A Buddhist Sūtra's Transformation Into a Daoist Text
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Laozi Zhongjing)
A Study of the Central Scripture of Laozi (Laozi zhongjing) Alexandre Iliouchine A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts, Department of East Asian Studies McGill University January 2011 Copyright Alexandre Iliouchine © 2011 ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements......................................................................................... v Abstract/Résumé............................................................................................. vii Conventions and Abbreviations.................................................................... viii Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 On the Word ―Daoist‖............................................................................. 1 A Brief Introduction to the Central Scripture of Laozi........................... 3 Key Terms and Concepts: Jing, Qi, Shen and Xian................................ 5 The State of the Field.............................................................................. 9 The Aim of This Study............................................................................ 13 Chapter 1: Versions, Layers, Dates............................................................... 14 1.1 Versions............................................................................................. 15 1.1.1 The Transmitted Versions..................................................... 16 1.1.2 The Dunhuang Version........................................................ -
A Buddhist Sütra's Transformation Into a Daoist Text
A BUDDHIST SÜTRA'S TRANSFORMATION INTO A DAOIST TEXT Stephan Peter Bumbacher, Universities of Tübingen and Zürich for Robert H. Gassmann, at his 60th birthday Abstract Daoism and Chinese Buddhism interacted in complex ways over the last two millenia. However, the precise nature of this two-way exchange still awaits a systematic investigation. Since the early 1980s, the Buddhist impact on lingbao-Daoism has become evident. Recently, it was suggested that the developing Daoist monasticism of fifth century Southern China may also have been influ¬ enced by the then already existing Buddhist one. Of special interest are Daoist texts that predate the lingbao-corpus and show some form of Buddhist influence as they might have had an impact on the latter. As a possible point of departure, an analysis of Yang Xi's adaptation of the Buddhist Forty-two sections of Buddhist sutras is offered. It shows that already a generation earlier than Ge Chaofu's lingbao scriptures Daoists not only had first hand knowledge of Buddhism but even made verbatim use of their scriptures to their own ends. As a by-product of this analysis, it is even possible to emend the received version of the Forty-two sections of Buddhist sutras where it apparently is defective. 1. Introduction The first four centuries of the common era witnessed not only the arrival of some forms of Buddhism in China, this was also the formative period of several traditions of Daoism, the indigenous Chinese Hochreligion.1 Both were essen¬ tially different: whereas the Buddhists sought to get out of samsära by entering nirväna or final extinction, the Daoists aimed at becoming immortals - either earthly immortals who would live on on earth for centuries, now and then chang¬ ing their whereabouts and altering their social identities, or heavenly immortals who would ascend heaven in broad daylight in order to integrate themselves into the heavenly hierarchy. -
Wh 55. the Five Precepts: Collected Essays
The Five Precepts Collected Essays by Dr. Paul Dahlke, Bhikkhu Sīlācāra, L.R. Oates, and G. Constant Lounsbery Buddhist Publication Society Kandy • Sri Lanka The Wheel Publication No. 55 First Edition 1963. Second Impression 1975. ISSN 0068–3345 2 BPS Online Edition © (2008) Digital Transcription Source: BPS Transcription Project For free distribution. This work may be republished, reformatted, reprinted and redistributed in any medium. However, any such republication and redistribution is to be made available to the public on a free and unrestricted basis, and translations and other derivative works are to be clearly marked as such. 3 The Five Precepts Pañca Sīla 1. Pāṇātipātā veramaṇī, sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi. 2. Adinnādānā veramaṇī, sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi. 3. Kāmesu micchācārā veramaṇī, sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi. 4. Musāvādā veramaṇī, sikkhā-padaṃ samādiyāmi. 5. Surāmeraya majja pamādaṭṭhānā, sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi . 1. I undertake to observe the precept to abstain from killing living beings. 2. I undertake to observe the precept to abstain from taking what is not given. 3. I undertake to observe the precept to abstain from sexual misconduct. 4. I undertake to observe the precept to abstain from false speech. 5. I undertake to observe the precept to abstain 4 from intoxicating drinks and drugs causing heedlessness. 5 The Precepts in Buddhism Dr. Paul Dahlke here are five precepts in Buddhism which are T binding on all who call themselves Buddhists. They are: Not to take the life of any living being. Not to take what is not given. Abstaining from sexual misconduct. Abstaining from wrong speech. Abstaining from intoxicants. These precepts are not commandments in the Christian sense. -
