USOOPP17767P3

(12) Patent (10) Patent No.: US PP17,767 P3 Zengji et al. (45) Date of Patent: May 29, 2007

(54) XTAXODIOMERIA PEIZHONGII (56) References Cited NAMED DONGFANGSHAN PUBLICATIONS (50) Latin Name: xTaxodiomera peizhongi Zhang et al. The characteristics and ecological value of Varietal Denomination: Dongfangshan mucronatumxCryptomeria, Jul. 2003. Acta Agri culturae Shanghai, vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 56–59.* (75) Inventors: Ye Zengji, Shanghai (CN); Shen * cited by examiner Lieying, Shanghai (CN); Pan Shihua, Shanghai (CN); Zhu Weijie, Shanghai Primary Examiner Kent Bell Assistant Examiner June Hwu (CN); Niu Huijuan, Shanghai (CN) (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm Armstrong Teasdale LLP (73) Assignee: Shanghai Forestry Station, Shanghai (57) ABSTRACT (CN) XTaxodiomeria peizhongii is a distinct and new above (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this ground nontubular propagated cultivar comprising a tall patent is extended or adjusted under 35 semi-indeciduous arbor tree providing a high view. U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. XTaxodiomeria peizhongii is well Suited for afforestation in the city and has many good properties such as fast growth, (21) Appl. No.: 10/941,465 wide adaptability and strong stress resistance. Its main characteristics include: (1) its base of stem is round and (22) Filed: Sep. 15, 2004 regular without buttress ; (2) its bark cracks into flakes; (3) there are several main crotches five to eight meters above (65) Prior Publication Data ground, and its canopy is nearly elliptic shape; (4) there are US 2006/0059593 P1 Mar. 16, 2006 only male conglobate flower and no female conglobate fruit on the adult tree, and it cannot reproduce with sexual (51) Int. Cl. propagation manner. It possesses additional good properties AOIH 7/00 (2006.01) including enhanced saline tolerance (salt content is below about 3.9%), alkali tolerance (7s pHs 8.9), moisture resis (52) U.S. Cl...... Pt/213 tance and good (pleasing visual) landscape effect. (58) Field of Classification Search ...... PtF213 See application file for complete search history. 14 Drawing Sheets

1. 2 Lain name: XTaxodiomeria peizhongii. biased maternal inheritance of XTaxodiomeria peizhongii is Variety denomination: Dongfangshan. also approved by RAPD analysis, the analysis makes it clear that the genetic distance (0.210–0.246) between BACKGROUND OF THE NEW CULTIVAR XTaxodiomeria peizhongii and maternal Taxodium mucrona tum Ten is far less than the genetic distance (0.757-0.764) Field of the Invention between it and paternal fortunei. Its main The new cultivar, xTaxodiomeria peizhongii, is the filial characters are: (1) its base of stem is round and regular generation of Taxodium mucronatum Ten and Cryptomeria without buttress , close to paternal Cryptomeria fortunei, fortunei. The cultivar name of XTaxodiomeria peizhongii is 1 whereas its maternal Taxodium mucronatum Ten has buttress Dongfangshan. 0 root; (2)the bark of Taxodium mucronatumTen cracks into strips, but the XTaxodiomeria peizhongii has transverse Cultivated plant seedlings have been asexually repro cracks besides split cracks and its bark cracks into flakes; (3) duced and have proved to be stable and uniform and have there often are several main crotches five to eight meters characteristics distinct from known . Seedling plants above ground in the XTaxodiomeria peizhongii's trunk stem, were found in a cultivated State. Unique characteristics of 15 its canopy is nearly elliptic shape, this is obviously differ this new cultivar as herein described are firmly fixed and from its maternal and paternal plant, there is obviously no retain the identical distinguishing characteristics of the new crotch in the trunk stem of maternal Taxodium mucronatum cultivar through Successive generations of asexual propaga Ten, and the canopy extends to wide conic shape, however tion. This cultivar has use in afforestation, establishing a the canopy of Cryptomeria fortunei is long elliptic shape in forest network or a tree coastal shelter belt and for land common; (4) there are only male conglobate fruit on the scaping along rivers, in parks and in communities. adult tree of more than 30 years old, arranging