DOCSLIB.ORG

Hunting Submarines with a Sound Detector American Invention That Played an Important Role in the War Against the V-Boat

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hunting Submarines with a Sound Detector American Invention That Played an Important Role in the War Against the V-Boat April 5, 1919 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 335· Hunting Submarines with a Sound Detector American Invention That Played an Important Role in the War Against the V-Boat By Brewster S. Beach FTER nearly two years of the closest censorship, the cable to the operator who was located in the ship's hold. abroad, the American submarine detectors were uni­ A United States Navy Department has given approval A third adaptation of the listening principle was an versally adopted by all the Allied navies. to the publication of certain data relating to the develop­ instrument which protruded through the hull and was a It was found to be much superior in many ways to ment in the United States during the war, of submarine stationary part of the vessel's equipment. A somewhat any of previous development, and came to be considered detecting devices, which were used to signal advantage similar device was constructed for use on submarines, but one of the most effective offensive weapons ever used by this country and the Allies in prosecuting and bringing all of them were used to advantage. Phonograph records against the submarine. It is only necessary to recount to a successful conclusion the campaign against the of various sounds heard by the observer were made and a few pertinent points to illustrate the practicability of German U-boat. catalogued, preserving a complete record of the accom­ the device. The apparatus may be termed the composite work of plishment of the detector. These records were used in Under ideal conditions with extraneous noises reduced the General Electric Company, Submarine Signal Com- training students to distinguish between submarine to a minimum or entirely eliminated, the device was and surface craft. effective at a range of from 15 to 25 miles. Under average circumstances, the device was good for a range Fitting Aircraft with Sound of between 3 and 8 miles. Trained operators could Detectors clearly and invariably distinguish between the sounds While demonstrating the made by approaching surface craft and underwater device to the British Admir­ vessels (submarines). Within five miles the engine alty, our American engineers characteristics of different vessels was clearly marked were asked to study the even to the point of identifying by name certain (unseen) question of fitting submarine vessels after they had been observed previously for more detection units to airplanes, than one time. (This test was substantiated by a series balloons and dirigibles. of night time experiments at the entrance to Boston After some experimenta­ harbor in September and October 1917.) It was found tion, followed by more prac­ practical to tell when a submarine changed from her oil tical tests and conferences engines to electrical drive which was necessary every with the Lancashire Group time the vessel submerged. The direction of sound could usu­ ally be computed within a very few tJZi:4- c5ta rt,-,,<!:I--">:"'-'-- •• degrees of its actual location and a good judgment of the distance could generally be made. This was proved to the satisfaction of all concerned following a number of practical tests off Cape Cod, Mass., in the late summer of 1917, in waters adjacent to Boston and in Long Island Sound. --/l!toclrby; .s.C.3? While in fairness to all of the sound 01/ one'cglihdricc/ ob/l!! ct· �_IttrdMrr!,H1OYements detecting devices developed during �rroi;/c oFter Chisattoclr the war period, it must be s!tid that the American device was in., rior in I certain respects when it came ",0 the Using a trailer to remove the receiver application of these devices cL.1der ; from the noises of the ship's , ..D actual battle conditions, but in heavy own engines II/toe;" .s.c.."� sea and weather they stood up re- pany, Western Electric Company, the National Research Council, assisted and advised by .many eminent scientists, engineers and research men, chief among whom were Drs. W. R. Whitney, Irving Langmuir and W. D. Coolidge, Prof. R. A. Milikan, Prof. Max Mason, etc. Realizing that the prompt solution ; of the submarine problem was the key . ;; to a successful termination of hostilities, .Finish -SuiHno�/n. 'Te"�r�� "ro,"I,.� .?5Revo/ver .:!hot�heard Secretary Daniels, immediately upon our entr.ance into the conflict, appointed �..r/7dex = a special board to devise ways and 0 = Lhtening means to overcome it. • =f)epthCl1orge At the suggestion of Dr. Whitney, a ---a.