Trustworthiness Education in Ancient Chinese Beliefs
Journal of Frontiers in Educational Research DOI: 10.23977/jfer.2021.010333 Clausius Scientific Press, Canada Volume 1, Number 3, 2021 Trustworthiness Education in Ancient Chinese Beliefs Cao Xiaohu School of Public Administration, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China Keywords: Ancient beliefs, Trustworthiness education, Sincerity, Honesty Abstract: In ancient China, education was people-oriented, and relatively speaking, it did not rely on mysticism. However, ancient Chinese education also advocated “Shen Dao She Jiao (to educate by the method of mysticism)”, and trustworthiness education is one of the typical representatives. 1. Introduction Mysticism has a certain role in the ancient moral education. Compared with other forms of civilization, ancient Chinese religious beliefs, especially mysticism, are not developed. Ancient Chinese education is people-oriented and does not rely heavily on mysticism. However, ancient Chinese education also borrowed mysticism or “God”-related ideas, and trustworthiness education education is one of the typical representatives, which includes sincerity and honesty. Sincerity was first associated with piety and belief in Gods. In “The Book of Histrical Documents”, there are the concepts of sincere and honesty. Among them, Sincere mainly refers to devout to Gods: “The spirits (Gods-author's note) do not always accept the sacrificese that are offered to them; they accept only the sacrificese of the sincere.”[1]. Later, sincerity gradually faded away from mystery and became a daily moral principle, but the requirement for sincerity is still directly or indirectly related to “mysticism”. The traditional ideological systems advocating “Shen Dao She Jiao (to educate by the method of mysticism)” mainly include the following types: “BOOK OF CHANGES”, Mohist, Dong Zhongshu thought, Taoism and Buddhism. -
The Daoist Tradition Also Available from Bloomsbury
The Daoist Tradition Also available from Bloomsbury Chinese Religion, Xinzhong Yao and Yanxia Zhao Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed, Yong Huang The Daoist Tradition An Introduction LOUIS KOMJATHY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 175 Fifth Avenue London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10010 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com First published 2013 © Louis Komjathy, 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Louis Komjathy has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury Academic or the author. Permissions Cover: Kate Townsend Ch. 10: Chart 10: Livia Kohn Ch. 11: Chart 11: Harold Roth Ch. 13: Fig. 20: Michael Saso Ch. 15: Fig. 22: Wu’s Healing Art Ch. 16: Fig. 25: British Taoist Association British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 9781472508942 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Komjathy, Louis, 1971- The Daoist tradition : an introduction / Louis Komjathy. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4411-1669-7 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4411-6873-3 (pbk.) -- ISBN 978-1-4411-9645-3 (epub) 1. -
The Five Precepts
The Five Precepts Discourse on the Taking of the Three Refuges and Five Precepts Ceremony on June 25, 1995 by Venerable Master Miao Lien In Sanskrit, men and women who have taken the Five Precepts are referred to as Upasaka and Upasika respectively, which means male and female disciples. Those who have vowed to follow the Five Precepts or the Bodhisattva Precepts are disciples and protectors of the Three Treasures. In terms of the Buddhadharma, they must participate in the myriad practices of Bodhisattvas, for if a teacher needs to complete a task, his students should be of assistance. The Five Precepts are prohibitions against killing, stealing, engaging in sexual misconduct, lying, and taking intoxicants. The first four—no killing, no stealing, no sexual misconduct, and no false speech—are fundamental precepts, while the fifth—no intoxicants—is a preventative precept. Now, let us discuss why we must refrain from killing, stealing, committing sexual misconduct, engaging in false speech, and taking intoxicants. What are the benefits of upholding the precepts? What are the drawbacks of not upholding them? First Precept: No Killing To avoid making others suffer, we shall not kill any sentient beings, even for the sake of saving our own lives. This topic should be understood in Buddhist terms, not using common secular arguments. Ordinary people think that self-defense is necessary to defend themselves from harm. But this is not the Buddhist way. Not only do we need to abstain from killing people, but we must also refrain from harming insects, such as ants, even to save our own lives. -
