And Vice Versa )

Home , Ludwig Tieck

The Influence of German Language, Literature, and Culture on English and American Language, Life, and Letters. (and vice versa )

David A Reibel (Tübingen and York)

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MISS PRISM [Calling .] Cecily! Cecily! ... intellectual pleasures await you. Your German grammar is on the table. Pray open it at page fifteen. We will repeat yesterday’s lesson.

CECILY [Coming over very slowly .] But I don’t like German. It isn’t at all a becoming language. I know perfectly well that I look quite plain after my German lesson. [third exchange later:]

CECILY I wish Uncle Jack would allow that unfortunate young man, his brother, to come down here sometimes. We might have a good influence over him, Miss Prism. I am sure you certainly would. You know German, and geology, and things of that kind influence a man very much.

(Oscar Wilde. (1854-1900). The Importance of Being Ernest . 1895. Second Act. Scene [1].) ______

German influence on English life and culture was exercised either directly, through contact, visits and longer stays, or through the reading of German literature, usually in translation, although also in the original. The influence was felt in all aspects of English life, often mediated through the initiatives of Prince Albert (1819-1861), Prince Consort to Queen Victoria (1819-1901; reigned 1837-1901). At one time it was felt that without knowledge of German, one did not have access to the leading scientific literature of the day, a situation now reversed, with English in dominant position. In the 19thC, German universites also played a major rôle in training English and American scientists, philologists, and philosophers, one now performed by British and American universities in training scholars of developing countries, who in turn have established the foundations of science and technology in their own countries. The items included here, apart from their intrinsic interest, have been chosen for their more or less direct links to the literary and linguistic concerns of major authors of the day. They are at the same time useful bibliographical guides in their own right. They are listed here in simple alphabetical order, with cross-references as needed. The scope of these studies reflects the lifelong work of Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867). The Appendix to this compilation presents a selection of editions and interpretations of the writings of this pioneering scholar.

1 Bibliography

Argyle, Gisela. 1979. German Elements in the Fiction of George Eliot , Gissing , and Meredith . [George Eliot, née Mary Ann, later Marian, Evans (1819-1880); George Robert Gissing (1857-1903); and George Meredith (1828-1909)]. Frankfurt am Main; Bern; Cirencester/UK: Peter Lang. European University Papers. Series I. German Language and Literature. Vol. 74. Shows how, first, Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), and then more successfully Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), and after him Matthew Arnold (1822-1888), succeeded in transmitting an ideal form of German culture that influenced these writers, and less directly or substantially other writers. George Eliot (1819-1880) seems to have had a special affinity for German language and culture. “I don’t know how far my impressions have been warped by reading German, but I have regarded the word ‘culture’ as a verbal equivalent for the highest results of past and present influences.” (The George Eliot Letters , IV, p 395. Reference due to Argyle p 195.)

George Eliot, Gissing and Meredith are the nineteenth-century British novelists who, in their fiction, made the most significant and substantial use of German material. The function of this material is twofold, relating both to the life presented and to the presentation. An elucidation of the German references adds not only to a fuller understanding of the individual novels, but also of the author’s theory and practice of fiction, and of one of the experimental tendencies in the ‘wide’ tradition of the English Novel. ( pb )

Contents: George Eliot: Middlemarch (1971-1872); Daniel Deronda (1876). Gissing: The ‘Double Art’; The ‘Double Life’. Meredith: An ‘Alpine Affinity’. See also Armytage 1969.

Armytage, W. H. G. [Walter Harry Green (1915-1998)]. 1969 The German Influence on English Education . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; New York, Humanities Press. The Students [ sic ] Library of Education. A monograph-length work of 110 pp of text, with 11 chapters, each devoted to some salient historical, cultural or economic movement, event, figure, etc, covering the period from the founding of the University of Wittenberg, at the beginning of the 16thC, to the present day. Has 20¾-page Bibliography, which includes many early works. Well written in a popular, sometimes even breezy or novelistic, outline style, making even basic or elementary notions unmistakably clear. No index. One of a set of such studies by the same author, same publisher, same series, all very good capsule histories of education in the respective country as well, each with useful bibliography as before, and no index: The American Influence on English Education (1967); The French Influence on English Education (1968); The Russian Influence on English Education (1969).

2 Ashton, Rosemary ( b 1947). 1980. The German Idea . Four English Writers and the Reception of German Thought 1800- 1860. Cambridge [etc]: Cambridge University Press. Treats Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), George Henry Lewes (1817-1878), and George Eliot (1819-1880).

Ashton, Rosemary ( b 1947). 1986. Little Germany . German Refugees in Victorian Britain . Oxford [etc]: Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press paperback, 1989.

Around the middle of the last century England became the home of a group of German exiles seeking refuge from political repression in their own country. They included in their number Karl Marx [1818-1883] and Friedrich Engels [1820-1895] and they held in common the belief in, and search for, political freedom. The outcome of that search, and the exiles’ success or failure in coming to terms with it, is the subject of this book. Marx spent his time in London at work on Das Kapital [1867; 1884; 1894], supported financially by Engels; other exiles found different spheres of activity. The ‘bourgeois’ refugees Gottfried Kinkel [1815-1882] and Friedrich Althaus [1829-1897] settled down to teaching and journalism; [Friedrich] Lessner [ sic ; also Leßner (1825- 1910)] and [Johann Georg] Eccarius [1818-1889], tailors by profession, played a part in establishing the First International Working Men’s Association in the 1860s; and among the German women who fled to England, the remarkable Johanna Kinkel [ née Mockel (1810-1858), Komponistin] and Malwida [Freiin] von Meysenbug [1816-1903] were forced to suffer the relative indignity of work as music teacher and governess respectively. Rosemary Ashton charts the fortunes of this disparate group of exiles, who constantly bickered among themselves, and also examines Victorian England through their eyes, showing how the most advanced country in Europe and, in Engels’s words, ‘the freest, or the least unfree’ country in the world appeared to foreigners seeking asylum. Their views of English liberties and restraints, fairness and prejudice, tolerance and tradition in matters of politics, religion, class, and sexual relations offer a valuable insight into Victorian life. The author has drawn on a rich store of letters, memoirs, and articles written by the exiles for German and American newspapers, and on Johanna Kinkel’s autobiographical novel about émigré life in London [ Hans Ibeles in London . Ein Familienbild aus dem Flüchtlingsleben . 1860] to illustrate this fascinating and highly readable account of a neglected area of Anglo-German relations. ( pb on inside front flap of d/w)

Contents 7¾-page Introduction; I. The Road from Germany to England; 2. Three Communist Clerks: Engels, [Georg] Weerth [1822-1856], and [Ferdinand] Freiligrath [1810-1876] in Manchester, Bradford, and London; 3. The Communist

3 Intellectuals: Marx and his Party; 4. The ‘Bourgeois’ Refugees: [Arnold] Ruge [1802- 1880], Kinkel, and the Journalists, Doctors, Artists, and Teachers of the Exile; 5. The Women of the Exile; 6. The Proletariat and the Lumpenproletariat of the Exile; Epilogue ; 39¾ pp of Notes (annotations and references); 8-page Select Bibliography; Index. Full front, spine and back of d/w have reproduction of Chappius, Aspect général de Londres , vue prise de l ’Abbaye de Westminster , c1857. Back of d/w has superimposed at top round cartouches with, from top left, b&w photographs of heads of respectively, Ferdinand Freiligrath, Gottfried Kinkel, Karl Marx (centre), Friedrich Engels, Arnold Ruge. Inside back flap of d/w has portrait photograph (full-frontal head) of a fresh-faced smiling Rosemary Ashton, with minimalist biography. Packed with information. An enormous amount of labour must have gone into compiling and organizing the primary source material from which this smooth-reading narrative and anaylsis is composed. All German passages are given in idiomatic English translations, and their number and variety add to the interest, entertainment, and period feel, which is skillfully described by Ashton. The refugee experience has many parallels with that of German refugees in the Allied countries during WWII. Not without the occasional purple patch, written in the modern durchkomponiert style, which intersperses and integrates into the text journalistic, novelistic, and dramatic and theatrical touches which make it hard to determine what is original or primary source material, what is interpretation and fair comment, or merely narrative, and what is gratuitous or anachronistic embroidery (Horace’s ambitiosa ornamenta ‘superfluous ornament’) or speculation, as some may feel.

Bachleitner, Norbert, herausgegeben von. 2000. Beiträge zur Rezeption der britischen und irischen Literatur des 19 . Jahrhunderts im deutschsprachigen Raum . Amsterdam/Atlanta, GA: Editions Rodopi B. V. Internationale Forschungen zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft 45.

