DOCSLIB.ORG

The Airmen Charged with Delivering Nuclear Weapons Were Often Kept in the Dark About the Revolutionary Weapons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Airmen Charged with Delivering Nuclear Weapons Were Often Kept in the Dark About the Revolutionary Weapons The airmen charged with delivering nuclear weapons were often kept in the dark about the revolutionary weapons. Early Atomic Air By Phillip S. Meilinger Photo from the collection of Harold Agnew heoretically, it had been known for decades that splitting the atom would release enormous power—far greater than any explosive ever invented. In the T1930s the theories of nuclear fission be- gan to take definite shape as scientists in Germany, the US, and elsewhere began experiments that revealed the secrets of the atom. In early 1939 it was apparent war was coming in Europe. It was also obvious to a group of scientists in America, some of whom had recently fled Germany, that the Nazis were working toward an atomic bomb. This was a frightening possibility, so these individuals, led by Albert Einstein, wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning him of the peril represented by German research. The US needed to beat the Nazis to the atomic bomb, and it would take immediate action and vast funds to do so. Top: 509th Composite Group aircraft on Tinian, before its bombing mission to Hi- roshima. Enola Gay is in the foreground. Above: Enola Gay crewmembers (l-r) Maj. In October 1939, one month after war Theodore Van Kirk, Col. Paul Tibbets Jr., and Maj. Thomas Ferebee. Despite their erupted in Europe, FDR directed the successful mission over Hiroshima, Tibbets’ crew was bypassed for the tests at Army to study the matter. Bikini Atoll. 74 AIR FORCE Magazine / March 2012 For the next six years the Army man- aged the Manhattan Project to build an atomic bomb. This was the most secretive weapon-development program of the war. The entire project was enormous, requir- ing not only covert laboratories, “heavy water” plants, and vast amounts of silver to produce the required electrical coils, but also mining operations to obtain the necessary uranium. On Dec. 2, 1942, a team of scientists led by Nobel Prize winner Enrico Fermi huddled in a secret lab beneath the stands of the abandoned football stadium at the University of Chicago and produced the world’s first self-sustaining nuclear reaction. A year later scientists at Los Alamos, N.M., under the leadership of J. Robert Oppenheimer, began building a weapon from Fermi’s achievement. On July 16, 1945, an atomic device Seated at the Potsdam Conference (l-r): British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, US was detonated at Trinity Site in the New President Harry Truman, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. Truman learned of the Mexico desert. The blast was seen as far successful Trinity test while at this conference. away as Albuquerque and El Paso and entailed the now familiar ball of fire and bombs available to waste on empty space. mushroom” that quickly rose to a height mushroom cloud. One observer described It was also feared that since the actual of 45,000 feet—three miles higher than the blast as “unprecedented, magnificent, bomb had not yet been tested—Trinity the aircraft’s own altitude—and even beautiful, stupendous, and terrifying.” was a huge, static device detonated under from several miles away appeared to be laboratory conditions—the psychological “boiling upward like something terribly Ending the War and propaganda harm of announcing a alive.” It gave the unsettling appearance President Harry Truman was in Pots- demonstration only to have the bomb fail of a phenomenon about to engulf the dam, discussing the postwar settlement of to explode was too great a risk. airplane. In the city below, it destroyed Germany with Joseph Stalin and British This concern was not trivial; even the virtually everything within a one-mile Prime Minister Clement Attlee, when he head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Fleet radius of the blast. was told of the Trinity blast. According Adm. William D. Leahy (who considered A second bomb, a more advanced to Truman, there was never any question himself an ordnance expert), predicted plutonium design nicknamed “Fat Man,” in his mind that he would use the atomic failure. was dropped on Nagasaki on