in vertical disposition, see the type specimen (picture 2), and no female The Descripton Of xTaxodiomera peizhongii's conglobate fruit on the adult tree, and it cannot reproduce Particularity Relative To Its Parent with sexual propagation manner. XTaxodiomeria peizhongii belongs to Taxodium of Taxo 25 Origin And Asexual Reproduction Of The New Cultivar diaceae, which originated from the wide cross of Taxodium Taxodium mucronatum Ten belongs to Taxodium of Taxo mucronatum Ten (S2) and Cryptomeria fortunei (c3). The diaceae and is a tall deciduous or semi-indeciduous arbor main configuration of XTaxodiomeria peizhongii is similar species, which originated in and in and was to maternal Taxodium mucronatum Ten, the phenomenon of introduced to the Peoples Republic of China in about 1925. US PP17,767 P3 3 4 The Cryptomeria fortunei is belong to Cryptomeria D. Don cutting wood should be dipped rapidly into naphthyl acetic of taxodiacae, it is evergreen tall arbor, and is originated in acid of 500 ppm or dipped in naphthylacetic acid of 50 ppm Zhejiang Province of China. In 1962, after pollinating for 6 hours, the cutting wood must be cut in medium(coarse Taxodium mucronatum Ten at Nanjing, China using pollen yellow sand, plant ash, pearl sand or roseite) by 73 or %. of Cryptomeria fortunei, we obtained three cones. By seed After cutting, compress tightly the medium, water com ing them, we were able to produce twelve seedlings. We pletely and do the treatment of shading and wetting, it can selected five of them after planting, More than 6,000 seed root after 40-60 days well managing like this. lings were obtained in 1972 after stem planting. Grafting XTaxodiomeria peizhongii has been spread and planted Graft in early spring before foliation. experimentally after thirty years of studies conducted by Use the seedling of annual Brongn Shanghai Central Station of Forestry including afforestation, or as tree stock, take the vigorous cultivation and propagation tests (asexual reproduction in a annual shoot without diseases and insect pests as Scion cultivated state) under different ecological conditions. Such wood, and trim the scion wood to be a scion with only 2–3 studies included detailed research on its germplasm charac buds, adopt the method of “heart center approach grafting. ters and its ecological value. Presently there is a when the graft is Surviving, do the Stock tip pruning, but xTaxodiomeria peizhongii population of about 2,000 thirty remain a preponderant bud on the Scion wood, and well year-old in the Peoples Republic of China with the tree foster it, therewith its growth can be more than 1 M. population growing on land having a salt content of 3.9%. Some of that tree population is growing with the base and SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION root system submerged in water, while other trees of that population grow under various ecological areas such as Distinctive characteristics of XTaxodiomeria peizhongii riversides and parks. include: (1) its base of stem is round and regular without Through Genetic Comparing The XTaxodiomeria peizhongii buttress root; (2) its bark cracks into flakes (3) there are Is Proved To Be A New Steady Breed. several main crotches five to eight meters above ground, (4) In the whole Chuansha forestry center with more than its canopy is nearly elliptic shape; (5) there are only male 1000 trunks xTaxodiomeria peizhongii, its stand forest struc conglobate flower and no female conglobate fruit on the ture is accordant. adult tree, and (6) it only reproduces asexually. After three continuous years observation on-site and XTaxodiomeria peizhongii also possesses additional good collecting in the collecting sites of Songjiang Drunk-white properties including saline tolerance (salt content is below Pool, Xinqiao Nursery, Jinshan Shore Park, the plant area of 3.9%), alkali tolerance (7s pH s8.9), moisture resistance Petrochemical Complex, the double bank of Chuanyang and provides good landscape effect. XTaxodiomera River in Pudong New Area, Yangjing Nursery, Chuansha peizhongii is Suitable for afforestation and establishing Forestry Centre and other sites of Najing and Zhenjiang, it farmland, forest network, and coastal shelter belt on inter is shown that there is no