Batts, Michael S. [Michael Stanley] (1929-). 1986. A History of Histories of German Literature : Prolegomena . New York: P. Lang, 157 pp. Series: Kanadische Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur / Canadian Studies in German Language and Literature, vol. 37. Revised and extended in Batts 1993.

Batts, Michael S. [Michael Stanley (1929-)]. 1993. A History of Histories of German Literature : 1835-1914. Montreal : McGill-Queen’s University Press, xii + 301 pp.

Bennett, Benjamin, 1985. ( b 1939). Goethe ’s Theory of Poetry : “ Faust ” and the Regeneration of Language . Ithaca, New York; London: Cornell University Press. 352 pp. Has 17-page bibliography.

Beyer, Arno. 1980/1981. Doctoral Dissertation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Deutsche Einflüsse auf die englische Sprachwissenschaft im 19 . Jahrhundert .

4 Göppingen: Kümmerle Verlag. 1981. Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik. Very thorough, with useful bibliographies. Unattractive typescript with many minor typographical and editorial errors and infelicities. Written in the modern historiography of linguistics mode, which traces the lineage and genealogy of linguistic ideas, evidently on the basis of the motto, ex nihilo nihil .

Blackall, Eric A. [Eric Albert]. 1983. The Novels of the German Romantics . Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 315 pp.

Blaicher, Günther. 1992. Das Deutschlandbild in der englischen Literatur . Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. Treats first stereotypes, then the Middle Ages to the mid-17thC; mid-17thC to Romanticism; mid-18thC to 1871; 1871-1918; 1918-1945; and from 1945 up to the very recent present. A treatment of English literature, and not so much German influences. Contains sympathetic and plausible interpretations of the portrayals and narratives and other accounts of Germans and Germany, as well as of other nationalities and their associated stereotypes to be found in a wide range of authors, and careful assessments of the intended literary, dramatic, and other effects and intentions.

Boyd, James (1899-1970). 1932. Goethe ’s Knowledge of English Literature . Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. Oxford Studies in Modern Languages and Literature. [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)]. ‘The object of the book is to give a complete summary of Goethe’s English reading ...’; based on diaries, letters, and other primary documents. Goethe lived a very long time, through two epochs, so to speak, of German and other literature. But it is not for this reason that it would be hard to think of any English author or critic who had read or looked at a comparable range and number of German authors, except perhaps Carlyle. Summary of Contents: Preface; Introduction; I. Shakespeare (important plays treated individually); II. Shakespeare’s Predecessors and Contemporaries; III. Writers of the Seventeenth Century; IV. Writers of the Eighteenth Century; V. Lord Byron; VI. Sir Walter Scott and Thomas Carlyle; VII. Other Writers of the Nineteenth Century; Appendix I: Minor Writers of the Eighteenth Century; Appendix II: Minor Writers of the Nineteenth Century; Appendix III: Journals. See Index (of names) for full extensive list of authors. The individual chapters give detailed accounts of the English (also Scottish, American, and other) authors read by Goethe, either in English or in German translations, from Shakespeare on, down through the English Romantics, and others, including science, travel etc. The number of authors is considerable, the number and variety of works read even more so: at least l55 authors are listed: 64 more or less major authors, plus 36 more minor 18thC and 55 19thC authors. There are some notable gaps: no philosophers, eg David Hume, George Berkeley, John Locke; no Jane Austen; a few other notables are also absent. Of especial interest are: chapter V on Lord Byron (1788-1824), and chapter VI on Sir Walter Scott (1871-1832) and Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881). See also Zeydel 1931 on Tieck.

5 Bridgewater, Patrick. 1972. Nietzsche in Anglosaxony : A Study of Nietzsche ’s Impact on English and American Literature . [Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900)] Leicester: Leicester University Press.

Bridgewater, Patrick. 1981. Gissing and Germany . [George Robert Gissing (1857-1903)]. London: Enitharmon Press. Limited printing of 500 copies.

Bridgewater, Patrick. 1988. Arthur Schopenhauer ’s English Schooling . [Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)] London; New York: Routledge.

Brunsdale, Mitzi M. 1978. The German Effect on D. H. Lawrence and His Works 1885-1912. (1885-1930). Bern; Frankfurt am Main; Las Vegas: Peter Lang. Utah Studies in Literature and Linguistics Vol. 13. Now somewhat (out)dated and overtaken by more recent research, but interesting for some of the analyses and conclusions that she offers. Some consider her deductions of German influence strained, far-fetched, fanciful, or just plain wrong. However, the book is at least specifically a treatment of this topic.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the German effect upon Lawrence and his works up to May 1912. The term “effect” is used in the definition presented by Horst Rüdiger in 1971 in his study of comparative literature in Germany:

Formerly, one used to content oneself with discovering ‘influences.’ [...] I would suggest that we avoid the term ‘influence’ altogether and use, instead, ‘effect’ and ‘reception,’ which denote a dynamic attitude on the part of the author rather than a passive one, which makes him a powerless instrument (1).

[Cited from: Horst Rüdiger. ‘Comparative Literature in Germany.’ Yearbook of Comparative and German Literature 20. 1971:18.]

Rüdiger’s point is well taken, since an author who observes a stimulating notion from another’s work cannot help but apply to it the catalytic agent of his own consciousness and his artistic theory, thus transmuting the notion and the catalyst together into something utterly new in an essentially creative process. (Preface p 5)

This sensible interpretation of the process of the reception of ideas, and the concomitant creative process, if somewhat clumsily and imprecisely formulated, applies equally to science and other intellectual activities, and offers an alternative to the sterile tracing of lines of influence favoured by some historiographers of linguistics. Many other writers on the inspirational experience and the act of creation through the imagination (the ‘catalytic agent’?) have made the same point.

6 From the evidence presented in the body of this study, a discernible German effect on Lawrence and his works may be seen from his birth in 1885 until his departure from England in 1912. (p 297)

From all available evidence, it seems that Lawrence received most of these items of German effect through translations, in the case of the literature and philosophy, which seem to have been inadequate. This may account for his later lack of feeling for German and his disavowal of agreement with Nietzsche’s works in particular. (pp 299- 300)

The evidence of Lawrence’s later German letters written while in Germany shows a good idiomatic if occasionally grammatically flawed command of German which any English speaker would be pleased to possess. Brunsdale’s conclusion here is one of several that seem merely speculative or based on misinterpretations of the evidence. (This information is due to Hans Schwarze, one of the editors of the new Lawrence edition.) Lawrence eloped to Germany in 1912 with Frieda Weekley (1879-1956), née von Richthoven, a cousin of the WWI German air ace, Baron Manfred von Richthoven (1882-1918). She was the wife of Lawrence’s teacher at Nottingham University College, Ernest Weekley (1865-1954).

Caws, Mary Ann; Luckhurst, Nicola, edited by. 2001. The Reception of Virginia Woolf in Europe . London: The Athlone Press. The Reception of British Authors in Europe.

Woolf’s reception, still in its first century, has been remarkably diverse, as analyst of consciousness, as a decadent (censored and banned), as stylistic innovator of ‘Modernism’, as crusading feminist and socialist, and perhaps most of all as a current model for a wide range of other writers across Europe. ( pb )

Chesney, Colonel [Sir George Tomkyns]. (1830-1895). 1871. The Battle of Dorking . London: Blackwood ’s Magazine , May 1871. Inspired by the Imperial German (Prussian) capture of Paris. See the annotation under Haines 1969.

Dahl, Carl. 1978. Americans and German Scholarship , 1770-1870. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.

Davis, Garold N. 1969. German Thought and Culture in England , 1700-1770. A Preliminary Survey including a Chronological Bibliography [1700-1770] of German Literature in English Translation. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. University of North Carolina Studies in Comparative Literature. Number 47.

7 My study has been an exploratory topographical survey of a period when German literary and cultural influences in England were said to have been non-existent. Enough evidence, however, has been assembled to indicate that the literary and general cultural stimuli from Germany in the early eighteenth century were not only constant and plentiful, they were also significant for certain developments and changes in English literature. (chapter VII. Conclusion. p 109)

Treats the period from the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) to the end of the 18thC, taking in the translation, reception, and influence of the German hymn on English hymnology and lyric poetry (chapter II); religious influences (chapter III); chapter IV. German Residents in England: Musicians, Artists, and Germans in the Royal Society; and many other matters. Very interesting and original material in 109 pp. The Notes, Chronological Bibliography, and Bibliography of Sources Relating to This Study (pp 134-139), which take in the 19thC, provide further useful information.

