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Planners, Citizens and the Culture of Civil Defense in Baltimore, 1950-1964

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Planners, Citizens and the Culture of Civil Defense in Baltimore, 1950-1964 © COPYRIGHT by Eric Stephen Singer 2012 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED For Evie SAVING CITY X: PLANNERS, CITIZENS AND THE CULTURE OF CIVIL DEFENSE IN BALTIMORE, 1950-1964 BY Eric Stephen Singer ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the local civil defense program in Baltimore, MD from 1950- 1964. By looking at civil defense in one American city, it is possible to identify three key processes: how federal policy was implemented at the urban level, how civil defense public relations efforts reached urban populations and how those within civil defense bureaucracies acquiesced to, protested and to some degree shaped civil defense. This dissertation deals with all three processes. It also further explicates the relationship between Cold War civil defense and urban history. Between 1950 and 1964, as a result of changing nuclear capabilities and suburbanization and deindustrialization, civil defense went from a pro-urban policy dedicated to the preservation of cities to an anti-urban policy focused on the abandonment of the city. Civil defense volunteers and some among Baltimore’s paid civil defense staff, who had bought the federal message that they could protect themselves and their communities in the event of nuclear attack, revolted against an increasingly militarized program, one that by 1961 emphasized police control in the wake of a nuclear attack and deemphasized the imperative to preserve urban neighborhoods. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I began the research for this dissertation, I had no idea how transformative and traumatic the process would be. The chief lesson that I learned is that without the help, support and encouragement of my family, friends and colleagues, there is no way I could have finished. I am fortunate to have two incredibly supporting, encouraging and motivating parents, Sharon and Jeffrey Singer, who always pushed me to do my best, to follow through and to respect others in the process. They taught me how to empathize with others, and it was empathy that allowed me to better relate to the subjects of this study. My parents also taught me how to put things into perspective, to take a deep breath and to live life. I will always be forever grateful to them for all they have given me, and for all they continue to give. Mom and Dad, this dissertation would be nothing without you. I love you both. My in-laws, Sheila and Alan Friedman, were also incredibly supportive and generous throughout this process, which allowed me the latitude to write with a lighter heart and an open mind. I am grateful every day for the relationship we have and for the influence you have had on my personal and intellectual development. Isaac Bormel, your passion for history, your dedication to your own intellectual development and your love of life inspired me to write every day. It is rare that great nephews have the opportunity to cultivate such deep relationships with great uncles, and I am forever appreciative of what we have. I see you as a bridge to my ancestry, and words can’t express how valuable that is to me. Ida Pats, your tenacity inspired me to continue writing even on the dreariest days. The trials that you have faced and your ability to overcome them always help me to put day-to-day obstacles in perspective. Thank you, Grandma, for always being there for me. Jonathan Singer, your ability to overcome adversity against in almost impossible circumstances also motivated me throughout this process. Kevin ii Singer, thank you for always providing comic relief and for being there when I needed someone to talk to. You two are the best brothers in the world. Abraham and Estelle Singer, though you are no longer with us, your legacy lives on in this dissertation. You taught me how to love life, how to put things into perspective, how to listen and how to feel. Nona, you always stressed the importance of family and community and Papa, you were an incredible role model. Whenever I encounter difficulty, I ask myself how you would respond and I always try my best to emulate your example. I miss you tremendously, but your optimism lives on in this work. In 1995, on my first day as a freshman at American University, I met Dr. Peter Kuznick, an extremely talented historian who has become one of the most influential people in my life. Peter, you taught me that history is not just a set of dates and names, but rather that it is a living, breathing organism. Your incredible patience and your sense of humor have helped me down from the proverbial ledge many times throughout this grueling process, and you have always had my back no matter what. I am so proud to have you as my advisor, my mentor and most importantly, my friend. Congratulations on all of your recent achievements