Annual Conference of the African National Congress, in Umteteli wa Bantu, May 3, 1930 308

xii 48j. "ANC Calls for Passive Resistance." Statement in Umteteli wa Bantu, June 27, 1931 310 48k. Report on the proceedings of the Special Emergency Convention of the African National Congress in Umteteli wa Bantu, June 23, 1932 312 481. "The African National Congress - Is It Dead?" Pamphlet by Pixley wa Isaka Seme, 1932 {Extract} 313 48m. "I Appeal to the African Nation." Article by Pixley ka Isaka Seme, in Umteteli wa Bantu, November 10, 1934 316 49a - 49c. The Voice of Labor 317 49a-l - 49a-3. Predecessors of the I.C.U. 317 49a-l. Address by Selby Msimang, President, Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union of South Africa, July 23, 1921 317 49a-2. Memorandum from the Transvaal Native Mine Clerks' Associa- tion to the Mining Industry Board, 1922 320 49a-3. Petition to the Prince of Wales, from the Transvaal Native Mine Clerks' Association, June 23, 1925 323 49b-l - 49b-6. Kadalie's I.C.U. 324 49b-l. "African Labour Congress." Article by Clements Kadalie, Na- tional Secretary, I.C.U., in The Workers' Herald, December 21,1923 324 49b-2. Revised Constitution of the I.C.U., 1925 {Extracts] 325 49b-3. Resolutions of demonstration against the Prime Minister's Native Bills, 1926 326 49b-4. Letter to the Prime Minister, from A. W. G. Champion, Acting National Secretary, I.C.U., May 23, 1927 {Extracts} 327 49b-5. "Open Letter to Blackpool." Article by Clements Kadalie, in The New Leader, September 30, 1927 328 49b-6. "Economic and Political Program for 1928." Statement by Clemente Kadalie, 1928 331 49c-l-49c-2. Successors of the I.C.U.: I.C.U. Yase Natal 333 49c-l. Constitution, Rules and Bye-Laws, I.C.U. Yase Natal, 1929 {Extracts] 333 49c-2. "Blood and Tears." Pamphlet by A. W. G. Champion, 1929 {Extracts] 335 50a - 50b. Cape Voters 337 50a. Petition to the South African Parliament, from the Cape Native Voters' Convention, January 3, 1928 337 50b. Report on the proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cape Native Voters' Convention, in Imvo Zabantsundu, January 8, 1929 338 51a - 51c. Urban Africans Organize 339

xiii 51a. "Urban Native Legislation." Address by R. H. Godlo, President, Location Advisory Boards' Congress of South Africa, December 19, 1929 339 51b. "Urban Native Legislation." Memorandum to the Minister for Na- tive Affairs from the Location Advisory Boards' Congress of South Africa, September 8, 1930 342 51c. "Social Conditions Among Bantu Women and Girls." Address by Charlotte Maxeke at the Conference of European and Bantu Chris- tian Student Associations at Fort Hare, June 27-July 3, 1930 {Extract} 344 Chronology of Chief Events, 1882 - 1934 349 Bibliographical Notes 356 Contents for Volume II 358 Contents for Volume III 364 Index of Selected Organizations 369 Index of Selected Names 373

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