Fabian, Bernhard ( b 1930); Spieckermann, Marie-Luise, zusammengestellt von. 1980. Deutsche Übersetzungen englischer humanmedizinischer Werke 1680-1810: Eine vorlaüfige Bibliographie . Stuttgart: G. Fischer. [Medizin historisches Journal , Band 15, 1980, Heft 1/2]

Fabian, Bernhard. ( b 1930). 1992. The English Book in Eighteenth-Century Germany . London: British Library. 110 pp. Panizzi Lectures. 1991. (Sir Anthony Panizzi aka Antonio Genesio Maria (1797-1879); some-time librarian of the British Museum.)

Fabian, Bernhard. ( b 1930). 1994. Selecta Anglicana . Buchgeschichtliche Studien zur Aufnahme der Englischen Literatur in Deutschland im achtzehnten Jahrhundert . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Veröffentlichungen des Leipziger Arbeitskreises zur Geschichte des Buchwesens. In Kommission bei Otto Harrassowitz. Schriften und Zeugnisse zur Buchgeschichte. Band 5. 266 pp. A selection of reprints of Fabian’s essays, in German and English, on the theme: What 19thC Germany was to England — a fountain of culture and learning — 18thC England had been to Germany. Includes bibliographical references. Contents: Vorwort; English Books and Their Eighteenth-Century German Readers; The Beginnings of English-Language Publishing in Germany in the Eighteenth Century; Die Meßkataloge des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts; Die Meßkataloge und der Import englischer Bücher nach Deutschland im achtzehnten Jahrhundert; The Reception of Bernard Mandeville in Eighteenth-Century Germany; An Eighteenth-Century Research Collection: English Books at Göttingen University Library; [Friedrich] Nicolai und England [1733-1811]; Die erste englische Buchhandlung auf dem Kontinent; Die erste Bibliographie der englischen Literatur des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts: Jeremias David Reuß’ [1700-1777] Gelehrtes England.

8 Faust, Albert Bernhardt. (1870-1951). 1927. The German Element in the United States with special reference to its political, moral, social, and educational influence. In Two Volumes. New York: The Steuben Society of America. Reprinted New York: Arno Press and the New York Times. The American Immigration Collection. 1969. Originally copyright by Faust 1909. (The Steuben Society of America: “Founded May 1919.” Steuben : Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin von Steuben (1730-1794), emigrated to America in 1777, trained the Continental Army etc, contributing to the winning by the newly-formed United States of America of the American Revolutionary War of Independence.) This book won, not one, but two prestigious prizes. An encyclopaedic account of the importation, adoption, adaptation, influence, and effect of German institutions on the formation of American culture from the 17thC on.

Fischer, Joachim. 2000. Das Deutschlandbild der Iren 1890-1939. Geschichte — Form — Funktion . Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag. Anglistische Forschung 284. Has 16 illustrations; xvi + 680 pp.

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist die erste größer angelegte Studie zur Geschichte, Entwicklung und politischen Funktion des irischen Deutschlandbildes. In die gewählte Zeitspanne 1890-1939 fallen u.a. der das irische Deutschlandbild entscheidend mitbestimmende I. Weltkrieg, der von den Deutschen unterstützte Osteraufstand 1916 sowie der Aufstieg der Nationalsozialisten in Deutschland. Die Arbeit bezieht grundsätzlich alle Textsorten in die Untersuchung ein (literarische Texte, Reiseberichte, journalistische Texte, Filme, Schulbücher u.v.a.m.) und analysiert diese im Gesamtzusammenhang der irisch-deutschen politischen Beziehungen. In ihrer interdisziplinär angelegten ideologiekritischen Herangehensweise, die gerade durch die Vielfalt und Gegensätzlichkeit der Bilder in den verschiedenen Diskurskontexten Rechnung trägt, sieht sich die Arbeit u.a. der anglophonen Cultural Studies Tradition verpflichtet. Sie demonstriert darüberhinaus die Ergiebigkeit des Forschungsansatzes, irische (Kultur)Geschichte aus einer europäischen statt aus einer zumeist eingenommenen anglo-irischen Perspektive heraus zu betrachten. ( pb )

Füger, Wilhelm, herausgegeben und eingeleitet von. 2000. Kritisches Erbe . Dokumente zur Rezeption von James Joyce im deutschen Sprachbereich zu Lebzeiten des Autors . Ein Lesebuch . Atlanta, GA: Editions Rodopi B. V. Internationale Forschungen zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft 40.

Das ungewöhnlich breite und kontroverse Echo, das James Joyces Oeuvre bereits zu Lebzeiten des Autors im deutschen Sprachbereich gefunden hat, ist bislang nirgends bibliographisch vollständig erfasst, geschweige denn editorisch erschlossen und in Anthologieform bequem zugänglich gemacht worden. Diese flagrante Informationslücke

9 schließt der vorliegende Band, indem er erstmals alle markanten einschlägigen Dokumente versammelt und damit allen Literaturinteressierten die Möglichkeit bietet, sich auf der Grundlage einer umfassenden Lektüre der Originaltexte ein fundiertes eigenes Urteil über Art und Gründe des wechselvollen Verlaufs dieses Rezeptionsprozesses zu bilden. Konkret nachvollziehbar wird so, wie sich im Wettstreit konkurrierender und weithin interdependenter Diskurse ein ebenso facetten- wie variantenreiches Joyce-Bild herauskristallisiert, das zudem nicht selten mehr vom Geist seiner Konstruktuere und ihrer Zeit zeugt als von den spezifischen Charakteristika der Joyceschen Werke. Deshalb sind die hier versammelten Materialien nicht nur für Anglisten, Germanisten und Komparatisten, sondern darüber hinaus auch für Kultur- und Zeithistoriker von generellem Interesse. Eingeleitet wird der Band durch einen konzisen Überblick über den Verlauf und die Ergebnisse dieses Meinungsbildungsprozesses sowie des maßgeblichen Forschungsstandes dazu. Diverse Appendices sowie ein ausführliches Personen-, Werk- und Sachregister bieten ergänzende Detailinformationen zu ausgewählten Sonderaspekten. ( pb )

Galinsky, Hans. (1909-1991). 1972. Amerikanisch-deutsche Sprach- und Literaturbeziehungen : Systematische Übersicht und Forschungsbericht . Frankfurt: Athenäum-Verlag.

Gaskill, Howard, edited by. 2002. The Reception of Ossian in Europe . London: The Athlone Press. The Reception of British Authors in Europe.

For the eighteenth century, Ossian was the great discovery of a Northern epic poet equal to Homer, whose oral tales had survived from bardic times. In Europe he was everywhere translated and imitated — whereas in England he was dismissed by influential commentators as a forgery by the Scottish writer James Macpherson. (pb )

Gumbert, Hans Ludwig, herausgegeben und erläutert von. 1977. Lichtenberg in England . Dokumente einer Begegnung . Band I . Einleitung und Texte . Mit 139 Abbildung. lvi + 406 pp. Band II . Erläuterungen und Register . xii + 276 pp. Large format: 29,75 cm x 21 cm . Inhalt des ersten Bandes (summary): Vorwort. Siglen (abbreviations); Einleiting; Die Dokumente (from the Tagebücher and Briefe for the years 1779 &1774- 1775); Anhang (8 letters and other documents): Verzeichnis der Abbildung; Abbildungen (clear facsimiles of contemporary documents). Inhalt des zweiten Bandes: Siglen; Chronologische Übersicht; Erläuterungen zu den Dokumenten; Zu den Anhängen; Literaturverzeichnis (4-page bibliography omitting major known categories); Register (classified indexes).