difference in the configuration tidal Zones. XTaxodiomeria peizhongii grows well in alkali between different sites. soils, alkaline lands, marsh, riverbanks, , spark In recent years, the materials gathered from the collecting landscapes, factories and communities. sites of Songjiang Drunk-white Pool, Xinqiao Nursery, XTaxodiomera peizhongii has been Successfully exactly Jinshan Shore Park, the plant area of Petrochemical reproduced from its originating as a seedling using asexual Complex, the double bank of Chuanyang River in Pudong reproduction methods such as twig cuttage, a asexual repro New Area, Yangjing Nursery, Chuansha Forestry Centre and duction produces an exact copy of the XTaxodiomeria other sites of Najing and Zhenjiang are accordant, all no peizhongii plant which is identical to the original plant in female conglobate fruit, there is no different instance relative every distinguishing characteristic. to type specimen The stem structures, branch characters and canopy shapes are all comparatively accordant. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS The Detailed Examples Of Asexual Propagation Of XTaxodiomera peizhongii FIG. 1 shows the biggest XTaxodiomeria peizhongii tree, We researched the approach of asexual propagation of a thirty-year-old tree growing in Chuansha Forestry Center, XTaxodiomeria peizhongii, the specific methods are as fol Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China. Its diameter at breast lows: hardwood cutting, greenwood cutting, tissue culture, height is 62.5 cm. Its stem requires two persons to fully clasp graft and etc., it is proved through practicing that greenwood hands to reach around the perimeter of the tree. cutting and graft are the better methods. Our primary loca FIG. 2 shows a branch of xTaxodiomeria peizhongii. tion for asexually reproducing XTaxodiomeria peizhongii is FIG. 3 shows one of the characteristics of xTaxodiomeria the Chuansha forest farm of Pudongdistrict, No. 888, Jiuxin peizhongii, round and regular stem base. The stem base of Road, JiutingTown, Shanghai. XTaxodiomeria peizhongii is round and regular without Greenwood cutting buttress roots. Use the current growth half-lignified shoot of XTaxodiomeria peizhongii to be the cutting wood, cutting in FIG. 4 shows Taxodium mucronatum Ten, the control the seasons of early Summer (plum season), midsummer and variety of XTaxodiomeria peizhongii, which has distinct early autumn, furthermore, can cut in the winter utilizing the buttress roots. establishment of greenhouse. Among them, the effects of FIG. 5 shows a second characteristic of xTaxodiomeria cutting in plum season and winter are the best, the rooting peizhongii; its flaky bark. rate can reach 72% 75%, higher than the rooting rate of FIG. 6 shows a semi-indeciduous characteristic of cutting in midsummer and early autumn. XTaxodiomeria peizhongii.—xTaxodiomeria peizhongii is Specific method lush and its foliage begins to fall off at the end of the Cut the shoot into a cutting wood of 10-12 cm with a calendar month December, while the foliage of sharp knife, the notch must be smooth. Before cut, the falls off after November. US PP17,767 P3 5 6 FIG. 7 shows a third characteristic of xTaxodiomeria Ramification characteristic.—There are crotches on peizhongii; multiple crotches on the trunk. There are always the trunk. several crotches on the trunk five to eight meters above Bark color:—Taupe. ground. Bark crack.—Be strip and broadways cracks into flaki FIG. 8 shows the moisture tolerance characteristic of CSS. XTaxodiomeria peizhongii. In Songjiang Xinqiao Xinjie Lateral branches.—Stretch horizontally or upwards Nursery of Shanghai city, several scores of XTaxodiomeria aslant. peizhongii have grown for almost twenty years in the river Persistent twigs.-Grayish or henna and slippery, and due to the collapse of some of the riverbank which occurred with 1–1.5 mm diameter. in the 1980s. The growth vigor of these trees growing in the Fallen twigs.-Green. river is comparable to those trees which remained growing Distance among branches.—Sparse. on a remaining part of the riverbank. Twigs on big tree.—Slender. FIG. 9 shows saline and alkali tolerance characteristics of Foliage. XTaxodiomeria peizhongii. Jinshan Binhai Park in Shanghai Shape.