(JosePo&horChasers group of scientists was formed at Na- ---=Cour.se orSv.bn7orine hant, Mass., under Dr. Irving Lang- '----------------- ---_____: muir, where the results of extensive Chart of an actual pursuit of a U-boat which ended research activity were put to practical in the destruction of the submarine tests under actual conditions as nearly as possible approaching those in European waters. of scientists at Harwich, apparatus Another group under Prof. Milikan, head of the was developed which met these needs Physics Department of the University of Chicago, was and many aircraft were equipped organized at New London, Conn., where the work of with sound detectors which rendered both bodies was later coordinated. it possible for them to follow the Out of the efforts of these two groups and the work course of the enemy after they had carried on in Schenectady,assisted by Allied commissions seen her submerge, a valuable faculty of scientific men, there grew the American Submarine which such craft did not possess until Detector-a development of the old principles of sound the introduction of the American wave transmission in water in an altogether new and detector. startling manner. Permission has not yet been ob­ The apparatus, finally perfected and put to immediate tained to enter into a detailed de­ use, was first designed to hang overboard from naval scription of the devices invented craft amidship below the water line and it depended for during this period. The Gonrn­ Using the listening device in an American submarine its direction getting qualities on the peculiar and here­ ment, having spent large sums of tofore little understood faculty of the human ear to money on the apparatus, desires the intricacies of its markably well. This factor was of especial value during detect the direction of sound by the shifting of that sound manufacture still kept secret, while other matters involv­ operations in the English Channel and the North Sea from one ear to the other. ing several American concerns, makes discretion the which has been termed the roughest body of water fo . ; Owing to the interference of sounds made by the better part of valor in attempting to tell the inner secrets its size in the world. listening ship's own motors, it was found more practical of its development. The addition of these listening devices to submarines to stop the engines when about to take observations and However, when the devices had proved themselves added the heretofore lacking sense of hearing to all the this added greatly to the effectiverange of the instrument. eminently sati�factory after exhaustive experimentation underwater craft and made them at once a much more To overcome this obstacle, another device was devel­ here, the Navy Department organized a special Service effective weapon of offense. An Allied submarine on oped which could be trailed off the stern a hundred or so Party under Capt. R. H. Leigh of the Bureau of Steam one occasion chased a German U-boat for four hours, feet away where the engine noises of the ship were out of Engineering to demonstrate the detectors to the British while both craft were submerged, without once losing range and the sound was then brought in by electric Admiralty. Shortly after the arrival of this party (Continued on page 353) © 1919 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC April 5, 1919 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 353 worm; but it has been done. In one district of the �eychelles lslands, for instance, every one of the 740 houses now has an approved latrine, thoug;h only Sf'ven were so equipped when the work began. '] he suggestion that this statement refer� to European residents can easily be dis­ posed of by citing the fact that for the entire archipelago the white population i� but 600. And what has been done in Sevchelles has been done-in small areas, - to be sure, but none the less effcctively for (j)/je $i20 those areas-in the West Indies, in �iam, r/ in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, in our own ,./1(Jooa S/Jop southern st.ates. Perhaps in the last may have confidencein the named locality the problems of the workers you were as acute as anywhere, because here goods of a men's wear shop that there was to be combatted not alone recommends the Boston Garter. popular ignorance and indifference, but You may be sure that the policy a.ctual hostility against interference with of the dealer is to give the cus­ th() liberty of the individual. Yet in 66 tomer full value for his money. he I the communities in the South where 1 of 300 Boston Garter is first in quality and this sort of work was conducted within a �� first in service. Ask for it. certain period, not a home was left without an approved latrine; the percentage of 3!; c�nta and upward in lead­ $4� $4':!!! $5'� $6'� $r� & $8'� ine .tor�. from coaat to coaat. I houses so equipped before the campaign IF you have been paying $10.00 to $12.00 for fine GE:ORGE: FROST CO" MAKERS. BOSTON , was, for these communities, 76. lL shoes, a trial will convince you that for style, much for prevention. In addition, it ;)0 comfort and service W.L.Douglas and .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • United States Navy and World War I: 1914–1922