Aug. 9. bomb against Japan. The issues now dealt In addition, military planners and Japan surrendered five days later. with delivery and the appropriate target. scientists wanted an untouched target Debate still rages over whether the Because of its size and weight, the so they could more easily determine the atomic bombs were necessary to force bomb could only be carried in a B-29; effects of the atomic blast. Secretary of Japanese surrender, but it was not a seri- even so, the bombers had to be specially War Henry L. Stimson then crossed Kyoto ous question at the time. Truman had no modified and the crews specially trained off the target list because of its historical regrets over his decision—the invasion of to handle the new weapon. In the summer and cultural significance. The name then Japan scheduled for November could have of 1944, Gen. Henry H. “Hap” Arnold coming out on top was Hiroshima—Ja- cost millions of lives, on both sides. He chose Lt. Col. Paul W. Tibbets Jr., a su- pan’s eighth largest city, a large seaport, was not willing to pay that price. Japanese perb pilot with a distinguished combat headquarters of the Second Army, and a leaders interviewed after the war agreed record, to head the unit that would deliver major war industry center. the bombs had been the final straw that the bomb. The 509th Composite Group In late July, President Truman warned had broken their will. The enormous was activated on Dec. 17, 1944, and after the Japanese they must surrender or face power of the atomic bombs had as much training in the US, Tibbets moved his unit terrible consequences. They ignored him. psychological effect as it did physical. to the island of Tinian in the Marianas. On Aug. 2, Tibbets received orders to Essentially, everyone believed atomic After undergoing normal theater orienta- drop the bomb. The Enola Gay took off weapons had fundamentally altered the tion, the 509th flew a number of combat from Tinian at 2:30 a.m., Aug. 6, 1945. conduct of war. There would have to missions against Japan, utilizing large The flight en route was uneventful, and be new strategies, new weapons, new conventional bombs, termed “pumpkins,” at 8:15 a.m. the bomb exploded above organizations, and new doctrines. that resembled the atomic bombs in size, Hiroshima at an altitude of 1,890 feet to When the war ended the Army Air shape, and weight. maximize the blast effect. Forces shrank dramatically in size, as The target question involved several The bomb, termed “Little Boy,” had did the entire military establishment. The factors. President Truman and his advi- a uranium core and detonated with AAF, which had consisted of 243 groups sors decided to hit an actual military the equivalent force of 20,000 tons of in March 1945, quickly dropped by two- target, rather than attempt a demonstra- TNT—equal to thousands of B-29s thirds—it would eventually bottom out tion, such as exploding a bomb off the carrying conventional bombs. Tibbets at 48 groups—and many of those were coast of Tokyo. There were too few described the blast as a “giant purple no longer combat-ready. The 509th was AIR FORCE Magazine / March 2012 75 The Army and Navy would It detonated at 518 feet, but it missed its jointly conduct these atomic tests target by nearly half a mile, and to the because the main targets were to left—as Ferebee had predicted. Despite be surplus American ships and months of practice and two dry runs captured enemy vessels. The plan immediately before the actual drop, the called for one air burst over the bomb still missed its target, in perfect ships themselves—to be dropped weather, by more than five football fields. by a B-29 from the 509th—and two The Navy was much amused. Nevada underwater detonations arranged was still afloat—although five other by the Navy. (During the event, ships were sunk and others were heav- only one underwater detonation ily damaged. As an aircraft approached took place because the first was the barely scorched Nevada, one sailor so successful.) mused: “Well, it looks to me like the Vice Adm. William H. P. Blandy atom bomb is just about like the Army was the overall commander for Air Force [sic]—highly overrated.” Crossroads, with Maj. Gen. William E. Kepner, from the AAF, as his What Had Gone Wrong? deputy, and Brig. Gen. Roger M. People pointed fingers at the aircrew, Ramey leading the AAF contingent airplane, bombsight, and the bomb itself. of 2,200 people. Maj. Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, the deputy The first test, termed Able, was chief of the air staff for research and scheduled for July 1. The 509th development, ordered tests of the aircraft had been practicing in New Mexico and bombsight immediately thereafter, but Lt. Gen. Henry “Hap” Arnold (r) with for several months, dropping “pumpkin” they showed no malfunction. Crew error Col. Jacob Smart in China. Arnold picked Tibbets to head the 509th Com- dummy bombs in the desert. Accuracy was also ruled out, although as noted, posite Group. remained a concern. The horrible aero- some believed that was the culprit. The dynamic shape of the 10-foot-long, Strategic Air Command official history one of the few groups still in good shape, five-foot-diameter, and 10,000-pound blamed unpredictable winds. and it formed the core of the “atomic Fat Man bombs had been troublesome One report of the incident concluded air force.” since Nagasaki, but little had been done lamely that “some unusual force affected Besides demobilization and budget to correct it.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Number Games Full Book.Pdf
    Should you read this book? If you think it is interesting that on September 11, 2001, Flight 77 reportedly hit the 77 foot tall Pentagon, in Washington D.C. on the 77th Meridian West, after taking off at 8:20 AM and crashing at 9:37 AM, 77 minutes later, then this book is for you. Furthermore, if you can comprehend that there is a code of numbers behind the letters of the English language, as simple as A, B, C is 1, 2, 3, and using this code reveals that phrases and names such as ‘September Eleventh’, ‘World Trade Center’ and ‘Order From Chaos’ equate to 77, this book is definitely for you. And please know, these are all facts, just the same as it is a fact that Pentagon construction began September 11, 1941, just prior to Pearl Harbor. Table of Contents 1 – Introduction to Gematria, the Language of The Cabal 2 – 1968, Year of the Coronavirus & 9/11 Master Plan 3 – 222 Months Later, From 9/11 to the Coronavirus Pandemic 4 – Event 201, The Jesuit Order, Anthony Fauci & Pope Francis 5 – Crimson Contagion Pandemic Exercise & New York Times 6 – Clade X Pandemic Exercise & the Pandemic 666 Days Later 7 – Operation Dark Winter & Mr. Bright’s “Darkest Winter” Warning 8 – Donald Trump’s Vaccine Plan, Operation Warp Speed 9 – H.R. 6666, Contact Tracing, ID2020 & the Big Tech Takeover 10 – Rockefeller’s 2010 Scenarios for the Future of Technology 11 – Bill Gates’ First Birthday on Jonas Salk’s 42nd... & Elvis 12 – Tom Hanks & the Use of Celebrity to Sell the Pandemic 13 – Nadia the Tiger, Tiger King & Year of the Tiger, 2022 14 – Coronavirus Predictive
    [Show full text]
  • Biographies of Edison Lecturers
    Harold Agnew, UC San Diego Professor Agnew was born in Denver, Colorado, in 1921. He received a B.A. in chemistry from the University of Denver in 1942. He joined Fermi’s research group at Chicago as a graduate student in 1942. He was sent to Columbia and then moved with Fermi back to Chicago and participated in the construction of the pile under the west stands of Stagg Field. He was a witness at the initiation of the first controlled nuclear chain reaction on December 2, 1942. Following this event he moved to Los Alamos in 1943. He participated at the Trinity test, the first test explosion of a nuclear bomb at the White Sands Missile test facility in New Mexico. On August 6, 1945; he flew with the 509th Composite Group to Hiroshima with Luis Alvarez (UC Berkeley) and Bernie Waldman (Notre Dame). He participated at the measurement of the yield of the first atomic bomb directly from air over the target. In 1946 he returned to Chicago to complete his graduate studies and received a Ph.D. in 1949 under Fermi’s direction. Following his stay at Chicago he returned to Los Alamos in the Physics Division and eventually became the Weapons Division leader (1964-70). In 1970 he became director of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. In 1979 he retired and became president of General Atomics and retired in 1983. Harold Agnew was scientific advisor to SACEUR at NATO (1961-64), a member of the President’s Science Advisory Committee (1965-73), and a White House science councilor (1982-89).
