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The Chorographic Vision: an Investigation Into the Historical and Contemporary Visual Literacy of Chorography

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The Chorographic Vision: an Investigation Into the Historical and Contemporary Visual Literacy of Chorography ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: O’Sullivan, Jill (2011) The chorographic vision: an investigation into the historical and contemporary visual literacy of chorography. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/29155/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/29155/ The Chorographic Vision: An Investigation into the Historical and Contemporary Visual Literacy of Chorography Thesis submitted by Jill O’Sullivan MCA BVA (Honours) GCTT in November 2011 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Creative Arts James Cook University Statement of Access I, the undersigned, author of this work, understand that James Cook University will make this thesis available for use within the University, and via the Australian Digital Thesis Network, for use elsewhere. I understand that, as an unpublished work, a thesis has significant protection under the Copyright Act and I do not wish to place any further restrictions on access to this work. …………………………….. …………………………. Signature Date ii Statement of Sources Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. ………………………………… .…………………… Signature Date iii Statement of the Contribution of Others The Minimum Resources Policy has provided financial assistance for conference fees and accommodation for two international conferences. I presented papers at these. Funding for one field trip, exhibition and material costs were also funded in part by this resource. My supervisors provided all other support in consultation and guidance. iv Electronic Copy of Thesis for Library Deposit Declaration I, the undersigned, the author of this work, declare that the electronic copy of this thesis provided to the James Cook University Library is an accurate copy of the print thesis submitted, within the limits of the technology available. …………………………. ….……………………….. Signature Date v Acknowledgements I thank all those who have given encouragement and much appreciated support to my PhD candidature. In particular, I wish to thank my supervisors, Dr. Anne Lord for her immense commitment of time and help combined with her professional and specialised knowledge and Dr. Steven Campbell for his professional support, understanding and consideration. I also especially thank the following people at the School of Creative Art at James Cook University for their complete support during my candidature: Professor Ryan Daniel, Head of School and the administration staff at SoCA, Richard Gillespie, Elly Murrell and Nam Enever. For personal and academic support through the candidature, I also deeply thank: Vince and Helen Bray, Bronwyn Goodfellow, Jan Graham, Vi Fraser, Shirley MacNamara, Professor Rosamund Thorpe, Kerry Sipos; my fellow Post-graduates, Jan Daly, Donna Foley and Terri Macdonald; my family, Christopher and Emma, Therese and Greg, Ian and Margaret, Martin and Rebecca, and all the many others who have helped in so many ways. vi Abstract This research spans the origins of chorography in Greek classical cosmographical and geographical philosophies to contemporary interpretation by visual artists. Chorography is a pictorial map-like descriptor that visually codes the physical and metaphysical constituents of specified place. The art of chorography can be perceived and applied as a visual literacy of place to map and signify the inherent attributes and experience of place. This research investigates the history of chorography through two millenniums of creative imagery and the symbolism of mapped place in visual arts to examine and realise the actuality of a chorographic visual literacy in twenty-first century art praxis. In the Geographike Hyphegesis c.149 AD, Ptolemy clearly defined the concept, method and purpose of chorography; a qualitative descriptor and interpreter that mapped the tangible and intangible elements of unmeasured place, and which was wholly dependent on artistic skills. By this definition, Ptolemy positioned chorography to be a visual language that communicated and mapped the nuances of place. This research argues that the language remained well recognised in artistic endeavour up to and including the medieval, Renaissance periods and seventeenth century in western art. Over the centuries and by artistic designation, the chorographic map, as a narrative of place and visual codes, has been a medium used to reflect on and elucidate the pertinent theology, humanist thought, politics and culture of each era. Today, chorography is a named and valid visual language of place, acknowledged, and practiced within fields of archaeology, philosophies of place, new media and humanist geographies. However, within twenty-first century visual art theory and practice, the role of chorography by name is almost unrecognised and forgotten. vii This research recognises the gap in knowledge and argues that the essence of chorographic intent remains very evident in current practice. In addition, this thesis argues that creative works where conceptual forms of coded maps relate to place can demonstrate chorographic attributes and continue to evoke Ptolemy’s premise. To position chorography as a valid visual literacy of place in theory and praxis within twenty-first century creative arts, key arguments are brought through interdisciplinary investigations to determine purposes and methods of chorography as a signifier of place. Created in either traditional media or the multimedia of today’s technological world, these qualitative mappings, albeit either real or allegorical, remain linked to place as visual interpreters of its values and issues. Moreover, the argument references artists who map place and appropriate and re-constitute the medieval, Renaissance and early modern chorographic semantics, symbols and iconic descriptors of place to visualise concerns related to modern culture and society. Additionally, this researcher viewed and considered medieval and Renaissance chorographs and mappings from contemporary studio practices on site in international and Australian repositories. This investigation begins with the examination of chorography’s evolvement through classical Greek philosophies of cosmographies. The study charts and discusses the symbolic authority of chorography as a visual literacy constructed for and conditioned by the changing beliefs, culture and political overtones of ancient to contemporary society. The discourse appraises the quite sophisticated and semiotic abstractions of place that reflect beliefs mapped by theological chorographs, the metaphysical T-O and mappaemundi. The research then explores and assesses the ways Renaissance chorographers, deeply influenced by Ptolemy’s Geographia, brought overt secular and political symbolism to this art of place. Discussed within this context too are viii chorography’s affiliation with the invention of the printing press and reasons for chorography’s displacement as a descriptor of place within visual arts that began at the end of the early modern period. Results from this analysis provide a clear understanding of the visual literacy of chorography and the methods of symbolism used to delineate place and its intricate elements, both tangible and intangible. This determination allows for the selection of criteria to assess selected contemporary art works that well may be read as chorographic. In addition, this understanding underpins the researcher’s creation of chorographic artwork, an important correlation to the research. The researcher’s qualitative mappings present a particular region and its elements of North West Queensland by the use of chorographic principles and language, shaped by personal knowledge and experience. In this way, the practice-based component of the research, as a case study, argues for a way forward for the recognition of chorography as a contemporary language of place within contemporary art. ix Table of Contents Statement of Access .............................................................................................. ii Statement of Sources ........................................................................................... iii Statement of the Contribution of Others .............................................................. iv Electronic Copy of Thesis for Library Deposit Declaration ................................. v Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. vi Abstract .............................................................................................. vii Table of Contents ................................................................................................ x List of Tables ............................................................................................. xvi List of Figures ............................................................................................ xvii List of Plates ........................................................................................... xviii Chapter One ...............................................................................................
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