10 Guthke, Karl S. 1958. Englische Vorromantik und deutscher Sturm und Drang. M. G. Lewis’ Stellung in der Geschichte der deutsch-englischen Literaturebeziehungen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Palaestra. Untersuchungen aus der deutschen und englischen Philologie und Literaturgeschichte. Band 223. ‘The influence of German literature on English literature reached its first highpoint in the narrow period of the twenty years between the beginning of the 90s of the 18thC and 1810. Matthew Gregory aka Monk Lewis (1775-1818) is the first and the most significant representative of the first wave of German influence which attained literary historical and aesthetic relevance.’ (chapter I. Lewis’ Monk ...) He is perhaps best known today for his Gothic novel Ambrosio , or the Monk (1796), which earned him the nickname of “Monk” Lewis. This study treats Lewis as a mediator of German literature through his translations, so-called, rewritten, to suit the English taste, with Lewis’ improvements, additions, and excisions, as well as his obvious failure to understand the plain meaning of the original German text. The comparisons between the German exemplars (German Vorlagen ) and Lewis’ fanciful (re)creations are quite entertaining. Deals one after the other in individual chapters with: German influence on The Monk ; Lewis’ stay in Weimar (27 July 1792 - end February 1793); Lewis and the following: Christoph Martin Wieland (1733-1813), August (Friedrich Ferdinand) von Kotzebue (1761-1819), Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger (1725-1831), Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811), Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803), (Johann Christoph) Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805, Johann Karl August Musäus (1735-1787), (Christiane) Benedicte (Eugenie) Naubert (1756- 1819), and Johann Heinrich (Daniel) Zschokke (1771-1848). Lewis seems to belong to the category of those “die, der Mode und dem Bedürfnis des Tages folgend, Übersetzungen aus dem Gebiet der deutschen Literature ins Volk warf, das sie rasch aufnahm, aber auch rasch wieder vergaß”. (Pfeiffer 1925:25 below).

Haenicke, Gunta; Finkelstaedt, Thomas. 1992. Anglistenlexikon 1825-1990. Biographische und bibliographische Angaben zu 318 Anglisten . Augsburg: Universität Augsburg. Augsburger I & I Schriften, Band 64. Each entry is a comprehensive biographical and bibliographical account of one of the 318 German scholars listed. Absolutely essential for information on these German Anglicists.

Haines, George, IV. (1903-1964). 1957. German Influence Upon English Education and Science, 1800-1866. New London, Connecticut: Connecticut College. Connecticut College Monograph No. 6. Contents: Introduction; 1. Education and the Reform of Educational Institutions to 1840; 2. Science and the Reform of Scientific Institutions to 1840; 3. The German Theory of Evolution and the English Contribution; 4. The German Influence on Educational and Scientific Institutions, 1840-1866; 5. Conclusion; Chart I. Scientists in England, c. 1800-1866: lists 329 scientists, with analysis of distribution according to period, subject (Medicine, Geology, etc), membership of The Royal Society, etc; see Summaries and Comments at end of Chart I; Chart II. Education of the Physicians and

11 Surgeons on the Staff of the Manchester Royal Infirmary, c. 1752-1830, showing their English, Scottish, or continental place of training. There is a useful Index of Names. This work, and its companion volume, Haines 1969, which complement each other, are not so concerned with literature or language as such; they point out that it was rather the superordinate image of Germany as a successful, progressive innovator in all fields of science, the arts, philosophy, literature, and education which made it such a powerful model, even if the image became somewhat clouded after 1870, and underwent a complete revision and reversal with the advent of WWI, as documented by other items listed here.

Haines, George, IV. (1903-1964). 1969. Essays on German Influence upon English Education and Science , 1850-1919. New London, Connecticut: Connecticut College in association with Archon Books, Hamden, Connecticut. Connecticut College Monograph No. 9. A complement to Haines 1957 above.

This was the time of Prussian expansionism, culminating in the overrunning of France in 1870. It was also a period of general alarm in Britain about the readiness and competence of the country’s armed forces—particularly its soldiers. It was this mood of alarm which set the scene for Colonel Chesney’s [Sir George Tomkyns (1830-1895)] phenomenally successful invasion fantasy, The Battle of Dorking [Blackwood ’s Magazine , May 1871], in which the Prussians are shown doing to London what they have just done to Paris.

Harrold, Charles Frederick. (1897-1948.). 1934. Carlyle and German Thought : 1819-1834. [Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)]. Yale Studies in English, Vol. 82. Reprinted Hamden; London: Archon Books. 1963. Reprinted New York: AMS Press. 1978. von Helmholtz-Phelan, Anna Augusta. (1880-1964). 1907. University of Wisconsin Bachelor of Arts Thesis. The Indebtedness of Samuel Taylor Coleridge to August Wilhelm von Schlegel . Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin. No. 163. Philology and Literature Series, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 273-370. Reprinted New York, Haskell House, 1971. Reprinted Folcroft, Pa.: Folcroft Library Editions, 1977. Reprinted Norwood, Pa.: Norwood Editions, 1978. Presents parallel passages from Coleridge and Schlegel, tending to lend credence to Coleridge’s claim that these parallels were the result of convergent thinking, and not plagarism. See also Winkelmann 1933, below. As the number of reprints shows, despite the modesty of the contents, the material is thought to be of some interest still today.

Hewett-Thayer, Harvey Waterman. ( b 1873). 1905. Lawrence Sterne in Germany . A Contribution to the Study of the Literary Relations of England and Germany in the Eighteenth Century . [Lawrence Sterne (1713-1768)]. New York: Columbia University Press. New York: The Macmillan Company.

12 Horne, Richard Henry [or Hengist] (1803-1884). 1844 The New Spirit of the Age . Two Volumes (1844), a personal reconsideration of the work of 25 contemporary writers; cf also: The Spirit of the Nation by the writers of the Nation journal (second edition, Dublin: James Duffy, 1844), mainly a pseudonymous collection of Irish political ballads and songs.

Kelly, John Alexander. (1889-1959). 1936. German Visitors to English Theaters in the 18th?/Eighteenth? Century . orig place of publ and publ? Reprinted New York : Octagon Books, 1978. A study of the enthusiasm for the English drama shown by German visitors to England, a reciprocal or complementary interest to that shown in German literature by later English and American audiences.

Lernaut, Geert, edited by. 2003. The Reception of James Joyce in Europe . London: The Athlone Press. The Reception of British Authors in Europe.

Joyce’s reception in Europe has been of remarkable scope, impact and creative power. He figures as leading Modernist, experimentalist and stylistic innovator, as a new breed of Realist, as producer of a new kind of ‘text’ influential on critical theory, and everywhere as the progenitor of adventurous translations, imitations and free re-inventions shaping European Modernist writing. ( pb )

Liptzin, Solomon. ( b 1901). 1924. Shelley in Germany . [Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)] New York: Columbia University Press. Columbia University Germanic Studies. A detailed, closely-researched study of the reception of Shelley’s work in Germany, which stood for so long in the shadow of Byron’s. Important for this aspect of English-German literary relationships. The footnotes and 4-page Bibliography are a useful source for, among others, some of the German periodicals, writers, and critics who followed the English literary scene.

Lovejoy, Arthur O. [Arthur Oncken (1873-1962)]. 1948 Essays in the History of Ideas . Foreword by Don Cameron Allen (1903-1972) Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. Published for the History of Ideas Club of The Johns Hopkins University. Reprinted New York: George Braziller, Inc. 1955. Reprints 16 articles selected and revised by the author (‘the founder of the club’), published on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the founding of the History of Ideas Club at Johns Hopkins University in 1923. ‘The purpose of the club was for “the historical study of the development and influence of general philosophical conceptions, ethical ideas, and aesthetic fashions, in occidental literature, and of the relations of these to manifestations of the same ideas and tendencies in the history of philosophy, of science, and of political and social movements.” ’ (Foreword p vii) See article I, The Historiography of Ideas. Besides the important articles II and III on ‘The Supposed Primitivism of Rouseau’s Discourse on Inequality ’, and ‘Monboddo [1773- 1792] and Rousseau’ (pp 14-61), articles IX-XII (pp 166-276) treat ‘Herder and the Enlightenment Philosophy of History’ (IX), and German and English Romanticism, the

13 relation of the English Romantics to their German sources, and so forth. The very full footnotes give the main references. There is also a Bibliography of the Published Writings of Arthur O. Lovejoy 1898-1951, comprising 272 items.

Mander, John. ( b 1932). 1974. Our German Cousins . Anglo-German Relations in the 19th and 20th Centuries. London: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd. Written in an entertaining, irreverent, readable interpretive style that is just as informative as anything more detailed, and just as valuable. A good introduction to the whole topic, even if the perspective is different from that of other more conventional studies. After treating the beginnings from 1750 in Section I, ‘The Discoverers’, including Madame Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, baronne (Baronesse) de Staël- Holstein ( née Necker, 1766-1817), in Chapter Two, which he entitles ‘Kultur-Walküre’; then treats Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) in Section II, ‘The Road from Ecclefechan’; in Section III Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) and ‘The Coleridgeans’; treats in Section IV, ‘A Family Quarrel’, Prince Albert (1819-1861) and Queen Victoria (1819- 1901; reigned 1837-1901), and other Royals and their German connections, especially Queen Victoria’s eldest daughter Victoria (‘Vicky’, 1840-1901), who in 1858 married Frederick (1831-1888), the son of Kaiser Wilhelm I (1797-1888) and the father of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941); and finally John Maynard Keynes [1st Baron Keynes (1883-1946)], Bloomsbury, WWI and its aftermath in Section V, ‘The Political Consequences of John Maynard Keyes’, which takes the treatment up to the post-WWII era. These last two Sections are important historically, although they may not say so much about literary concerns.

