A Monthly Survey of News and Opinion
Published by the Southern Africa Committee of the University Christian Movement, Room 752, 475 Riverside Drive, N.Y., N.Y. 10027
Vol. II, No. 10 December 1969
CONTENTS PAGE
1. Editorial: "Play Up and Play the Game" 2
2. RHODESIA OR ZI4BABWE (Part Two) - No Middle Ground in Africa 3 (Background Article)
3. Economic Involvement in South Africa 9 U.S. Group to Join Oil Hung 9 Hong Kong Market Good 9 Chrysler Corporation in South Africa 9 Railways ii
4. Liberation Movements 12 ANC Leaflets Explode in South African Cities 12 PAC Leader Calls on OAU for Guerrilla Army 13 The Angolan Front 13
5. The U.S. and South Africa 14 Recent Developments on South African Airways 14 South Africa Drops Loan Request to U.S. n 14 16 6. Sports The South African Rugby Tour 16 South Africa Rejected Again? 16 17 7. Inside South Africa Bantustanst Development and Conditions 17 22 in ANC Trial 17 The New Afrikaner Party 18
8. Churches and Southern Africa - United Church Funds Liberated CONTENTS PAGE
9. News From Rhodesia 19 Fifth Anniversary Celebrated 19 Liberty Lobbyists Touring Rhodesia 19 Sanctions Continue 20 Detentions Increase 21 New Mines 21
10. Namibia 22 Self Reliance for SWAPO 22
With All Deliberate Speed 22
11. Defense 23 Ties With the West 23 SA/NATO: Call for Cooperation 23
12. At the United Nations 24 Resolution Adopted 24 Manifesto on South Africa 24
Editorial "Play Up and Flay the Game" Across the Atlantic the British are being hosts to a touring South African Rugby team. The South African team is chosen, of course, only from the white section of the popu lation, and this has prompted demonstrations at every game with attempts to disrupt the play. Many similarly white South African teams have visited Britain before, but it is the first time that they have been oppcsed in this fashion.
There has been considerable international pressure to ostracise South Africa from the world sports and cultural activities. The most obvious example in sport is the lack of an invitation for South Africa to participate in the Olympic Games. However, South Af rica's traditional partners in the rugby and cricket world have continued to play with her.
In Britain the traditional friendship broke down when an ex-South African of mixed descent was selected as a member of the British cricket team to tour South Africa. The South Af ricans refused to accept him and the tour was called off.
Isolation in sports hurts the white South Africans, but it is the fear of isolation in rugby that really hurts the South African government's supporter. To the Afrikaner, rugby is "his" game. The rugby team carries the country's prestige and demonstrates the manhood and power of the Afrikaner tribe to other nations. It is this fear which has made them accept Maoris in a rugby team from New Zealand for the first time. Now these demonstrations and disruptions in Britain are reducing their world even further as even their traditional friends recognize that they aid and abet racism when they join in sport with that racist white section of the South African population. 0
S(. or Amen. ~an, ~wUor We., Geiiari comi t~ panies which also have 6outh African, ~o ~kQ~\~ 0I~uLV-A and increasingly Angolan and ozambican, subsidiaries. Thus a long as Rhodesian (part Two) trade kit"4 South Ajrira ana '4th the Por Reprinted with Permission from the tuguese colonies continues (and both Africa Fund, 164 Madison Avenue, stated that they would continue normal New York, N.Y. trade, and disapproved of boycotts), structures exist for trading abroad through International Developments Since UDI third-party sanctions' breakers. Without help from South Africa and Mo United Nations Action - Sanctions. Fol zambique, Rhodesia's economy might have lowing the November 11, 195, Unilateral collapsed within weeks for lack of ai.l Declaration of Independence, the United Na Following U.No action, an immediat tem tions in late November asked all member na porary operation brovght oil overland from tions to enact voluntary sanctions against South Africa. Then the South African sub Rhodesia. Resolution 232 of December 16, sidiaries of Shell, British Petroleun, and 1966, made limited sanctions mandatory: Mobil financed a new 100,000 gallon petrol (1) it prohibited the import from depot at Messina, Transvaal, in easy reach Rhodesia of asbestos, iron ore, of the Rhodesian border. In March, 1968, chrome, pig-iron, sugar, tobacco, Smith could claim he had a year's petro meat and meat products, copper, leum supply in reserve. Iti. now be skins and leather; lieved that the Mozambique refinery at (2) it prohibited the export to Rho Lodrenco he bulk of Rho desia of arms, ammunition, mili desia' s needs_, _transpodrte directl_ by tary aircraft, vehicles, and equip rail; the oil must, of course, first come ment and materials for manufacture to that port y-Sfea, from other sanctions' and maintenance of arms and ammu breakers. nition; The London Times reported in August, (3) it prohibited the supply or provision 1967, that two Portuguese firms in Beira of transport facilities for oil. were importing more than 400 cars a month In June, 1967, a resolution reinforcing these for export to Rhodesia in covered trucks sanctions was adopted. In May, 1968, a new by night. In April, 1968, the Times re resolution was adopted, imposing comprehen ported that Rhodesia was getting spare sive mandatory sanctions. These now include parts for its Canberra (British) bombers a ban on investment, a trade boycott, nonre and Hunter fighters including complete cognition of Rhodesian passports, and with Avon engines, and was expecting "brand new drawal of all services. fighters with British jet engines." These The United States implemented U.N. reso were Impalas, jet trainers manufactured in lutions through an Executive Order of the South Africa under license from the Italian President. However, the U.S. consulate in firm Aermacchio South Africa is currently Salisbury, whose continued functioning had producing 300, five times her own training been defended as accredited to the Queen and needs, of the Impalas, which can be adapted having no connection with the Smith regime, to carry guns, rockets, or light bombs. remains open even though the Queen's repre In similar fashion, South African and sentative has withdrawn. It is reported that Portuguese agencies have enabled the Smith the consulate will function until November 11, regime to continue to export its basic pro ducts: asbestos, copper, chrome, iron ore, 1969, when it is expected that Smith will pro claim a republic on the anniversary of UDI. and some sugar and tobacco. Some interna tional trade figures are revealing. Bri This is an initial victory for conservative business pressure which seeks maintenance of tishimports from Rhodesia dropped 99 per U.S. diplomatic ties with Rhodesia and relaxa cent in the first quarter of 1967, compared to 1966, but imports from South Africa rose of sanctions. tion 20 per cent. Japan's imports from Rhodesia Southern1 Africa's Econor. A large propor dropped 99 per cent while her imports from tion of Rhodesian enterprises are subsidiaries South Africa rose 79 per cent. either of South African companies, or of British -4 Trade Discrepancies. According to U.N. re of 90,000 unemployed Africans is given ports, Rhodesia's exports in 1968 were valued unofficially. Unemployment is made at $256 million U.S. (1967, $264 million). worse by the inability of industry, Reporting countries which still traded with commerce, and agriculture to soak up Rhodesia showed imports of $75 million ($107 the thousands of African school leav million in 1967). South African imports wete ers. They represent a more educated estimated (S.A. does not report) at $80 mil and aspirant group than their tribal lion, the same as 1967. That left $100 mil fathers and therefore have a more ex lion not reflected in corresponding import plosive potential.... Last year 26,303 figures in world trade-the concealed trade of African children who left primary school sanctions' breakers. could not find places in secondary Imports are harder to analyze. Rhodesian school and have not found work. The imports were reportedly valued at $290 million 13,000 or so children at Rhodesia's Af in 1968 ($262 in 1967), of which only $45 mil rican secondary schools have a bleak lion ($65 million in 1967) could be accounted future. Anyway, they face general dis for. It is estimated that a large part of the crimination against Africans in white remaining $245 million came from or through collar employment, made worse today by South Africa. white competition for fewer jobs...."