    Cover: During World War I, convoys carried almost two million men to Europe. In this 1920 oil painting “A Fast Convoy” by Burnell Poole, the destroyer USS Allen (DD-66) is shown escorting USS Leviathan (SP-1326). Throughout the course of the war, Leviathan transported more than 98,000 troops. Naval History and Heritage Command 1 United States Navy and World War I: 1914–1922 Frank A. Blazich Jr., PhD Naval History and Heritage Command Introduction This document is intended to provide readers with a chronological progression of the activities of the United States Navy and its involvement with World War I as an outside observer, active participant, and victor engaged in the war’s lingering effects in the postwar period. The document is not a comprehensive timeline of every action, policy decision, or ship movement. What is provided is a glimpse into how the 20th century’s first global conflict influenced the Navy and its evolution throughout the conflict and the immediate aftermath. The source base is predominately composed of the published records of the Navy and the primary materials gathered under the supervision of Captain Dudley Knox in the Historical Section in the Office of Naval Records and Library. A thorough chronology remains to be written on the Navy’s actions in regard to World War I. The nationality of all vessels, unless otherwise listed, is the United States. All errors and omissions are solely those of the author. Table of Contents 1914..................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Admiral Nicholas Horthy: MEMOIRS
    Admiral Nicholas Horthy: MEMOIRS Annotated by Andrew L. Simon Copyright © 2000 Andrew L. Simon Original manuscript copyright © 1957, Ilona Bowden Library of Congress Card Number: 00-101186 Copyright under International Copyright Union All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval devices or systems, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 0-9665734-9 Printed by Lightning Print, Inc. La Vergne , TN 37086 Published by Simon Publications, P.O. Box 321, Safety Harbor, FL 34695 Admiral Horthy at age 75. Publication record of Horthy’s memoirs : • First Hungarian Edition: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953. • German Edition: Munich, Germany, 1953. • Spanish Edition: AHR - Barcelona, Spain, 1955. • Finnish Edition: Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1955. • Italian Edition, Corso, Rome, Italy, 1956. • U. S. Edition: Robert Speller & Sons, Publishers, New York, NY, 1957. • British Edition: Hutchinson, London, 1957. • Second Hungarian Edition: Toronto, Canada: Vörösváry Publ., 1974. • Third Hungarian Edition: Budapest, Hungary:Europa Historia, 1993. Table of Contents FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION 5 PREFACE 9 1. Out into the World 11 2. New Appointments 33 3. Aide-de-Camp to Emperor Francis Joseph I at the Court of Vienna 1909-1914 49 4. Archduke Francis Ferdinand 69 5. Naval Warfare in the Adriatic. The Coronation of King Charles IV 79 6. The Naval Battle of Otranto 93 7. Appointment as Commander of the Fleet. The End 101 8. Revolution in Hungary: from Michael Károlyi to Béla Kun 109 9. Counter-Revolution. I am Appointed Minister of War And Commander-in-Chief 117 10.
    [Show full text]
  • European Researcher. 2010
    International Naval Journal, 2016, Vol.(9), Is. 1 International Naval Journal Has been issued since 2013. ISSN 2411-3204, E-ISSN 2413-7596 2016. Vol.(9). Is. 1. Issued 4 times a year EDITORIAL BOARD Mitiukov Nicholas – International Network Center for Fundamental and Ap- plied Research, Sochi, Russian Federation (Editor in Chief) Anca Alejandro – Ministry of Defence of Spain, Spain Crawford Kent – Gunnery Fire Control Group, USA Freivogel Zvonimir – German Society for the Maritime and Naval History, Germany Katorin Yuri – Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation Kurochkin Dmitrii – Company "Northern Design Bureau", Russian Federation Mamadaliev Anvar – International Network Center for Fundamental and Ap- plied Research, Sochi, Russian Federation Menjkovsky Vaycheslav – Belarus State University, Minsk, Belarus Rozhkov Andrei – Independent researcher, Zhlobin, Belarus Journal is indexed by: Cross Ref (USA), DOAJ (Sweden), Electronic scientific library (Russia), MIAR – Information Matrix for the Analysis of Journals (Spain), OAJI (Russia). All manuscripts are peer reviewed by experts in the respective field. Authors of the manuscripts bear responsibility for their content, credibility and reliability. Editorial board doesn’t expect the manuscripts’ authors to always agree with its opinion. International Naval Journal Postal Address: 26/2 Konstitutcii, Office 6 Passed for printing 10.03.16. 354000 Sochi, Russian Federation Format 21 29,7/4. 2016 А Website: http://ejournal37.com/ Headset Georgia. E-mail: [email protected] Ych. Izd. l. 4,5. Ysl. pech. l. 4,2. Founder and Editor: Academic Publishing Order № INJ-9. House Researcher 201 № № 1 0 © International Naval Journal, 2016 1 1 International Naval Journal, 2016, Vol.(9), Is.
