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Comparative Analysis of the Antibacterial Effects of Emilia Sonchifolia (Tassel Flower) and Selected Antibiotics on Ocular Bacteria, in Vitro

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Comparative Analysis of the Antibacterial Effects of Emilia Sonchifolia (Tassel Flower) and Selected Antibiotics on Ocular Bacteria, in Vitro International Journal of Health Sciences and Research Vol.11; Issue: 3; March 2021 Website: www.ijhsr.org Original Research Article ISSN: 2249-9571 Comparative Analysis of the Antibacterial Effects of Emilia sonchifolia (Tassel Flower) and Selected Antibiotics on Ocular Bacteria, in vitro Ugwoke, G.I.1, Ikoro, N.C.2, Esenwah, E.C.3, Azuamah, Y.C.4, Megwas, A.U.5, Nwakamma, G.I.6, Ibe, C.N.7, Ogbonna, U.C.8, Umunnakwe, O.L.9 1Department of Optometry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria 2Reader, 3Professor, 4,5 Senior Lecturer, 6Lecturer 1, 7,8,9Assistant Lecturer, Department of Optometry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria Corresponding Author: Ugwoke, G.I. ABSTRACT Developments of bacterial resistance to available antibiotics have necessitated the screening of medicinal plants for bioactive compounds which is gaining increasing popularity in the world. Emilia sonchifolia (Emilia s.) is a multipurpose plant that has exhibited antimicrobial effects against a wide range of microorganisms. The antibacterial activity of Emilia s. (tassel flower) extracts were compared with selected antibiotics against ocular bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) in vitro using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Phytochemical screening of the plant in Ethanol, Methanol and Aqueous solvents showed the presence of Saponin, Tannin, Flavonoid, Phenol, Alkaloid, Steroid and Glycoside in all the extracts but Flavonoid was not present in the Aqueous extract. Bacteria used were isolated from the eyes of infected patients that visited the Federal University of Technology, Optometry Teaching Clinic and St Joseph’s Eye Hospital Mgbirichi all in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria and were identified and characterized macroscopically using standard laboratory methods. Diameter of zones of inhibition was measured for the different extracts of tassel flower and selected antibiotics. The data collected were tabulated and analyzed using Paired T-test and one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence interval and at a 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against the isolates with mean diameter of inhibition zone 13.33±2.89, 9.33±1.16 and 7.67±2.52 respectively. Their effect on the isolates was significant with p(0.01) <0.05 while that of the antibiotics were 12.00±3.46 for gentamicin, 17.00±10.58 for ofloxacin and 5.00±0.00 for erythromycin. A Comparison of the effects of Emilia s. and antibiotics on the bacterial isolates using one-way ANOVA showed the effects of Emilia s. does not differ significantly from the antibiotics as p(0.58) >0.05. This shows that Emilia sonchifolia could become a promising natural antibacterial agent with potential application in pharmaceutical industries for the production of plant- based ocular drugs. Keywords: Emilia sonchifolia, Antibiotics, Ocular bacteria. INTRODUCTION people in developing countries still depend Plants are invaluable in the search on the use of traditional medicine for their for new drugs and scientific studies on health care needs and more than 75 percent plants used in ethno-medicine has led to the who reside in rural areas use herbs in one discovery of many valuable drugs giving a form or the other. Consequently, search for tremendous historical legacy in folklore more effective antimicrobial agents among uses of plant preparations in medicine [1]. materials of plant origin, with the aim of According to Odugbemi [2], majority of discovering potential useful active International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 61 Vol.11; Issue: 3; March 2021 Ugwoke, G.I. et.al. Comparative analysis of the antibacterial effects of Emilia sonchifolia (tassel flower) and selected antibiotics on ocular bacteria, in vitro. ingredients that can serve as source and anticipated that phytochemicals with template for the synthesis of new adequate antimicrobial efficiency will be antimicrobial drugs has witnessed a used for the treatment of microbial tremendous resurgence [3-9]. infections; this systematic study of higher Antibiotic resistance is reaching plants for the purpose of detailing crisis point in many hospitals around the antimicrobial agents in tissues is of world and resistance is increasing in comparatively recent origin [2]. community-acquired infections as well [10], Varieties of plants are now known to there is an urgent need to replenish our store contain substances like Terpenes, Tannins, and supply of anti-infective agents and an Steroids, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins essential need