The Rhodesian Economy. Despite continuing and, he might have added, made enfuriating by analysis of the ineffectiveness of internat- the government's continuing emphasis on spe ional sanctions, they are hurting the Rhode- cial incentives to attract white immigration. sian economy. The value of exports dropped European immigration in 1968 was 7,000 com nearly 50% from UDI to 1969. Rhodesia's share pared to 4,500 in 1965; but a downward trend of Zambian imports, 34% in 1965, was 6% for at the end of 1968 is continuing. the first half of 1968, at considerable cost The government is attempting to repatriate! to Zambia. Coupled with the effects of drou- nonindigenous Africans, and an estimated ght in 1968, agriculture was hit hard and 30,000 men have left s.nce the end of 1965. strained the national budget. Finance Minis- They had come mainly from neighboring coun- i ter John Wrathall told Parliament that an an- tries whose men have had to seek employment nual growth rate of 6 A was necessary to as- abroad for many years, and their return will sure "a minimal improvement in the standard of increase the economic problems of their living." But economic growth in 1968 was at homelands as well as their own. This is a j, 3%, only a third of the previous year when the statistic which should affect Rhodesian Af establishment of import-substitute industries rican employment favorably; but the job created new wealth in some areas, opportunities made available by their depar Employment of Europeans is perhaps a better ture will not recur. indication of economic change. It is down in agriculture (700 workers, or 15%) and commerce Relations With Britain (500, or 2%); up in mining (250 or 9%), manu facturing (1,500 or 9%) and government admin- The Six Principles. The first post-UDI istration (1,500 or 15%$. In addition, about negotiations between British Prime Minister 1,000 tobacco farmers, 1/3 of the total, have Wilson and Ian Smith were held in 1966 on thev given up tobacco farming, although some may British destroyer Tiger. They were not suc-," have diversified their crops and remained in cessful although the British proposals for ':r farming (the remaining tobacco farmers have settlement, based on the 1961 Rhw.sia cut back, and are growing wheat and cotton), constitution, would have ensured continued It is known that firms have been prohibited fromwhite control for eight to twelve years. No discharging redundant labor, but not accurately offer to negotiate or proposals for indepen-1 how this effects the general employment picture. dence were made by Britain to representatives., Correspondent John Worrall, expelled from Rho- of the black majority, nor were they invited I desia early in 1969, wrote in the Daily Mails to these talks. After Smith's rejection of compromise, and under prodding by the Common% "Unemployment goes steadily up. In wealth countries, the British position stif- j 1960, 647,000 Africans were employed in fened to support an announced minimriu basis It industry, commerce, and agriculture. To- for agreement of six principles. The first day's most conservative estimate is that five of these had been suggested originally this has dropped to 605,000, but a figure in June, 1964 by a Conservative party governn,-t, as a basis acceptable to Britain Following the referendum vote, the Queen for an independence constitution: accepted the resignation of Governor General Sir Humphrey Gibbs, and Rhodesia House in (1) guarantee of the principle and in London closed, ending the last ties between tention of unimpeded progress to the countries. The United Nations was unable majority rule; to reach agreement on further action follow (2) guarantees against retrogressive ing the referendum. However, publicity is amendments to the constitution; now being given to sanctions' breaking ships (3) immediate improvement in the political and some have been forced to turn back. The status of the African population; U.N. sanctions committee is taking a more ac (4) progress towards ending racial discri tive part but relies on the British for infor mination; mation. (5) the British government to be satis fied that the basis for independence Nationalist Opposition is acceptable to the people of Rho desia as a whole; The opposition of both major (banned) Af (6) regardless of race, no oppression of rican political parties to the Fearless pro majority by minority or of minority posals explains their immediate political by majority. programs as well. Zimbabwe News, Dec. 7, 1968, carried the Zimbabwe African National Union The Fearless Proposals. The day after the statement, embodying the following points: Smith regime was legitimized internally by its highest court, Smith announced his wil (1) That the 1961 Constitution, having lingness to resume negotiations with Britain been rejected by the 5 million Africans and Wilson, for his own reasons, was ready. of Zimbabwe upon the sound and true rea Meetings on the British destroyer Fearless, son that it represents the negation of in the Mediterranean, were therefore held the rights and heritage of the African during October, 1968. Representation from people, cannot be made the basis of an the African majority was again excluded. independence constitution; The British proposals were very like those made on the Tiger, but with a major conces (2) That the only acceptable constitution sion to Smith. His government would be le for Zimbabwe is one based on the principle galized for the first time and, with broad of ONE MAN ONE VOTE - free and unfettered ened representation, would be allowed to re by any artifical educational, income, tain power through the transitional period. property, or other discriminatory device Proposals for the franchise and the structure or contrivance; of government differed only in detail from those of the 1961 and 1965 constitutions. (3) That no racial, etlnic, religious, Wilson's proposals for keeping faith with the or other class or group of persons in African majority and with the Commonwealth Zimbabwe must claim or be granted any consisted of two provisions which he believed special privilege under the Constitu would prevent regressive amendment to the in tion, be it social, political, economic, dependence constitution: a "blocking quarter" or otherwise, solely on account of their of elected African legislators and provision race, religion, etc., save that the fun for appeal to the British Privy Council. The damental law shall guarantee and protect latter was rejected by Smith as an "enfringe the universally acknowledged individual ment of sovereignty" and the negotiations fell human rights; and through. This whole legalistic approach ignored the (4) 1hat consistent ?ith t e foregoing, political fact that, with Smith or another the legislature must comprise electoral racist as head of government and a white ma seats elected by all citizens who ful jority in the legislature, repressive and fill citizenship and residence qualifi racist measures could continue to be enacted cations on a common roll based on the and enforced as they had been since 1961 with principle of universal adult suffrage. out reference to the constitution. Britain, however, continues to hold out the Fearless The Zimbabwe African People's Union state proposals as a solution whenever there may be ment, issued in January, 1969, was similar: a group in Rhodesia willing to accept them and able to assume power. (1) Immediate and unconditional release Political DeveloEents Inside Rhodesia of all freedom fighters condemned to death; all freedom fighters in imprison The combination of the Fearless proposals ment and all those under detention and and the new constitution, against the back restriction; dropping of all charges and ground of economic sanctions and international release of any freedom fighters under isolation, was responsible for the development arrest; of a Centre party. It was organized by white moderates, mainly businessmen under the lea (2) Free and unfettered conditions for dership of Pat Bashford, and campaign vigo Mr. Joshua Nkomo, leader of the African rously against the constitution and for recon people of Zimbabwe, to take full charge ciliation with Britain. Bashford, however, and conduct of all the affairs of the called in vain for one of the more prominent African people in order to bring about whites who secretly supported his position to immediate and unqualified majority rule; publicly assume the leadership. A far-right Conservative party also claimed (3) Dissolution of the minority regime credit for the "No" vote on the constitution. and all its institutions; Announcement of a new African nationalist party, the Democratic party, was made last (4) Drawing of an unqualified majority August; it claimed roots in ZAPU and called rule independence constitution with no for a constitutional conference to be attend elements whatsoever of class, racial, ed by parties representative of the people, or tribal distinctions or differentia including the detained African leadership. tions; Immediately following the referendum, the Dem ocratic party united with the official African (5) Immediate, total, and radical recon opposition in the legislature, the United Peo struction of the army, police, and ad ple's party, to form the National Peoples ministration so that these correspond Union headed by Gordon Chavanduka, a universit with the principles and purposes of ma sociology lecturer. Opposition leader Percy jority rule; Mkudu is deputy president. There were other indications of African op (6) All racist and reactionary laws must position to the constitution. Smith was de cease to have effect immediately and be feated in only one of 50 constituencies, but expunged from the statutes. that was Willowvale which contains substantial, numbers of African and Coloured voters. (The Majority rule must take immediate effect Centre party reported that few of the 6,600 with no transition whatsoever. Africans eligible to vote actually voted.) Smith has denied the assertion of Chief Kayisa Both ZANU and ZAPU statements make it ob that 23 of 25 chiefs opposed the constitution vious that their opposition to the 1969 Smith at a council of chiefs, meeting on June 16. constitution is unequivocal. Post-referendum Student opposition at the University Collegi statements from the parties are not yet av of Rhodesia has been forthright. Felix Machew,. ailable; but on the eve of the referendum, president of the Students' Representative Counik ZANU commented: cil, stated:
"The answer has been predetermined by a "This is a point of no return for the Rho careful manipulation of the franchise desian government. Shattered are the qualifications and the delimitation of hopes for a settlement; hopes for the A the constituencies. The so-called con Fearless terms; hopes for majority rule. sultation of the nation is a hollow In view of this, the people who are against ' i mockery and a travesty of justice." the trend of events in this country must come out and make their stand clear. The London representative of ZAYU stated People must stand up and protest .... " immediately following the vote: "The referen dum has no effect on what must be done to li The Future of Rhodesia berate our people. Their positian will now get worse than before." The 1969 Constitution. The Constitution 14(
which Ian Smith assured Rhodesians would "soun ' the dcath knell of the prinoipjl of ,jotv rule" was adopted by the nlori.ty al ,torate in a referendum held June 20, 1969. Out of ticA ier (,.? 'be opc0K-ly e .~ ,A!& ° 88,217 registered voters, 54,724 voted in in each they are divided eqaaJ! lbe tween Matabeleland and Ia-honalm d. favor of the constitution While 20,776 voteci against it; a larger majority voted for the Afican ~1 ALIinrise afte, republic. The new document replaces Africans pa- -hu 24% o:C- per the 1965 sonal incom e.. (currently they pay less constitution which, according to a Rhodesian Front Government White than 1%).* Additional African Assemblymen Paper, had "objection will then be addit.ted two at a time, with the able features,8, particularly provision for first two elected by the chiefs, the next two eventual African rule and failureto guarantee by African roll votzs, and so on. In each retention of the government in "responsible case"th .ditui. frort. Matabele hands." land and one from Mashoalanrd The Head of The most retrogressive provisions of the State is given the duty of changing qualifi constitution are the guarantee against Afri cations for d,' f an voiUras ro, thus can majority rule; the permanent separation of making iti .. achbieve electoral rolls by race; the establishment of a majority a police state; the codification in the consti tution of division of land by race; and an em Voting Qualifications. Two electoral phasis on tribal divisions. Parts of the con rolls are rtaine. Rbtthey are demarcated stitution including the Declaration of Rights racially, Dmropean and bffrica. o The Euro have not been spelled out specifically. As pean includes Aa andMM3 -Id~ed (oAly a an example, point 12 reads: few thousand who cannot influence the roll). Qaalifications for both have been raised. "As in the existing Declaration provision European vot-rs Yast now have an income not will be made that laws authorizing the less than $2520 or inovable property valued taking of justifiable measures during a at $5040 or more; or alternatively, either period of public emergency and discipli income of $1680 or $3360 in property and, nary laws may contain provisions which are in addition, four years' secondary educa inconsistent with certain rights in the tion. African vo t ers must have an income Declaration." of $840 a year or imovable property valued at $1680; or either $560 a year or $1120 in Other provisions are quite specifics property and in addition two years' secon dary education. "No court will have the right to inquire into or pronounce upon the validity of Cecztiv, ' a, chosen any law on the grctd 'It it i 2-con by arn -,: Y , 6 i 1 __ g of sistert with the Declaration of Rights, ' Prime aud otb'r ministers. But the ¢at,'tve Council mill "consist of the The Legislature, The Head of State is named Prime 1iter and such other Ministers as part of the legislatureq though of neither the Head of Statft, acting on the advice of house; bills are sent for his assent, but no the friis = tAr, zT.po LppoIY.The Head definition of his powers in respect to legisla of State also appoints the Prime Minister tion (veto, delay) is given. A Senate consists of ten Europeans elected by the European members of the Assembly from * This statweent conveys the candidates nominated by European voters; ten impression that Africans do not African chiefs elected by the Council of Chiefs, contribute to the apport of the state. five from Matabeleland and five from Mashona They pay a head tax vhich equalled land; and three members appointed by the Head 1/6 of total tax r'msT,.-1 k? 1940, of State. In essence, the Senate can only de and naturally tvy contribute toward payment of company taures, lay legislation for 180 days, although it is customs taxes, and excise said to replace both the Constitutional Coun and sales taxes which provide most cil and the courts in safeguarding the Decla of the national income. Recently income ration of Rights. taxes have been reduced in favor of A House of Assembly consists of 50 Euro increased ""Jk" t. ta=atiod which pean mexbers and 16 African mraemb,,rs. HUCIf_of the African members will be electad bY chiefs, to i Li ' xrr ic'. -8 in a confusing ciroular '-jtm Th% Ka'.' Lh :ouJ~i AfjJ.<: ', coiirts i ,ieiud tbl: 'lose t of ffiok-' is r5 _'I O.P "' 44 advice of the Executive Council. His wst cooperation of V, Jetian and South African important power, other than varying the Af military forces as well as something of the rican voters' roll, appears to be power to extent of organization and armament of the appoint a chief justice and other judges of guerrillas. Defeuo. ' were arrested, or the high court in which all judicial authority captured, in ilhodesia by either Rhodesian is vested; but he may have undetailed powers or South African forces and handed over to in regard to land. South Africa. Officers of both countries testified in South African courts. The Police State. The Head of State has News nearly always comes by way of the power to declare a state of emergency for South African or Rhodesian press follotng twelve months before it must be renewed. the captuz-e or, defeat of one or more Afri Preventive detention and restriction are can nationalist guerrillas, and the inter authorized (i.e. punishment without charges) pretation h a xih r0anies it is that of trial, or right of appeal) with a tribunal the white ,ho is . attack. to review detainees cases ch year. Pro But despite tdis ditficulty, it is E-pparent vision is made for extention of existing that A!ricans, with their parties banned, laws permitting the regulation of telephones their leadership imprisoned, their meager mail, and broadcasting to cover newspapers remaining rights imnder attack and majority and other publications. The ,7_-'sion of rule perman ntly enjd,,,,ed, a re fighting bac] the 1965 constitution relating to fr-edoe a the only left to them; and that high. from discrimination by executive or adminis ly trained and superbly equipped modern trative acts is omitted. The Declaration of European forces have been unable to end the Rights is weakened in other respects and par guerrilla threat. ticularly because most of its provisions have not been spelled out exactly and it is not clear how this will be done. The result of the Rhodesian referendum Land Division. Members of one race are not has been the polarization of forces. Bri permitted to own land in another area except tain is no longer an effective factor in when granted rights under the mining laws. The the situation. U.N. sanctions and inter division of land is roughtly 44 million acres national isolation have some, but not a de for Europeans, 45 million for Africans, and six cisive, effect on Rhodesian stability. An million remaining as national land vested in alternative to perpetual white minority rul( the Head of Sta-'Ytb. l Tri t Land is 41so tbrvgh a -ste has now become pos vested in the Head cd Sf- '-te 'It6 Board of sible only by a AREAS WHERE OFF-SHORE OIL DRILLING OPERATIONS ARE SCHEDULED TO TAKE PLACE africadig it. With a selection of pamphlets and reprints prepared by the Africa Re search Group. Ajncan Studies in America: The Extended Famiily (50c How Harvard Rules (SI) Lavid & Goliath Collaborate in Africa ( Oc) The Stnggle in Guinea by Amilcar Cabral (25c) The Class Strnggle in Africa by Samir Amin (25c1 The Powers Behind Apartheid h\ G. Fasulo (25c Tale of a Guerilla Fighter I Oc) There's more if you write to us with feeling and 25c for mailing. 