—Strip filate. city is reclaimed beach land. Even though salt concentration Length.—3–10 mm. of this sloping forest land reaches 3.9%, xTaxodiomeria Width.- 0.8-1 mm. peizhongii still grows. Arrangement.—Foliages on pleurogenous twigs array in two parallel rows, and the persistent twigs array FIG. 10 shows a landscape view of the biggest parallel. XTaxodiomeria peizhongii forest in China XTaxodiomeria Color:—Dark greenish-black color. peizhongii forest in Chuansha Forestry Center. Chuansha Stalk and basal.—Short stalk and decurrent basal. Forestry Center is located on one of the main pathways of Angle with the stem.—30 degree with pinnate foliage typhoon(s) from the sea to Shanghai city. The pH value of and 10–15 degree with twisted foliage. the forestry center soil is about 8.6. However, Venation.—Midrib is greenish black. XTaxodiomeria peizhongii grows very well in this alkali soil. Thickness.- 0.2–0.3 mm. FIG. 11 shows needle of the XTaxodiomeria peizhongii arranged in a feather pattern at two years old. The is needle strip and holophyllus. There is one FIG. 12 shows needle leaves of the XTaxodiomeria stomatal band on each side of the midrib of the leaf face, and peizhongii at two years old. the breadth is about half of the leaf there is no stomatal band FIG. 13 shows a stomatal band of the XTaxodiomeria on the back of the leaf. peizhongii on the leaf surface. FIG. 14 shows needles leaves of the Taxodium Fruit: mucronatumxCryptomeria fortunei (filial generation) at the Insertion manner of staminate flower:- The 2.5-3 mm age of 28. round staminate flowers persist on the two of twigs. FIG. 15 shows needle leaves of the Taxodium mucrona Female cone.—No female cone has been found. tum Tenore (maternal plant) at the age of 80. The “average plant spread for various ages is as follows: FIG. 16 shows the Taxodium mucronatumxCryptomeria 0.55 m at age two; 0.98 m at age three; 1.58 m at age four; fortunei cuttage in water and rooting. 2.65 m at age five; and 54.86 m at age twenty-eight. FIG. 17 shows the Taxodium mucronatum Tenore cuttage This is a brand-new plant variety with adaptability char in water and rooting. acteristics that can grow well in all kinds of ecological conditions. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The plant claimed is XTaxodiomeria peizhongii. The main botanical characteristics of XTaxodiomeria The main botanical characteristics of the female parent of peizhongii follows: XTaxodiomeria peizhongii follow: Plant: Plant: Latin name. XTaxodiomeria peizhongii. Latin name.—Taxodium mucronatum Ten. Cultivar name. —Dongfangshan. Generic name.—Taxodium. Plant height.—18 meters/30 year old tree. Specific name.—Taxodium mucronutun. Canopy.—Columnar coniform. Plant height.—50 meters in its native habitat. Florescence.—Month of April. Canopy.—Wide coniform. Optimal temperature.—15° C.–30°C. Florescence.—Month of April. Seed and fruit productivity.—About 40-year-old trees Optimal temperature.—15° C.–30°C. have not been found to fruit. Seed and fruit productivity.—This new variety can bear Characteristics. —Tall indeciduous or semi fruit in its native habitat, and cannot fruit without indeciduous arbor species. having completed its blooming period. Habits.xTaxodiomeria peizhongii likes light, warm and Characteristics. —Tall indeciduous or semi humid climate, and wet soil; endures half-shade, indeciduous arbor species. moisture, Salt alkali and impoverishment and resists Habits. It likes light, warm and humid climate and wind well. wet soil. It has good endurance to moisture and Stem or trunk and branch: resists wind. Base.—Round and regular. Stem or trunk and branch: Diameter breast height.—55–62.5 cm for 40-year-old Base.—There are buttress roots on its base. tree. Diameter breast height.—Four meters in its native Tapering grade.—Small. habitat. US PP17,767 P3 7 8 Tapering grade.—Great. Lateral branches.—Stretch horizontally or bend down Ramification characteristic.—There are always wards. crotches on its trunk. Persistent twigs.—Reddish brown, have grooves under Bark color:—Ficelle. foliages and the diameter is about 2 mm-4 mm. Bark crack.—Flaky strip. Distance among branches.—Moderate. Lateral branches.—Stretch upward aslant or horizon Twigs on big tree.—Thicker. tally. Foliage: Persistent twigs.