Mason, Eudo C. [Eudo Colecestra (1901-1969)]. 1966. Deutsche und Englische Romantik . Zweite, durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage. The ‘Nachwort zur ersten Ausgabe’ is dated October 1959. Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht. Kleine Vandenhoek-Reihe 85 S. Mason was Professor of German at the University of Edinburgh. His book contains interesting material on Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), as well as on other leading English Romantics, especially Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1857), who played a central rôle in the mediation and transmission to the English literati and public of German literary and cultural values in the first half of the 19thC, thus making up for what Mason says was Coleridge’s failure in this regard, and thus also mediating the transition from the interest of the Romantics in Germany and the ‘ Stürmer und Dränger ’, to the admiration of the Victorians for German accomplishments in the arts and sciences, including the new philology. Coleridge’s command of German may be inferred from the following remark of August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1767-1829), made on the occasion of a meeting between him, Coleridge, and William Wordsworth (1770- 1850) in Godesberg in July 1828, the first time that the ‘three surviving Romantics of leading rank’ (Mason p 67) had come together.

Es scheint auch eine der ganz wenigen Gelegenheiten gewesen zu sein, bei denen Coleridge die ihm sonst immer (auch 1817 von Tieck) willig zugestandene führende Rolle im Gespräch nicht mehr behaupten konnte, denn „es ist Schlegel bald gelungen, sich zum Mittelpunkt des Interesses zu machen“. Wie dies zuging, ist aus der schroffen

14 Aufforderung zu erraten, die er an den unglücklichen Coleridge richtete:

Mein lieber Herr, darf ich Sie bitten, Englisch zu sprechen? Englisch verstehe ich, aber bei Ihrem Deutsch komme ich nicht mit.

[It seems also to have been one of the very few occasions on which Coleridge could not assert the leading rôle always conceded to him (also in 1817 by Tieck [Johann Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853)]) in conversation, for “Schlegel soon succeeded in making himself the centre of interest”. How this went is to be inferred from the curt request which he directed to Coleridge:

My dear Sir, may I ask you to speak English? English I understand, but I cannot follow your German.]

Taken from Mason’s account p 68, based on a letter of August 1828 between Coleridge’s and Wordsworth’s host and Henry Crabb Robinson. Von Schlegel’s claim to a knowledge of English is easily supported by his masterful translations of Shakespeare.

Milton, Colin. 1987. Lawrence and Nietzsche . A Study in Influence . Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.

Munroe, Hector Hugh [pen-name ‘Saki’]. (1870-1916). 1914. When William Came : A Story of London under the Hohenzollerns . London: John Lane. (William ; sc Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941).) A substantial work (322 pp), in contrast to his better known short stories; presumably the threat or prospect of subjugation by the hated Hun concentrates, or at least inspires the artistic mind wonderfully, which only needs a suggestion to compose an appropriate complete work.

Neubauer, John; De Voogd, Peter, edited by. 2002. The Reception of Laurence Sterne in Europe . London: The Athlone Press. The Reception of British Authors in Europe.

Sterne’s novel Tristram Shandy has become a key text for a variety of critics, including the Russian Formalists, linguistic and structural critics in Eastern Europe and France and Reception theorists in Germany. ( pb )

Oppel, Horst. ( b 1913). 1971. Englisch-deutsche Literaturbeziehungen . 2 Bände. I. Von den Anfängen bis zum Ausgang des 18 . Jahrhunderts . II. Von der Romantik bis zur Gegenwart . Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. Really does start from Kapitel I. Das angelsächsische, altsächsische und althochdeutsche Schrifttum, down through Kapitel VIII. Shakespeare in Deutschland,

15 and Kapitel IX. Der Englische Roman des 18. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland, in the first volume. The second volume is more relevant to the end of the 18thC and the beginning of the 19thC, the Romantics, the Victorians, the turn of the century etc, concluding with the most recent developments, not forgetting the DDR.

Orsini, G. N. G. [Gian Napoleone Giordano ( b 1903)]. 1969. Coleridge and German Idealism . A Study in the History of Philosophy with Unpublished Materials from Coleridge ’s Manuscripts . Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press; London and Amsterdam: Feffer and Simons, Inc. A valuable and original investigation into Coleridge’s indebtedness to the German philosphers, his claims to originality etc, all thoroughly documented and meticulously argued; clearly written and easy to read.

Pascal, R. [Roy (1904-1980)]. 1937. Shakespeare in Germany 1740-1815. Cambridge: At the University Press. Contains a 36-page Introduction giving a compact history and critical account of Shakespeare’s reception in Germany, followed by c42 German extracts (130 pp) from critical texts, letters etc, some very short, some more extensive, by at least 26 different writers, followed by 23 pp of short extracts from German translations of well known passages by 13 different translators. A very handy compact guide to this topic for those who can read German. Also very informative are: The Short Bibliography, and Chronological Table of Shakespeare in Germany 1700-1815. The secondary sources may be out of date, but the extracts can never lose their inherent interest.

Paulin, Roger [Roger Cole ( b 1937)]. 1985. Ludwig Tieck . A Literary Biography . Oxford: Oxford University Press. The author says that this English-language original is to be preferred to the German translation of 1988.

Paulin, Roger [Roger Cole ( b 1937)]. 1987. Ludwig Tieck . Stuttgart: J. B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Sammlung Metzler. Band 185.

Paulin, Roger [Roger Cole ( b 1937)]. 1988. Ludwig Tieck . Eine literarische Biographie . Autorisierte Übertragung aus dem Englischen von Hannelore Faden. München: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Oscar Beck). Even though the author says that the English-language original is to be preferred, the German translation, evidently prepared under his supervision, has the advantage that all primary source material is given in the original German. There is a list of abbreviations of sources cited, and 41 pp of notes ( Anmerkungen ), but unfortunately no index. See also Paulin 1987, which he himself recommends.

Paulin, Roger [Roger Cole ( b 1937)]. 2003. The Critical Reception of Shakespeare in Germany 1682-1914. Native Literature and Foreign Genius .

16 Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag AG. Anglistische und Amerikanische Texte und Studien. Band 11. x + 532 pp.

Pfeffer, J. Alan [Jay Alan ( b 1907)]; Cannon, Garland H. [Garland Hampton ( b 1924)]. 1994. German Loanwords in English . An Historical Dictionary . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Loan (-) word (1874) < German Lehnwort : cf also loan translation (1933) < German Lehnüberseztung ; see p 235b.)

The great bulk of High German etyma evidently moved into English as spontaneous transfers, rather than as deliberate insertions, like the inkhorn terms borrowed into English from the classical languages during the Renaissance. Few if any of our German items replaced existing English words; instead, they simply [enriched and] expanded the English lexicon. (Linguistic overview p 113)

Contents: Primary sources (pp xi-xiii): list (bibliography) of 28 General English dictionaries (of various kinds), and of Other works (other dictionaries and lexicographical studies on English, German, Yiddish, and so forth); list of Abbreviations (pp xv-xvi); alphabetical list of 68 Semantic field labels (p xvii); detailed Introduction (pp xix-xxxiv). Part I: An historical overview [?< German Übersicht ; not listed] by semantic fields; has introductory discussion (Semantic field tables, pp 3-7), with 2 complementary tables of the semantic fields arranged alphabetically (Table 1, p 4) and by diminishing number of borrowings (Table 2, p 5), each with numbers of items in each field, and Table 3, chronological summary of number of borrowings by fifty-year periods from 1501 to 1951; 606 remain undated (p 6). Also has Index to semantic fields by subject (pp 5-7), and Alphabetical index to semantic fields (p 7). Then follows Alphabetical index to semantic fields (pp 8-110). The individual semantic fields with the lists of borrowings in them are grouped and arranged alphabetically within the following superordinate semantic fields, as given in the first Index to semantic fields by subject: Sciences (pp 8-56; 29 fields); Social sciences (pp 56-76; 12 fields); Arts (pp 76-85; 7 fields); Others (pp 85-110; 20 fields). The entries for each field, which may be several pages in length, contain detailed introductory discussion and analysis, and both undated and dated lists of borrowings in that field (93% of items are dated). The dated items are themselves arranged chronologically within fifty-year periods. Part II: Linguistic overview (pp 113-132, is a discussion of Phonology and graphemics, Grammar, Word formation processes, Semantics, [differences in] Degree of naturalization, Dialectal items, and so forth. Part III: Dictionary of German loanwords in English (pp 135-353). Aside from the not unexpected preponderance of scientific terms, the number of what would be regarded as ordinary English words, even if a bit technical, eg historicism (undated), which have a German provenance is not only large but surprising. Others, such as angst (1849), which in German simply means ‘anxiety’, ‘worry’, or ‘fear’ ( Angst haben ‘be afraid’), whose special meaning in English puzzles German speakers, have taken on a life of their own and become (the designation of) independent concepts in their own right through their use as technical terms in English.