    [Show full text]
  • U-Boat Campaign (World War I) 1 U-Boat Campaign (World War I)
    U-boat Campaign (World War I) 1 U-boat Campaign (World War I) The U-boat Campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Entente Powers. It took place largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean. The German Empire relied on imports for food and domestic food production (especially fertilizer) and the United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed its population, and both required raw materials to supply their war industry; the powers aimed, therefore, to blockade one another. The British had the Royal Navy which was superior in numbers and could operate on most of the world's oceans because of the British Empire, whereas the German Kaiserliche Marine surface fleet was mainly restricted to the German Bight, and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare to operate elsewhere. The successful blockade of Germany contributed to its military defeat in 1918, and, still in effect, enforced the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in mid-1919. 1914: Initial campaign North Sea: Initial stage In August 1914, a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea in the first submarine war patrol in history.[1] Their aim was to sink capital ships of the British Grand Fleet, and so reduce the Grand Fleet's numerical superiority over the German High Seas Fleet. The first sortie was not a success. Only one attack was carried out, when U-15 fired a torpedo (which missed) at HMS Monarch.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of Shipwrecks in Inner Ionian Sea (Greece): a Remote Sensing Approach
    heritage Article Atlas of Shipwrecks in Inner Ionian Sea (Greece): A Remote Sensing Approach Maria Geraga 1, Dimitris Christodoulou 1, Dimitrios Eleftherakis 1, George Papatheodorou 1,* , Elias Fakiris 1 , Xenophon Dimas 1, Nikos Georgiou 1 , Stavroula Kordella 1 , Michalis Prevenios 1, Margarita Iatrou 1, Despina Zoura 1, Sofia Kekebanou 1, Makis Sotiropoulos 2 and George Ferentinos 1 1 Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Geology Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (D.E.); [email protected] (E.F.); [email protected] (X.D.); [email protected] (N.G.); [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (M.I.); [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (G.F.) 2 Aquatic Scuba Diving Club, 1 Marinou Antipa Str, Ag. Efimia, Kefallinia, 28081 Ionian Islands, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 October 2020; Accepted: 24 October 2020; Published: 27 October 2020 Abstract: Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites constitute an important part of the overall cultural heritage both nationally and globally as they carry cultural, environmental, scientific, technological, political, economic and social viewpoints. UCH includes not only submerged sites and buildings, but also vessels and aircrafts. The Inner Ionian Sea in Greece is a place rich in a significant number of shipwrecks with a timespan ranging from ancient times right through to the 20th century. The results herein present the study of ancient, World War I (WWI), World War II (WWII) and more recent shipwrecks in the inner Ionian Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • The Semaphore Circular No 666 the Beating Heart of the RNA February 2017
    The Semaphore Circular No 666 The Beating Heart of the RNA February 2017 ‘IPad Storeship’ as Central Office staff conduct a RAS IPads (negative lift and up the stairs). There is absolutely no truth in the scurrilous rumour that the GS only helped with one box as seen in the above photo, he even took his tie off!!! This edition is the on-line version of the Semaphore Circular, unless you have registered with Central Office, it will only be available on the RNA website in the ‘Members Area’ under ‘downloads’ at www.royal-naval-association.co.uk and will be emailed to the branch contact, usually the Hon Sec. Daily Orders [follow each link] 1. Project Semaphore Update –IPads 2. Guess Where? 3. Finance Corner 4. RN VC Series – Chief Skipper Joseph Watt VC 5. Husband Joke 6. Charity Commission 7. HMS QE Return to Pompey 8. Update – Mini Cruise 9. Londonderry BoA 2017 10. Unusual Car Registrations 11. Pirate Joke 12. Type 42 Reunion 003 13. RNRMC Update 14. Maritime Heritage Tours 15. Clarification concerning Direct debits 16. The 60th School reunion Longcast “D’ye hear there” (Branch news) Crossed the Bar – Celebrating a life well lived RNA Benefits Page Shortcast Swinging the Lamp Forms Glossary of terms NCM National Council Member NC National Council AMC Association Management Committee FAC Finance Administration Committee NCh National Chairman NVCh National Vice Chairman NP National President DNP Deputy National President GS General Secretary DGS Deputy General Secretary AGS Assistant General Secretary CONA Conference of Naval Associations
    [Show full text]
  • The SOTCW World War I Compendium
    The SOTCW World War I Compendium Edited by Richard Baber Copyright © by original authors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed “Attention: Permissions Coordinator,” at the address below. Shilka Publishing Apt 2049 Chynoweth House Trevissome Park Truro TR4 8UN www.shilka.co.uk German East Africa, WWI Bryan Graves After reading the fascinating "The Rif War 1919 / 26" in Issue 53, I became interested in WWI colonial history—especially the East African campaign, which led me to write this wargaming article about the East Africa Conflict of WWI. This will show the guerilla warfare, trench slaughter, and naval invasion strategies that took place. Many nations fought in the area: German, British, Portuguese, South African, Indian, Belgian, and the local tribes-people, giving an abundance of figure and uniform types. The majority of the conflict is infantry-based, with some artillery, ranging from 37mm to 105mm, machine guns, and old-fashioned rocket launchers! But the main killer was climate and disease, as five men died of sickness to each man killed in action. The Region German East Africa (GEA) encompassed modern-day Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania. This German colony was bordered to the north by British East Africa (Kenya), to the west by the Belgian Congo, and to the south by Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique).
