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illustrations

P.1. Bona () fetches water for her lover’s bath, Bona xii 1.1. Posters from the political left loom behind Julio () inManila in the Claws of Light 2 1.2. Berto (Mario O’Hara) watches helplessly as a woman pulls a child away from him, Weighed but Found Wanting 9 1.3. Junior () joins two social outcasts (Mario O’Hara and ), Weighed but Found Wanting 10 1.4. Milagros () and Junior (Christopher De Leon) wait for the martial law-era curfew to pass, Weighed but Found Wanting 15 1.5. Junior (Christopher De Leon), holding Kuala’s child, refuses his father Cesar’s () conciliatory gesture, Weighed but Found Wanting 17 1.6. Julio (Bembol Roco) and Pol () behold the ruins of a shantytown fire, in the Claws of Light 28 1.7. Scenes excised from the film’s gay sequence, Manila in the Claws of Light 32 1.8. Julio (Bembol Roco) flees after stabbing Ah Tek (Tommy Chua), Manila in the Claws of Light 37 2.1. Tonia () complains about food expenses to her dependents, 46 2.2. plays the insurgent daughter to Mona Lisa’s patriarchal mother, Insiang 48 2.3. Conrado Baltazar’s cinematography and Fiel Zabat’s production design create a vivid portrait of the slums, Insiang 52

vii viii illustrations

2.4. Zita () lashes out at Pina (Mona Lisa), Cain and Abel 57 2.5. Zita (Carmi Martin) is murdered and her body disposed of, Cain and Abel 61 2.6. Ellis (Christopher De Leon) and Lorens () are mortally wounded during a forest shoot-out, Cain and Abel 64 2.7. Renata (Lolita Rodriguez) avoids her daughter Ester (Nora Aunor), Whore of a Mother 68 2.8. Renata (Lolita Rodriguez) makes a final appeal to Ester (Nora Aunor) and Luis (Raoul Aragon), Whore of a Mother 71 3.1. Poldo (Phillip Salvador) scales the enormous landfill called Smokey Mountain, Jaguar 75 3.2. The well-groomed Poldo (Phillip Salvador) leaves his filthy environs for work, Jaguar 78 3.3. Police restrain Poldo (Phillip Salvador) after he attacks Sonny (Menggie Cobarubias), Jaguar 82 3.4. Police conduct a dragnet operation officially called a “saturation drive” but popularly known as “sona” (zoning), Jaguar 89 3.5. Cristy () performs in an exploitation film, Jaguar 96 3.6. Angela (Hilda Koronel) is detained and gang-raped inside a cavernous warehouse, Angela, the Marked One 99 3.7. Angela’s (Hilda Koronel) ordeal recalls acts of state violence against political prisoners, Angela, the Marked One 102 4.1. Aida () escapes poverty by becoming a mistress to a much older man () in Adultery 112 4.2. Ricardo (Phillip Salvador) lashes out at Aida (Vilma Santos) in front of her son (Alvin Enriquez) in Adultery 115 4.3. Emma (Pilar Pilapil) consoles Melo () after he loses his life’s savings in Such Pain, Brother Eddie 120 4.4. Emma (Pilar Pilapil) and her children (Emily Loren and Aga Mulach) bid farewell to Melo (Ronaldo Valdez), Such Pain, Brother Eddie 124 5.1. Turing (Phillip Salvador) and his accomplices Lando (Raoul Aragon) and Boy the Shitter (Rez Cortez), My Own Country 135 5.2. Hospital employees restrain Turing (Phillip Salvador), My Own Country 137 5.3. Luz () cradles Turing (Phillip Salvador), My Own Country 140 5.4. Turing (Phillip Salvador) runs into his former coworker Willy (Ariosto Reyes), My Own Country 144 5.5. Miguelito (Aga Mulach) encounters his estranged birth mother Auring (), Miguelito 152 5.6. Images of in Venancio’s (Eddie Garcia) office, Miguelito 156 illustrations ix

6.1. Commander Kontra’s (Bembol Roco) militia, a composite of vigilante groups from the Marcos and Aquino regimes, Orapronobis/ 165 6.2. Jimmy (Phillip Salvador) carries the remains of his son Camilo (R. R. Herrera), Orapronobis/Fight for Us 170 6.3. Images from the two censored depictions of cannibalism in Orapronobis/ Fight for Us 175 6.4. Mayor Guatlo (Eddie Garcia) and wife Rowena (Charo Santos) mimic Ferdinand and in A Dirty Affair 183 6.5. Rachel () drops a bombshell during Mayor Guatlo’s campaign sortie in A Dirty Affair 186 6.6. In A Dirty Affair, Rachel (Dina Bonnevie) and Levi (Christopher De Leon) appear as reimagined versions of Cristy and Poldo from Jaguar 188 6.7. Mayor Velasco (Ronaldo Valdez) and his wife Cresencia (Celeste Legaspi) console the bereaved family of a victim of their misdeeds, Above Everything Else 192 7.1. Benito (Eddie Garcia) romances a hustler who interrupts him to negotiate a higher fee, Gold Plated 204 7.2. Emma (Lolita Rodriguez) gets “picked up” at a party, Gold Plated 211 7.3. Benito (Eddie Garcia) kisses Diego (Mario O’Hara) “full on the lips” before turning the gun on himself, Gold Plated 213 7.4. Coring () tells a white lie about his cross-dressing to his foster child Nonoy (Niño Mulach) in My Father, My Mother 216 7.5. Coring (Dolphy) tends affectionately to Nonoy (Niño Mulach),My Father, My Mother 221 7.6. David () offers moral support and a spare bedroom to Carissa (Dina Bonnevie), Always Changing, Always Moving 225 7.7. Carissa (Dina Bonnevie) renews her friendship with former suitor David (Mark Gil), Always Changing, Always Moving 229 8.1. directs Allan Paule on the set of 238 8.2. Dick () tends to his friend Nitoy (Christopher De Leon), Sparkle in the Dark 244