    [Show full text]
  • KT 7-8-2014 Layout 1
    SUBSCRIPTION THURSDAY, AUGUST 7, 2014 SHAWWAL 11, 1435 AH www.kuwaittimes.net Health Them’s fighting Obama, African Khan’s century Ministry words! The leaders talk rescues downplays politics of security, Pakistan in Ebola threat3 place15 names governance26 first20 Test US sanctions ‘terror Max 46º Min 29º financiers’ in Kuwait High Tide 07:08 & 21:59 Low Tide Trio accused of supporting Islamic State, Nusra Front 01:16 & 15:14 40 PAGES NO: 16247 150 FILS WASHINGTON: The United States 41, and Hajjaj Fahd Hajjaj Muhammad three have been named a “specially desig- Anizi had worked in the past with Al- imposed sanctions on three men, two of Shabib Al-Ajmi, 26, of raising money for nated global terrorist” by the United Qaeda facilitators based in Iran, and that Lawyer slams them Kuwaiti, yesterday, accusing them of the Al-Nusra Front, a jihadist group fight- States government, which accuses them the younger Ajmi had tried to get fellow providing money, fighters and weapons ing in Syria. Both men are said to be of soliciting donations for militants from Kuwaitis into leadership positions in Al- fatwa against to extremists in Iraq and Syria. Under the Kuwaiti, and the elder Ajmi’s street wealthy donors in the Gulf region. “We Nusra. The latest US terrorism report on order, issued by the US Treasury, any address in Kuwait was given. and our international partners, including the country noted “increased reports of assets the men hold in the United States A third man, Abdulrahman Khalaf Al- the Kuwaiti government, need to act Kuwait-based private individuals funnel- ‘The 99’ series are frozen and American citizens and resi- Anizi, whose nationality was not disclosed more urgently and effectively to disrupt ing charitable donations and other funds By Nawara Fattahova dents are “generally prohibited” from and who is thought to be around 40 years these terrorist financing efforts,” said to violent extremist groups outside the doing business with them.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2013.Pdf
    ATOMIC HERITAGE FOUNDATION Preserving & Interpreting Manhattan Project History & Legacy preserving history ANNUAL REPORT 2013 WHY WE SHOULD PRESERVE THE MANHATTAN PROJECT “The factories and bombs that Manhattan Project scientists, engineers, and workers built were physical objects that depended for their operation on physics, chemistry, metallurgy, and other nat- ural sciences, but their social reality - their meaning, if you will - was human, social, political....We preserve what we value of the physical past because it specifically embodies our social past....When we lose parts of our physical past, we lose parts of our common social past as well.” “The new knowledge of nuclear energy has undoubtedly limited national sovereignty and scaled down the destructiveness of war. If that’s not a good enough reason to work for and contribute to the Manhattan Project’s historic preservation, what would be? It’s certainly good enough for me.” ~Richard Rhodes, “Why We Should Preserve the Manhattan Project,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2006 Photographs clockwise from top: J. Robert Oppenheimer, General Leslie R. Groves pinning an award on Enrico Fermi, Leona Woods Marshall, the Alpha Racetrack at the Y-12 Plant, and the Bethe House on Bathtub Row. Front cover: A Bruggeman Ranch property. Back cover: Bronze statues by Susanne Vertel of J. Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves at Los Alamos. Table of Contents BOARD MEMBERS & ADVISORY COMMITTEE........3 Cindy Kelly, Dorothy and Clay Per- Letter from the President..........................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Smithsonian and the Enola
    An Air Force Association Special Report The Smithsonian and the Enola Gay The Air Force Association The Air Force Association (AFA) is an independent, nonprofit civilian organiza- tion promoting public understanding of aerospace power and the pivotal role it plays in the security of the nation. AFA publishes Air Force Magazine, sponsors national symposia, and disseminates infor- mation through outreach programs of its affiliate, the Aerospace Education Founda- tion. Learn more about AFA by visiting us on the Web at www.afa.org. The Aerospace Education Foundation The Aerospace Education Foundation (AEF) is dedicated to ensuring America’s aerospace excellence through education, scholarships, grants, awards, and public awareness programs. The Foundation also publishes a series of studies and forums on aerospace and national security. The Eaker Institute is the public policy and research arm of AEF. AEF works through a network of thou- sands of Air Force Association members and more than 200 chapters to distrib- ute educational material to schools and concerned citizens. An example of this includes “Visions of Exploration,” an AEF/USA Today multi-disciplinary sci- ence, math, and social studies program. To find out how you can support aerospace excellence visit us on the Web at www. aef.org. © 2004 The Air Force Association Published 2004 by Aerospace Education Foundation 1501 Lee Highway Arlington VA 22209-1198 Tel: (703) 247-5839 Produced by the staff of Air Force Magazine Fax: (703) 247-5853 Design by Guy Aceto, Art Director An Air Force Association Special Report The Smithsonian and the Enola Gay By John T. Correll April 2004 Front cover: The huge B-29 bomber Enola Gay, which dropped an atomic bomb on Japan, is one of the world’s most famous airplanes.
