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Milan Vyskočil, Commonwealth Realm, 2012 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DSpace at University of West Bohemia Západo česká univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Bakalá řská práce Commonwealth realm Milan Vysko čil Plze ň 2012 Západo česká univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Katedra politologie a mezinárodních vztah ů Studijní program Politologie Studijní obor Politologie Bakalá řská práce Commonwealth realm Milan Vysko čil Vedoucí práce: PhDr. David Šanc, Ph.D. Katedra politologie a mezinárodních vztah ů Fakulta filozofická Západo české univerzity v Plzni Plze ň 2012 Prohlašuji, že jsem práci zpracoval samostatn ě a použil jen uvedených pramen ů a literatury. Plze ň, duben 2012 ……………………… Milan Vysko čil Pod ěkování Na tomto míst ě bych velice rád pod ěkoval vedoucímu své bakalá řské práce PhDr. Davidu Šancovi, Ph.D. za jeho čas, který mi v ěnoval při vedení mé bakalá řské práce a rovn ěž za jeho cenné rady, které se mi staly oporou p ři psaní této práce. Obsah 1 ÚVOD ......................................................................................... 1 2 COMMONWEALTH .................................................................... 4 2.1 Vysv ětlení pojmu Commonwealth .............................................. 4 2.2 Historie Commonwealthu ............................................................ 5 2.2.1 Mezivále čné období .............................................................. 5 2.2.2 Transformace Britského impéria na Commonwealth ............ 6 2.2.3 Westminsterský statut .......................................................... 7 2.2.4 Povále čné období ................................................................. 9 2.3 Dědictví Britského Impéria a Commonwealthu ....................... 11 3 COMMONWEALTH REALM – POUTO KORUNY ................... 12 3.1 Vysv ětlení pojmu Commonwealth realm ................................. 12 3.2 Role britského panovníka v Commonwealth realm ................ 13 3.3 Postavení generálního guvernéra ............................................ 15 4 KOMPARACE STÁT Ů - AUSTRÁLIE, KANADA A NOVÝ ZÉLAND ................................................................................... 16 4.1 Austrálie ...................................................................................... 17 4.1.1 Ústavní vývoj Austrálie ....................................................... 17 4.1.2 Role britského panovníka v Austrálii ................................... 18 4.1.3 Role generálního guvernéra v Austrálii ............................... 18 4.1.4 Republikanismus v Austrálii ................................................ 20 4.2 Kanada ........................................................................................ 23 4.2.1 Ústavní vývoj Kanady ......................................................... 23 4.2.2 Role britského panovníka v Kanad ě ................................... 24 4.2.3 Role generálního guvernéra v Kanad ě ............................... 26 4.2.4 Republikanismus v Kanad ě ................................................ 27 4.3 Nový Zéland ................................................................................ 29 4.3.1 Ústavní vývoj na Novém Zélandu ....................................... 29 4.3.2 Role britského panovníka na Novém Zélandu .................... 30 4.3.3 Role generálního guvernéra na novém Zélandu ................ 31 4.3.4 Republikanismus na Novém Zélandu ................................. 32 5 KOMPARACE STÁT Ů V OBLASTI KARIBIKU ........................ 34 5.1 Jamajské Království ................................................................... 35 5.1.1 Role britského panovníka a generálního guvernéra na Jamajce .............................................................................. 35 5.1.2 Republikanismus na Jamajce ............................................. 36 5.2 Barbados..................................................................................... 37 5.2.1 Role britského panovníka a generálního guvernéra na Barbadosu .......................................................................... 37 5.2.2 Republikanismus na Barbadosu ......................................... 38 6 KOMPARACE STÁT Ů V OBLASTI OCEÁNIE ......................... 39 6.1 Papua Nová Guinea ................................................................... 39 6.1.1 Role britského panovníka a generálního guvernéra na Papui Nové Guineji ....................................................................... 40 6.1.2 Republikanismus na Papui Nové Guineji............................ 41 7 SPOLUPRÁCE MEZI STÁTY COMMONWEALTH REALM ..... 42 7.1 Spolupráce Velké Británie sm ěrem k Austrálii, Kanad ě a Novému Zélandu ........................................................................ 