--Dark taupe and slippery, and with Shape.—Conical top end, and bend inwards. 1.5–2 mm diameter. Length.—5 mm-15 mm. Fallen twigs.-Green. Width. —0.5 mm-1 mm. Distance among branches.—Moderate. Arrangement.—Foliages array in five rows helically. Twigs on big tree.—Slender. Shape.—Strip filate. Color:—Emerald. Length.—3–15 mm. Stalk and basal.—Short stalk and decurrent basal. Width. —1 mm. Angle with the stem.—15 degree 30 degree. Foliage: Venation.—Midrib is not obvious, and there are pore Arrangement.—Foliages on pleurogenous twigs array lines around the midrib. in two parallel rows, and persistent twigs array Thickness.- 0.8-1 mm. parallel. Fruit: Color:—Bottle-green. Insertion manner of staminate flower:-5-6 mm ellip Stalk and basal.—Short stalk and decurrent basal. tical flowers persist on the top axillae of twigs. Angle with the stem.—30 degree for the pinnate foli Female cone.—Solitary female cone on top of twig or ages and 10–15 degree for the helical foliages. fasciculate cones. Venation.—Midrib is greenish black. Fruit stalk. There is almost no stalk. Thickness.- 0.2–0.3 mm. Shape.—It is near round with triangular enations on it. Fruit: Color:—Green to chocolate brown. Insertion manner of staminate flower—2.5 mm-3 mm Size. —Diameter 12 mm 20 mm. round staminate flowers persist on the top of twigs. Maturation stage.—Month of October. Female cone.—Solitary female cones persist on the top Seed: of twigs. Seminiferous scale.—Ligneous and Scutellate, and two Fruit stalk. There is almost no stalk. seeds in it. Shape. —It is obovate round, and there are seminiferous Shape.—Irregular triangle, and with narrow wing. scale enations on it. Color:—Puce. Color:—Green to chocolate brown. Length.—4 mm-5 mm, width: 2 mm-3 mm. Size.—15 mm 25 mm diameter. Morphological description: Semi-evergreen arbor, the taper Maturation stage.—Months of October to November. ing degree of the trunk is Smaller than that of T. mucr Seminiferous scale. —Ligneous and Scutellate, two onatum Tenore. The bark is cracked into strips. There are seeds on its ventral side. two attachment types for needle leaves, one attachment Seed: type includes needle leaves of separated branches Shape. —Irregular triangle, and has obvious ridges. arranged with a type of feather in two rows in the pattern Color:—Dark fulvous. of a broad V type (FIG. 11), and the torsional part of the Length.—4 mm-5 mm. leafbase is not smooth (while the torsional part of the leaf base is smooth for T. mucronatum Tenore). The second The main botanical characteristics of the male parent of attachment type includes needle leaves of separated XTaxodiomeria peizhongii follow: branches grown in the spiral type (FIG. 12). There are two stomatal bands separately distributed over the two sides of Plant: a median vein on the surfaces of need leaves, which width Generic name.—Cryptomeria D. Don. is about 4 of the leaf width (FIG. 13), and there is no Specific name.—Cryptomeria fortunei. stomatal band on the back of leaves. Needle leaves on the Plant height.—About 40 meters in its native habitat. lower part of separated branches are obviously longer Canopy.—Columnar coniform. than those on the upper part, and the whole separated Florescence.—Month of April. branches are in the shape of tails and tips (FIG. 14), while Optimal temperature.—14° C.–25° C. for T. mucronatum Tenore, as its maternal plant, the Seed and fruit productivity.—It can fruit. needle leaves on the anterior part are of the same length, Characteristics. Tall indeciduous arbor species. with no shape of tails or tips (FIG. 15). Habits. It likes light, humid cool climate and loose Color description: soil with good drainability; and it endures half-shade Described samples are from the forestry centre of Chuansha and impoverishment. City on Sep. 16, 2005. The colors are described according Stem or trunk and branch: to a R.H.S. Color Chart as follows: Base.—Round and regular. Pollen cone.—G138A. Diameter breast height.—About 3 to 4 meters in its Cone.- GO173B. native habitat. One-year shoots.—GO174B. Tapering grade.—Small. Two-year shoots.—GG197A. Ramification characteristic.—Erect trunk Bark color: Leaf surface.