    [Show full text]
  • Weapon Physics Division
    -!! Chapter XV WEAPON PHYSICS DIVISION Introduction 15.1 At the time of its organization in August 1944, the Weapon Physics or G Division (G for gadget, code for weapon) was given a directive to carry out experiments on the critical assembly of active materials, to de- vise methods for the study of the implosion, and to exploit these methods to gain information about the implosion. In April 1945, the G Division directive was extended to fnclude the responsibility for the design and procurement of the hnplosion tamper, as well as the active core. In addition to its primary work with critical assemblies and implosion studies, G Division undertook the design and testing of an implosion initiator and of electric detonators for the high explosive. The Electronics Group was transferred from the Experi- mental Physics Division to G Division, and the Photographic Section of the Ordnance Division became G Divisionts Photographic Group. 15.2 The initial organization of the division, unchanged during the year which this account covers, was as follows: G-1 Critical Assemblies O. R. Frisch G-2 The X-Ray Method L. W. Parratt G-3 The Magnetic Method E. W. McMillan G-4 Electronics W. A. Higginbotham G-5 The Betatron Method S. H. Neddermeyer G-6 The RaLa Method B. ROSSi G-7 Electric Detonators L. W. Alvarez G-8 The Electric Method D. K. Froman G-9 (Absorbed in Group G-1) G-10 Initiator Group C. L. Critchfield G-n Optics J. E. Mack - 228 - 15.3 For the work of G Division a large new laboratory building was constructed, Gamma Building.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Weapons Technology 101 for Policy Wonks Bruce T
    NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY FOR POLICY WONKS NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY 101 FOR POLICY WONKS BRUCE T. GOODWIN BRUCE T. GOODWIN BRUCE T. Center for Global Security Research Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory August 2021 NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY 101 FOR POLICY WONKS BRUCE T. GOODWIN Center for Global Security Research Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory August 2021 NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY 101 FOR POLICY WONKS | 1 This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in part under Contract W-7405-Eng-48 and in part under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. The views and opinions of the author expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. ISBN-978-1-952565-11-3 LCCN-2021907474 LLNL-MI-823628 TID-61681 2 | BRUCE T. GOODWIN Table of Contents About the Author. 2 Introduction . .3 The Revolution in Physics That Led to the Bomb . 4 The Nuclear Arms Race Begins. 6 Fission and Fusion are "Natural" Processes . 7 The Basics of the Operation of Nuclear Explosives. 8 The Atom . .9 Isotopes . .9 Half-life . 10 Fission . 10 Chain Reaction . 11 Critical Mass . 11 Fusion . 14 Types of Nuclear Weapons . 16 Finally, How Nuclear Weapons Work . 19 Fission Explosives . 19 Fusion Explosives . 22 Staged Thermonuclear Explosives: the H-bomb . 23 The Modern, Miniature Hydrogen Bomb . 25 Intrinsically Safe Nuclear Weapons . 32 Underground Testing . 35 The End of Nuclear Testing and the Advent of Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship . 39 Stockpile Stewardship Today . 41 Appendix 1: The Nuclear Weapons Complex .
    [Show full text]
  • 7.4 News 684 MH
    news Pope praised for CHILD/AP partial conciliation of B. science and religion Quirin Schiermeier,Munich Catholic researchers and bioethicists have responded to the death of Pope John Paul II with tributes to his efforts to achieve reconciliation between faith and science. And some are optimistic that his successor will keep on the same path. The Polish Pope had a strong personal interest in science and worked to reduce hostility between the scientific community and the Roman Catholic Church. Nonetheless, his strict rejection Water bombs: US submarines such as the Virginia are armed with W76 thermonuclear warheads. of abortion, embryonic stem-cell research and contraception, including the distribution of condoms to help Nuclear chiefs scotch story contain AIDS, drew him into conflict with some scientists. AIDS activist groups around the on frailty of ageing warheads world still condemn John Paul’s refusal to endorse the use of condoms.“It should Geoff Brumfiel,Washington told the The New York Times.Morse did not not be forgotten that millions have died Senior weapons scientists emphatically respond to Nature’s requests for an interview. in Africa as a result of this theological denied a report this week that the most Other scientists familiar with the weapon rigidity,”the London-based Independent important US nuclear warhead has a design dispute Morse’s assertions. “I think he’s newspaper said in an editorial. fault that could make it unreliable. wrong,” says Richard Garwin, a prominent However, John Paul frequently The New York Times reported on 3 April former hydrogen-bomb designer. Agnew, discussed scientific matters with such that the W76, a thermonuclear warhead who was present at several tests of the W76, luminaries as Stephen Hawking, who is launched from submarines, has a flaw in the says that it never failed to detonate.
