envisioning

dear members Comments on this issue? Ideas for future issues of Connection? Let us hear from you! [email protected] ��������� In the breathless excitement ���������������������������������������� of post-election possibilities, NETWORK—a Catholic leader we are gearing up for the in the global movement 110th Congress. We are NOTE TO ALL MEMBERS: for justice and peace— holding out hope that it will, educates, organizes and in deed and not just word, Be sure to vote for two new members lobbies for economic and social transformation. be a bipartisan effort to solve for NETWORK’s Board of Directors. the problems of economic NETWORK Board of Directors Elizabeth Avalos, BVM Barbara Lange injustice in our federal Ballots can be found on the back page and Marie Clarke Brill Marie Lucey, OSF policies. Simone Campbell, SSS Lourdes Mendoza must be postmarked by March 15. Joan Carey, SSJ Kateri Mitchell, SSA We are also working to Cathleen Crayton Suzanne Sassus, CSJ Patricia Crowley, OSB Aisha Smith Taylor bolster our hope with more Jackie Griffith, SSJ Sandra Thibodeux, MMB determined and effective Linda Howell-Perrin, LSW Mary T. Yelenick action. More than ever, your Barbara Jennings, CSJ advocacy will be important NETWORK Education Program Board of Directors to ensure that the change Kit Hinga, SSJ called for by voters comes Contents Dorothy Jackson, SCN to pass. Therefore, you will Kathleen Phelan, OP Margaret Phipps notice a new look to our envisioning Mary Ann Smith, MM

Web site. We are always Redirection NETWORK Staff working to make it more 3 Communications Coordinator/Editor— Simone Campbell, SSS, explores the electorate’s user-friendly and informa- hunger for change—and NETWORK’s response. Stephanie Niedringhaus tive. Check us out at www. Coordinator of Annual Giving—Hanna Rutz Director of Major Gifts and Planned Giving— networklobby.org and see for cover story Lindsay Gonzales yourself. We welcome your Conscious Collaboration Executive Director—Simone Campbell, SSS feedback. 4 NETWORK Board Chair Mary Yelenick unveils Field Associate/Editorial Assistant—Jessica Guentzel We are also gearing up NETWORK’s freshly articulated vision and mission, along with our plans for stronger ties Field Coordinator—Jean Sammon for more action with the new with members across the nation. IT Coordinator—Joy Wigwe Congress. Our lobbyists are Lobbyists—Marge Clark, BVM; Catherine Pinkerton, CSJ preparing our issue agenda, voting record Lobby Associates—Morgan Gregson, and we have already started Voting Record of the 109th Elena Lacayo making appointments with 6 Office/Membership Coordinator— Congress, 2nd Session Ann Dunn representatives and senators. See how your legislators voted on issues that We are poised to put our mattered. Catherine Pinkerton, CSJ, provides an NETWORK Education Program Staff hope into action. insightful overview of the year in the voting record Jean Sammon (part-time) Finally, in the days introduction. Articles in NETWORK Connection may be reprinted. Please include the following ahead, our working together on the reprints: “Reprinted with permis- making a difference around the country will be sion from NETWORK, a National Catholic more important than ever. The Voters Have Spoken. Lobby, 25 E Street NW, 15 Suite 200, Washington, DC 20001, www. We look forward to our What Can We Expect Now? networklobby.org.” Please send us a copy continued partnership, and Jean Sammon looks at some implications of the of the reprinted article. November elections and NETWORK’s goals for know that together we can January/February 2007—Vol. 35, No. 1 constituent activism. NETWORK Connection be God’s Body healing the ISSN 0199-5723 world. special ballot Published bimonthly by NETWORK Board Election Ballot PHONE 202-347-9797 FAX 202-347-9864 16 E-MAIL: [email protected] for NETWORK Members WEB SITE: www.networklobby.org

POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO NETWORK 25 E Street NW, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20001 Annual dues: $50/$60 international. Copyright © 2007 NETWORK. Design: Eugenia Kim Our cover art was painted by Sandra Bier- man of Boulder, CO. Entitled “Spirit,” the painting shows an eternal figure who looks resolutely into the future. This issue of Con- nection explores NETWORK’s plans for the future and how our spirit-filled members will play a vital role. We are grateful to Sandra Bierman for allowing us to use her beauti- ful painting. You can see more of her art at www.sandrabierman.com.

2 Connection January/February 2007 www.networklobby.org envisioning

BY SIMONE CAMPBELL, SSS

As I traveled the country in the pre-midterm election autumn say that the harder work is ahead. As we breathe a sigh of of 2006, I met people everywhere with a deep hunger for a relief that change is not only possible but has happened, it is new political spirit in our country. In North Carolina, I met abundantly clear that the direction of change is not guaran- people eager to find a way beyond partisan bickering in order teed. The temptation is all too great to slip back into the bad to solve the issues affecting us today. In Connecticut, I met habits of the last decade. On the cusp of this change, there is folks who struggle every day to meet the needs of people who an alluring temptation to blame, bicker and slip into right- live on the very edge of economic survival. They hungered for eousness. For the sake of our country and our world, these a return to a nation that cares for all of its people. In Ohio, temptations must be resisted and a new path created. people asked repeatedly if their votes would be counted— To this end, over the last year NETWORK Board and staff and could policies be changed to address low wages and the have been engaged in a process of strategic planning. We have needs of the working poor? In , people hungered strained to read the signs of the times and the message of the for another approach to immigration that really deals with the Spirit in our midst. We have read the signs that people hunger needs of people and not the posturing of politicians. In Wis- for something new and that existing political processes are consin, people yearned for a return to civility and the actual not working. We have read the signs that the needs of those work of governing. In Maryland and Virginia, people thirsted who live at the economic margins of our country and world for a government for the common good. are not being addressed and that there is a rising wealth dis- And on November 7, 2006, people all over this country parity. We have read the signs that the political will to solve voted. I see the cumulative effect of the election as an expres- the problems may be lacking and that globalization is adding sion of hunger and hope—hunger for something new and complexity by making all issues global. hope that our democratic systems can make this happen. In the process, we have celebrated NETWORK’s strengths. But as challenging as the work of autumn 2006 was, I must We delight in this beautiful (and informative) magazine. We are

www.networklobby.org January/February 2007 Connection 3 in awe of our mushrooming munity of relationships e-advocacy presence on the could help us find new Hill, your participation in it, answers to the ever more and the work of our staff to complex issues of our day. enhance its capabilities. We Thus, we have come to honor our lobbyists and all think of our new strate- of their work to shape more gic plan as the call to cre- just legislation. We marvel ate community not only at our leadership within within staff and Board, but coalitions and are grateful also with all of you across for the breadth and depth the country. We need staff of that collaborative work. in regions who can serve We also treasure our staff as connectors of good ener- and Board community that nourishes all that we do to gies and ideas in shaping a create justice in our trou- new direction. We need to bled world. Without that understand local examples nourishing reality, our well of policies and programs would soon run dry. that are working. We want In the strategic plan- to be able to share informa- ning process, we put these tion around the country and strengths up against the help put our legislators “in signs of the times. We were the loop.” We want to facili- delighted to see that we are tate communication among gifted with many ways to all of us so that we might respond to this moment in experience not the loneli- time. We saw that our will- ness of the past few years, ingness to be a progressive but rather a stronger sense faith voice in our country, of meaningful solidarity— our advocacy rooted in so we feel that we are called reflection, our Web pres- to create shared relation- ence, our magazine, and ships that can support all our other resources are all of us in our everyday advo- well positioned to create cacy for just legislation. something new. It is this process of And then we saw a hole change and growth that is and experienced an invita- the source of our conver- tion to the next phase of sion. We sense that the next step is to keep our strengths growth for NETWORK. flourishing while growing in We saw that your hun- new ways. We strive to have ger for something new and our messages improved, our that your sense of being approach more integrated, alone in this feeling were and our sense of communi- calling us to new ways. ty deepened. We are called We experienced a call to to build on the “bones” of bridge the local reality with our past and hopefully be Washington decision-mak- inspirited in new ways. This ing. We heard a call to be is the movement to which more of a NETWORK on we are called and which the local level in order to we look forward to creating enhance our effectiveness with you. on the Hill. At the same time, we wanted to offer to Simone Campbell, SSS, is one another (our members, NETWORK’s Executive Board and staff) greater Director. spiritual support. In short, Photos by Theresa we knew that only a com- Guentzel © 2005.

