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Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (Vmes) Coral and Sponge Vmes in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Waters – Distribution and Threats Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (Vmes)

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Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (Vmes) Coral and Sponge Vmes in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Waters – Distribution and Threats Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (Vmes) Vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) Coral and sponge VMEs in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters – Distribution and threats Vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) Coral and sponge VMEs in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters – Distribution and threats Lene Buhl-Mortensen, Julian Mariano Burgos, Petur Steingrund, Pål Buhl-Mortensen, Steinunn H Ólafsdóttir and Stefán Á Ragnarsson TemaNord 2019:519 Vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) Coral and sponge VMEs in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters - Distribution and threats Lene Buhl-Mortensen, Julian Mariano Burgos, Petur Steingrund, Pål Buhl-Mortensen, Steinunn H Ólafsdóttir and Stefán Á Ragnarsson ISBN 978-92-893-6085-2 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-6086-9 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-6087-6 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2019-519 TemaNord 2019:519 ISSN 0908-6692 Standard: PDF/UA-1 ISO 14289-1 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2019 Cover photo: Steinunn H. Ólafsdóttir. Hafrannsóknastofnun, Marine and Freshwater Research Institute. A “cold water coral reef” VME, with common associated species, from video mapping off Iceland. Print: Rosendahls Printed in Denmark Disclaimer This publication was funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the Nordic Council of Ministers’ views, opinions, attitudes or recommendations. Rights and permissions This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Translations: If you translate this work, please include the following disclaimer: This translation was not produced by the Nordic Council of Ministers and should not be construed as official. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot be held responsible for the translation or any errors in it. Adaptations: If you adapt this work, please include the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the adaptation rests solely with its author(s). The views and opinions in this adaptation have not been approved by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Third-party content: The Nordic Council of Ministers does not necessarily own every single part of this work. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot, therefore, guarantee that the reuse of third-party content does not infringe the copyright of the third party. If you wish to reuse any third-party content, you bear the risks associ- ated with any such rights violations. You are responsible for determining whether there is a need to obtain permission for the use of third-party content, and if so, for obtaining the relevant permission from the copy- right holder. Examples of third-party content may include, but are not limited to, tables, figures or images. Photo rights (further permission required for reuse): Any queries regarding rights and licences should be addressed to: Nordic Council of Ministers/Publication Unit Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Denmark Phone +45 3396 0200 [email protected] Nordic co-operation oNordic c -operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, economics and culture and plays an important role in European and international forums. The Nordic community strives for a strong Nordic Region in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation promotes regional interests and values in a global world. The values shared by the Nordic countries help make the region one of the most innovative and competitive in the world. The Nordic Council of Ministers Nordens Hus Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K, Denmark Tel.: +45 3396 0200 www.norden.org Download Nordic publications at www.norden.org/nordpub Contents Summary .................................................................................................................................. 7 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Predictive mapping for area-based management .................................................... 10 2. Study area ......................................................................................................................... 13 3. Project objectives, structure and activities ......................................................................... 15 3.1 The main objectives of NovasArc: ........................................................................... 15 3.2 Main tasks............................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Workshops .............................................................................................................. 17 3.4 Joint activities ......................................................................................................... 17 3.5 Project dissemination ............................................................................................. 18 4. Data and methods ............................................................................................................ 19 4.1 Data gathering ....................................................................................................... 19 5. Definition of VMEs .............................................................................................................23 5.1 Criteria to identify VMEs .........................................................................................23 5.2 VME types selected for this project ........................................................................ 24 6. Distribution of cold-water corals in the Arctic and sub-Arctic – New knowledge from NovasArc . 33 7. Predictive modelling of suitable habitat for VMEs .............................................................. 35 7.1 Environmental predictors ........................................................................................ 35 7.2 Predictive distribution models of VMEs ...................................................................38 7.3 Results from model ................................................................................................ 39 8. Threats to VMEs in the N-Atlantic ......................................................................................43 8.1 Evaluating human impact on VMEs .........................................................................43 8.2 Compilation of data on trawling effort.................................................................... 44 9. Risk analysis ...................................................................................................................... 51 9.1 Method used ........................................................................................................... 51 9.2 Results ................................................................................................................... 52 9.3 Methodological uncertainties .................................................................................. 53 10. General conclusions and future work .............................................................................. 61 10.1 Future needs .......................................................................................................... 62 10.2 Acknowledgement ................................................................................................. 62 11. References ....................................................................................................................... 63 12. Summary in Danish .......................................................................................................... 69 List of appendices .................................................................................................................... 71 Appendix 1. List of participants ................................................................................................ 73 Appendix 2. Timeline of activities ............................................................................................ 75 Appendix 3. List of VME species ............................................................................................... 77 Appendix 4. Data sources ........................................................................................................ 79 Appendix 5. Predicted VME distribution ...................................................................................83 Appendix 6. Overlap between fishing intensity and predicted VME distributions ..................... 89 Appendix 7. Identification guides ........................................................................................... 101 Underwater Identification guide for corals and sponges in the Nordic Seas ...................... 101 Identification guide for corals and sponges as by-catch from bottom trawling .................. 136 5 6 Vulnerable marine ecosystems (VME) Summary The report presents results from the NovasArc project and based on information that has been collated by the project it provides the distribution of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters. Eleven VMEs were identified, based on management goals for coral and sponge communities, of these Sponge agreggations and sublittoral
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