    [Show full text]
  • Herend Porcelain Is an Extraor
    MAGAZINE OF THE HEREND PORCELAIN MANUFACTORY 2008/I. NO. 30. Water, water,HEREND NOVELTIES everywhere Tradition andTHE REVIVAL modernity OF BUDAPEST TheZSOLT ZÓLYOmasterMI, THE ONLY Hperfumerungarian “Nose” 30. o. N 900 HUF ERALD 2008/I. ERALD 2008/I. H 9 7 7 1 5 8 5 1 3 9 0 0 3 HEREND Herend_Herald_1_1_230x297_kif.indd 1 2008.05.20. 14:01:06 Dear Herald The Earth is not ours alone. It is our responsibility that we leave a liveableReader habitat behind for our children and grandchildren. We must not take anything away from it, on the contrary, we should add what we can to pass on more than we inherited. The danger of radical climate change on Earth is one of the most menacing environmental issues of our age. As early as 1955, John Neumann, in his controversial article “Can We Survive Technology?”, warned of the extraordinary dangers of the growing extent to which mankind was destroying nature. There is more and more cause for concern, as probably never before in history has the Earth witnessed faster environmental change than today. Many international surveys indicate that global climate change may afflict mankind more than all the wars or other international conflicts. Global warming disrupts the flora and fauna, the ice cap is melting, and bears no longer hibernate. The forecasts, and more and more frequently current reports as well, speak of extreme heat, hitherto unparalleled droughts, hurricanes and forest fires. Will migration due to wars and lack of sustenance be superseded by migration caused by climate change? Growing concern for and interest in the problems of nature have become palpable in many walks of life.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49619-3 — World War One 2Nd Edition Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49619-3 — World War One 2nd Edition Index More Information Index Abadan Island, 323 Africa, sub-Saharan, 102–10, Albatros D3, German Abbas Hilmi II, khedive of 277. See under individual airplane, 266 Egypt, 121 countries Albert I, king of the Belgians, Abbott, Tony, Australian wartime casualties in, 109 19, 72, 73, 369, 370, 372, prime minister, 434 African Americans, 308, 397 Abdullah, emir of 309. See United States, Alekseev, Mikhail, Russian Transjordan, 333, 334, African Americans in general, 129, 131, 132, 336, 403, 427 Agamemnon, British 135, 193, 200, 202, 206, Abdülmecid II, Sunni Muslim battleship, 366 241, 243, 250, 253, 417 caliph, 426 Agrarian Party, Bulgarian, Aleksei, Grand Duke, heir to abortion, and abortion rights, 401 Russian throne, 241 2, 174, 304 Ahmad, Sayyid, Grand Sanusi, Alexander I, king of Serbia, 17 Aboukir, British cruiser, 212 329, 330, 331 Alexander Karageorgević, Abruzzi, Luigi of Savoy, duke aircraft, 4, 30, 106, 127, 182, Serbian crown prince, of the, Italian admiral, 188, 231, 328, 329, 339, Serbian general, 75 223, 224 350, 351, 356, 366, 368, Alexander, king of Greece, 273 Abyssinia, 315, 328, 330, 331, 369, 372, 376, 377, 439. Alexandra, Russian empress, 428 See aerial bombing; aerial 164, 206 Addams, Jane, US social reconnaissance; Online Alexandria, 124, 329 activist, 308 Essay 3 Algeria, 24 Addis Ababa, 315, 331 aircraft carrier, development Ali Dinar, sultan of Darfur, Adenauer, Konrad, German of, 229, 430 330, 331 politician, 393 Aisne River, 71, 72, 265, 268,
    [Show full text]
  • The Proceedings of the Symposium on the Straits Used for International Navigation
    THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION 16 – 17 NOVEMBER 2002 ATAKÖY MARINA ISTANBUL – TURKEY Edited by Bayram ÖZTÜRK and Reşat ÖZKAN All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission from the Turkish Marine Research Foundation ( TÜDAV ) . The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the Turkish Marine Research Foundation ( TÜDAV ) . Texts are as originally submitted. Citation: ÖZTÜRK, B. and ÖZKAN, R. ( Eds.), 2002. " The Proceedings of the Symposium on the Straits used for International Navigation" Turkish Marine Research Foundation, Istanbul, TURKEY, 2002. Publication Number: 11 Copyright: Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı (Turkish Marine Research Foundation). ISBN – 975 – 97134 – 8 – 