4 Connection January/February 2007 www.networklobby.org Conscious Collaboration NETWORK’S New Four-Year Strategic Plan Embraces New Challenges and Opportunities—and Involves YOU

BY MARY T. YELENICK

Perhaps it is simply because those of us ferences—be they religious, ethnic, have changed in significant ways. These at NETWORK are, for the most part, opti- geographical, political or otherwise— changes demand corresponding changes mists. Or perhaps it is because we have that make up the rich tapestry of the in the way we operate at NETWORK. Precently witnessed a remarkable mid- American experience, and that have In this era of globalization, we can no term election in which once-entrenched historically made our democracy such longer view domestic issues apart from politicians and positions were swept a model for the world. their broader context and consequence. away by a surging electorate bent upon At least, that is how some of us at NET- Nor, given rapidly evolving communica- not only venting pent-up frustrations, WORK interpret the election results. tions technologies, can we continue to but also on unleashing this nation’s best Just as the recent national election rely primarily on face-to-face meetings as hopes. Whatever the reason, I sense in ushered in major realignments and a re- the principal tool for exchanging views our country a clamoring for a return to thinking of conventional practices, so with elected officials. the best of who we can be, and a renewed we, too, at NETWORK have this past year Similarly, in light of the devolution faithfulness to our highest principles: engaged in Strategic Planning designed from the federal government to the • the belief that we can truly be a land of to help us meet the challenges and seize states of much of the responsibility for opportunity for all; the opportunities presented over the programs impacting our fellow citizens’ • a rejection of the argument that tor- next four years. Our newly articulated welfare, it is no longer sufficient to focus ture, preemptive war, and the erosion NETWORK Vision Statement (see box lobbying efforts solely on federal officials. of our Constitutional bedrock are nec- below) describes who we are. We must also reach out and forge new essary to preserve our freedoms; This Vision Statement reflects the networks, with not only newly elected • a conviction that we as a nation owe, reality that the well-being of the dis- national representatives, but also at the and can deliver, something far better enfranchised among us has profound local level. to the still-millions of poor and mar- implications for the very survival of our Finally, during this time of renewed ginalized people among us; and planet itself. While the fundamental civic engagement, it is not enough for • recognition that it is our vibrant dif- purpose of NETWORK—to give voice NETWORK to continue to rely primar- to those who are poor and marginal- ily on its staff and Board to advocate for ized—remains much as it has been since people living in poverty. Instead, we need NETWORK’s founding, the issues con- you—NETWORK’s member-partners and fronting our society and our world today investors—to become more directly and actively engaged with us in that effort. How, specifically, does this translate NETWORK’s Vision into action? Here are the salient features Statement of NETWORK’s four-year Strategic Plan: • NETWORK will seek out and engage NETWORK is a leader in the move- more frequently in partnerships with ment of people who are challenged other groups, both faith-based and by the Gospel, Catholic social tradi- otherwise, that share a demonstrated tion and Earth principles. commitment to social and economic We act for justice and peace in soli- justice. darity with the global community. • In addition to continuing our lobbying We invite the participation of people activities in Washington, NETWORK from all sectors of our society and will establish up to four regional NET- place the needs and voices of peo- WORK offices across the country to ple living in poverty at the center of work actively with local communities decision making. to address issues impacting people in We are anti-racist and inclusive in poverty. our actions; we collaborate, partner • NETWORK’S educational affiliate, the and engage differences in service of NETWORK Education Program (NEP), our mission. will continue to present workshops

www.networklobby.org January/February 2007 Connection 5 and sponsor other educational activi- with those who have traditionally been assist NETWORK in identifying and part- ties exploring the realities confronting denied a seat at the table. nering with other organizations dedicat- people in extreme poverty and how ed to social and economic justice. And it those realities are impacted by federal NETWORK—a Catholic leader in is you who sustain the hope that the lives and local legislation. the global movement for justice and of our impoverished sisters and broth- • Finally, NETWORK will, to a far great- peace—educates, organizes and lob- ers will one day no longer be viewed as er degree, enlist the collaboration and bies for economic and social trans- being extraneous to society, but will be assistance of you, our member-partners formation. the very measure of our society. and investors—both to help reach and —NETWORK’s Mission Statement Elsewhere in this issue of Connection, educate others, as well as to schedule you will find specific ways in which you, and participate in meetings with local As should be apparent, the principal our members and investors, can expand and national officials. features of our new Strategic Plan cen- your investment in true solidarity with ter upon you, NETWORK’s members the socially and economically margin- NETWORK’s Strategic Plan is ambi- and investors—our partners in the tru- alized. We are, together, truly a NET- tious. It entails moving NETWORK est sense. It is you who, through your WORK. You are its essential filament. beyond its historic practice, which has insight, compassion, generosity and been rooted in lobbying on Capitol commitment, make what we do possible. Mary T. Yelenick, Chair of the NETWORK Hill, by expanding NETWORK presence It is you whose financial investments are Board of Directors, is a litigation partner nationally. It also entails, to a greater transformed into NETWORK’s lobbying, with Chadbourne & Parke LLP in New degree than before, an active working education, and organizing activities. It is York City. partnership with you, our investors. you who are our most effective—yet, until Artwork, “Perhaps The Future,” by Such changes are necessary if NETWORK now, perhaps underutilized—resource in Nancy Earle, courtesy of www.ministryof is truly to fulfill its mission: educating, helping NETWORK to educate, contact thearts.org, Sisters of St. Joseph of organizing and lobbying in solidarity and organize others. It is you who can LaGrange.

“Write the vision down, inscribe it in tablets to be easily read, since this vision is for its own time; eager for its own fulfillment, it does not deceive;

if it comes slowly, wait, for come it will, without fail.” —HABAKKUK 23:2–3 Yes It Will Come—and With Your Help, a Little Faster!

Scripture, especially the Gospel, non-profits. Each search you do through WORK Member Card. Stick it in your directs us to envision and help create them earns money for us. Think of all wallet as a reminder of your support a world of justice. But the needs are the searches you do per day. Multiply for justice and peace. many, and none of us can do it alone. that by our thousands of members, and And, as an extra bonus, phone We need your help! the pennies will add up quickly. Sim- numbers for the White House and As NETWORK implements new ply go to www.goodsearch.com, type in the Capitol switchboard will be listed and exciting plans for the future, we “network” where it says “Who do you on the back. No need to search for a want you to know how you can invest GoodSearch for?” and scroll down until phonebook when you want to tell in our work for justice. Our Web site, you find “NETWORK (Washington, your legislators or the president what www.networklobby.org, provides new DC).” Happy searching! you think! ways to donate securely online, either NETWORK couldn’t exist without as a one-time or ongoing contributor. Show the World you, and we’re proud to offer this Our monthly giving program makes small token of our appreciation. it easy to give a set amount to NET- You Support Justice! WORK from your checking account or Another exciting development this credit card. year is the introduction of NETWORK Want to learn more? And there is yet another, fun way Member Cards. Have you wished you Contact us anytime: nearly everyone can support our work. could prove you were a card-carry- Lindsay Gonzales 202-347-9797, ext. NETWORK has signed up for Good- ing member of NETWORK? Now you 214 • [email protected] Search—an Internet search engine can! With your first renewal notice Hanna Rutz 202-347-9797, ext. 217 powered by Yahoo that raises money for in 2007, you will receive your NET- • [email protected]