44. Correlative Cosmology, Moral Rectitude, and Buddhist Notions of Health
44. Correlative Cosmology, Moral Rectitude, and Buddhist Notions of Health Se lections from the Sūtra of Trapuṣa and Bhallika ori tavor he Sūtra of Trapuṣa and Bhallika is a fi fth- century apocryphal sūtra in two parts, T traditionally attributed to the northern Chinese monk Tanjing.1 The text is a moral treatise aimed at a lay audience. Its main goal is to explicate and justify two key Bud- dhist practices: the Five Precepts and the communal Purifi cation Ritual. Told in the form of a conversation between the Buddha and his student Trapuṣa, it provides a code of eth- ics for lay prac tition ers and emphasizes the role of the monastic community in provid- ing religious instruction and healthcare ser vices for the community. The fi rst part of the text stresses the need to uphold fi ve injunctions against killing, stealing, sexual mis- conduct, false speech, and the consumption of alcohol. The second part focuses on an imported communal ritual of purifi cation that can be traced back to Vedic religion.2 By the fi fth century, this periodic ritual, which involved religious sermons, confession of sins, and recitation of sacred scripture, was most likely the most impor tant occasion in the lives of both the monastic and the lay communities.3 The popularity of this ritual in China led to the creation of a rival Daoist version, which is still practiced today.4 Much like other apocryphal sūtras (i.e., scriptures composed in China and presented as if they were translated from India), the text displays a high level of hybridity and syn- cretism.5 To provide justifi cation for Buddhist religious praxis, it employs a combina- tion of ideas and terminology imported from India and indigenous Chinese beliefs and practices rooted in Han common religion and the imperial cult, as well as early medi- eval Daoist religion. -
Purpose and Variation in Religious Records of the Tang
tang religious records nathan woolley The Many Boats to Yangzhou: Purpose and Variation in Religious Records of the Tang n Tang China during the seventh century, the official Dou Dexuan I 竇德玄 (598–666) was once travelling on government business to Yangzhou when he met an otherworldly being who warned Dou of his impending death. Fortunately for Dou, this fate was avoided and he went on become one of the highest officials in the empire. Four texts agree on this core narrative but differ in their descrip- tions and details. The four texts — an item from an otherwise lost Dao- ist collection, a work describing the lineage of Shangqing Daoism, an anecdote attributed to a Buddhist collection of evidential miracles, and an entry in the compilation of a late-Tang Daoist master — display contrasting priorities in how they depict religious experience and prac- tice. They all date to within a period of around two centuries, but their interrelations remain unclear. The contrasts, however, provide a win- dow for examining the purposes that lay behind the creation of certain types of religious text, as well as contemporary perceptions of religious culture. Although not sharply divergent in terms of format, there are in fact differences among them that point to fundamental processes in the production of narrative and religious texts in China. Through the history of Chinese writing and texts, a single nar- rative may occur in different guises. It may simply be that a writer imbued an existing narrative with a changed focus and thereby pro- duced a different rendering. Alternatively, a tale could be updated to fit new social circumstances and expectations, or new developments in genre and performance. -
COS-SUPPLEMENT-Cont
Contents PART 1— Early Communities: The Celestial Masters 1 1. Precepts of the “Xianger Commentary” to the Laozi 3 (Laozi xianger zhu) 2. Twenty-two Rules from the “Demon Statutes of Nüqing” 7 (Nüqing guilü 3.1a-3b) 3. Precepts and Rules Taught by the Celestial Master 12 (Tianshi jiao jieke jing) 4. The Five Precepts of Orthodox Unity (Zhengyi wujie) 29 5. Statutes of Mystery Metropolis (Xuandu lüwen) 32 PART 2—Lay Organizations: Major Schools and Other Lineages 66 6. Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity” (Baopuzi neipian) 67 7. Precepts Against the Roots of Sin (Zuigen pinjie, j. 1) 72 8. Scripture of Controlling Karma and Basic Conduct (Benxing jieye) 89 9. Twelve Highest Precepts of Admonition (Shier shangpin quanjie) 100 10. 24 Precepts for Followers by the Perfected of Great Ultimate 116 (Taiji zhenren shuo ershisi menjie jing) 11. Immortals’ Taboos According to the Purple Texts Inscribed by 126 the Spirits (Lingshu ziwen xianji) 12. Scripture of Ascension to the Mystery (Shengxuan jing, chs. 3, 7) 131 13. Scripture of the Eight Emperors (Badi jing) 139 PART 3—Monastic Institutions: Injunctions for Daily Behavior 141 14. Rules and Precepts for Ritual Garb (Fafu kejie wen) 143 15. Prohibitions and Precepts on Ceremonial Food (Fashi jinjie jing158) 16. Dao-Rules for Compassionate Assistance (Ciji daoke) 164 PART 4—Tang-Ming: Lists of Five, Nine, and Ten Precepts 168 17. Precepts from 1. Scripture of Jade Clarity (Yuqing jing) 169 2. Precepts of Initial Perfection (Chuzhen jie) 170 3. Record of Purgations and Precepts (Zhaijie lu) 171 4. -