4 Available from: Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı – Turkish Marine Research Foundation ( TÜDAV ) P. O. Box 10 Beykoz / ISTANBUL – TURKEY Tel: + 90 216 424 07 72 Fax: + 90 216 424 07 71 Web: www.tudav.org e – mail: [email protected] Printed by: Ofis Matbaa Tel: + 90 212 288 28 21 To the memory of Captain Gündüz Aybay and Prof.Dr. Reşat Özkan, who dedicated their lives to the Turkish Straits ... CONTENTS Page PREFACE I THE LEGAL REGIMES OF THE STRAITS Legal Regime for Straits used for International Navigation Nandan, S. N. 1 The Legal Regime of the Danish Straits Somers, E. 12 The Legal Regime of the Straits around Great Britain Anderson, D. 20 Legal Status of the Cheju Strait Kim, H.
    [Show full text]
  • Technologies De L'information Et Terrorisme
    Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, Winter 2004, Vol. 7, Issue 3. Paul G. Halpern. The Battle of the Otranto Straights: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in WWI. Indiana University Press, 2004. By Aaron Plamondon Department of History, University of Calgary Although Professor Halpern admits that this story is one that is rarely referred to as one of the great naval battles in history, he humbly points out that it was, indeed, the largest encounter between warships in the Adriatic and the Mediterranean during the First World War. It was also one of the first encounters at sea where aircraft played a definitive role at sea; air power was not decisive as it later becomes in the Second World War, but it was, as Halpern noted, “an indication of things to come.” The battle also elucidates for students that Austria and Hungary were once united as a great power and, despite being seemingly landlocked, not only did they have access to the sea but also control of most of the eastern shoreline of the Adriatic. Moreover, the traditional maritime powers of Britain, France, and Italy had difficulty contending with the Austro- Hungarian k.u.k. Kriegsmarine as it was difficult for them to bring any power to bear within that area; they could not enter the Adriatic for fear of mines and Austro-Hungarian submarines. The Austro-Hungarians had a true battle fleet that consisted not just of smaller ships and subs, but Dreadnoughts as well. And even after Italy entered the war on the side of the Entente, the Italian battle fleet was not in the Adriatic at all, but was located at Taranto, in the arch of the Italian boot.
    [Show full text]
  • 6-Maghrebophila-Juin 2014
    Le Maghrebophila Submarine War in the Mediterranean during WWI : o Kite Balloon Station N 6 Bizerta, Tunisia By Marc PARREN Germany introduced a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare early 1917. This policy in effect set in place a blockade of Great Britain and her European allies, to be applied to belligerent and neutral shipping alike. The German government argued that such a policy was implemented only as an aggressive form of defense. Kite balloons were used as a means in anti-submarine warfare. The kite balloons were cigar-formed shaped (almost like zeppelins) with beneath the balloon a basket in which observers were positioned. These balloons would be connected to a towing ship by winch and hence the expression kite balloon. The balloons would form a convoy escort or being patrols and used to spot submarines over a larger distance. When searching for periscopes or for submarines, the area to be covered is much greater from a kite balloon than from the bridge of a ship. They were meant (1) to sight submarines, (2) to limit the submarine’s freedom of action and prevent them manoeuvring on the surface for position, or following up convoy, (3) to deter submarines from attacking and alternatively; (4) to limit the submarine’s freedom of manoeuvre submerged (e.g. showing periscope, proceeding at speed etc., during attack, (5) to warn convoy of approaching torpedoes, and (6) to assist in towing vessel to deliver an immediate and effective counter attack should submarine succeed in firing her torpedo or be sighted submerged. Kite balloons were used in Great Britain and at the Western Front but even less known is that they were also applied in the Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]