6 Connection January/February 2007 www.networklobby.org voting record

Voting Record of the 109th Congress, 2nd Session NETWORK’s journey with Congress, inevitable. Congress, unable to agree a total of $190.4 billion more than was Nreflected in this voting record for the on budget priorities, failed to pass most appropriated in the FY 2006 Defense second session of the 109th Congress, of the appropriations bills. In the end, appropriation for the wars in Iraq and can be compared to a trek through an they adjourned for the Thanksgiving Afghanistan. NETWORK mourns the incessant fog, hoping that light will holidays without adopting a workable deaths of so many people and the dev- come at its lifting. The reason? Con- budget for FY 2007. Even upon their astation brought about by the continu- gressional failure to deal with and fund post-Thanksgiving return, they did ing conflicts. Even though our overall those issues affecting people at the eco- not complete the budget process, and opposition to the war remains strong, nomic margins—the very issues that they closed the 109th Congress by a simple opposition to the appropria- comprise most of NETWORK’s legisla- passing a continuing resolution that tions would signal a lack of support for tive agenda. Also unresolved was the funds programs at $7 billion below our military personnel, Iraqi war vic- tough reality of immigration and one the already low spending caps of the tims, and the rebuilding of Iraq. of its generative causes, the failure to FY 2006 budget. This spending cap transform U.S trade policy from one of will harm vital programs such as the Comprehensive Immigration “free” trade to that of “just” trade. And State Children’s Health Insurance Pro- Reform finally, chief among the unresolved gram (SCHIP) and housing and school NETWORK supported the McCain– issues was the ever-present, seemingly lunch programs, and will continue Kennedy approach to immigration insoluble nightmare of how to bring until the new Congress passes a Fiscal reform, as it was the most compre- just closure to an unconscionable, Year 2007 Budget, perhaps in Febru- hensive option. The bill (S. 2611) brutal and costly war. ary or March. Thus, the 110th Con- ultimately passed by the Senate was The record reflects yet another gress must commence by dealing with much better than the enforcement- reality. Effective dialogue and action critical unfinished business. only House bill that passed in Decem- within the legislative body were As we put together the voting ber 2005 (H.R. 4437), but NETWORK blocked by the relationship between record that follows, we realized that took issue with provisions that includ- the administration and congressional some of NETWORK’s priority issues ed new border fencing and inadequate Republican leaders, many of whom did not lend themselves to a simple civil liberties protections. Therefore, were prone to support the president “voted with” or “voted against” desig- NETWORK did not fully support the even as others in their ranks ques- nation. These are complex issues with final version that passed the Senate tioned their decisions. This further aspects we support, and aspects we do on May 25. It was never brought to augmented the power struggle in not support. Therefore, the following a conference committee to attempt to which the separation between Demo- issues are not reflected in the chart. reconcile it with the House bill. crats and Republicans on ideological grounds intensified. Supplemental Appropriations Catherine Pinkerton, CSJ, NETWORK The results of these dynamics were During 2006, Congress appropriated Lobbyist. HOUSE Voting Record 2006

LIHEAP/Passage was the reduction in tax rates on capital gains and on divi- 1. Vote #66 (S. 2320) dends, which were extended through 2010. This reduction in LIHEAP (Low Income Housing Energy Assistance Program) revenue limits funding available for human needs programs. legislation would shift funds from FY 2007 to FY 2006, pro- Passed 244–185, May 10, 2006 viding $500 million for distribution to eligible low-income households for heating and cooling assistance. Another $500 Fiscal 2007 Agriculture Appropriations/Passage million would be placed in an emergency contingency fund for 3. Vote #193 (H.R. 5384) the same purpose. NETWORK supported this effort. This $93.6 billion bill would fund the Department of Agri- Passed 287–128, March 16, 2006 culture and Food and Drug Administration—including $37.9 billion for the food stamp program, $13.3 billion for Tax Reconciliation/Conference Report the child nutrition program, and $5.2 billion for the Women, 2. Vote #135 (H.R. 4297) Infants and Children (WIC) program. NETWORK supports NETWORK opposed this bill, which would extend about $70 these critical nutrition programs and lobbied to ensure ade- billion in tax cuts over a five-year period, providing the greatest quate funding. benefit to the wealthiest households. Particularly disconcerting Passed 378–46, May 23, 2006

www.networklobby.org January/February 2007 Connection 7 voting record

Fiscal 2007 Foreign Operations Appropriations/ -Oman Free Trade Agreement/ 4. Institute for Security Cooperation Amendment 8. Passage • Vote #392 (H.R. 5684) Vote #243 (H.R. 5522) This agreement would reduce most tariffs and duties that cur- This amendment to the FY 2007 Foreign Operations Appro- rently affect trade between the U.S. and Oman. It also reduces priations bill would prohibit the use of funds for recruiting barriers for services while increasing intellectual property pro- and sending students to the Western Hemisphere Institute for tections. The agreement is one piece of the Bush administra- Security Cooperation (WHISC), formerly known as the School tion’s effort to create a Middle East Free Trade Area by 2013. of the Americas. NETWORK supported the bill because of long- NETWORK opposed this agreement because it lacked suffi- standing opposition to the training of soldiers at the WHISC on cient human rights and environmental protections. the grounds that a number of its graduates, primarily from Passed 221–205, July 20, 2006 Latin America, have been trained in counterinsurgency tactics and found responsible for committing human rights abuses. Tax Package/Passage Failed 188–218, June 9, 2006 9. Vote #425 (H.R. 5970) NETWORK opposed what was known as the “trifecta” bill Fiscal 2007 Transportation-Treasury-Housing because of the negative effects it would have on federal rev- 5. Appropriations/Housing Vouchers enue and investment in critical social programs. Although it Vote #267 (H.R. 5576) would raise the minimum wage to $7.25 per hour and provide Passage of this amendment would provide an additional $70 various tax-extensions, it would also significantly reduce the million for Section 8 housing vouchers. This was a particu- estate tax contribution to the federal budget. The legislation larly critical need in light of the disastrous loss of housing due would increase the estate tax exemption to $5 million per indi- to hurricanes Katrina and Rita. NETWORK supported this vidual and $10 million per couple while also decreasing their motion, as the wait for low-income housing was very long in estate tax rate by more than 30%. This would cost the federal most areas even before the natural disasters. government billions of dollars by reallocating resources pro- Passed 243–178, June 13, 2006 vided by the estate tax into the hands of the wealthiest 2% of —money that could otherwise be spent on essential Fiscal 2007 Defense Appropriations/Military human needs programs. (Note: Senate action stopped move- 6. Bases in Iraq • Vote #296 (H.R. 5631) ment toward this tax package becoming law through its clo- NETWORK advocated for a congressional declaration that the ture vote on the bill.) U.S. will not maintain permanent bases in Iraq. This measure Passed 230–180, July 29, 2006 was included in both the House and Senate versions of the 2006 Supplemental Funding of the War in Iraq and Afghani- Border Fencing/Passage stan, but was later stripped from the final bill in the confer- 10.Vote #446 (H.R. 6061) ence committee. It was then included in the FY 2007 Defense Known as the “Secure Fence Act,” this bill would authorize the Appropriations bill. NETWORK opposed an amendment in construction of approximately 700 miles of fencing along the the House that sought to strip the provision from the bill, and U.S.–Mexican border. It would also direct the Department of the amendment failed. Homeland Security to assess the ability of personnel to stop Failed 50–376, June 20, 2006 fleeing vehicles at the border and require a study of imple- menting security systems along the U.S.–Canadian border. Voting Rights Act Reauthorization/Passage NETWORK opposed such “enforcement-only” reforms, as they 7. Vote #374 (H.R. 9) often separate families, put lives in danger, and set the stage for This legislation would extend provisions of the 1965 Voting human rights abuses along the border. Rights Act for 25 more years. Some House members objected Passed 283–138, September 14, 2006 to extending provisions in the Act that provide bilingual assis- tance to voters, as well as those that require jurisdictions with Changes in the House During This Session a history of voter discrimination to pre-clear any voting law • Albio Sires (D-NJ): Elected November 7, 2006 to fill changes with the federal government. Amendments to alter an unexpired term. those provisions were rejected, and the Act was reauthorized. • Bob Ney (R-OH): Resigned November 3, 2006 NETWORK supported reauthorization of all provisions of the • Brian Bilbray (R-CA): Elected June 6, 2006 Act because we believe that our nation still needs the protec- • Mark Foley (R-FL): Resigned September 29, 2006 tion of the Voting Rights Act to ensure fair and equal participa- • Randy Cunningham (R-CA): Resigned November 28, tion of all citizens in our democratic process. 2005 Passed 390–33, July 13, 2006 • Robert Menendez (D-NJ): Appointed to the Senate on January 17, 2006 • Shelley Sekula-Gibbs (R-TX): Elected November 7, 2006 to fill an unexpired term. • Tom DeLay (R-TX): Resigned June 9, 2006

8 Connection January/February 2007 www.networklobby.org voting record

109th CONGRESS Key to votes: SECOND SESSION Voted with NETWORK ...... + Voted against HOW THEY NETWORK ...... – Did not vote . . . . . o VOTED IN THE Inactive/ not in office ...... l Voted “Present” . . P HOUSE LIHEAP/Passage ReconciliationTax FY 2007 Agriculture/Passage FY 2007 Foreign Ops. (WHISC) FY 2007 Housing Vouchers FY 2007 Defense/Military Bases Voting Rights Reauth./Passage U.S.–Oman Free Trade/Passage Package/PassageTax Border Fencing/Passage LIHEAP/Passage ReconciliationTax FY 2007 Agriculture/Passage FY 2007 Foreign Ops. (WHISC) FY 2007 Housing Vouchers FY 2007 Defense/Military Bases Voting Rights Reauth./Passage U.S.–Oman Free Trade/Passage Package/PassageTax Border Fencing/Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %

ALABAMA 38 Grace Napolitano (D) + + + + + o + + + + 100% 1 Jo Bonner (R) – – + – – + – – – – 20% 39 Linda Sanchez (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 2 Terry Everett (R) – – + – – + – + – – 30% 40 Ed Royce (R) – – + – – + – – – – 20% 3 Michael Rogers (R) + – + – – + + + – – 50% 41 Jerry Lewis (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 4 Robert Aderholt (R) – – + – – + + + – – 40% 42 Gary Miller (R) – – + – – + – – – – 20% 5 Robert Cramer (D) o – + – + + + + – – 55% 43 Joe Baca (D) + + + + + + + + o + 100% 6 Spencer Bachus (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 44 Ken Calvert (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 7 Artur Davis (D) + + + – + + + + + – 80% 45 Mary Bono (R) – – + o – + + – – – 33% ALASKA 46 Dana Rohrabacher (R) – – – – – + – – – – 10% Don Young (R) – – + – – + + – – + 40% 47 Loretta Sanchez (D) + + + – + + + + + + 90% ARIZONA 48 John Campbell (R) – – + – – + – – – – 20% 1 Rick Renzi (R) – – + – + + + – – – 40% 49 Darrell Issa (R) – – + – + + + – – – 40% 2 Trent Franks (R) – – – – – – – – – – 0% 50 Brian Bilbray (R) l l l l – + + – – – 33%* 3 John Shadegg (R) – – – – – – – – – – 0% 50 Randy Cunningham (R) l l l l l l l l l l 4 Ed Pastor (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 51 Bob Filner (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 5 J.D. Hayworth (R) – – – – – + + – – – 20% 52 Duncan Hunter (R) – – + – – o + – – – 22% 6 Jeff Flake (R) – – – + – + + – + – 40% 53 Susan Davis (D) o + + + + + + – + + 88% 7 Raul Grijalva (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% COLORADO 8 Jim Kolbe (R) – – + – – + + – – + 40% 1 Diana DeGette (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% ARKANSAS 2 Mark Udall (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 1 Marion Berry (D–AR) + + + + + + + + – – 80% 3 John Salazar (D) + – + + + + + + o + 88% 2 Vic Snyder (D–AR) + + o – + + + – + + 77% 4 Marilyn Musgrave (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 3 John Boozman (R–AR) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 5 Joel Hefley (R) – – – – – + – – – – 10% 4 Mike Ross (D–AR) + + + + + + + + – – 80% 6 Thomas Tancredo (R) o – – – – + – + + – 33% CALIFORNIA 7 Bob Beauprez (R) + – + – – – + – – – 30% 1 Mike Thompson (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% CONNECTICUT 2 Wally Herger (R) – – + – – + – – – – 20% 1 John Larson (D) + + o + + + + + + + 100% 3 Dan Lungren (R) – – + – – – + – – – 20% 2 Robert Simmons (R) + – + + + + + + – – 70% 4 John Doolittle (R) – – + – – + – – – – 20% 3 Rosa DeLauro (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 5 Doris Matsui (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 4 Christopher Shays (R) – – – + + + + – – – 40% 6 Lynn Woolsey (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 5 Nancy Johnson (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% 7 George Miller (D) + + – + + + + + + + 90% DELAWARE 8 Nancy Pelosi (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% Michael Castle (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% 9 Barbara Lee (D) + + – + + + + + + + 90% FLORIDA 10 Ellen Tauscher (D) + + + + + + + – + + 90% 1 Jeff Miller (R) – – + – – – + – – – 20% 11 Richard Pombo (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 2 F. Allen Boyd (D) + + + – + + + + – – 70% 12 Tom Lantos (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 3 Corrine Brown (D) + + o + + + + + + – 88% 13 Fortney Stark (D) + + – + + + + + o + 88% 4 Ander Crenshaw (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 14 Anna Eshoo (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 5 Ginny Brownite (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 15 Michael Honda (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 6 Cliff Stearns (R) – – – – – + + – – – 20% 16 Zoe Lofgren (D) o + + + + + + + + + 100% 7 John Mica (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 17 Sam Farr (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 8 Ric Keller (R) + – + – + + + – – o 55% 18 Dennis Cardoza (D) + o + – + + + + + – 77% 9 Michael Bilirakis (R) + – + – – + + – o – 44% 19 George Radanovich (R) o – + – o + + – – – 37% 10 C.W. Bill Young (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 20 Jim Costa (D) + + + – + + + + + – 80% 11 Jim Davis (D) + + o o + o + o + o 100% 21 Devin Nunes (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 12 Adam Putnam (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 22 William Thomas (R) – – + – o + + – – – 33% 13 Katherine Harris (R) – – + – + + + – – – 40% 23 Lois Capps (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 14 Connie Mack (R) – – + – – + + – + – 40% 24 Elton Gallegly (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 15 Dave Weldon (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 25 Howard McKeon (R) + – + o – + + – – – 44% 16 Mark Foley (R) + – + + – + + – – – 50% 26 David Dreier (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 17 Kendrick Meek (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 27 Brad Sherman (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 18 Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R) – – + – – + + – – + 40% 28 Howard Berman (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 19 Robert Wexler (D) + + + – + + + + + – 80% 29 Adam Schiff (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 20 Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 30 Henry Waxman (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 21 Lincoln Diaz-Balart (R) – – + – – + + – – + 40% 31 Xavier Becerra (D) + + + o + + + + + + 100% 22 E. Clay Shaw (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 32 Hilda Solis (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 23 Alcee Hastings (D) o + + – + + + + + + 88% 33 Diane Watson (D) + + + o + + + + + + 100% 24 Tom Feeney (R) – – – + – – + – + – 30% 34 Lucille Royballard (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 25 Mario Diaz-Balart (R) – – + o – + + – – + 44% 35 Maxine Waters (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 36 Jane Harman (D) + + + + + + + – + + 90% 37 Juanita Millender-McDonald (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% www.networklobby.org January/February 2007 Connection 9 voting record