1 Daoism and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and Bioethics1 by Bede Benjamin Bidlack, Saint Anselm College, USA Third
Daoism and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and Bioethics1 by Bede Benjamin Bidlack, Saint Anselm College, USA Third International Bioethics, Multiculturalism and Religion Workshop and Conference Hong Kong, China SAR, December 3-5, 2013 Introduction In his 1948 introduction to Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations, Jacques Maritain wrote that the philosophers of various religious traditions who contributed to the UNESCO Universal Declaration of Human Rights could agree on the idea of human rights in practice, but differed in their first principles, or truth claims, that supported their assertion that all people have rights. “‘Yes,’ they said, ‘we agree about the rights but on condition that no one asks us why’” (Maritain 1948, i). While that approach initially served, Maritain did assert that truth claims matter because the practical implementation of those rights will differ so long as the rationales behind the rights remain disparate (Maritain 1948, iii). I am grateful to the organizers of this meeting and the preceding meetings in Jerusalem (2009) and Rome (2011), where different religious positions can have a discussion and perhaps move closer to a unified rationale for human rights, in general, and human rights in bioethics in particular. Rights talk is not historically Daoist. Daoists can, however, identify theology in their tradition supportive of human rights. Global discussions of human rights is divided not only across theory and practice, as Maritain points out, but also across the place of rights with regard -
Transforming the Void
iii Transforming the Void Embryological Discourse and Reproductive Imagery in East Asian Religions Edited by AnnaAndreevaandDominicSteavu LEIDEN |BOSTON For use by the Author only | © 2016 Koninklijke Brill NV ContentsContents v Contents Acknowledgements ix List of Figures and Tables xi Conventions and Abbreviations xiv List of Contributors xviii Introduction: Backdrops and Parallels to Embryological Discourse and Reproductive Imagery in East Asian Religions 1 Anna Andreeva and Dominic Steavu Part 1 China 1 Prenatal Infancy Regained: Great Peace (Taiping) Views on Procreation and Life Cycles 53 Grégoire Espesset 2 Conceiving the Embryo of Immortality: “Seed-People” and Sexual Rites in Early Taoism 87 Christine Mollier 3 Cosmos, Body, and Gestation in Taoist Meditation 111 Dominic Steavu 4 Symbolic Pregnancy and the Sexual Identity of Taoist Adepts 147 Catherine Despeux 5 Creation and Its Inversion: Cosmos, Human Being, and Elixir in the Cantong Qi (The Seal of the Unity of the Three) 186 Fabrizio Pregadio 6 On the Effectiveness of Symbols: Women’s Bodies as Mandalas 212 Brigitte Baptandier For use by the Author only | © 2016 Koninklijke Brill NV vi Contents Part 2 Japan 7 The Embryonic Generation of the Perfect Body: Ritual Embryology from Japanese Tantric Sources 253 Lucia Dolce 8 Buddhism Ab Ovo: Aspects of Embryological Discourse in Medieval Japanese Buddhism 311 Bernard Faure 9 “Human Yellow” and Magical Power in Japanese Medieval Tantrism and Culture 344 Nobumi Iyanaga 10 “Lost in the Womb”: Conception, Reproductive Imagery, -
Fabrizio Pregadio CV
FABRIZIO PREGADIO Research Fellow (Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany [email protected] RESEARCH SUBJECTS Daoism: thought, religion, and traditions of self-cultivation. — Chinese alchemy: Neidan (Internal Alchemy) and Waidan (External Alchemy).— Chinese views of human nature (xing 性) and destiny/ existence (ming 命). Main current research project: “Human Nature and Destiny in the Thought of the Daoist Master Liu Yiming (1734-1821)”, supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), 2020-2023. EDUCATION Degrees • Ph.D. (Civilizations of East Asia), Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 1990 • M.A. (Chinese Language and Literature), Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 1983 Other graduate study • University of Kyoto, Institute for Research in Humanities, 1985-90 • Italian School of East Asian Studies, Kyoto, 1985 Other undergraduate study • University of Leiden, Sinologisch Instituut (Linguistics of Classical Chinese), 1980-81 PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS Teaching • Erlangen University, Institute of Sinology: Guest Professor of Daoist Anthropology, from 2014-15 to 2017-18 • McGill University, Montreal, Department of East Asian Studies: Course Lecturer, 2009-2010 Fabrizio Pregadio — CV [Updated May 17, 2021] 1 • Stanford University, Department of Religious Studies: Visiting Professor, 2001-2002; Acting Associate Professor, 2002-2008 • Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Philosophy: Visiting Professor, 1998 and 1999-2001 • Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Department of East