—GG137A. taupe. Leaf back. GG137C. Bark crack. —Long strip flakiness. Bark. GO177B. US PP17,767 P3 9 10 Site of Asexual Reproduction and More Detailed Distribu According to the observation, there is a large difference in tive Information for T. mucronatumx.C. fortunei the growth for annual cuttage cultivation in different dis tricts. Growth will be prevented when planted in an alkaline Rooting situation: The rooting form of the cuttage and soil, and aetiolation also may occur, with weak growth reproduction for the tender branches of T. mucronatumxC. potential. The average height and diameter will be respec fortunei (the turves and perlites are used as the matrix) tively 0.5 m and 0.8 cm after one year since being cultivated. (both callus rooting and cortex rooting exist); cuttage in However, in the non-Saline-alkali soils, it grows rapidly, water is used for the callus rooting (FIG. 16), while for T. with no aetiolation, and the average height and diameter will mucronatum Tenore, cortex rooting is the main pattern be respectively 0.8 m and 1.2 cm after one year since being (FIG. 17). cultivated. It indicates that T. mucronatumx.C. fortunei has Distributive situation: Shanghai City, Nanjing City of limited resistance to the alkaline and saline, and cultivation Jiangsu Province, Shaxi Town of Taicang City, Jiangsu of high quality forest seedlings should be finished in the soils Province, Wuhan City of Hubei Province. of medium fertility. According to the results of the preliminary cultivation TABLE 1. experiments in the external provinces and cities, the seedling of T. mucronatumx.C. fortunei is waterproof after rooting, Trial Cultivation of T. mucronatum X C. fortunei and moreover, it grows more vigorously in the moisture Lat. Average Average places. In 2004, experiments were done in Changde City of and Annual Temp. Annual Soil Hunan, continuous ponding was implemented for 15 days in Loc. Long. Rainfall (° C.) Temp. Type July, and within 3 days of which, seedlings were totally Shandong 36°28' N 710 mm -22.5–41 12.9 Medium immersed, but the Survival percentage reaches 65%, and in 17o 20'E loam that year, its average height increment was 60 cm. Henan 34° 55' N 550 mm -18.9-44.1 14.4 Loamy 13° 22'E moisture Soil Ecological features: According to the preliminary experi Hunan 28° 36' N 1750 nm -S. 40.5 17.3 Sandy soil ments on the T. mucronatumx.C. fortunei trees distributed 11o 42 E. over Wuhan and Henan, this hybrid has a broad applicable Jiangxi 28° 44' N 1713 mm -8.9–386 17.3 Red loam scope for highest and lowest temperature. In the 1970s, 15° 45'E Guangxi 22° 52' N 1300 mm -2–39.4 2O.S Red loam Wuhan City introduced T. mucronatumx.C. fortunei, and O8° 22'E up to now, 220 plants are remained. In the past 30 years, Wuhan has encountered the highest temperature of 40°C., Soil Annual the Summer drought with the duration of 30–40 days, and PH Survival Height Growth the lowest temperatures of -18° C. However, the T. Loc. Value Pond time Plant Date percent. incr. Potential mucronatumx.C. fortunei trees have not been hurt. The Shandong 7.0 3 days Mar. 19, 64% 69 cm Good average diameter of the trunk is 30–40 cm, and the 2005 average height is 22 m, with good growth. Experiments Henan 8.2 Mar. 13, 4% 30 cm Good finished in Henan in 2004 showed that T. mucronatumxC. 2004 Hunan 7.5 15 days Feb. 18, 67% 180 cm Good fortunei can survive under the temperatures between 2004 -18.9° C. and 44.1° C. Jiangxi 5.5 Mar. 25, 82% 24 cm Medium What is claimed is: 2005 Guangxi 5.5 Apr. 10, 86% 32 cm Medium 1. A new and distinct variety of xTaxodiomeria peizhongii 2005 tree named Dongfagshan as illustrated and described herein. U.S. Patent May 29, 2007 Sheet 1 of 14 US PP17,767 P3

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Figure 2. U.S. Patent May 29, 2007 Sheet 3 of 14 US PP17,767 P3

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Figure 5 U.S. Patent May 29, 2007 Sheet 6 of 14 US PP17,767 P3

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Figure 8 U.S. Patent May 29, 2007 Sheet 9 of 14 US PP17,767 P3

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Figare 3 U.S. Patent May 29, 2007 Sheet 10 of 14 US PP17,767 P3

U.S. Patent May 29, 2007 Sheet 11 of 14 US PP17,767 P3

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U.S. Patent May 29, 2007 Sheet 14 of 14 US PP17,767 P3

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