109th CONGRESS Key to votes: SECOND SESSION Voted with NETWORK ...... + Voted against HOW THEY NETWORK ...... – Did not vote . . . . . o VOTED IN THE Inactive/ not in office ...... l Voted “Present” . . P LIHEAP/Passage ReconciliationTax FY 2007 Agriculture/Passage FY 2007 Foreign Ops. (WHISC) FY 2007 Housing Vouchers FY 2007 Defense/Military Bases Voting Rights Reauth./Passage U.S.–Oman Free Trade/Passage Package/PassageTax Border Fencing/Passage HOUSE LIHEAP/Passage ReconciliationTax FY 2007 Agriculture/Passage FY 2007 Foreign Ops. (WHISC) FY 2007 Housing Vouchers FY 2007 Defense/Military Bases Voting Rights Reauth./Passage U.S.–Oman Free Trade/Passage Package/PassageTax Border Fencing/Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % GEORGIA KENTUCKY 1 Jack Kingston (R) – – + o – + + – + – 44% 1 Edward Whitfield (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 2 Sanford Bishop (D) + + + – + + + + + – 80% 2 Ron Lewis (R) + – + – – – + – – – 30% 3 Jim Marshall (D) + – + – + – + + – – 50% 3 Anne Northup (R) – – + – – + o o o – 28% 4 Cynthia McKinney (D) + + + + + + + o o + 100% 4 Geoff Davis (R) + – + – – – + – – – 30% 5 John Lewis (D) + + + + + + + + o + 100% 5 Harold Rogers (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 6 Tom Price (R) – – – – – – – – – – 0% 6 Ben Chandler (D) + + + + + + + + – – 80% 7 John Linder (R) – – + – – – – – o – 11% LOUISIANA 8 Lynn Westmoreland (R) – – + – – – – – – – 10% 1 Bobby Jindal (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% 9 Charles Norwood (R) – – + – – – – + – – 20% 2 William Jefferson (D) + + o + + + + – – + 77% 10 Nathan Deal (R) – – + – – – – + o – 22% 3 Charlie Melancon (D) + – + + + + + + – – 70% 11 Phil Gingrey (R) – – + – – – – + – – 20% 4 Jim McCrery (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 12 John Barrow (D) + – + – + – + + – – 50% 5 Rodney Alexander (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 13 David Scott (D) + + + – + + + + + + 90% 6 Richard Baker (R) – – + o – + – – o – 25% HAWAII 7 Charles Boustany (R) – – + – + + + – – – 40% 1 Neil Abercrombie (D) + + + + + + + + – + 90% MAINE 2 Ed Case (D) + – + – + + + – – o 55% 1 Thomas Allen (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% IDAHO 2 Michael Michaud (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 1 C.L. Otter (R) – – + – – + + + – – 40% MARYLAND 2 Mike Simpson (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 1 Wayne Gilchrest (R) + – + + + + + – – – 60% ILLINOIS 2 C.A. Ruppersberger (D) + + + – + + + + + – 80% 1 Bobby Rush (D) + + + + + + + + – + 90% 3 Benjamin Cardin (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 2 Jesse Jackson (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 4 Albert Wynn (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 3 Dan Lipinski (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 5 Steny Hoyer (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 4 Luis Gutierrez (D) + + + o + + + + + + 100% 6 Roscoe Bartlett (R) + – + – + + – – – – 40% 5 Rahm Emanuel (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 7 Elijah Cummings (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 6 Henry Hyde (R) – – + – o – + – – – 22% 8 Chris Van Hollen (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 7 Danny Davis (D) o + + + + + + + + + 100% MASSACHUSETTS 8 Melissa Bean (D) + – – – + + + – – – 40% 1 John Olver (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 9 Janice Schakowsky (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 2 Richard Neal (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 10 Mark Kirk (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 3 James McGovern (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 11 Jerry Weller (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 4 Barney Frank (D) + + – + + + + + + – 80% 12 Jerry Costello (D) + + + o + + + + + – 88% 5 Marty Meehan (D) + + – + + + + + o + 88% 13 Judy Biggert (R) – – – + – + + – – – 30% 6 John Tierney (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 14 J. Dennis Hastert (R) l – l l l l l – – l 0%* 7 Edward Markey (D) + + – + + + + + + + 90% 15 Timothy Johnson (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 8 Michael Capuano (D) + + – + + + + + + – 80% 16 Donald Manzullo (R) – – + o o + + – – – 37% 9 Stephen Lynch (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 17 Lane Evans (D) o o o o o o o o o o 10 William Delahunt (D) + + – + + + + + + – 80% 18 Ray LaHood (R) – – + + – + + – – – 40% 19 John Shimkus (R) o – + – – + + – – – 33% 1 (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 2 Peter Hoekstra (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 1 Peter Visclosky (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 3 Vernon Ehlers (R) + – + + + + + – – – 60% 2 (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 4 (R) + – + + – + + – – – 50% 3 (R) – – + – – – + – – – 20% 5 (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 4 (R) – – + – o + + – o – 37% 6 (R) + – + + – + + – – – 50% 5 (R) – – + – – + – – – – 20% 7 Joe Schwarz (R) + – + – – – + + – – 40% 6 (R) – – + o – + + – + – 44% 8 Michael Rogers (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 7 (D) + + + + + + o + + + 100% 9 Joseph Knollenberg (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 8 (R) – – + – – + + + + – 50% 10 (R) + – + – o – + – – – 33% 9 Mike Sodrel (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 11 Thaddeus McCotter (R) + – + – + + + + – – 60% IOWA 12 (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 1 Jim Nussle (R) + – + o + o + o – – 57% 13 Carolyn Kilpatrick (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 2 Jim Leach (R) + + + + + + + – – – 70% 14 (D) + + – + + + + + + + 90% 3 Leonard Boswell (D) + + + – + + + + – – 70% 15 (D) + + + – + + + + + + 90% 4 Tom Latham (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% MINNESOTA 5 Steve King (R) – – + – – – – – + – 20% 1 Gil Gutknecht (R) – – + + – + + – – – 40% KANSAS 2 John Kline (R) + – + – – – + – – – 30% 1 Jerry Moran (R) – – + + + + + – – – 50% 3 Jim Ramstad (R) + – + + + + + – – – 60% 2 Jim Ryun (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 4 Betty McCollum (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 3 Dennis Moore (D) + + + + + + + – – – 70% 5 Martin Olav Sabo (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 4 Todd Tiahrt (R) – – + – – – o – + – 22% 6 Mark Kennedy (R) + – + – + – + – – – 40%

*Percentage with asterisk (*) signifies that legislator did not vote on all relevant bills. 10 Connection January/February 2007 www.networklobby.org voting record

109th CONGRESS Key to votes: SECOND SESSION Voted with NETWORK ...... + Voted against HOW THEY NETWORK ...... – Did not vote . . . . . o VOTED IN THE Inactive/ not in office ...... l Voted “Present” . . P LIHEAP/Passage ReconciliationTax FY 2007 Agriculture/Passage FY 2007 Foreign Ops. (WHISC) FY 2007 Housing Vouchers FY 2007 Defense/Military Bases Voting Rights Reauth./Passage U.S.–Oman Free Trade/Passage Package/PassageTax Border Fencing/Passage HOUSE LIHEAP/Passage ReconciliationTax FY 2007 Agriculture/Passage FY 2007 Foreign Ops. (WHISC) FY 2007 Housing Vouchers FY 2007 Defense/Military Bases Voting Rights Reauth./Passage U.S.–Oman Free Trade/Passage Package/PassageTax Border Fencing/Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % 7 Collin Peterson (D) + – + + + + + + – – 70% 12 Nydia Velazquez (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 8 James Oberstar (D) + + – + + + + + + + 90% 13 (R) + – – – + + + – – – 40% MISSISSIPPI 14 (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 1 Roger Wicker (R) – – + o – + + – – – 33% 15 (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 2 Bennie Thompson (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 16 Jose Serrano (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 3 Charles Pickering (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 17 (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 4 Gene Taylor (D) + + + – + + + + + – 80% 18 (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% MISSOURI 19 Sue Kelly (R) + – + + + + + – – – 60% 1 Wm. Lacy Clay (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 20 John Sweeney (R) o – + – – + + + – – 44% 2 Todd Akin (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 21 Michael McNulty (D) + + + + + + o + + + 100% 3 Russ Carnahan (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 22 (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 4 Ike Skelton (D) + + + – + + + – + – 70% 23 John McHugh (R) + – + o + + + + – – 66% 5 Emanuel Cleaver (D) + + + + + + + + + o 100% 24 (R) + + + o + + + – o – 75% 6 Sam Graves (R) + – + – – + o – – – 33% 25 James Walsh (R) + – + o – + + + – – 55% 7 Roy Blunt (R) – – + o – + + – – – 33% 26 Thomas Reynolds (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 8 Jo Ann Emerson (R) – – + – + + + – – – 40% 27 (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 9 Kenny Hulshof (R) + – + + – + + – – – 50% 28 Louise McIntosh Slaughter (D) + + + + + + o + + + 100% MONTANA 29 Randy Kuhl (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% Dennis Rehberg (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% NORTH CAROLINA NEBRASKA 1 G.K. Butterfield (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 1 Jeff Fortenberry (R) + – + – – – + – – – 30% 2 Bob Etheridge (D) + + + + + + + – + – 80% 2 Lee Terry (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 3 Walter Jones (R) + – + – + + + + o – 66% 3 Tom Osborne (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 4 David Price (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 5 Virginia Foxx (R) – – + – – – – – – – 10% NEVADA 6 Howard Coble (R) o – + + – + + + o – 62% 1 Shelley Berkley (D) 80% + + + + + + + + – – 7 Mike McIntyre (D) + – + – + + + + – – 60% 2 James Gibbons (R) o 22% – – – – + + – – – 8 Robin Hayes (R) + – + – – + + + – – 50% 3 Jon Porter (R) 40% + – + – – + + – – – 9 Sue Myrick (R) – – + – – – + – – – 20% NEW HAMPSHIRE 10 Patrick McHenry (R) – – + – – – – – + – 20% 1 Jeb Bradley (R) + – – – + + + – + – 50% 11 Charles Taylor (R) – – + – – + + + – – 40% 2 Charles Bass (R) + – – – – + + – – – 30% 12 Melvin Watt (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% NEW JERSEY 13 Brad Miller (D) + + + – + + + + + – 80% 1 Robert Andrews (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% NORTH DAKOTA 2 Frank LoBiondo (R) + – + + – + + + – – 60% Earl Pomeroy (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 3 Jim Saxton (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% OHIO 4 Christopher Smith (R) 70% + – + + + + + + – – 1 Steve Chabot (R) – – + + – + + – – – 40% 5 Scott Garrett (R) 30% – – + – – + – – + – 2 Jean Schmidt (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 6 Frank Pallone (D) 100% + + + + + + + + + + 3 Michael Turner (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 7 Michael Ferguson (R) + – – – + + + – – – 40% 4 Michael Oxley (R) – – + – – + + – o – 33% 8 Bill Pascrell (D) 90% + + + + + + + + + – 5 Paul Gillmor (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 9 Steven Rothman (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 6 Ted Strickland (D) + + + + o + + + – o 87% 10 Donald Payne (D) o o o 100% + + + + + + + 7 David Hobson (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 11 Rodney Frelinghuysen (R) 30% – – + – – + + – – – 8 John Boehner (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 12 Rush Holt (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 9 Marcy Kaptur (D) + + + o + + + + + P 88%* 13 Robert Menendez (D) l l l l l l l l l l 10 Dennis Kucinich (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 13 Albio Sires (D) l l l l l l l l l l 11 Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% NEW MEXICO 12 Patrick Tiberi (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 1 Heather Wilson (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% 13 Sherrod Brown (D) + + + + + + + + – – 80% 2 Steve Pearce (R) – – + – – – + – – – 20% 14 Steven LaTourette (R) + – + + + + + + – – 70% 3 Tom Udall (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 15 Deborah Pryce (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 16 Ralph Regula (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 1 (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 17 Tim Ryan (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 2 (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 18 Bob Ney (R) + – + – – + + + – o 55% 3 Peter King (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% OKLAHOMA 4 Carolyn McCarthy (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 1 John Sullivan (R) o – + – – + + – – – 33% 5 (D) o + + + + + + + + + 100% 2 Dan Boren (D) o – + – + – + – – – 33% 6 (D) + + + + + + + – + + 90% 3 Frank Lucas (R) – – + – – – + – – – 20% 7 Joseph Crowley (D) + + + + + + + – + + 90% 4 Tom Cole (R) – – + – – – + – – – 20% 8 Jerrold Nadler (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 5 Ernest Istook (R) o – + – – + + – o – 37% 9 (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% OREGON 10 (D) 90% + + + + + + + + – + 1 David Wu (D) + + + + + + + + – + 90% 11 (D) 90% + + – + + + + + + + 2 Greg Walden (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% *Percentage with asterisk (*) signifies that legislator did not vote on all relevant bills. www.networklobby.org January/February 2007 Connection 11 voting record