1 afria rt-eani group p.o. box 213 cambrid e. mass. 02138 ,-10- Financial Mail September 5 1969 Avis has started up in South Africa. Why rent a car from an upstart? Upstarts have to try harder. Or down they go. Take us for instance. -We're in South Africa with a fleet of shiny new Chrysler Valiants and other fine cars. Up to our ears in debt. This makes us uncommonly pleasant and hardworking. If you rent a car from us, we won't ask you to fill up forms. We will do this for you. Want to know the best hotel in Pofadder? When the lions dine at Skukuza? We'll oblige. Will wc try as hard when successful? Hope you stay with us long enough to find out. Johannesburg: $36-5226 RENT ",C- ca~pc Town: z-83z9 • Bloemfontein: 8-972o . Port Lihzlnbi'h: 2-312P - Durban: 31-1241 from the TanzarI1±n'~, it ts cnl rt committed -i-f railiAmys , Raiilz-a-rthe most colori'vl to a Mali/atinea -- lway ,,zeision1,nvolv Africa is Angola's Benguela Railway Oce ing the laying of over 4WO miles of- track. party - fond3,y remembered as the HAunt This line will link Bamako with Conakry in Sally", line by anyone who ha e priwnced Guinea, thereby providing Mali with an the 838 bouncing miles from Lobito Port to important new outlet to the sea, the Congo border, And despite the fact Finally, and possibly too late, the West that "terrorists" take pot shots at the has woken up, and is trying to make up a drivers, mine the line now and then, and little lost ground in the Congo with sug even remove rails on occasion, these are gestions for a Luluabourg/Kinshasa link boom days for "Aunt Sally." Since Rhode which would offer both Zambian and Congolese sia's UDI in 1966, Zambia has been export copper mines an improved route to the At ing thousands of tons of copper ingots to lantic. At present traffic between the two the West Coast at Lobito via Congo-Kin cities goes mainly by the Congo s river shasa. system. Before 1966 Benguela Railvay carried At the moment, though, t'A Congolese no Zambian ore - nowadays the figure hov government is not convinced that it needs ers around 150,000 tons a year. Further the line, and as yet has not even given the more, Angolan officials seem unperturbed go ahead for a feasibility study, permis by Zambia's plans for a rail link from sion for which has been requested by various its Copperbelt to Tanzania's East Coast firms like Lonrho (see last month's issue, port of Dar es Salaam, believing that p. 11). While the terrain is not as rugged, Zambia will still want to send a large pro the distance involved is about the same as portion of its ore westwards, especially the Tanzam line, and will also cost about while the Suez Canal remains closed. Some $238 million - plus about another $112 mil Angolans even believe that expansion of lion for equipment. The World Bank, it seems, "Aunt Sally' s" facilities would ultimately might be willing to provide the loan, and persuade Zambia to forget the Tanzania now everyone is waiting for the green light route altogether. from Kinshasa to herald the rush for con That, however, is unlikely, for the pro tracts. posed "Tanzam" line is as much a political as an economic necessity. Zambia in fact could manage quite well without the Tanzan ia link - but that would mean total reliance on Angola and arch-enem Rhodesia. Zambia would also like to stop lining Angola~s (and thereby Portugal's) pocket. Even before Rhodesia snatched its illegal independence, Zambia wanted the Tanzam line and approached the West for the $238 million needed for the 1,100-mile route. The West, and particularly the USA, demurred. Then the communist Chinese stepped in mith an of fer of an interest-free loan and assistance. "TASMCA The line has been surveyed by Chinese ex perts, and in early November a Chinese de legation arrived in Dar es Salaam to begin the final discussions before actual construc to emphasize that No final details have been con Care has been taken tion begins. benefit the Congo - copper firmed yet, but the line will probably be the project would a commodity credit agree could be shipped out without going through paid for through Angola, and Matadi, the Congo's main port, ment - which, some observers fear, will mean Zambia will be swamped with would receive a terrific boost. But with that Tanzania and Tanzania and goods. considerable investments in poor-quality Chinese like Lonrho will have to There is also a fear that China may have Zambia, companies tread very careffully - fo- Ifere the word to bitten off more than it can chew. For, apart -12- get aijund that thu rail iy wx boigm -g loud 'Voico 1Y1 an Amfrican languag.. gested purely as an answ-er to the imnese He said, "I've .,, xci'. crowds in V7 Tanzan, the Africans right become a trifle titae and this wai! one of i~~dodble restive. Above all, there is nothing like parked my car and called the Railway Police. a hint of the Cold War to get things moving On a ledge above the e'tion entrance they in black Africa. (Newscheck, l/1//1 6 9) found a papr ,.: r bag Uvough xftich ran a chain attached to something inside and locked to a pole on the ledge. The Railway Police looked in the bag and told me there was a tape recorder inside. They had to cut the chain to remove it." In Port Elizabeth leaflets were scattered in at least two places, both near non-white bus terminals. In one of them, Strand Street, a plsi.'~was ti vom£ra fast. moving van. The bag burst and tl leaflets spilled out. Police rushed to the scene and( seized some of the leaflets. But others blew away in the wind. t The same thing happened in East London. Leaflets spilled out of a plastic bag and w4C. L&eag _N TEP\OSe. were blown around and a crowd quickly gath ered around them. 1 In Johannesburg leaflets were found at The Freedom Figher is not only the t mined several railway stations used mainly by guerila of Umkhonto we Sizwe. "Every man, Africans. every woman, every worker, every youth can The only police comment came from Briga- 6 help in the freedom struggle. Wherever you dier Venter, head of the Security Police. :e are you must find a way of organising those He refused to comment when be was asked around you. If you are careful and work cle whether he thought the explosions would lead M verly you will cheat the enemy and make the to a new series of trials and said m e have j task of his police and agents more difficult. only just started investigating., ,i All must work to end the white terror! There can be no liberation without sacrificel" Near Riot in Township Three days later after the leaflet dis- ' Thousands of African National Congress leaf tribution there ms a protracted disturbance lets were scattered in almost simultaneous ex in Laan, an African tomnship near Cape Town. plosions in Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East According to a police spokesman, a policeman O London, Durban and Johannesburg in the after on patrol asked a passing African for his noon of Friday, November 14. pass-book. When the man iled to produce 11 In Cape Town the leaflets burst out of a his pass thepoliceman tried to arrest him. ,01 plastic bucket outside the Standard Bank in A friend of the man without a pass joined jc, Adderley Street. The leaflets had been put in the struggle and tried to get a hold of a in a bucket with an explosive charge and the the policeman's revolver. The policeman the charge was detonated. It was 5.45 pm and an opened fire, killing the man he had original, excited crowd soon gathered and grabbed the stopped and seriously wounding the other. leaflets. More police arrived on the scene and al- M, After the police arrived passers-by were though it was quite a large crowd gathered searched for leaflets and later a Security and tried to prevent the police removing Branch officer said that possession of the the body. People trwestones and bottles i leaflet was illegal. at the police and it took about 50 policemenm Just before, from the roof of an entrance to disperse them. to a nearby railway station, a tape-recorder blared out ANC slogans. An ex-Rhodesian Tape Recording Calls for Action police officer who was driving past the sta The following is part of thie text. of the fo tion said he saw a crowd of about 50 Africans ANC tape recording: "The time has come. standing outside the station entrance. Thr This gov0 ,, of a , government ough the closed windozps of his he heard a of oPPres-,JX Q.h a, oos t b . 13 removed from power and crushed by the people! to racialism! lvhyi buyoe! Afrr ' I 1 Sons and daughters of Afrike, you who in your Amandlal Ke Mako! Ayi holme! millions have toiled to make this country wich, the ANC calls upon you - NXVFR submit (Reprinted frun Anti-Apartheid News, to whzite oppression...NEVER give up the Free London) dom Struggle - find ways of organising those around you - The African National Congress PAC LEADERS CALL ON O.A.U. FOR calls you to be ready - to be ready for war! GUERRILLA ARMY You will soon learn how to make a petrol bomb. You will also learn how to shoot a Potlakko Leballo of the Pan Africanist gun. You mast learn how to outwit the enemy, Congress said in Freetown, Sierra Leone, his spies and informers, and organise those recently that the Organization of African around you. We are many, they are few. Unity should recruit and train Africans to "The ANC calls upon you to help our young guerrilla tacti.: °'c could then be distri men, our freedom fighters. We organise our buted by the O.AU to fighT alcA.gside selves into small groups, we carry guns, sud liberation moverr~nt s in Southern Africa. denly we attack the enemy, we kill them and He clarified his statement by saying that we take their weapons and we hide away...in his movement did not want African "mercen the forests, the mountains, the countryside, aries" but rather O.A.U. recruits organized the people hide the young men. Every one of into a people's liberation army. (New you can help in this fight. Everyone can be York Times, 11/30/6;;: a freedom fighter. In your factory, in your school, in the land, in your church -where THE ANGOLAN FRONT: ever you are amongst the people - you must Basil Davidson Reports in West Africa find a way of organising those around you. Nov. 1, 19 If you work carefully you will be able to cheat the enemies and his spies and infor There are an estimated 50,000 Portu mers, guese troops committed to fight in Portu "Nelson Mandela said he was prepared to gal's largest colony, - Angola. The war die for the freedom of his People. What do has now gone on for nine years, and in you say dear young brother, my dear young spite of the massivepersonnel, supported sister? Sons of Sekhuni, Sons of Shaka, Sons by bombers, helicopters and psycho-war of