EFA Global Monitoring Report 2 0 1 1

The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education

Kevin Watkins Report Launch The Brookings Institution March 2, 2011 Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Armed conflict education and conflict Armed - - - - . . Peacebuilding Reconstruction Provision Protection Four policy failures: Four policy Education forAll to barrier major a is conflict Armed Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 The hidden crisis in conflict in crisis hiddenThe . . . . worst education indicators education worst the of some have refugees and displaced Internally inequality Armed deficit EFA Conflict years is 12 35 countries - conflict reinforces wealth and gender gender and wealth reinforces conflict - affected states represent a large share of largeof a share represent states affected - average duration of war in the poorest poorest the in war of duration average - affected states affected Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Education’s inconflicthidden crisis - - Children in conflict affectedpoor countries: - 24% of all all of 24% of out 28 million 47% of out of school of out of 47% children school in the the in children poorest 47% Conflict in the the in countries -affected poorest 24% countries - Under Stunting affected states affected 0 0 Non -conflict affected - 5 Mortality rate 5 Mortality 20 50 Per 1,000 births Per 1,000 % 40 100 60 150 Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Conflictinequality reinforces education

Population aged 17-22 with fewer than 2 years of education 0% 40 10 20 % 30 % % % D. R. Congo R. D. North North Kivu Richest 20% 20% female 20% male Poorest Poorest Poorest Poorest male . . . education years of two than have less females One halfpoor of school in years 2 than less spending of risk higher times three a face males Poor people displaced million 1.3 around have Kivus The Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Armed conflictArmed ...... Development aid skewed by ‘national security’ ‘national by skewed aid Development guns to classrooms from aid and of finance Diversion tactic’ ‘terror widespread a are violence sexual and Rape Children, teachers and schools are front the are on schools and teachers Children, bullets Conflict use force of indiscriminate and civilians of targeting Systematic divisions social and identity to linked Most armed conflictsare - related poverty and disease kill more than than more kill disease and poverty related – consequences foreducation within countries, often - line Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 From books tobullets   into school into children 9.5 million put could spending 10%their ofmilitary education primary budgets than military more on spend that countries poorest developing 21 of ’s the - military spending diverts diverts finance spending military Guinea U. R. TanzaniaU. R. Burkina Faso Cote d'Ivoire Sierra Leone D. Congo R. Bangladesh Mauritania Kyrgyzstan Cambodia Vietnam Pakistan Ethiopia Burundi Gambia Senegal C. A. R. A. C. - Yemen Kenya Nepal Bissau Chad Togo Mali 0 Ratio of military to primary 1 education expenditure education 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Six days of military spending could close the close could gap EFA spending Six military of days rich countries rich Total annual military spending by US$1029 billion billion US$1029 6 gap gap EFA funding the needed to close military spending number of days of ofdays number Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Aid follows security agendas security follows Aid Constant 2008 US$ millions 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 40 60 80 0 Aid to basic education to basic Aid Afghanistan Iraq Pakistan