and thank you for bringing me along for the ride! I am a better teacher, scholar and human being because of you. Robert Griffith, though you left us while I wrote, your scholarship and your guidance left an indelible stamp on this dissertation. That is to say my work is so much better because of you. Thank you for always being there for your students, for your enthusiastic encouragement of our work and for your zealous support of our aspirations. We miss you profoundly. Dr. Max Paul Friedman, thank you for listening, for critiquing and for constantly challenging me to become a better scholar. The patience you exhibit with all of your students is rare—it inspires me to be more patient with my students as they develop intellectually and personally. You are truly a gem, and again, this dissertation would not be what it is without your influence. iii To my colleagues at University of Baltimore, thank you for constantly supporting and encouraging me as I worked to achieve this milestone. Jessica Elfenbein, your advocacy and scholarship have helped to shape the trajectory of both my career and my scholarship. Thank you for all you have done for me. Dr. Thomas Carney, Dr. Fred Guy and Dr. Jeffrey Sawyer, thank you for being fantastic role models and for providing guidance and mentorship over the years. There is no way I could have completed the dissertation without your professional advice and your personal encouragement. Dr. BoRam Yi, your support and advocacy paved the way for me to finish this work in a timely manner. You are a great mentor, teacher and friend and there is no way I could have done this without you. Toni Martsoukos and Katie Kelley, thank you for providing the moral support and comic relief necessary to survive this grueling process. You are both extraordinary people. I want to express my gratitude to University of Baltimore’s entire Division of Legal, Ethical and Historical Studies for always being the wind at my back. You guys are the greatest. To my wife Rachel—you inspire me every day. You help me to put things into perspective and you always encourage me to be the best I can be. You are the strongest, most pragmatic, most sensible and most sensitive human being I have ever met. Thank you for supporting me in countless ways throughout this incredibly grueling process. On the darker days, when I am ready to throw in the towel, you bring me back from the precipice and encourage me to rally. On the brightest days, you share in my excitement and help me better taste the sweetness. I would be nowhere without you, you are my rock and the center of my universe. I can’t begin to express how much you mean to me and how much I love you. To my daughter Evie, though you are only two years old, you have taught me more about life than anyone. Your sunny outlook, your voracious appetite for knowledge and your iv incredible sense of humor motivate and inspire me every single day. When I am down or when I am stressed, all I need to do is think about your smiling face and I begin to smile. When you entered the world, you injected vigor into my life, a new purpose. I learn from you every day, and you and your mother are the lights of my life. I love you, and I am grateful for you both, every day. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………. ii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 1 2. SURVEY OF RELEVANT LITERATURE………………………………… 13 3. “CITY X”: BALTIMORE AS PROTOTYPICAL ATOMIC CITY………… 41 4. PR WAR: ENGINEERING NUCLEAR CONSENT……………………….. 75 5. UNINTELLIGENT DESIGN: CIVIL DEFENSE IN BALTIMORE CITY SCHOOLS……………………………………………………………… 126 6. THE POLITICS OF CIVIL DEFENSE IN BALTIMORE………………….. 156 7. POSSE COMITATUS: THE MILITARIZATION OF BALTIMORE’S CIVIL DEFENSE………………………………………………………. 201 8. SAVING CITY X: BALTIMORE’S CIVIL DEFENSE REVOLT…………. 235 9. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………. 288 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………. 297 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. City X demonstration at FCDA Staff College, Olney, MD…………………… 49 2. BCDO Southern District Civil Defense Officers Map………………………… 175 3. BCDO Southern District Block Survey Sheet…………………………………. 176 4. City of Baltimore Civil Defense Districts, 1960……………………………….. 226 vii CHAPTER 1 Paul Boyer ended the first chapter of By the Bomb’s Early Light (1985) by proclaiming that the weeks and months following August 6, 1945 were a time of cultural crisis when the American people confronted a new and threatening reality of almost unfathomable proportions. Equally clearly, the dominant immediate response was confusion and disorientation. But interwoven with all the talk of uncertainty and fear was another, more bracing theme: Americans must not surrender to fear or allow themselves to be paralyzed by anxiety; they must rally their political and cultural energies and rise to the challenge of the atomic bomb.1 The specter of annihilation produced a wide variety of social, cultural and political responses.
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