Hintsa, Sons of Moshoeshoe... the time has techniques, the Portuguese appear to be in come. Freedom lovers of South Africa, the time a worse military position than three years to fight has come. ago. Davidson c it4s the origins of this Guerrilla war has brought victory to the change as thie oixenirn of new fronts by the people of Algeria, to the people of Cuba, to guerrillas in :966, in particular the major the people of Vietnam. Those people did not thrust of the Popular Movement for the Lib have big armies. They were like us. Guer eration of Angola (MPLA) under the leader rilla fighters organise themselves in small ship of r. Agostinho Neto. In addition, groups. Suddenly when the enemy is not ex the Union for Total Independence of pecting them, they attack. They kill and Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas Savimbi, has grab the guns and disappear. been active during this period. The O.A.U. "There are many ways to be a freedom fight Liberation Committee supports the I-LA, and er. You will soon learn how to make a petrol recently sent a military delegation on a tour into IMILA-held territory. major ac bomb. You will soon learn how to shoot a MPLA's gun. You must learn how to outwit the enemy tivity is in the provinces of Moxico and Cuando Cubango in Angola's east, and the and organise those around you. We are many more central of Malange and Bie'. and they are few. You must have secret ad provinces admit to dresses of your reliable friends who will Portuguese milit z communiques and Com agree to hide you or your weapons or other NIPA activity,, a Benguela Railway an attack on the freedom fighters. You must be ready to sac pany official atbributed rifice. You must start now to find hiding railway to this movement also. places. The countryside, the bush, the forest, the mountains - these will also be come your secret addresses. The time has come. The African National Congress calls upon you to organise and to prepare. Death Meanwhile, the progress of ;.h i ol ,*Odiare Lth AJ.'i' an Aiiway , dl tion Government in Exile (G1AI) stationed vertises facilities in South Africa in Kinshasa, Congo is interpreted by David it should at the same time inform son to be non-aggressive and non-imagina members of thepublic that these fa tive. There are persistent rumors of Ameri cilities are not equally available to can backing to Holden Roberto's party, CIA all tourists, white or non-white." contacts, numbered bank accounts in Geneva, etc. A Swiss journalist and photographer, In response to this, South African Air Pierre Pascal Rossi, spent 46 days inside ways is discontinuing distribution of bro Angola in GRAE territory during the summer chures and other promotional materials which of 1969, and has published his account make reference to types of facilities in (Pour Une (uerre Oubliee, Paris, 1969). South Africa which may not be available to He reached GRAE territory after marching persons of all races. through Portuguese controlled areas which, Spokesmen in the CAB Enforcement Divi according to Rossi, extends 250 miles south sion Lidicated that South African Airways of the Congo (K) border. The GRAS area, cannot advertise South Africa in any way; often called the "dirty triangle," measures they can only advertise the airline. about 80 miles long/30 miles wide. The pic The issue of discx1ndnaticin by South ture drawn by Rossi is one of a guerrilla African Airways is a more thorny question controlled area, cut off from the movement's since it is the con "Iats that performs that center in Congo, which "continues to supply act in its visa-granting practices. The it with arms and other materials, by many spokesmen agreed that the legislation days and even weeks of hard marching through amending the Federal Aviation Act might in enemy-held territory." In addition the guer deed be necessary. rillas (several thousand in number) "have practically no offensive capacity." Anti-Apartheid Victory as South Africa Davidson sunmarizes the GRAE situation as Drops Loan Request to U.S. Banks one of survival, "waiting for the Pbrtu guese to collapse," while Holden Roberto South African apartheid's first major "maintains a political apparatus in exile, setback at the hands of a growing U.S. pub as well as some defensive foothold inside lic opinion was revealed this week when it the country, so that, when others whom he became known that the 10-bank revolving sees as rivals do eventually bring about the credit of $40 million extended to South Af Portuguese collapse, he can call on outside rica since 1959 would not be renewed this allies to support his bid for national lea year at the request of the South African dership." government itself, Pressure on the ten U.S. banks, headed by Chase Manhattan and First National City, has grown year by year as the credit became ~~ "Ue the symbol of direct U.S. support for a brutal racist police state. "It is en tirely possible that the banks themselves initiated the action to terminate the cre dit arrangement, even though the announced procedure was from the Government of South Africa to Dillon Read & Co. (handling ar rangements) to the banks," according to George M. Houser, Executive Director of the American Committee on Africa which has led the campaign for disengagement from South Africa. The banks have been feeling RECENT DEVELOPM1ENTS increasing disapproval of their policies The Bureau of Enforcement of the Civil from institutional as well as individual Aeronautics Board has replied to Congress sources in the U.S. man Diggs' inquiries about South African A Committee of Conscience against Airways advertising. It is their position Apartheid, headed by ACOA co-chairman A. that: Philip Randolph, spearheaded a drive in 1966 i'or withdrawal of accounts and busi The v.were .: in 'i increasingly ness from the apartheid-supporting banks. unvzomfor.abje Iab,)slAon ner _ttack in In this, the churches took the lead. Over public, frow wii hin th:ir own institutions, the years the United Methodist Board of from depositors, st, c1nolders and government Missions withdrew a $10 million investment officials, and in the U ted Nations. The portfolio from First National City; stud highly visible C:ao.it u.ageent was more ents and faculty of Union Theological trouble than it was worth. And South Africa, Seminary organized the withdrawal of ac which has not drawn on the fund for some counts from the irst National City branch years, also thought it best to cut her near the seminary; the Episcopal Church de losses in world puolic opinion. cided to withdraw from all banks that con "The significance of our victory in the tinued in the consortium; and most re bank campaign, wt-ia the ending of the con cently the United Church and the United sortium, is a nLY -ormed ;nd aroused Presbyterian Church voted to end business American public *yinion can. end U. S. finan relationships with all involved banks. cial and econo~m support for apartheid," 14r. Such groups as the magazine Christianity Houser stated jeT, ill only at the and Crisis also withdrew accounts. beginning. Most people in the U.S. do not Student concern about university and yetknow and find it hard to believe that the other institutional support for the banks U.S. government actually subsidizes South and about their investments in South Africa Africa through the sugar cpota system to the has also grown in the past few years. Cor amount of some $ *uii:' a year, although nell dropped the banks from its investment she is not an und rdeveloped nation; we do portfolio. Princeton undertook a study of not need the sugar; and there is not the sha investment policy. At the University of dow of an excuse for this policy. Public Wisconsin, Rutgers, Brown, Antioch, Univer awareness is groing, legislation has been sity of Chicago, University of California introduced into Congress to end this - al (Santa Barbara), Boston Theological and though the President could act without many others, the issue was raised in various Congress - and we confidently expect to other ways. end the sugar subsidy next year. As a result of these campaigns, questions "Similarly, we are pressing the question were often raised at stockholders' meetings, of South African Airways, an agency of the in particular the annual meetings of Chase South African government, which has been Manhattan, First National City and Morgan granted a Johannesburg/New York flight sche Guaranty in 1967 and 1968. On several oc dule permit in violation of U.N. policies casions, demonstrations were held at the and is being subsidized by a U.C. mail con time of meetings, or to emphasize planned tract. Because the South African system is withdrawals. More recently N.Yo State completely discriminatr: on a racial basis, Assemblyman Franz Leichter urged State we believe that the operation of this air Controller Levitt to remove funds from line is an unconstitutional attack on the banks loaning to South Africa, and nine U.S. civil rights of U.S. citizens, and we ex Congressmen urged in letters to the banks' pect our next victory here. presidents non-renewal of the loan But much remains to be done. U.S. invest The latest stage of the campaign this ment in South Africa is growing constantly and the government's verbal opposition to was focused by ACQA on the presence of year the a branch of Chemical Bank at the U.N. head apartheid and to takeover of South West quarters. The U.N. has frequently expressed Africa are contradicted by actions that its opposition to the apartheid policies of strengthen the South African state. We want total disengagement from support of apart South Africa and the General Assembly has non called for the severing of economic rela heid and aid, instead, to the majority tionships which would include such financial white population in its struggle against the world's most vicious racist