Chad Cote d'Ivoire C.A.R. D.R. Congo 2007 2002 - - 2008 2003 Sudan . priorities security national as identified countries group of towards asmall skewed is Aid Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 The reverseThe cycle – . . . . employment markets to weak link and aspirations youth Undermining productivity low and poverty Perpetuating disparity social and resentment regional Reinforcing divisions based faith and social ethnic, sow to used classrooms other’ ‘the of perceptions Creating hostile educationconflictcan fuel – Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Hidden crisis ineducation Hidden crisis reinforced by four failures . . . . educationas aforce for peace Peacebuilding capacity and build peace premium Reconstruction people displaced internally and refugees to and conflict, violent in trapped populations Provision abuses rights human from civilians Protection of education to vulnerable vulnerable to education of of children, teachers and and teachers children, of to unlock the potential of of potential the unlock to to seize the education seizeto the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Failures protection of . . Some over the decade: advances past But:        Cultures of impunity remain intact remain impunity Cultures of ‘Naming shaming’ and is not enough schools toof protection attached weight Insufficient partial and fragmented remains Mechanism MonitoringReporting and violence sexual other and rape Resolutions on Secretary General reportstoSecurity theCouncil armed conflict in children on Mechanism MonitoringReporting and – namingshaming and Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Protecting . . . . disincentives for human rights abuses) rights for human disincentives and (sanctions Court Criminal to linked International violence, sexual and rape on commission level High for change) (incentives of rights abuses human punishment and for prevention plans national Support education on attacks monitoring in leadership provide to UNESCO system UN across monitoring integrated More education – strengthen the MRM on schools on MRM the strengthen Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Failures of provision of Failures . . . . . agencies do not recognize education as ‘life as education recognize not do agencies conflict Unlike Refugees Refugees long for aid unpredictable short delivers system Humanitarian system aid humanitarian in neighbour’ ‘poor is Education and entitlements persons displaced Internally - strong rights but weak entitlements - affected communities, humanitarian humanitarian communities, affected - term emergencies - weak rightsweak - term and - saving’ Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 US$ Million US$ 500 The ‘poor neighbour’ in humanitarian aid in humanitarian The neighbour’ ‘poor Humanitarian aid in 2009 in aid Humanitarian 0 Food Funding received Requested amount Health Multi - sector Shelter and non items - food Coordination and support services sanitation Water and Agriculture infrastructure recovery and funded the smallestAnd has share requestof Economic 2% human rights, Protection, rule of law of rule funding. all of only 2% Education received Education Mine action Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 . . . . Providing annually annually billion 2 to US$ funding pooled humanitarian Increase the front- Convention) Kampala (, displaced internally and model) for refugees ( entitlementsStrengthen needs assess Developeffectiveto more tools mindset humanitarian Change education – line top up education shortfalls education up top – listen to parents on on to parents listen Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Failures of reconstruction of Failures . . . . . provision of long of provision limited and aid, humanitarian on reliance Continued peace for opportunities to responses fragmented and Slow The ‘securitization of aid’ dilemma dilemma aid’ of ‘securitization The system education of the capacity building in investment Insufficient security agenda security to donor peripheral is to education aid that Perception syndrome - term assistance term : – the DynCorp DynCorp the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Reconstructing . . . . . Make an early transition to long to transition early an Make humanitarian the down Break Make the case for education aid in a joined a in aid education for case the Make year replenishment per billion US$6 through reform) Strengthen the (and EFA Track Fast Initiative systems informationmanagement Focus on capacity Liberia) vs. (Sierra Leone assistance - security development agenda agenda development education - building, including education education including building, - development divide development - term development - up up Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 ReconstructingReconstructing Constant 2008 US$ millions Constant 2008 US$ millions 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 1997 1997 50 50 0 0 - - 1998 1998 1999 1999 - - 2000 2000 (2002) warend of Declaration of Official (2003) Agreement Peace 2001 2001 - 2002 - education education education 2002 Sierra Leone Leone Sierra Sierra 2003 2003 - 2004 - 2004 Liberia Development aid aid Humanitarian 2005 2005 - – – 2006 - 2006 donor support donor support donor . for education for support predictable more for allowing aid, development long of form the in support received more Sierra Leone - term Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Failures of peacebuilding of Failures . . . . conflict prevention and post and prevention conflict for strategies into integrated insufficiently Education Reform of not seena as education - peace () and (Bosnia implementation policy and principles Gap between policy education for assessments risk conflict undertakeLimitedto efforts : - conflict peace conflict building issue building - building Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 . . . . . Building peace Building Make schools non schools Make Ireland,Tanzania) U.R. (Northern identity shared and for equality Education instruction of language and curriculum Reform grievance. perceived) (and real address and equity on Focus of UNESCO and UNICEF and of UNESCO role the enhancing Fund, Peacebuilding UN the Expand - violent environments violent Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 Conclusion: An agenda for change for agenda An Conclusion: . . . . Use educationas a force for peace reconstruction for haul, the long for stay and early, Start responses humanitarian of centre the at education Put conflict in up caught for children protection rights human Strengthen EFA Global Monitoring Report 2 0 1 1

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