17 Part IV: Appendix of supplementary loanwords; has additional useful list of Secondary sources used in the appendix of supplementary loanwords (pp 357-358); alphabetical list of Supplementary loanwords (pp 359-378), and list of Supplementary loanwords arranged by semantic field (pp 379-381). Even the educated layperson is aware of the predominant French, also classical (Latin and Greek) nature of the English vocabulary. But a considerable German element in English is evidence of the strong German influence on British and American life, letters, and science and technology. This work is very nearly an ideal witness to the fact. Far more than just a dictionary, treating not just loan words as such, as the term is generally understood, but also numerous loan translations (calques), collocations, phrases, and so forth; the introductory matter (Parts I-III, c150 pp) forms c30% of the text; the dictionary proper of 5,380 items, both words and other lexical units, dating from about 1340 ( snorkel ) to 1990, with Appendix, takes up the remainder. The authors have obviously been stimulated by the wide range of material that they have turned up to a detailed analysis of the processes of lexical transfer. The editorial matter can usefully be used as an introduction to the study of the processes of lexical borrowing into English in particular and from and into other languages in general.

Pfeiffer, Sibilla. 1925. George Eliots Beziehungen zu Deutschland . Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung. Anglistische Forschungen. Heft 60. Reprinted Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1967. (George Eliot, née Mary Ann Evans, later Marian; 1818-1880). A detailed account of George Eliot’s concern with German literature and all things German, at a time, the author says, when German influence was at its height. Begins with a useful historical survey, from the 16thC on.

Pinney, Thomas, edited by. 1963. Essays of George Eliot . New York: Columbia University Press; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. A selection of 29 of her critical, journalistic essays, each with a helpful introductory note by Pinney, also useful footnote annotations. For a full list of the items with a German connection, see my article: ‘George Eliot (1819-1880), Daniel Deronda (1876). The 19C Context of Klesmer. A Bibliographical Essay & Reference Guide’, on this web page.

Pipkin, James, editor. 1985. English and German Romanticism : Cross-Currents and Controversies . Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag. Reihe Siegen. Beiträge zur Literatur- und Sprachwissenschaft. Band 44. Eine Schriftenreihe der Gesamthochschule Siegen. Nineteen contributions ‘selected from papers delivered at a symposium on English and German Romanticism at the University of Houston in 1981’.

Pochmann, Henry A. [Henry August (1901-1973)], compiler; Schultz, Arthur R., editor. 1953. Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1953. Revised and corrected by Arthur R. Schultz, with addenda, errata, and expanded index. Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus International Publications. 1982.

18 Pochmann, Henry A. [Henry August (1901-1973)]. With the assistance of Arthur R. Schultz and others. 1957. German Culture in America : Philosophical and Literary Influences . 1600-1900. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. Second edition, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978. A thorough, almost exhaustive, encyclopedic account (492 pp of text; 305 pp of Notes), as befits the subject, with the following sections: Book One. German Thought in America: Early Interest in German Culture, Thought Currents of the Ninteenth Century, The Transcendental Writers, The Spread of Interest in German Philosophy; Book Two. German Literary Influence: Some Areas and Lines of Influence, Germanic [sic ] Materials and Motifs in the Short Story, Nineteenth-Century Poets, Novelists, and Critics. Treats all major German and American figures: politicians and statesmen, philosphers, authors, poets, writers etc and their works.

O’Sullivan, Emer. 1990. Friend and Foe : The Image of Germany and the Germans in British Children ’s Fiction from 1870 to the Present . Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, SECL. Studies in English and Comparative Literature. Volume 6. An original and thorough study, from the general theory of cultural and national stereotypes (chapters 1-4) to a detailed examination (chapters 5-19) of 245 texts (see chapter 5.4. The corpus. 72% novels, 8% short stories, 10% tales, 7% anthologies, 3% other) from 12 or so different genres (war stories, adventure stories, spy stories, boys’ and girls’ stories, fantasy, and so forth), analysed for c14 themes (military, war; family relationships, love and friendship, nature and animals, race, nationality, education, religion, and so forth), for location, German appearance (physical stereotypes), German characteristics (psychological stereotypes), German names, use or non-use of German language, also English, characteristics of spies, the image of Berlin, and so forth. This is followed by the analysis of the appearance of these themes, characteristics, and stereotypes etc in 4 representative pieces of children’s fiction (chapters 20-24), with final Summary and Conclusion (chapter 25). There are numerous charts, graphs, tables and other types of graphic presentation of summaries of findings, statistics, and so forth; see list of 25 Figures and 2 Tables (pp [6-7]). Has 9½-page Bibliography of British children’s books which are either set in Germany or in which German characters appear, which is in fact the list of the 245 texts analysed in this study, also very useful 11-page list of Other works cited. In order to compile the list of texts studied, an enormous amount of bibliographical research in the most diverse sources, involving much letter-writing, catalogue searching, and so forth, had to be undertaken; see the very instructive account in chapter 5.2. Locating the texts (pp 49-52). Anyone who thinks that the Internet and other electronic information sources etc have obviated such library-by-library, catalogue-by-catalogue, list-by-list, item-by-item searches, should read this passage to see how unhelpful eg initially promising key-word searches can turn out to be. As illustrations of the topic of this book, see Chesney 1871 and Munroe 1914.

Prawer, S. S. (Siegbert Saloman). 1984. Coal-smoke and Englishmen . A Study of Verbal Caricature in the Writings of Heinrich Heine . [1797-1856].

19 [London]: Institute of Germanic Studies, University of London. Bithell Memorial Lecture, 1983.

Prawer, S. S. (Siegbert Salomon). 1997. Breeches and Metaphysics : Thackeray ’s German Discourse . Oxford: Legenda. Published in Association with the British Comparative Literature Association by the European Humanities Research Centre. Studies in Comparative Literature, 1. xi + 529pp. Has a Bibliography: p 503-509. Includes index.

Rees, Graham; Fattori, Marta, edited by. 2003. The Reception of Francis Bacon in Europe . London: The Athlone Press. The Reception of British Authors in Europe.

Bacon’s reception as befits a man whose work spans philosophy and history of science, law, politics, and literature (via his essays and poems) takes a dazzling variety of courses through European thought from the Renaissance to the present. ( pb )

Röder-Bolton, Gerlinde . 1998. George Eliot and Goethe : An Elective Affinity . Amsterdam/Atlanta, GA: Editions Rodopi B.V. Text 13.

In the first half of the nineteenth century in England there was a strong interest in German literature and German scholarship. George Eliot studied German and German literature from the age of twenty. Her first publication, in 1846, was a translation of [David] Friedrich Strauss’s [1808-1874] Das Leben Jesu (1835); followed, in 1854, by the translation of Ludwig [Andreas] Feuerbach’s [1775-1833] Das Wesen des Christentums (1841). That same year George Eliot left England with George Henry Lewes on her first visit to Germany. During the next three months they visited Frankfurt, Weimar and Berlin to collect material for Lewes’s biography of Goethe. In this study, [the author] explores the impact of Goethe on George Eliot, whose “elective affinity” with Goethe was both ethical and artistic, and analyses George Eliot’s responsiveness to Goethe’s moral vision and the literary uses she makes of her familiarity with Goethe’s work. [The book] concentrates on The Mill on the Floss (1860) and Daniel Deronda (1876), showing how the intertextual relationship with Die Wahlverwandtschaften (1809) holds the key to an understanding of the latter part of The Mill on the Floss , while the first part of Faust (1898) and Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (1796) throw new light on Daniel Deronda. This study, with its close analysis of a range of works by George Eliot and Goethe, is essential reading for anyone interested in both or either of these authors or in Anglo-German literary relations. (pb lightly edited)

Schirmer, Walter F. (1888-1984). 1947. Der Einfluß der deutschen Literatur auf die Englische im 19 . Jahrhundert .