dictator credit arrangements. After ACOA called the attention of U.N. delegations to the presence ship." of Cheical, the General Assembly passed a resolution calling on the U.N. and its affi (Press Release issued by ACOA, 11/25/69) For further informnction, write ACOA, liates specifically to "?refrain from extend ing facilities to banks and other financial 164 Madison Avenue institutions which provide assistance" to New York, N. Y. 10016 South Africa and firms registered there, -16- In the United Kingdom the Home Office of the British Government "is drawing up a re port on the anti-apartheid demonstration at Saturday's Springbok Rugby match in Swanswa, Jin which 22 people, including 10 policemen, were treated at hospitals and 67 people were arrested." The ainouncement followed a com plaint to the British Government by anti apartheid leaders that their followers ra ceived a "brutal" beating at the hands of the police and vigilante spectators. This was the most violent demcnstration faced by the Springboks so far who have completed only h of 25 games of their three month tour. "Labour M.P. Mr. hugh Jenkins, called for an inquiry, saying it ,,;as essential that both "The Political Nature of South African Parliament and public: be informed of the Sports" might well be the sub-title of the facts. This is so that we may judge whether current Springbok Rugby tour of the United it would be in the general interest to ask Kingdom. The tour has charged debate with the Springboks to return home and call the in the governments of both South Africa and rest of the tour off." (Rand Daily Nail, Britain. -1/17/69) While the world of sports has for some time now been sensitive to the political SOUTH AFRICA REJECTED AGAIN? implications of the South African export- her sports teams, which she seeks to use to New Zealand's representative on the Inter counter opinion against her domestic racial national Olympic Committee, Mr. Lance Cross, policies, the debate has forced concern to on November 18th charged that "African and mount within South Africa as the right-wing Asian countries were threatening his country becomes more vocal in protest over liberali with 'international sporting blackmail' be zation, "verligte" policies of the Vorster cause it took part in sporting events in regime. Liberalization here consists of South Africa." By this he meant that they allowing Maoris to participate in a future would vote against New Zealand application tour by a New Zealand Rugby team. This of to stage the 1974 Commonwealth Games at course undermines the traditional race Christchurch. separateness policies, a prospect in which But "in Aktclcand last night (i.e. 11/18) the newly formed Reconstituted National the Amateur Athletic Centre delegates endorsed Party (extreme right-wing "berkramptes") a recommendation by their executive that the may find sufficient reason to challenge New Zealand Amateur Athletic Association the Vorster government. It is the opinion should not invite South Africa to the New of David Winger, correspondent for the Zealand athletic championships next February." Christian Science Monitor, that (Rand Daily Mail, 11/19/69) "the country will be even more dis posed to the government's verligte A NEW FRIEND FOR WHITE SUPREMACISTS? policies if the tourists (the Springboks) Reported in the Christian Science Mon are successful and emerge itor (11/13/69) was the story of Ghana's unscathed from demonstrations. A new Prime Minister, Dr. Kofi Busia, who boost to the country's morale could recently questioned -he OA.U.'s policy only assist Prime Minister Vorster of "no contact with South Africa." While and encourage the development of verligte policies in sport. A severe disruption calling apartheid "pernicious and dan gerous", Dr. Busia said he would of the tour, however, is likely to bene like South Africans "to come to Ghana to see fit the verkramptes. They could then things for themcelves" and did not be argue that South African teams touring 'liberalistic' countries can expect only lieve in not talking to those with whom humiliation; that pandering to world you do not agree. Shades of Dr. Banda! pressui-' is both foolish and degrading.", describes how this i, ekTswanc stan Vill UP Wit.( rose-4q1I 1!V8, there is no livelihood uz> h having iicz:rby, the men go off to distant eimplyment and the women and childr , " ~ al"ly - children, often starve. int' ey itances they starve to death, despite all "&it the hospital can do, and despite Wi acknowledged and cer tainly not ungenerous financial aid that the Government gives it-" (J'btu - Star, 11/15/69) If this is "as fast as ia possible", it is qito clear %hc is &flning the tsrms. TWEMT-TIVO Bf liTo'IL, T- e::eny~ % -c~nL.!n:L:%ing !,innie Man dela. ife of the -', mad of the banned African National _ Nelson Maxdela, ap peared in Pretoria s tra%is Court on October 28. They ,5tv shaz;ed under the Sup pi-.ssion of &.L-r " Pt'aSecutor ap pl.ed for a re-ia, 2, ; c tin Supreme Court for a summary trial on December 1. There was confusion over the lawyers. Joel Carlson, attorney for Mandela and six others, was challenged by Mandel ! ZA~ limnder in 1'A .- _s - It He PORTUGAL - Al GOLA - U.S3. &n DL6MKWND ~Coatinues IZLSals -Lc," ~yparingj the one p'party minori'y 21ve-many of the black Portugal has decided to o," Western An- niled African ...... pr entive gola to diamond exploration and has detention in some of thss nations, to Rho granted the first concession to a New desis and cond-U -2e U,. for acting on York concern, Diamond Distibutors Inc,. a 1 2,-LdA L lt .- Cur ind hypo which will frame a company called the Crisy. West Angola Diamond Company to be formed Dallas and Chicago newspapers have gone in July. This company will have rights to the defense of Rhodesia in the past with to precious stones for 30 years in an even more ferocity. Analysts of newspaper area of 37,000 square kilometers. The coverage of Africa have noted a swing to the company is expected to invest a minimum right in the press in African reporting. of $3,200,000 by the Portuguese govern- Readers should take note and spend some time ment. Although the company will techni- in peppering the press with a few facts and cally be a Portuguese company under Por- figures about the plight of the "silent ma tuguese law, technical and financial jority" in Rhodes: and Southern Africa as a backing will come from Diamond Distribu- whole. tors, Inc., one of the leading firms in the U.S. specializing in rough diamonds. LIBET LOBBYISTS T7Uf RHODESIA (New York Times, 5/13/69) A New Y2 ?'±mes stc-t7 of Nov. 16 reveals ,. i t : -ll: -'i ) American Liberty and.- ,, .desia who operate with z s'-iti- Jewish bias. "Salisbny P ~,Ji Nov. 15. Sirty seven members of -- United States conser ... atio® grou l n as tlie Liberty Lobby are turing Rhoce EJ on a 10-day goodwill iMdssion. "The Liberty Lobby, which seeks to act as a pressure group on the United States Congress, with t, air of opposing the spread of internatnoil Communism, has also sponsored a z.oro as the Friends of Rhode,5ian Independence in ~9AL~i '~1YAmerica. last FIFTH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATED "The visitors arrived in Salisbury November 11, 1969, remembered mostly for Saturday to take part Jn celebrations of the flurry of Veteran's day activities in the the fourth anni ary of the declaration of indepeie,,,uJec& Btitain by Rhodesia's U.S.A., also signified the f2th anna ,J2L - of Rhodeia ' Uilateral De& ,tion of Lnde +:Lte 514. .- goC).-.-mment. The group -20- is touring Rhodesia before going on "'We are going to do everything possible to South Africa on a further goodwill to bust this wide open when we get back,' mission. It is headed by Col. Ourtis he said. 'Our lobby will do all in its Bean Dall, who once was the husband power to have American sanctions against of Franklin D. Roosevelt's daughter, Rhodesia removed.' Anna. "Colonel Dall made no public comparisons "Colonel Dall, who is 73 years old, between the racial policies of the United is anything but an admirer of President States and Rhodesian governments, or be Roosevelt's political views. The New tween racial relations in the two coun Deal, the Yalta agreement between the tries. Be did say, however, that if the great powers in World War II, and Rhodesian issue were put to a national western participation in United Nations poll in the United States, there would be programs are anathema to him. an overwhelming majority in favour of Rhodesia's present independence structure. "He is the author of a highly critical book entitled: F.D.R.: My Exploited "He added that Americans would also dis Father-in-Law. He said that the book approve of the present United States had sold 100,000 copies and no action Administration's support for United Na for defamation has been brought a tions mandatory sanctions against Rhode gainst me. sia." Group Claims 250,000 Members. SANCTIONS CONTINUE In an article in the Christian Science "Colonel Dall said there were 250,000 Monitor of Nov. 6, David Winder balanced the members cf the Liberty lobby who contri optimistic interpretations of Rhodesia's fu buted $12 a year. On arrival at Salis ture with a few more sober comments. Ex bury airport a week ago he expressed cerpts follow: the 'warm greetings and admitation of about 100 million Americans to Rhodesia.' "Rhodesia appears to have won the early political and economic roungs in its "The following day members of the mission fight to consolidate its independence. were guests at a luncheon given by the That much is conceded by well-placed and Candour League of Rhodesia - an ultra Comonwealth observers here. Much less rightwing organization devoted to the certain is Rhodesia's ability to with maintenance of white supremacy in south stand over a long period the onslaught of ern Africa and the destruction of what