    [Show full text]
  • Character List
    Character List - Bomb ​ Use this chart to help you keep track of the hundreds of names of physicists, freedom fighters, government officials, and others involved in the making of the atomic bomb. Scientists Political/Military Leaders Spies Robert Oppenheimer - Winston Churchill -- Prime Klaus Fuchs - physicist in ​ ​ ​ designed atomic bomb. He was Minister of England Manhattan Project who gave accused of spying. secrets to Russia Franklin D. Roosevelt -- ​ Albert Einstein - convinced President of the United States Harry Gold - spy and Courier ​ ​ U.S. government that they for Russia KGB. Narrator of the needed to research fission. Harry Truman -- President of story ​ the United States Enrico Fermi - created first Ruth Werner - Russian spy ​ ​ chain reaction Joseph Stalin -- dictator of the ​ Tell Hall -- physicist in Soviet Union ​ Igor Korchatov -- Russian Manhattan Project who gave ​ physicist in charge of designing Adolf Hitler -- dictator of secrets to Russia ​ bomb Germany Haakon Chevalier - friend who ​ Werner Reisenberg -- Leslie Groves -- Military approached Oppenheimer about ​ ​ German physicist in charge of leader of the Manhattan Project spying for Russia. He was designing bomb watched by the FBI, but he was not charged. Otto Hahn -- German physicist ​ who discovered fission Other scientists involved in the Manhattan Project: ​ Aage Niels Bohr George Kistiakowsky Joseph W. Kennedy Richard Feynman Arthur C. Wahl Frank Oppenheimer Joseph Rotblat Robert Bacher Arthur H. Compton Hans Bethe Karl T. Compton Robert Serber Charles Critchfield Harold Agnew Kenneth Bainbridge Robert Wilson Charles Thomas Harold Urey Leo James Rainwater Rudolf Pelerls Crawford Greenewalt Harold DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Samuel K. Allison Cyril S. Smith Herbert L. Anderson Luis Alvarez Samuel Goudsmit Edward Norris Isidor I.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Books, Autographs & Maps
    RARE BOOKS, AUTOGRAPHS & MAPS Wednesday, April 17, 2019 NEW YORK RARE BOOKS, AUTOGRAPHS & MAPS AUCTION Wednesday, April 17, 2019 at 10am EXHIBITION Saturday, April 13, 10am – 5pm Sunday, April 14, Noon – 5pm Monday, April 15, 10am – 7pm Tuesday, April 16, 10am – 4pm LOCATION Doyle 175 East 87th Street New York City 212-427-2730 www.Doyle.com INCLUDING PROPERTY CONTENTS FROM THE ESTATES OF Printed & Manuscript Americana 1 - 50 Marian Clark Adolphson, CT Maps 51 - 57 Frances “Peggy” Brooks Autographs 58 - 70 Elizabeth and Donald Ebel Manuscripts 71 - 74 Elizabeth H. Fuller Early Printed Books 75 - 97 Robin Gottlieb Fine Bindings 98 - 107 Arnold ‘Jake’ Johnson Automobilia 108 - 112 George Labalme, Jr. Color Plate & Plate Books Including 113 - 142 Peter Mayer Science & Natural History Suzanne Schrag Travel & Sport 143 - 177 Barbara Wainscott Children’s Literature 178 - 192 Illustration Art 193 - 201 20th Century Illustrated Books 202 - 225 19th Century Illustrated Books 226 - 267 INCLUDING PROPERTY FROM Modern Literature 268 - 351 A Gentleman A Palm Beach Collector Glossary I A Maine Collector Conditions of Sale II The Collection of Rudolf Serkin Terms of Guarantee IV Information on Sales & Use Tax V Buying at Doyle VI Selling at Doyle VIII Auction Schedule IX Company Directory XI Absentee Bid Form XII Lot 167 Printed & Manuscript Americana 1 4 AMERICAN FLAG A large 35 star American Flag. Cotton or linen flag, the canton [CALIFORNIA - BANKING] with 35 stars, likely Civil War era, approximately 68 x 136 inches or Early and rare ledger of the Exchange Bank of Elsinore. 5 1/2 x 11 feet (172 x 345 cm); the canton 36 x 51 inches (91 x 129 cm), August 1889-November 1890.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Chapter 68KB