20 Halle/Saale: Max Niemeyer Verlag. ix + 165 pp A very useful survey of all the major and not so major figures, by a life-long student of English literature with many publications on this general topic. See Stockley 1929 below. Has very useful 4½-page synoptic Inhalt (Contents) and comprehensive Namensverzeichnis (Index of Names, by Dr. Ruth Imhoff, later Schirmer-Imhoff). Densely printed in Antiqua (roman), so that the amount of text is about twice as much as one would expect from the pagination. Summary of Contents: [Part I]. Die Gliederung des Stoffes; [Part II]. Die erste Epoche des deutschen Einflusses1788-1813; [Part III]. Die zweite Epoche des deutschen Einflusses 1813-1832; [Part IV]. Die dritte Epoche des deutschen Einflusses 1832 bis zum Verblassen des Deutschlandbildes im letzten Drittel des Jahrhunderts.

Schultz, Arthur R. 1984. German-American Relations and German Culture in America : A Subject Bibliography , 1941-1980. Two Volumes. Millwood, N.Y: Kraus International Publications.

Shaffer, Elinor, Series Editor. The Reception of British Authors in Europe . London: The Athlone Press.

The volumes in this Series explore the reception of British authors in Europe, documenting processes involved in the dissemination of ideas and of texts across linguistic, national and cultural boundaries and over time. The authors are literary, political, historical, philosophical scientific figures who have been influential on the cultural life of Europe, in ways sometimes surprisingly divergent from their reception and reputation in Britain. We cannot fully assess the intellectual scope and cultural impact of British writers without being aware of their European ‘fortunes’ and the volumes in this Series are designed to provide just such an account. ( pb )

Simpson, James. ( b 1946). 1979. Matthew Arnold and Goethe . London: The Modern Humanities Research Association. Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832).

[Spieckermann, Marie-Luise, Redaktion.] 1983. ,Der curieuse Passagier ‘. Deutsche Englandreisende des achzehnten Jahrhunderts als Vermittler kultureller und technologischer Anregungen . Colloquium der Arbeitsstelle 18. Jahrhundert, Gesamthochschule Wuppertal, Universität Münster, Münster vom 11.- 12 Dezember 1980. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Literatur und Kunst des 18. Jahrhunderts, Universität Münster. Band 6. 159 pp + 24 glossy photogravure plates. Inhalt: Einführung (Bernhard Fabian [ b 1930]); Les Saisons anglaises de Voltaire [François Marie Arouet de Voltaire (1694-1778)]: l’exil, le voyage, le témoignage (Réné [ sic ; sc René] Pomeau); Aspects of Eighteenth Century Travelling Conditions (Derek H[oward] Aldcroft) (Plates I-III: 6 18C road maps of England); Was der deutsche Baron in England auch sehen konnte: Agrarrevolution und ,ökonomische

21 Reise‘ (Gotthardt Frühsorge); German Entrepreneurs and Technicians in England in the Eighteenth Century (Hans-Joachim Braun) (Plates IV-VI: 5 illustrations of various products and goods); Goethes ,Englische Reise‘ oder Gedanken zur Physiognomie des nicht-reisenden Reisenden (Peter Boerner); Reisen eines Deutschen in England im Jahr 1782: Karl Philipp Moritz [ aka Carl Philipp Moritz (1756-1793)] (Gerhard Sauder); Londoner Imaginationen. William Hogarth’s [1697-1764] ,modern moral subjects‘ und Georg Christoph Lichtenbergs [1742-1799] ,eigene Welt‘ (Monika Lengelsen [ b 1943]) (Plates VII-IX: 3 street scenes); Der reisende Fürst: Fürst Hermann Pückler-Muskau [Graf Ludwig Karl Johann Erdmann Pückler-Muskau (1754-1811)] in England (Rainer Gruenter); [Heinrich] Heine [ aka Christian Johann Heinrich (1797-1856)], England und die Englander (Renate Schusky); A Tour of Oxford in the Mid Eighteenth Century (Giles Barber) (Plates X-XXIV: 27 engravings of architectural views of 18thC Oxford and its Colleges + 2 documents). Each contribution has footnote annotations and references. No index.

Stanforth, Anthony W. 1996. Deutsche Einflüsse auf den englischen Wortschatz in Geschichte und Gegenwart . Mit einem Beitrag zum Amerikanischen Englisch von Jürgen Eichhoff . (‘The Influence of German on the English Vocabulary — An Historical and Synchronic Account. With a final chapter by Jürgen Eichhoff on German loanwords in American English.’) Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. Reihe Germanische Literaturen 165. Treats loans from German (Germanisms) and the diachronic process of borrowing from the 16thC as well as the synchronic processes of phonetic/graphemic, morphological, and semantic assimilation, their varying degrees of integration, and the stylistic effects of their use.

Stanzel, Franz Karl ( b 1923); Löschnigg, Martin, edited by. 1993. Intimate Enemies : English and German Literary Reactions to the Great War 1914- 1918. Second Edition 1994. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. Beiträge zur neueren Literaturgeschichte. 3. Folge, Band 126. Papers Presented at a Symposium at the Karl-Franzens-Universität in Graz from September 23-26, 1991. Illustrated; has contributions in English and German; c571 pp.

Stockley, V. [Violet Annie Alice]. 1929. German Literature as Known in England 1750-1830. London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd. Reprinted Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press. 1969. Useful detailed information, as in Schirmer 1947 above, on the major and not so major figures.

Viëtor, Wilhelm, Dr., o. Professor der englischen Philologie an der Universität Marburg. (1850-1918). 1897. Einführung in das Studium der Englischen Philologie. Mit Rücksicht auf die Anforderungen in der Praxis. Zweite, umgearbeitete Auflage. (1. Auflage 1887). Mit einem Anhang: Das Englische als Fach des Frauenstudiums. Marburg in Hessen: N. G. Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. (4. Auflage 1903). Shows clearly the rôles played, first by education in the opening of new professional opportunities for women, however modestly, and second by the culture of Englische

22 Philologie (‘English Language and Literature’), in Wilhelmine Prussian Germany; cf Baldick 1983. The first paragraph of the Anhang goes:

§ 32. O f f i z i e l l e A n f o r d e r u n g e n. Im Jahre 1894 wurde in Preussen die Ordnung der Wissenschaftlichen Prüfung der Lehrerinnen veröffentlicht; seit 1896 sind genügend vorgebildete Frauen an den Preussischen Universitäten als Zuhörerinnen wenigstens nicht mehr grundsätzlich ausgeschlossen. Wir dürfen daher das Englische auch als Fach des Frauenstudiums betrachten. (p 88)

[§ 32. Official Requirements. The Regulations for the Scientific Examination for Female Teachers were published in Prussia in 1894; since 1896 there has been a sufficient number of women with [the requisite] prior training at the Prussian universities who have now no longer been excluded in principle as auditors. We may therefore view English as a women’s educational subject.]

The fourth edition is also of interest:

Viëtor, Wilhelm, Dr., Professor der englischen Philologie an der Universität Marburg. 1910. Einführung in das Studium der Englischen Philologie als Fach des höheren Lehramts . Vierte umarbeitete Auflage. [Motto on title page:] And gladly wolde he lerne and gladly terche. Cant . Tales . Prol. 308. Marburg in Hessen: N. G. Elwertsche Verlagsbuchhandlung. How much progress had been made in the meantime may be judged by the following remark:

Dank der veränderten Stellung der Frauen zum Universitätsstudium habe ich auf den seitherigen Anhang („Das Englische als Fach des Frauenstudiums“) nunmehr verzichten können und dies um so lieber getan, als ich die Sondereinrichtungen auf diesem Gebiete aus eigner Erfahrung nicht kennen gelernt hatte [!]. (Vorwort zur vierten Auflage. p IX)

[Thanks to the altered position of women with respect to university study I have now been able to dispense with the previous Appendix (‘English as an Educational Subject for Women’), and have done this all the more willingly, as I had not learned about the special institutions in this area from personal experience.]

Wallace, Stuart. 1988. War and the Image of Germany . British Academics 1914-1918. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd. Well written and well documented. Records in sad detail the effects of the collapse of British-German relations as a consequence of WWI, a process that had started in 1870. The anti-German hysteria that gripped and swept over Britain during

23 this period, in which the academic community cooperated and conspired, is well portrayed, and not less saddening for its recent remoteness. Good bibliographical resource for this era and topic. See in this regard Sullivan 1990.