109th CONGRESS Key to votes: SECOND SESSION Voted with NETWORK ...... + Voted against HOW THEY NETWORK ...... – Did not vote . . . . . o VOTED IN THE Inactive/ not in office ...... l Voted “Present” . . P LIHEAP/Passage ReconciliationTax FY 2007 Agriculture/Passage FY 2007 Foreign Ops. (WHISC) FY 2007 Housing Vouchers FY 2007 Defense/Military Bases Voting Rights Reauth./Passage U.S.–Oman Free Trade/Passage Package/PassageTax Border Fencing/Passage HOUSE LIHEAP/Passage ReconciliationTax FY 2007 Agriculture/Passage FY 2007 Foreign Ops. (WHISC) FY 2007 Housing Vouchers FY 2007 Defense/Military Bases Voting Rights Reauth./Passage U.S.–Oman Free Trade/Passage Package/PassageTax Border Fencing/Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % OREGON (cont’d) 16 Silvestre Reyes (D) + + + o + + + + + + 100% 3 Earl Blumenauer (D) + + – + + + + + + + 90% 17 Chet Edwards (D) + + + – + + + – – – 60% 4 Peter DeFazio (D) + + – + + + + + + – 80% 18 Sheila Jackson Lee (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 5 Darlene Hooley (D) + + + + + + + + + – 90% 19 Randy Neugebauer (R) – – + – – – + – – – 20% PENNSYLVANIA 20 Charles Gonzalez (D) + + + – + + + + + + 90% 1 Robert Brady (D) + + + o + + + + + + 100% 21 Lamar Smith (R) + – + – – – + – – – 30% 2 Chaka Fattah (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 22 Tom DeLay (R) + – + – l l l l l l 50%* 3 Philip English (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% 22 Shelley Sekula-Gibbs (R) l l l l l l l l l l 4 Melissa Hart (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 23 Henry Bonilla (R) – – + – – + + – + – 40% 5 John Peterson (R) – – + o – + + – – – 33% 24 Kenny Marchant (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 6 Jim Gerlach (R) + – + – + + + + – – 60% 25 Lloyd Doggett (D) + + – + + + + + + + 90% 7 Curt Weldon (R) + – + – + + + + – – 60% 26 Michael Burgess (R) + – + – – – + – – – 30% 8 (R) + – + + + + + + – – 70% 27 Solomon Ortiz (D) + + + – + + + + + + 90% 9 Bill Shuster (R) + – + – – – + – – – 30% 28 Henry Cuellar (D) + – + – + + + – – + 60% 10 Don Sherwood (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 29 Gene Green (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 11 Paul Kanjorski (D) + + – + + + + + + – 80% 30 Eddie Bernice Johnson (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 12 John Murtha (D) + + + – + + + + + + 90% 31 John Carter (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 13 Allyson Schwartz (D) + + + + – + + + + + 90% 32 Pete Sessions (R) – – + – o – o – – – 12% 14 Mike Doyle (D) + + – + + + + + + + 90% UTAH 15 Charles Dent (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 1 Rob Bishop (R) – – + – + – + o – – 33% 16 Joseph Pitts (R) – – + – – – + – – – 20% 2 Jim Matheson (D) + – – – + + + – – – 40% 17 Tim Holden (D) + + + + – + + + + – 80% 3 Chris Cannon (R) – – + o o o + – – – 28% 18 Timothy Murphy (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% VERMONT 19 Todd Platts (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% Bernard Sanders (I) + + + + + + + + + + 100% RHODE ISLAND VIRGINIA o o 1 Patrick Kennedy (D) + + + + + + + + 100% 1 Jo Ann Davis (R) + – + – + + o o o – 57% 2 James Langevin (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 2 Thelma Drake (R) + – + – – – + – – – 30% SOUTH CAROLINA 3 Bobby Scott (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 1 Henry Brown (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 4 Randy Forbes (R) – – + – – + + – – o 33% 2 Joe Wilson (R) – – + – – – + – – – 20% 5 Virgil Goode (R) – – + + – + + + – – 50% 3 J. Gresham Barrett (R) – – + – – – – – + – 20% 6 Bob Goodlatte (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 4 Bob Inglis (R) + – + + – + + – – – 50% 7 Eric Cantor (R) – – + – – + + – + – 40% 5 John Spratt (D) + + + – + + + + + – 80% 8 James Moran (D) + + – + + + + – + – 70% 6 James Clyburn (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 9 Rick Boucher (D) + + + + + + + + – – 80% SOUTH DAKOTA 10 Frank Wolf (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% Stephanie Herseth (D) + + + – + + + + – – 70% 11 Thomas Davis (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% TENNESSEE WASHINGTON 1 William Jenkins (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 1 Jay Inslee (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 2 John Duncan (R) o – + + – + – – – – 33% 2 Rick Larsen (D) + + + + + + + – + + 90% 3 Zach Wamp (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 3 Brian Baird (D) + + + + + + + – P – 70%* 4 Lincoln Davis (D) + – + + + + + + – – 70% 4 Doc Hastings (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 5 Jim Cooper (D) + + + – + + + + + – 80% 5 Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R) o – + – – + + – – – 33% 6 Bart Gordon (D) + – + + + + + + – – 70% 6 Norman Dicks (D) + + + + + + + – + + 90% 7 Marsha Blackburn (R) – – – – + – + – – – 20% 7 Jim McDermott (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 8 John Tanner (D) + + + – – + + – – – 50% 8 Dave Reichert (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% 9 Harold Ford (D) + – + + + + + + – – 70% 9 Adam Smith (D) + o + + + + + – + – 77% TEXAS WEST VIRGINIA 1 Louie Gohmert (R) – – + – – – + – o – 22% 1 Alan Mollohan (D) + + + + + + + + – – 80% 2 Ted Poe (R) + – + – – – + – – – 30% 2 Shelley Moore Capito (R) + – + – + + + – – – 50% 3 Sam Johnson (R) – – + – – – – – – o 11% 3 Nick Rahall (D) + + + + + + + + – – 80% 4 Ralph Hall (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% WISCONSIN 5 Jeb Hensarling (R) – – – – – + – – + – 20% 1 Paul Ryan (R) – – – – + – + – – – 20% 6 Joe Barton (R) + – + – – + – – + – 40% 2 Tammy Baldwin (D) + + – + + + + + + + 90% 7 John Culberson (R) + – + – – + + – + o 55% 3 Ron Kind (D) + + – + + + + + + – 80% 8 Kevin Brady (R) + – + – – – + – + – 40% 4 Gwen Moore (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 9 Al Green (D) + + + + + + + + + + 100% 5 F. James Sensenbrenner (R) – – – + + + + – – – 40% 10 Michael McCaul (R) + – + – – + + – – – 40% 6 Thomas Petri (R) + – – + – + + – – – 40% 11 Mike Conaway (R) – – + o – + – – – + 33% 7 David Obey (D) + + – + + + + + + + 90% 12 Kay Granger (R) – – + – – + + – o – 33% 8 Mark Green (R) + – – – + – + – – – 30% 13 William Thornberry (R) – – + – – – – – + – 20% WYOMING 14 Ron Paul (R) – – – + + + – + + – 50% Barbara Cubin (R) – – + – – + + – – – 30% 15 Ruben Hinojosa (D) + + + – + + + + + + 90% - 12 Connection January/February 2007 www.networklobby.org voting record

