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Solar Water Splitting on Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Nanostructures

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Solar Water Splitting on Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Nanostructures Solar Water Splitting on Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Nanostructures by Yongjie Wang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical and Computer Engineering) in The University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee: Professor Zetian Mi, Chair Professor L. Jay Guo Professor Jennifer Ogilvie Professor Zhaohui Zhong Yongjie Wang [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9268-837X © Yongjie Wang 2019 DEDICATION To my loved Xinghan Liu and my family ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At first, I would like to thank my research advisor, Professor Zetian Mi, for his constant support during my PhD studies. The hard-working style of Professor Mi has encouraged all my group colleagues to stay focused on our research work. Professor Mi is such a brilliant and knowledgeable advisor to guide my research area and provide support at almost any time. This dissertation would not be possible without his supervision. Beyond the dissertation research achievements, I have learnt much more about the motivation, attitude, personality, willing, etc., which is really appreciated. I am sincerely grateful to my committee members, Professor Jennifer Ogilvie, Professor L. Jay Guo, and Professor Zhaohui Zhong. Without their encouragement, careful reviews, and valuable suggestions, this dissertation research would not be improved and completed on time. I would also like to thank my qualifying examiners, Professor Pallab Bhattacharya, Professor Wei Lu, Professor L. Jay Guo, and Professor Stephen Forrest. Without their evaluation and recommendation, I would not have the chance to conduct this dissertation research here. I acknowledge all the support from our research group members at both McGill University and the University of Michigan, Dr. Songrui Zhao, Dr. Yichen Wang, Dr. Yong-Ho Ra, Dr. Sheng Chu, Dr. Fei Chen, Dr. Xianhe Liu, Dr. Huy Binh Le, Dr. Renjie Wang, Dr. Bandar AlOtaibi, Dr. Shizhao Fan, Dr. Md Golam Kibria, Srinivas Vanka, Roksana Tonny Rashid, Yuanpeng Wu, Yazhou Zhang, Ronglei Fan, David Arto Laleyan, Ayush Pandey, Eric Reid, Kishwar Mashooq, Nick Pant, and Walter Jin Shin. Special thanks to Yuanpeng Wu and Yazhou Zhang for some valuable co-work. Their cooperation, help, suggestion, and friendship have made my graduate life easier toward the successful thesis work. iii I would like to thank all the collaborators for the extended research and achievements, Tomoya Asaba and Professor Lu Li at the Department of Physics, Dr. Pengfei Song, Dr. Bin Ouyang, Dr. Xianghua Kong, Pengfei Ou, Professor Hong Guo, and Professor Jun Song at McGill University, and Yumin He and Professor Dunwei Wang at Boston College. The collaboration with them have greatly promoted my dissertation research work. I would like to thank all the staff of the Lurie Nanofabrication Facility (LNF) and Michigan Center for Materials Characterization ((MC)2) laboratories for their valuable training and support on fabrication processing and materials characterizations. Special acknowledgement to Pilar Herrera-Fierro, Terre Briggs, Brian Armstrong, Nadine Wang, Kai Sun, and Haiping Sun for their close support on my projects. I give sincerely gratitude to my girlfriend, Xinghan Liu, and my family in China, who have always supported, encouraged, and motivated me to complete this dissertation work. This dissertation work would not be successfully completed without the support, help, encouragement, and supervision from all the people above. I really want to express my sincere appreciation to every individual supporting my graduate studies. iv PREFACE This presented research work covers the molecular beam epitaxial growth, material characterizations, and solar water splitting performance of low-dimensional III-nitride and transition metal dichalcogenide nanostructures. The manuscripts included in this dissertation are listed below. 1. Yongjie Wang, Yuanpeng Wu, Kai Sun, and Zetian Mi. Quadruple-band metal- nitride nanowires for high efficiency photocatalytic overall solar water splitting. In preparation. (Chapter III) 2. Yongjie Wang, Srinivas Vanka, Jiseok Gim, Yuanpeng Wu, Ronglei Fan, Yazhou Zhang, Jinwen Shi, Mingrong Shen, Robert Hovden, and Zetian Mi. An In0.42Ga0.58N tunnel junction nanowire photocathode monolithically integrated on a nonplanar Si wafer. Nano Energy, 57, 405-413, 2019. (Chapter IV) 3. Yongjie Wang, Yuanpeng Wu, Jonathan Schwartz, Suk Hyun Sung, Robert Hovden, and Zetian Mi. A single junction cathodic approach for stable unassisted solar water splitting. Under review. (Chapter V) 4. Yongjie Wang, Jonathan Schwartz, Robert Hovden, and Zetian Mi. High efficiency, stable unassisted solar water splitting on semiconductor photocathodes protected by multi-functional GaN nanostructures. In preparation. (Chapter VI) 5. Yongjie Wang, Songrui Zhao, Yichen Wang, David Arto Laleyan, Yuanpeng Wu, Bin Ouyang, Pengfei Ou, Jun Song, and Zetian Mi. Wafer-scale synthesis of monolayer WSe2: A multi-functional photocatalyst for efficient overall pure water splitting. Nano Energy, 51, 54-60, 2018. (Chapter VII) v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xxiii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... xxv CHAPTER I. Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of Solar Water Splitting ........................................................................ 1 1.2 Mechanisms of Solar Water Splitting ....................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Photocatalytic (PC) water splitting ..................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting ....................................................... 5 1.2.3 Cocatalyst ........................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Challenges for Solar Water Splitting ........................................................................ 7 1.3.1 Energy band requirements and light absorption ................................................. 7 1.3.2 Charge carrier separation and extraction ............................................................ 8 1.3.3 Long term stability.............................................................................................. 9 1.4 Solar Water Splitting Performance Evaluation ....................................................... 10 1.4.1 Photocatalytic water splitting ........................................................................... 10 1.4.2 Photoelectrochemical water splitting ................................................................ 12 1.5 Overview of the Dissertation................................................................................... 16 vi Chapter II. Molecular Beam Epitaxial Growth and Characterizations of III-Nitride Nanowires and Transition Metal Dichalcogenide 2D Layers ..................................... 20 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 20 2.2 Overview of Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy ........................................ 20 2.3 Characterization Techniques ................................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Photoluminescence ........................................................................................... 22 2.3.2 Energy gap of InGaN alloys ............................................................................. 23 2.3.3 Raman spectroscopy ......................................................................................... 23 2.3.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy .................................................................... 24 2.3.5 Scanning electron microscopy .......................................................................... 24 2.3.6 Transmission electron microscopy ................................................................... 24 2.4 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Measurements ....................................... 25 2.4.1 Photocatalytic water splitting ........................................................................... 25 2.4.2 Photoelectrochemical water splitting ................................................................ 25 2.5 Summary ................................................................................................................. 26 CHAPTER III. Quadruple-Band Metal-Nitride Nanowires for High Efficiency Photocatalytic Overall Solar Water Splitting............................................................... 27 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 27 3.2 Results and Discussions .......................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Schematic
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