43 7.1.1 Spolupráce Velké Británie a Austrálie ................................ 43 7.1.2 Spolupráce Velká Británie a Kanady .................................. 44 7.1.3 Spolupráce Velká Británie a Nového Zélandu .................... 45 7.2 Spolupráce mezi ostatními státy Commonwealth realm ........ 46 7.2.1 Austrálie a Nový Zéland...................................................... 46 7.2.2 Ostatní státy Commonwealth realm .................................... 47 8 ZÁV ĚR ..................................................................................... 49 9 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY A PRAMEN Ů ..................... 52 9.1 Tišt ěné zdroje a literatura.......................................................... 52 9.2 Prameny ...................................................................................... 54 9.3 Internetové zdroje ...................................................................... 54 10 RESUMÉ .................................................................................. 58 11 PŘÍLOHY .................................................................................. 59 1 1 ÚVOD Commonwealth of Nations neboli Spole čenství národ ů je volné a dobrovolné uskupení Spojeného království a dalších nezávislých stát ů po celém sv ětě. Název Commonwealth of Nations se za čal používat až s přijetím Westminsterského statutu, jehož text byl definitivn ě schválen v roce 1930 a vešel v platnost roku 1931. Odtud tedy oficiální název Commonwealth of Nations (dále jen Commonwealth). Commonwealth je mezinárodním uskupením, které m ělo v minulosti zna čný vliv na utvá ření sou časného sv ěta, důsledky politiky vedené tímto uskupením m ůžeme pozorovat dodnes. Sou částí tohoto uskupení je také šestnáct stát ů, které bývají ozna čovány jako Commonwealth realm neboli pouto Koruny. Pokud mluvíme o Spole čenství národů (dále jen Spole čenství), je pot řeba si uv ědomit, že se jedná o spole čenství jedine čné a významné. Jedine čné v tom smyslu, že dokázalo p řekonat mnoho sv ětových konflikt ů a jedine čné také tím, že si po celou svou existenci poda řilo udržet své členy, by ť za cenu mnoha kompromis ů a ústupk ů. Významné tím, že navzdory výše popsaným skute čnostem se poda řilo dosáhnout i mnoha úsp ěch ů. Členské státy tohoto Spole čenství musí bezpochyby n ěco spojovat. Je to oddanost ke Korun ě? Tradice? Nebo to je poz ůstatek koloniální minulosti či podobnost politických systém ů? To jsou otázky, na které se pr ůběhu práce pokusím odpov ědět. Ve všech níže popsaných státech Commonwealth realm se setkáme s politickým systémem konstitu ční monarchie. Politický systém konstitu ční monarchie a uznání britského panovníka jako oficiální hlavy státu je práv ě tím, co nejvíce spojuje dané státy. Krom ě t ěchto hlavních spole čných aspekt ů jednotlivé státy vyjad řují svou provázanost s britskými ko řeny nap říklad symboly či barvami Velké Británie ve svých státních vlajkách. Nejen tyto, ale i řada dalších spole čných prvk ů pat ří mezi pojítka členských stát ů Commonwealth realm. 2 Spole čenství národ ů je bezpochyby také uskupením, které v řad ě oblastí usiluje o ovliv ňování svých členských stát ů. Které oblasti to jsou? Do jaké míry Spole čenství zasahuje do politického d ění v členských státech Commonwealth realm a jakým zp ůsobem tam uplat ňuje sv ůj vliv? To jsou další otázky, na které budu hledat odpov ědi. Primárním cílem bakalá řské práce „Commonwealth realm“ je co nejp řehledn ěji popsat a analyzovat proces fungování skupiny stát ů uvnit ř Commonwealthu, které dodnes uznávají britského panovníka jako svou oficiální hlavu státu a ctí principy konstitu ční monarchie. Mezi další hlavní cíle pat ří vysv ětlit roli panovníka a generálního guvernéra v těchto státech a poukázat na podobnosti a odlišnosti, které mezi státy panují. Podstatná část práce je také v ěnována republikánským náladám ve spole čnosti některých stát ů Commonwealth realm a ústavním krizím, kterými si byly tyto státy nuceni projít. Za podstatnou sou část práce dále považuji poukázat na oblasti, ve kterých dané státy vzájemn ě spolupracují. Díl čím cílem práce je vysv ětlit termíny Commonwealth, Westminsterský statut, přiblížit proces historického vývoje a také poukázat na historické d ědictví Britského impéria a Spole čenství národ ů. Práce by m ěla p ředstavovat ucelený p řehled o tom, na jakých základech byly níže uvedené státy postaveny, jak se v pr ůběhu historie měnily, jakým zp ůsobem fungují dnes a zda mají n ějaké ambice a potenciál do budoucna. Text práce je rozd ělen do čty ř hlavních částí. V první obecné části bakalá řské práce se budu zabývat vysv ětlením pojmu Commonwealth. Zde poukáži na historický vývoj tohoto uskupení. Popis historického vývoje Commonwealthu považuji za d ůležitý z hlediska pochopení toho, jak se Společenství rozvíjelo v minulosti
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