it a deliberate international policy of at calls a 'world conspiracy of West and trition. East, abetted by world jewry and high fi nance' to set up an international gov "Though sanctions are seen here as the ernment. major weapon that ultimately will erode Rhodesia's economic base, observers also "The invitation to the Americans to visit do not under-estimate the cumulative ef Rhodesia is believed to have come from fect of relentless guerrilla attacks on the Candour League, but Colonel Dall the borders. This, after four years of said that each member was paying his own Rhodesia's declared independence, is the expenses. Colonel Dall expressed his assessment of the country's position. pleasure at the hospitality extended by For the moment Rhodesia is thought to the Candour League.... A lot more would have survived its siege with remarkable 'see reason' if they had the facts, he resilience. There is less agreement, said. however, with Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith's recent ebullient declaration "'Americans,'he said, 'are misinformed that his country had won its battle by the distorted news in their press, 'decisively, and 'absolutely.' which is largely controlled by left wingers who do not support Rhodesia;' "Some idea of Britain's apparent impotence he has described the New York Times in making quick strides against the Rhode as the 'cow bell for internationalists.' sian economy is revealed in this editorial -21 comment from the Daily Teleraph, journalis, -zli , ! 4cio have boon do Oct. 17. t-ained for over a o'i,,k M-Ivdesia it thout being accused ox .:m! offo ,,,,. "These are "'Surveying the results of four years it addition to IL.O iricanMf., almost to of sanctions against Rhodesia, and a man, many of rhom lfl ; beep held in custody again asking parliamentary authority for years without trl im the police state to continue them, Mr. Stewart could regime in Rhodesia. N5at is intersting and report nothing constructive, but only disturbdg about the new cases, particularly destruction. What is taken for granted that of the journalist, Mr. Nicholson, is ...is an increase of 10% this year over that they show how police power is pervading last in the gross national product, a more and more sections of Rhodesian society. rise in the level of industrial acti Only three months ago the regime brought in vity, greater success in diversifying new emergency regulations allong them to the economy, and an increase in the punish so-called economic opies uho reported level of real income per head of all on sanctions-bustirn. Lst month, too, there Rhodesians from 92 % of the 1965 were dark hints at ths Rhodesian Front's Party level in 1966 to 91% in 1967 and 1968.' Congress about what was _alled the left-wing bias of the local press and the need for yet "All these factors would seem to suggest more controls over it. It looks as though that Rhodesians could be encouraged by these two trends have ;: together to make this expansion in the face of restric the regime clmp down, for whatever real rea tions. But an expert Commonwealth view son, on Mr. Nicholson... If its image is to is much less optimistic... 'If you be in any way retrieved, the regime should look at the resources of the country it charge him or release him without delay." should be bounding along at a growth A New York Tims article of December 1 rate of about 16%. Instead it is only tells of the journalist s trial and sentence 2%. This is stagnation.' for 18 months imprisonment at hard labor on charges of "economic spying." Half of the "This source went on to say that 'stag term was for having violated the Official nation for an advanced economy is bad Secrets Act by collecting and recording infor enough. For a young country like Rho mation intended to be useful to an enemy, and desia it is a very serious position.' half was for breach of new emergency regula The point is underscored by a comparison tions meant to protect Rhodesia from espionage with the growth rate of neighboring while economic sanctions are in force against Zambia. In 1968 Zambia overtook Rhodesia, it. which was far ahead in preindependence Mr. Nicholson had divulged information on days. Rhodesia's methods of circumventing the sanctions, imposed by Britain and others as "With the economy relatively stagnant a result of U.N. action. He was held in de and with consequently mere and more Af tention for two weeks without charges before ricans expected to live on subsistence trial was called so that investigation could levels, it is thought very serious se be conducted by Rhodesian authorities to find curity problem could lie ahead for proof for charges. Mr. Nicholson said that the Rhodesian authorities. Said a Bri he did not believe his activity had endangered tish source: 'One can't have a second the security of Rhodesia. The judge disagreed saying: "If Rhodesia was not able to circum class community outnumbering the other vent sanctions its econony would suffer very by so much and seeing theminority living so well all the time. It must lead to seriously to the detriment of its inhabitants." internal instability.' Long range fore casts are that the new constitution will NEW MNES Last year 37 new mning companies began inevitably increase pressures among Af The major South African rican states to support 'terrorist' or operation in Rhodesia. British, American, ganizations and that events internally mining houses as well as were :Uivolved. will also play a significant part." Canadian and Dutch graps "But Rhodesia's ineral wea.lth could have even more significant, role to play than DETENTIONS INCREASE an exchange earne r For Rhodesia In an editorial, the Guardian of London, that of foreign the chrome -, cb the U itec States now has Nov. 8, talks about two British subjects, a has to buy in increasing quantities from Russia ony organization from Namibia which has at an inflated price. America eompanies wn any real strength, SWAPO would probably major chrome mines in Rheodesia. 'They are put be asked to provide f3. representatives. ting on the pressure in Washington for at Mr. Nujoma and SWAPO, however, clearly least a partial lifting of sanctions to enable reject this ide ;o "The UN should esta them to import their own chrome from Rhode blish its presence in Namibia itself. Our i sia. people would not benefit from a Namibian seait "An official crac in the sanctions curtain at the UN. We don't want a government-in from the United States could herald major exile - we would rather have a people's changes in other countries' attitudes to government in an area liberated from the sanctions." (Star, Johannesburg, 11/1/69) South Africans, What could a government in New York do except talk?" SWAPO has received some support from 14 the Organization of African Unity and its fl Liberation Comnit tee- in the past and will it receive more in the future. Mr. Nujoma 0 does not, however, expect great support SELF-RELIANCE FOR SWAPO from the OAU in material terms. "The OAU is a young organization - the creation of (From Anti-Apartheid News, London, 12/69-1/70) the new African countries, It is the duty o0 SWAPO to strengthen and encourage OAU ac At the beginning of November, Sam Nujoma, tivities wherever possible." President of the South West African People's SWAPO, therefore, is quite clear about Orbanization (SWAPO) was in London having dis the need to win their fight without massive cussions about the progress of the struggle in outside support. Mr. Nujoma does, however, Namibia (South West Africa) and about the atti emphasize the need for greater moral and tude of his organization towards the United Na material support from progressive people tions, which has recently been discussing Nami outside Namibia - particularly in Britain, bia. While he was here he talked to Peter which he sees as being especially relevant :0 Hellyer for AA News. to the Namibian situation because of Bri For three years, since the passing of a tish economic ties with South Africa. General Assembly resolution in 1966, the UN Has SWAPO needs material aid, such as medi- i been the legal authority in Namibia. iaring that cal supplies, both for the guerrillas and time a Council for Namibia has been set up which the civilian population inside Namibia it- V! theoretically administers the territory. self and in the refugee camps in Zambia and In its most recent debate, in October, the UN Botswana, ,here nearly 3,000 Namibians are again condemned South Africa for her rule in Na living in conditions approaching starvationitt mibia and called on her to evacuate the terri It needs educational materials for the rudi,Jm tory. The only real threat to the South Afri mentary schools which SWAPO freedom fighter% cans during this period has, however, come from are already operating in the northern part 0 the SWAPO guerrilla fighters who have killed of the country. The colltion of this aid over 200 South African troops in battles and Mr. Nujoma sees as having two uses - as skirmishes since the launching of the aimed direct aid to P&O in the struggle and as struggle in August 1966. part of the wider mobilization of pressure The UN is not a body on which Mr. Nujoma and against South Africa. Although SWAPO must It his organization are really prepared to depend. win its owm battles, he says, "it is imp "The stand of the United Nations is a great moral ortant for us to mobilize world public support, but we don't depend on their actions opinion on our side, and to isolate the alone," says Mr. Nujoma. 