    Memorial Tributes: Volume 21 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 21 HAROLD M. AGNEW 1921–2013 Elected in 1976 “Pioneering contributions in weapons engineering and combining science and engineering into effective technology.” BY RICARDO B. SCHWARZ HAROLD MELVIN AGNEW, a scientist who worked on the Manhattan Project that gave the United States its first atomic bomb and who later became the third director of Los Alamos National Laboratory, died September 29, 2013, at his home in Solana Beach, California. He was 92. He was born March 28, 1921, in Denver, the only child of a stonecutter father and homemaker mother. He attended South Denver High School and the University of Denver, where he majored in chemistry. After the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II, Agnew and his girlfriend, Beverly Jackson, attempted to join the US Army Air Corps together. But Joyce Stearns, head of the Physics Department at the University of Denver, persuaded them to instead join him at the University of Chicago, where Stearns became deputy head of the Metallurgical Laboratory. In Chicago, Harold worked with Enrico Fermi and others on the construction of Chicago Pile-1, the first graphite- moderated nuclear reactor. Initially, he worked on instrumen- tation, calibrating Geiger counters, and then on stacking the graphite bricks that formed the reactor’s neutron moderator. On December 2, 1942, he witnessed the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction when Pile-1 went critical. 3 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 21 4 MEMORIAL TRIBUTES After these successful tests, he and Beverly, now married, followed Fermi and others to Los Alamos to participate in the Manhattan Project for the development of a nuclear bomb.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Legion [Volume 125, No. 2 (August 1988)]
    Haband's "Best-Step™" J|k ounce In I PAIRS OnUtO M for only 1 Deluxe Dress BOOTS Mahogany Tassel FINEST DRESS SHOE VALUE IN AMERICA! You don't have to pay $50 to $80 at some fancy Italian Bootery! COME TO HABAND. Update your appearance while you SAVE! Take of fine Executive Black any these Dress Shoes for our famous Oxford low price: 2 pairs for $29.95. Boots only $3 a pair more. Mix styles, colors, sizes any way you wish. Order with a friend! Any way you do it, the more you buy the better the price. BEST QUALITY COMPONENTS TOO! • Unique Flexi-Comfort™ design for softness! Brown • Wipe clean all-weather never-need-a-shine uppers. Loafer • Non-slip shock-absorbing lifetime soles and heels. • Meticulous detailing throughout. • Soft insides & full innersoles. BE READY, FRIEND, TO BE DELIGHTED! YES! Haband Company is one of America's very largest shoe retailers, selling hundreds of thousands of pairs direct by mail to men in every city and EVEN town in America. Send us your check today, and we will be delighted to ntroduce ourselves to you with the most outstanding shoe value of your life. Any TWO pairs, prices starting low as $29.95! BOOTS! "Best Step" Executive 95 Only $3 a pair more gets you these | |"X Boots only Deluxe Executive Dress Boots! only // njl $3 a pair | U1T6SS O1IO6S additional te the luxury detailing, the elegant trim, . e slightly higher Boot heel to make you I 3 pairs of shoes $44.25 4/S59.50 5/S74.25 ou look taller and slimmer, easy-on/ | HABAND wipe easy-off full side zipper.
    [Show full text]