to discover new antimicrobial etc. that have been confirmed to possess compounds with diverse chemical structures therapeutic values [19, 20]. These natural and novel mechanisms of action [11, 12]. phytochemicals are also known to contain Emilia sonchifolia, also known as substances that can be used for therapeutic Lilac tasselflower or cupid’s shaving brush purposes or as precursor for the synthesis of is a flowering plant in the genus Emilia and novel drugs [21]. Nearly 50 percent modern belongs to the family Asteraceae [12]. It is drugs are of natural products origin and as found in India and in other Asian countries such these natural products play an [13, 14], being widely distributed in open important role in drug development in places, wastelands, cultivated lands, pharmaceutical industry, plants actually gardens, etc., in and about towns and remain the most common source of settlements at low and medium altitudes antimicrobial agents [21]. Fact remains that throughout the Philippines and other research needs to be carried out to improve countries of the world [15]. It is used in folk on the quantity and safety of uses of medicine; its clinical applications include medicinal plants as widely practiced in inflammation, rheumatism, cough, cuts, various parts of Nigeria [2]. fever, dysentery, analgesics, and Biologically active compounds from antibacterial [14]. Emilia sonchifolia is natural sources have always been of great edible, the stem and leaves can be eaten at a interest to scientists working on infectious later stage of growth, but best when cooked. diseases [22]. Most of these agents are of In India, it is used as a salad before microbial origin and the antibacterial flowering while stem and leaves are cooked properties of plant-derived compounds are and eaten as vegetable [16]. The pappus is attracting increasing attention [10]. This is in white, soft and copious [12]. The flower part attributed to the fact that plants can be heads can be chewed and kept in the mouth rationally selected for antibacterial testing for about 10 minutes to protect teeth from based on ethno-medicinal use [23]. decay. Based on the fact that the knowledge In Africa, precisely Nigeria, it is of these active constituents has become known among the Yorubas as Odundunodo unveiled by the development of organic and the Igbos as Nti-ele [17]. It was chemistry and pharmacology, man can now discovered that the medicinal values of this determine the principle for the therapeutic plant lie in their possession of chemical action of plants as well as to modify the substances which produce definite drug’s effectivity [24]. Some of the important physiological action on the human body and constituents in plants that are active are found to serve as defense mechanism includes; Alkaloids, Quinones and Quinines, against attack by the microorganism; this Phenol and Phenolic acids, Flavones, discovery has led to the investigation of Flavonoids and Flavonols, Tannins, secondary plant metabolites Coumarins, Terpenoids and Essential oils, (phytochemicals), previously with unknown Lectins and Polypeptides, and Saponin [25, pharmacological activities [18]. Thus, it is 26]. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 62 Vol.11; Issue: 3; March 2021 Ugwoke, G.I. et.al. Comparative analysis of the antibacterial effects of Emilia sonchifolia (tassel flower) and selected antibiotics on ocular bacteria, in vitro. Despite several ethno botanical and patients that visited the Optometry Teaching ethno pharmacological investigation on the Clinic, Federal University of Technology therapeutic potential of this plant, laboratory Owerri, and St Joseph’s Eye Hospital data on their bioactivity is still in paucity. Mgbirichi Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Therefore, the present study cannot be over The freshly collected plant was emphasized. screened for extraneous materials, weighed Many bacteria causing diseases are and oven dried at 55ᵒc for 36 hours. The becoming resistant to the commonly used dried leaves were milled into powder using antibiotics necessitating the need for more Arthur Thomas laboratory mill. The potent broad spectrum antibiotics [27]. Over powdered leaves were weighed using the the last three decades, antibiotic resistance electronic weighing balance and found to be has become a major problem in hospitals all 232.6 grams. The weighed sample was put over the world, with most disease causing into a sterilized container and covered to microbes developing resistance to the drugs avoid contamination then stored in a cool used in killing them or inhibiting their dry place. growth [28-30]. Today, 50 percent of the Qualitative analysis was carried out world’s blindness rate is largely caused by to ascertain the presence of the different infectious agents. New, emerging, effective phytochemicals in the samples. Aqueous, antibiotics are produced every now and then ethanol and methanol screening
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