'We depend entirely on enemI." ourselves; independence for Namibia lies in the hands of the Namibians themselves. We will have 'W.ITH ALL DELIBERATE SPED" tk to struggle ourselves and not rely on outside In an U3 to 2 otwi th 18 abstentions,, 0 support. The Indian delegate to the UN recently the General Assembly approved a recommen- 1 suggested that the UN Council for Namibia should dation by the Fourth Committee (Trust and be replaced by a Namibian seat at the UN. As the Non-Self-Governing Territories) to draw "lti the attontion of the Security Council to td' "In the circuimstan cs, would it not be "need for measures to solve the grave situa useful to devote more ti ,, and energy to tion of Namibia." In voting for the recom devisting means of erctending the mendation, the Assembly condenmed South Af cooperation which is so clearly to our imatual benefit?" rica for refusing to withdraw from Namibia, Dr. Muller asked. and requested that all States increase moral He spoke of 8outh'_Arica's g eat regret and material aid to the people of Namibia. that Voting against the draft were Portugal and arms designed solely for seaward de fense and for the South Africa. Among the abstentions was the guarding Cape route - "the jugular vein through which flows so much of United States. Seymour Finger, speaking for Britain's life blood" the U.S. position, explained - were subject to an that his govern embargo. ment did not support the functions of the Council for Namibia, nor did it consider the SOUTH AFRICA -NATO CALL FOR COOPERATION situation in Namibia to be a "threat to inter Of all " ~ 'aund comtries, South national peace and security." Af rica today is ' ,:tel the most stra tegically important in the Western world," says the current issue of the International Defence Review. The publication, which circulates widely in NATO circles, con : t% a long article on the Republic's military strength with a call for close cooperation between NATO and the South African Defence Force. It says NATO should wake up to the fact that her 0 "back door", South Africa, is an obvious e Ye'es target of Russia in her quest for world domi nation. The review recommends an end to all arms enbargoes against South Africa as this TIES WITH THE WEST would be economically advantageous as well South Africa continues to woo allies to sup as militarily necessary. It maintains that port her cause by stimulating fears of Commu a firm pact should be negotiated between nist control of Africa. An a rticle in the NATO and South Africa to the effect that an Nov. 7 South African Digest outlines South Af attack on the Republic would be regarded as rica's appeal. an attack on NATO. NATO should demonstrate The South African Minister of Foreign Af its solidarity with South Africa by holding fairs, Dr. Hilgard Muller, last week warned a frequent exercises in the country and off gainst eroding relations between South Africa her coasts, as well as by keeping a stand and the West at a time when communist penetra ing naval force in the area. tion into Africa was increasing. Speaking in The review states that although many London to the Institute for International Af thousands of merchant ships would use the fairs, Dr. Muller said that apart from the vital Cape route in wartime, NATO powers fact that South Africa guarded a vital link in such as Britain, the U.S. and Canada were the sea communications of the Western world, unfortunately doing all they could to hinder there were other considerations that gave the South Africa's efforts to build up its de West a strong interest in stability in southern fence force. That suited Russia's long term Africa. plans perfectly. "There cannot be a mili "If the Russians are making their presence tary leader either in Britain or America felt in the Indian Ocean, their rivals, the who does not violently disagree with his communist Chinese, are penetrating with great Government's policy over South Africa - yet assiduity and long range objective into the these two great nations continue to rush to African continent south of the Sahara," he ward potential disaster," the review says. said. (South African Digest, 11/7/69) South Africa was the leading source of many minerals of strategic significance. Trading relations with Britain were of particular im portance to South Africa, which wished the long association with Britain to continue on a basis of a growing understanding and mutual respect. tation of the declaration. The Assembly called for increased moral and material assistance to the peoples in M these Territories who were struggling for their freedom and independence, and urged all States, particularly members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, to "Vithhold or desist from further mili tary or other assistance to Portugal which enables it to pursue the colonial war." In other provisions, the Assembly con demned the refusal of Portugal to implement United Nations resolutions, its use of the RESOLUT ION Territories for violations of the territory November 21 t was an extremely busy day and sovereignty of African States, and its for the U.N. General Assembly on Southern "colonial war." It called on Portugal to Africa issues. Three resolutions were a cease arbitrary eviction of Africans and the dopted - one on Rhodesia, one on the Por settlement of immigrants in the Territories. tuguese Territories, and one on apartheid. It condemned the collaboration between Por In its resolution on Southern Rhodesia tugal, South Africa, and Southern Rhodesia, (2508 /MLIV7), the Assembly drew the atten as well as "the intervention of South Af tion of the Security Council to the "urgent rican forces against the people of the Ter necessity" of widening sanctions against the ritories under Portuguese domination." illegal regime in Salisbury and extending The resolution was adopted by a roll-call them to South Africa and Portugal. vote of 97 in favor to 2 against (Portugal The Assembly called on the United Kingdom and South Africa), with 18 abstentions. as the admini ering power to take effective On the Aprtheid Policies of South Africa measures, including the use of force, to put the Assembly adopted two resolutions - one an end to the illegal regime, and condemned dealing with the apartheid problem in gene its "failure and refusal" to take such action. ral, the other with the problem of politi It also called on the United Kingdom to ensure cal prisoners and those under restriction the release of African nationalists in the for opposing apartheid. Territory and the application of the Geneva In the main resolution - 2506 B (XXIV) conventions on prisoners of war and protection the Assembly urged increased assistance to of civilians in wartime. "the national movement of the oppressed The Assembly called for the immediate end people of South Africa," invited the member ing of relations with the illegal regime and States to take various means for economic the extension of moral and material assistance and other disengagement from South Africa to the national liberation movements of Zim (e.g. stop air and sea traffic to South Af babwe. It condemned the policies of South Af rica) and called upon them to observe the rica, Portugal and others which continued to Security Council arms embargo against South maintain such relation, as well as the policies Africa. of States which enabled their nationals to emi grate to Southern Rhodesia. MANIFESTO ON SOUTH~R AFRICA The resolution was adopted by a recorded In a resolution adopted on 20 November, vote of 83 in favor to 7 against (including the the Assembly welcomed the Manifesto on United States), with 20 abstentions. America Southern Africa and commended it to the stated she voted against the resolution because attention "of all States and peoples." of the clause asking Britain to use force. The resolution - 2505 XXIV - was spon In resolution 2507 (XXIV) on the Territories sored by 48 countries. It was approved by Under Portuguese Administration, the Assembly a roll-call vote of 113 in favor to 2 called on Portugal to act immediately to imple against (Portugal and South Africa), with ment the Declaration on the Granting of Inde 2 abstentions (Cuba, Malawi). pendence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. It The Manifesto on Southern Africa, also recommended that the Security Council take ef called the Lusaka Manifesto, was issued fective steps with a view to immediate implemen- last April by the leaders of East and Central African States to c!arti-i) ir U.N. PRODUCES TWO BOOKLETS stand against the collnialism and racial discrimination practised in Sowhern Af (1) "A Principle In Torment" - The United rica. (See p. 7 of our June-July, 1969 Nations and Southern Rhodesia, #69 issue of "Southern Africa' for the text of 18583. 68 pages, 750. the Manifesto) The objectives of the Mani festo were later adopted in September by (2) Foreign Economic Interests and De the Assembly of Heads of State and Govern colonization. OPI/370-69-15406. 32 pages ment of the Organization of African Unity. 300 (an excellent rundown of the role In the Manifesto, the African leaders of foreign companies in maintaining acknowledge that they have not yet achieved colonialism, especially in Southern Af perfection within their own States. They rica. Some short but excellent analysis state, however, that it is on the basis of of American companies in Southern Africa. their commitment to the principles of human equality and self-determination that they justify their expressed and active hostility '( A~~t. .aS tAtw to the regimes in Mozambique, Angola, Guinea Bissau, Rhodesia, Namibia and South Africa. The Manifesto stresses that the liberation of Africa does not mean a reverse racialism nor African imperialism, and expresses the desire of the African states to negotiate rather than resort to physical violence. T)fta *100%9A 004re tqNA %kI h\-*e see& spr*%A4 -avk . qrew, 1*%e wow&, *\,At-Ae& -& vVel. ~~ \&V k A c'&oe. ~v~m~'6A~P 'C,.b.eAQ*C .^ aq& avve oeA0 *ftt %V, N1A%&S1k 'a-A 160 \0*18V% - - '0%YAe. VAItkVNA\,~AV SouternAfric COmONttaev University Christian Movement Room 752 475 Riverside Drive New York, N. Y. 1L002(1 Decemiber 1969