Walter, J. A. [John; aka John Albrecht Walz (1871-1954)]. 1936. German Influence on American Education and Culture . Philadelphia, Pa.: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Inc. Reprinted Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries. 1969.

Weineck, Kurt. 1938. Deutschland und der Deutsche im Spiegel der englischen erzählenden Literatur seit 1830 . Halle: Akademie Verlag. Junge Forschung 4.

Winkelmann, Elisabeth. 1933. Coleridge und die Kantsche Philosophie. Erste Einwirkungen des deutschen Idealismus in England . [‘Coleridge and Kantian Philosophy. First Influences of German Idealism in England.’] Leipzig: Mayer & Müller, G. m. b. H. Palaestra 184. Untersuchungen und Texte aus der deutschen und englischen Philologie. Band 223. A study of the history and effect of Coleridge’s stay in Germany, his contacts with Kantian philosophy, his sources, and so forth (pp 1-47), followed by a detailed treatment (pp 48-255) of his Auseinandersetzung with (‘critical stance vis -à-vis ’) German idealistic philosophy. Well written and well documented. The principal purpose of the investigation is to try to establish the degree of indebtedness of Coleridge to German philosophers; he always maintained that “all the elements ... of my present opinions existed before I had ever seen a book of metaphysics later than Wolf and Leibniz [Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716)] ...” (cited p 49 from: E. H. Coleridge [Ernest Hartley (1846-1920), STC’s grandson], edited by. Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge . London, 1895, Vol. II, p 735; 8 April 1825 to [Sir] John Taylor Coleridge [(1790-1876), STC’s nephew].) The other problem is that, according to general agreement, Coleridge never brought his philosophical views together into a unified system, and never published them in a coherent form (pp 50-52).

Zeydel, Edwin H. [Edwin Hermann ( b 1893)]. 1931. Ludwig Tieck and England . A Study in the Literary Relations of Germany and England During the Early Nineteenth Century . Princeton: Princeton University Press for the University of Cincinnati. London: Humphrey Milford. Oxford University Press. (Johann) Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853), “the acknowledged father of English studies in Germany.” “... he was the first German to take Shakespeare’s contemporaries seriously and to study Shakespeare not as an isolated phenomenon but against the background of his times ...” (Chapter One. Tieck and English Literature. pp 1 & 35) On the other hand George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (1845-1933) says that Johann Gottfried Herder (1729-1781) was “undoubtedly the main agent in innoculating [ sic ] the Germans with Shakespeare.” Saintsbury also mentions Georg Christopf Lichtenberg (1742- 1799), of whom he says: “... he is prophetically, as well as actually, notable in the process of commenting and translating Shakespeare.” (Saintsbury 1904:359; 354)

24 A detailed study, giving full accounts of Tieck’s interest in English literature, his translations, especially of Shakespeare, his visit (in 1817) to and visitors from England, the reception of Tieck and Tieck’s works in England, their English translations, and so forth. He amassed a very considerable library. “Roughly speaking, between one-fourth and one-third of Tieck’s 30,000 volumes were written in, or concerned, England.” (Chapter Four, Tieck’s Library, p 132; see Appendix B for a representative list of its extensive range of English authors: at least 440, plus numerous anthologies and collections etc; over 30 different editions of Shakespeare, not counting individual plays, plus c47 commentaries and annotations; and so forth.) After selling this library at auction in December 1849, he then proceeded to compile a new one of over 11,000 volumes, which he sold to Hans David Ludwig, Graf Yorck (later York) von Wartenburg (1759-1830) in 1852; at the time of writing, this library was said to be preserved in Schloß Wartenburg, Klein-Oels (or Öls), Silesia, but subsequently dispersed. See Chapter Four for details. See also Boyd 1932 on Goethe. For an accessible biographical treatment of the life of Ludwig Tieck, see Paulin 1985.

Ziolkowski, Theodore. 1990. German Romanticism and its Institutions . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

25 APPENDIX

Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867) and his Engagement with the German Literature and Ideas of the 19th Century

Marquardt, Hertha. (1897-1965). Bearbeitet von, 1964-1967. Henry Crabb Robinson und seine deutschen Freunde . Brücke zwischen England und Deutschland im Zeitalter der Romantik . Nach Briefen , Tagebüchern und anderen Aufzeichnungen unter Mithilfe von Kurt Schreinert. Zwei Bände. Band I . Bis zum Frühjahr 1811. 1964. Band II . 1811-1867. 1967. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Palaestra. Untersuchungen aus der deutschen und englischen Philologie und Literaturgeschichte. Band 237 & 249. Much more than a mere complement to Morley 1938 below, it reproduces much previously unpublished English and German correspondence and other important material in Robinson’s papers in Dr. Williams’s Library by and between Robinson and “seine deutschen Freunde”, in a critical biographical setting that assesses Robinson’s importance and significance. Thorough and comprehensive; contains 339 (Band I) and 546 (Band II) pp of text, plus 6 appendices and an index of names (Personenregister) at the end of Band II. The book, which is enlivened with well-reproduced portraits of some of the protagonists, is set in a small but relatively legible typeface, so that the amount of material is considerable. Both volumes have an appendix with an extensive list of letters received by Robinson from German correspondents from 1800-1867. Of special interest also is Anhang B of Band II., Robinsons Urteile [in English] über deutsche Literatur [‘Robinson’s Judgements/Critiques of German Literature’] 1811-Jan. 1837 (pp 567-590).

Morley, Edith J [Edith Julia]. (1875-1974). 1927. Henry Crabb Robinson , Correspondence with the Wordsworth Circle , 1808-1866. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Morley, Edith J [Edith Julia], edited by. 1929. Crabb Robinson in Germany 1800-1805. Extracts from his Correspondence . London [etc]: Oxford University Press. London: Humphrey Milford. Extracts from the correspondence between Robinson and his brother Thomas, with Appendices, including his expenses (£540) during his five years away.

Morley, Edith J [Edith Julia]. 1935. The Life & Times of Henry Crabb Robinson . London: J. M. Dent & Sons Limited.

Morley, Edith J [Edith Julia], edited by. 1938. Henry Crabb Robinson on Books and Their Writers . Three Volumes. Volume One : [Extracts from Crabb Robinson’s diary and remeniscences, 1775-1834]; Volume Two : [Extracts from Crabb Robinson’s diaries and reminiscences, 1835-1867]; Volume Three : [Contains seven Appendices of letters to and from Robinson; Index to mentions of writers and books in Crabb Robinson’s correspondence in Dr. Williams’s Library. This includes letters written to him by English authors. General Index].

26 London: J. M. Dent and Sons, Limited. (Dr Daniel Williams (1643?-1716), “non-conformist divine and benefactor” [DNB ], whose collection of books formed the library at its foundation shortly after his death.) While concentrating almost exclusively on England and English writers, the list of whose names includes every well-known major and numerous minor figures of the first half of the 19thC (see General Index), from John Horne Tooke on, there are many mentions and references to Robinson’s German friends, correspondents, and acquaintances, and the milieu in which he moved and worked is vividly evoked through his eye-witness accounts, anecdotes and reports.

Norman, Frederick. 1930-1931. Henry Crabb Robinson and Goethe . Part I (1930); Part II (1931). London: Published for the Society by Alexander Moring Limited. Publications of the English Goethe Society. New Series—Vol. VI; Vol. VIII. Not just on Robinson and Goethe (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749-1832), but covers the whole of Robinson’s German travels and his relations and correspondence with numerous other notable German literary figures, quoting copiously from original documents in English and German. The study opens with an historical survey of the reputation of things German before Germany, German literature, and German philosophy had begun to exert any influence. The following observation deserves to be cited in this regard: “Influence can only arise when a new message or a new hope instils life into worn-out literary creeds, and neither politics nor the Court ... could have effected a change [at the beginning of the 19thC], had not a change of outlook set in.” ( Part I , p 2)

Sadler, Thomas, Ph.D. (1822-1891). Selected and edited by. 1869. Diary , Reminiscences , and Correspondence of Henry Crabb Robinson , Barrister -at - Law , F.S.A. In three Volumes. Vol . I . [1789-1815]; Vol . II . [1816-1831]; Vol . III . [1832-1866]. London: Macmillan and Co. Considered today an inadequate, amateurish job, but still a useful source.