SENATE Voting Record 2006

Tax Reconciliation–Medicare Prescription Drug Voting Rights Act Reauthorization/Passage 1. Enrollment • Vote #5 (H.R. 4297) 6. Vote #212 (H.R. 9) NETWORK supported the amendment to the tax reconcilia- This legislation would extend expiring provisions of the 1965 tion bill that would give seniors more time to sign up for the Voting Rights Act for 25 more years. This includes the require- Medicare prescription drug benefit and also require the federal ment to provide bilingual assistance to voters as well as a government to reimburse states, pharmacies and beneficiaries requirement for jurisdictions with a history of voter discrimi- for money spent while aspects of the benefit were detailed. nation to pre-clear any voting law changes with the federal Failed 52–45, February 2, 2006 government. NETWORK supported the reauthorization of all provisions of the Act because we believe that our nation still Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program needs the protection of the Voting Rights Act to ensure fair and 2. (LIHEAP)/Funding Distribution • Vote #34 (S. 2320) equal participation of all citizens in our democratic process. This bill would shift funds from FY 2007 to FY 2006, pro- Passed 98–0, July 20, 2006 viding $500 million to be distributed to eligible low-income households for heating and cooling assistance. Another $500 Tax Package/Cloture million was placed in a contingency fund for the same pur- 7. Vote #229 (H.R. 5970) pose. NETWORK supported this effort. This vote was essential to stopping passage of the “trifecta” bill, Passed 68–31, March 7, 2006 which would have deprived the federal government of billions of dollars of revenue necessary to continue to support human Fiscal 2007 Budget Resolution/Health and needs programs (see House vote description H.R. 5970). 3. Education Programs • Vote #58 (S. Con. Res. 83) A vote to invoke cloture (thus limiting debate) would have NETWORK supported the Specter (R-PA) amendment to move brought the bill to the floor for a vote. NETWORK opposed part of the FY 2008 advance appropriations towards increased this bill to invoke cloture, and its failure meant that the bill funding for health, education and training, and low-income was never voted on and therefore could not be passed. programs. The Senate allocation of increased funding for pro- Failed 56–42, August 3, 2006 grams was a rejection of the administration’s proposed belt- tightening budget, which would undercut human needs and United States-Oman Free Trade Agreement/ entitlement support. 8. Passage • Vote #250 (H.R. 5684) Pa ssed 73–27, March 16, 2006 This agreement was initially passed by the Senate by a 60-34 vote on June 29, 2006, prior to a House vote. Given that tariff Small Business Health Plans/Cloture Vote and revenue measures must originate in the House, a second 4. Vote #119 (S. 1955) vote was required in the Senate. NETWORK opposed the trade This legislation would allow small employers to merge together agreement because it lacked sufficient human rights and envi- in order to buy cheaper health insurance for their employees. ronmental protections. While laudable in its intent, the bill would exempt insurers Passed 62–32, September 19, 2006 from certain state laws, jeopardizing access to essential medi- cal services such as cancer screenings, diabetes supplies, men- Border Fencing/ Passage tal health services, immunizations and prenatal care. Such 9. Vote #262 (H.R. 6061) exemptions meant the possibility of offering employees “bare Although the Senate had previously desired a more compre- bones” plans as well as premiums that could differ based on hensive immigration reform, they agreed to go along with the age, gender, medical history, occupation and region. NET- House’s piecemeal approach to immigration in clearing the WORK opposed this bill and opposed the cloture (debate limi- House legislation known as the “Secure Fence Act.” NETWORK tation) on the bill. Therefore, the bill could not be brought to views the Senate’s action as disappointing and will continue to the floor for a vote. push for true immigration reform. Failed 55–43 (60 required to invoke cloture), May 11, 2006 Passed 80–19, September 29, 2006

Fiscal 2007 Defense Authorization/Minimum 5. Wage • Vote #179 (S. 2766) This amendment would increase the federal minimum wage to $7.25 over a period of two years and two months. NETWORK supported this amendment because approximately 7.3 million Change in the Senate During This Session workers (5.8% of the workforce) would economically benefit • Robert Menendez (D-NJ): Appointed to the Senate on from an increase in the minimum wage. The minimum wage January 17, 2006 has remained stagnant at $5.15 since 1997. Failed 52–46 (60 votes needed for passage), June 21, 2006 www.networklobby.org January/February 2007 Connection 13 voting record

109th CONGRESS Key to votes: SECOND SESSION Voted with NETWORK ...... + Voted against HOW THEY VOTED NETWORK ...... – IN THE Did not vote . . . . . O Inactive/ not in office ...... l

SENATE Recon.–MedicareTax Rx LIHEAP FY 2007 Budget/Health & Educ. Small Business Health Plans FY 2007 Defense Auth./Min. Wage Voting Rights Act Reauthorization PackageTax U.S.–Oman Free Trade Agreement Secure Fence Act Recon.–MedicareTax Rx LIHEAP FY 2007 Budget/Health & Educ. Small Business Health Plans FY 2007 Defense Auth./Min. Wage Voting Rights Act Reauthorization PackageTax U.S.–Oman Free Trade Agreement Secure Fence Act 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 % ALABAMA MONTANA Jeff Sessions (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Conrad Burns (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% Richard Shelby (R) – – – – O + – – – 12%* Max Baucus (D) + + + + + + O – – 75%* ALASKA NEBRASKA Lisa Murkowski (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% Ben Nelson (D) + + + – + + – – – 55% Ted Stevens (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% Chuck Hagel (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% ARIZONA NEVADA John McCain (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Harry Reid (D) + – + + + + + + + 88% Jon Kyl (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% John Ensign (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% ARKANSAS NEW HAMPSHIRE Blanche Lincoln (D) + + + + + + – + – 77% John Sununu (R) – + – – – + – – – 22% Mark Pryor (D) + + + + + + + – – 77% Judd Gregg (R) – + – – – + – – – 22% CALIFORNIA NEW JERSEY Barbara Boxer (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% Frank Lautenberg (D) + + + + + + + + + 100% Dianne Feinstein (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% Robert Menendez (D) + + + + + + + O + 100% COLORADO NEW MEXICO Ken Salazar (D) + + + + + + + – + 88% Jeff Bingaman (D) O + + + + + + + + 100%* Wayne Allard (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Pete Domenici (R) O + + – – + – – – 37%* CONNECTICUT NEW YORK Christopher Dodd (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% Charles Schumer (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% Joseph Lieberman (D) + + + + + + O – + 87%* (D) + + + + + + + – – 77% DELAWARE NORTH CAROLINA Joseph Biden (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% Elizabeth Dole (R) – – + – – + – + – 33% Thomas Carper (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% Richard Burr (R) – – – – – + – + – 22% FLORIDA NORTH DAKOTA Bill Nelson (D) + – + + + + – – – 55% Byron Dorgan (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% Mel Martinez (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Kent Conrad (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% GEORGIA OHIO Johnny Isakson (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% George Voinovich (R) – + + – – + + – – 44% Saxby Chambliss (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Mike DeWine (R) + + + – + + – – – 55% HAWAII OKLAHOMA Daniel Akaka (D) + + + + + + + O + 100%* James Inhofe (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Daniel Inouye (D) + + + + + + + + + 100% Tom Coburn (R) – – – – – + – + – 22% IDAHO OREGON Larry Craig (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Gordon Smith (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% Mike Crapo (R) – – – – – O – – – 0%* Ron Wyden (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% ILLINOIS PENNSYLVANIA (D) + + + + + + + – – 77% Arlen Specter (R) + + + O + + – – – 62%* Richard Durbin (D) + + + + + + + + + 100% Rick Santorum (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% INDIANA RHODE ISLAND (D) + + + + + + + O – 87%* Jack Reed (D) + + + + + + + + + 100% (R) – + + – + + – – – 44% Lincoln Chafee (R) + + + + + + + – + 88% IOWA SOUTH CAROLINA Charles Grassley (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% Jim DeMint (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Tom Harkin (D) + + + + + + + O – 87%* Lindsey Graham (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% KANSAS SOUTH DAKOTA Pat Roberts (R) – – + – – + – – – 22% John Thune (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% Sam Brownback (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Tim Johnson (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% KENTUCKY TENNESSEE Jim Bunning (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Bill Frist (R) – + + – – + + – – 44% Mitch McConnell (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Lamar Alexander (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% LOUISIANA TEXAS David Vitter (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% John Cornyn (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% Mary Landrieu (D) + + + – + + + – – 66% Kay Bailey Hutchison (R) + – + – – + – – – 33% MAINE UTAH Olympia Snowe (R) + + + – + + – + – 66% Orrin Hatch (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% Susan Collins (R) + + + – + + – + – 66% Robert Bennett (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% MARYLAND VERMONT Barbara Mikulski (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% James Jeffords (I) + + + + + + + – + 88% Paul Sarbanes (D) + + + + + + + + + 100% Patrick Leahy (D) + + + + + + + + + 100% MASSACHUSETTS VIRGINIA Edward Kennedy (D) + + + + + + + O O 100%* George Allen (R) – – – – – + – – – 11% John Kerry (D) + + + + + + + – + 88% John Warner (R) + – + – + + – – – 44% MICHIGAN WASHINGTON (D) + + + + + + + + + 100% Maria Cantwell (D) + + + + + + + – + 88% (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% Patty Murray (D–WA) + + + + + + + – + 88% MINNESOTA WEST VIRGINIA Mark Dayton (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% John Rockefeller (D) + + + O O + + + – 85% Norm Coleman (R) + + + – + + – O – 62% Robert Byrd (D) + O + + + + – + – 75% MISSISSIPPI WISCONSIN Thad Cochran (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% Herbert Kohl (D) + + + + + + + + – 88% Trent Lott (R) – – + – – + – – – 22% Russ Feingold (D) + + + + + + + + + 100% MISSOURI WYOMING Christopher Bond (R) – + – – – + – – – 22% Craig Thomas (R) O – – – – + – – – 12% Jim Talent (R) – + + – – + – – – 33% Michael Enzi (R) – – – – – O – – – 0%

*Percentage with asterisk (*) signifies that legislator did not vote on all relevant bills.

14 Connection January/February 2007 www.networklobby.org making a difference

The Voters Have Spoken. What Can We Expect Now?

BY JEAN SAMMON

In early 2006, as we were drafting stra- They get to decide what comes up for a that they had better start listening to us tegic plans for NETWORK, we assumed vote and what gets neglected. They con- more carefully. that all three branches of our federal gov- trol all the committees—they appoint the Let’s continue the momentum that Iernment would be ruled by a single party chairs and make sure the majority party started in November. I’m setting goals for the next several years. Sometimes it’s has more members on the committee, for the NETWORK field—that’s you, our nice to be wrong. more staff, and more friendly witnesses members and supporters—to increase As many of our long-time members at the hearings. Oh, and they even get to the number of people who are contact- know, the past six years have been chal- pick out what office space they want and ing Congress, to increase the number of lenging for advocates of social justice. where people can meet. messages sent, to increase the personal- The “war on terror” seemed to eclipse However, it is still the same insti- ization of the messages so they are more most other federal priorities. How could tution, with the same likely to be read, to we call for less military spending when temptation to protect increase the number of our nation was at war? Who would hear incumbent power. That’s people who write let- our call for programs to help the vulner- where we come in. ters-to-the-editor, and able when the dominant ideology was to increase the number individual responsibility and “owner- Our Role of district lobby visits. ship”? How could we work with those I remember talking Are you with me? who seemed to think that tax cuts were to a congressman a few I’ll commit to doing the answer to every problem? years ago who said that whatever I can to sup- he thought most legisla- port you. (My associate, Voters Make a Difference tors come to Congress with good inten- Jessica Guentzel, will also commit to this On November 7, 2006, we found that tions, but they get distracted by the task!) We can do a lot through the Legis- many Americans were unhappy way the place is set up and they lative Action Center on our Web site. If with their elected officials so need people like us to remind you are not already receiving our e-mail they voted for a change. The them why they are there. legislative update, sign up now at http:// pundits and pollsters told us So, that’s what we need to capwiz.com/networklobby/mlm/sign- that people were tired of war, do. And I’m looking forward to up/. If you’ve already signed up, encour- corruption and political bick- the opportunity for a fresh start. age others to do so. ering. They were tired of leaders who There are ten new senators and at least Together, we can really make a differ- seemed to care more about their own 54 new representatives. (At the time of ence in this new year with our new Con- power than about the people they were publication, there were still a few unde- gress. elected to serve. Voters did not believe cided races.) They are ready to hear from the economy was working for everyone us! And the incumbent senators and rep- Jean Sammon is NETWORK’s Field so they voted for candidates who prom- resentatives got the message from voters Coordinator. ised to do things differently. How different will this Congress be? That remains to be seen. Much will change because a different party is now in charge. The majority party controls the congressional schedule and rules.

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www.networklobby.org January/February 2007 Connection 15 ��������� BOARD ELECTION ���������������������������������������� Attn: NETWORK Members—It’s Time to Vote! We are looking for two additional NETWORK Board members whose expertise, leadership skills, diversity and justice commit- ment will help NETWORK carry out our mission. We have five candidates for the two openings. All candidates were asked to briefly describe their skills, talents, experience and access to constituencies that would further NETWORK’s mission. A list of NETWORK’s current Board of Directors can be found at http://www.networklobby.org/about/staff.htm#board. CANDIDATES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Janice M. Del Fiacco, San Mary Ann Gaido, Irvine, Mary Ann Nestel, Robin K. Richardson, Judith Braitmayer Francisco, CA; BVM Associ- CA; Covenant Member, Sis- St. Louis, MO; Sister of Kansas City, MO; Span- Sharpe, St. Augustine, ate—Sisters of Charity of the ters of St. Joseph of Orange; St. Joseph of Carondelet, ish teacher and linguist; FL; retiring owner of both Blessed Virgin Mary; Owner/ recently retired from St. St. Louis Province; pro- African American. commercial insurance President of a consulting firm Joseph Health System; Irish- fessional development I am experienced as a agency and Montessori that specializes in financial German. executive, currently on leader and feel I can school; Caucasian. services/technology sectors I want more direct involve- sabbatical; American- be an asset to NET- I have raised three chil- and international micro- ment with NETWORK as it German heritage. WORK. I am currently dren, created and run two finance/micro-enterprise continues its effective voice My 47 years in religious the president of my successful businesses, sectors; Caucasian, Italian- of justice on Capitol Hill. life have been dedicated church’s Altar & Rosary and been active in social American heritage. As an active, 15-year to serving the poor, Society. I have spear- justice organizations I accept the nomination member of NETWORK, promoting systemic headed many projects and church outreach for the Board of NETWORK I’ve worked with Catho- change, and implement- that have benefited programs. As a result of and pledge to participate lic hospitals and clinics ing social justice in each my church, children, my work with Pax Christi more fully in the mission developing/supporting of my ministry assign- seniors, and battered Florida to address racial and the programs of NET- strong political advocacy ments. For the past 17 women in the church discrimination, I opened a WORK to promote social programs for vulnerable years I have served as community. I consider child care center commit- justice, peace, and women’s populations. Executive Director of myself to be a team ted to promoting racial, empowerment, access to I recently retired as Vice Development for my player and a leader economic and religious healthcare and capital for President of St. Joseph community. Our office when called upon. diversity. NETWORK is all members of society. Health System. raised $37 million with vital in advocating for Advocacy for me is a special I bring experience, com- a consistent cost factor economic and social call to service and ministry mitment and skills in advo- of $.13 per dollar raised. justice based on Catholic on an institutional level to cacy/ government relations My fundraising experi- Social Teaching, and I influence policy and political as well as enthusiasm for ence would be my gift. hope to contribute to this change, and a personal com- development outreach to My expertise is in major important mission. mitment to serve the poor assure the future viability gifts and direct mail. and disenfranchised. for NETWORK.

NON-PROFIT BALLOT ORGANIZATION ��������� U.S. POSTAGE Eligible to vote: NETWORK Members (one ���������������������������������������� PAID vote per membership please) PERMIT NO. 6962 25 E Street NW, Suite 200 WASHINGTON, DC You can mail your ballot to NETWORK in Washington, DC, 20001 the envelope inserted in the middle of the PHONE 202-347-9797 FAX 202-347-9864 magazine. Please write “election” on the out- www.networklobby.org side of the envelope. Ballots must be post- marked by March 15, 2007, to be counted.

VOTE FOR TWO: ___ Janice M. Del Fiacco ___ Mary Ann Gaido ___ Mary Ann Nestel ___ Robin K. Richardson ___ Judith Braitmayer Sharpe