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12/5/2014 Entheogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Entheogen From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An entheogen ("generating the divine within")[4] is a chemical substance used in a religious, shamanic, or spiritual context[5] that may be synthesized or obtained from natural species. The chemical induces altered states of consciousness, psychological or physiological (e.g. bullet ant venom used by the Satere-Mawe people). Entheogens can supplement many diverse practices for transcendence, and revelation, including meditation, yoga, and prayer, psychedelic and visionary art, chanting, and music including peyote song and psytrance, traditional medicine and psychedelic therapy, witchcraft, magic, and psychonautics. Entheogens have been used in a ritualized context for thousands of years; their religious significance is well established in anthropological and modern evidences. Examples of traditional entheogens include psychedelics like peyote, psilocybin mushrooms, and ayahuasca, psychedelic-dissociatives like Tabernanthe iboga, atypical psychedelics like Salvia divinorum, quasi-psychedelics like cannabis and Ipomoea tricolor, deliriants like Amanita muscaria. Traditionally a tea, Flowering San Pedro, an entheogenic admixture, or potion like ayahuasca or bhang have been compounded cactus that has been used for over through the work of a shaman or apothecary. 3,000 years.[1] Today the vast majority of extracted mescaline is With the advent of organic chemistry, there now exist many synthetic from columnar cacti, not vulnerable drugs with similar psychoactive properties, many derived from these peyote.[2] plants. Many pure active compounds with psychoactive properties have been isolated from these respective organisms and chemically synthesized, including mescaline, psilocybin, DMT, salvinorin A, ibogaine, ergine, and muscimol. Semi-synthetic (e.g. LSD used by the New American Church) and synthetic drugs (e.g. DPT used by the Temple of the True Inner Light and 2C-B used by the Sangoma) have also been developed.[6] Cannabis is considered a quasi-psychedelic drug but modern cannabis strains (e.g. Sharkberry Cream) have been bred to intensify the psychedelic characteristics. Cannabis is the world's most widely used psychedelic drug and part of the cannabis culture, while medical cannabis have contributed to the development of modern drug paraphernalia like the vaporizer used by hospitals. More broadly, the term entheogen is used to refer to any psychoactive drugs when used for their religious or spiritual effects, whether or not in a formal religious or traditional structure. This terminology is often chosen to contrast with recreational use of the same drugs. Studies such as Timothy Leary's Marsh Chapel Experiment and Roland Griffiths' psilocybin studies at Johns Hopkins (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537171/) have documented reports of mystical/spiritual/religious experiences from participants who were administered psychoactive drugs in controlled trials. Ongoing research is limited due to widespread drug prohibition; however, some countries have legislation that allows for traditional entheogen use. Contents http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogen 1/23 12/5/2014 Entheogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1 Etymology 2 Entheogens 2.1 Biota 2.2 Chemicals 3 Controversial entheogens 3.1 Religious use 3.1.1 Alcohol 3.1.2 Kava culture 4 Usage 4.1 Use and abuse 4.2 Cultural use 4.2.1 Africa 4.2.2 Americas Laboratory synthetic mescaline. 4.2.3 Asia Mescaline was the first psychedelic compound to be extracted and 4.2.4 Europe isolated from nature (from peyote).[3] 4.2.5 Middle East 4.2.6 Oceania 4.3 Religious use 4.3.1 Prohibition 4.3.2 Judaism and Christianity 5 Archaeological record 6 Classical mythology and cults 6.1 Assassins 7 Research 8 Legal status of entheogens 8.1 Australia 8.2 United States 9 Literature 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogen 2/23 12/5/2014 Entheogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The neologism entheogen was coined in 1979 by a group of ethnobotanists and scholars of mythology (Carl A. P. Ruck, Jeremy Bigwood, Danny Staples, Richard Evans Schultes, Jonathan Ott and R. Gordon Wasson). The term is derived from two words of ancient Greek, ἔνθεος (entheos) and γενέσθαι (genesthai). The adjective entheos translates to English as "full of the god, inspired, possessed", and is the root of the English word "enthusiasm." The Greeks used it as a term of praise for poets and other artists. Genesthai means "to come into being." Thus, an entheogen is a drug that causes one to become inspired or to experience feelings of inspiration, often in a religious or "spiritual" manner.[7] Entheogen was coined as a replacement for the terms hallucinogen and psychedelic. Hallucinogen was popularized by Aldous Huxley's experiences with mescaline, which were published as The Doors of Perception in 1954. Psychedelic, in contrast, is a Greek neologism for "mind manifest", and was coined by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond; Huxley was a volunteer in experiments Osmond was conducting on mescaline. Ruck et al. argued that the term hallucinogen was inappropriate owing to its etymological relationship to words relating to delirium and insanity. The term psychedelic was also seen as problematic, owing to the similarity in sound to words pertaining to psychosis and also due to the fact that it had become irreversibly associated with various connotations of 1960s pop culture. In modern usage entheogen may be used synonymously with these terms, or it may be chosen to contrast with recreational use of the same drugs. The meanings of the term entheogen were formally defined by Ruck et al.: In a strict sense, only those vision-producing drugs that can be shown to have figured in shamanic or religious rites would be designated entheogens, but in a looser sense, the term could also be applied to other drugs, both natural and artificial, that induce alterations of consciousness similar to those documented for ritual ingestion of traditional entheogens. — Ruck et al, 1979, Journal of Psychedelic Drugs[8] Entheogens Biota In essence, all psychoactive drugs that are biosynthesized in nature by cytota (cellular life), can be used in an entheogenic context or with entheogenic intent. To exclude non-psychoactive drugs that sometimes also are used in spiritual context, the term "entheogen" refers primarily to drugs that have been categorized based on their historical use. Toxicity does not affect a drug's inclusion (some can kill humans), nor does effectiveness or potency (if a drug is psychoactive, and it has been used in a historical context, then the required dose has also been found). High caffeine consumption has been linked to an increase in the likelihood of experiencing auditory hallucinations. A study conducted by the La Trobe University School of Psychological Sciences revealed that as few as five cups of coffee a day could trigger the phenomenon.[9] Common Psychoactive Fauna Regions/Cultures of use name constituent(s) Colorado 5-MeO-DMT and Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican httRp:/i/vene.rw iktiopeaddia.org/wikBi/Eunfthoe oaglevnarius bufotenin art. 3/23 12/5/2014 Entheogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia River toad Bufo alvarius bufotenin art. Paraponera Used by the Satere-Mawe people in their Bullet ant Poneratoxin clavata initiation rites 20 times. Hallucinogenic Primary Siganus Unknown fish spp. Common Psychoactive Flora Regions/Cultures of use name constituent(s) African dream Possibly triterpenoid Silene capensis Xhosa people of South Africa. root saponins South America; people of the Amazon Banisteriopsis Ayahuasca Harmala alkaloids Rainforest. UDV of Brazil and United States. caapi Use within ayahuasca. Nymphaea Blue lily Nuciferine and aporphine Possibly ancient Egypt and South America. caerulea Angel's South America, sometimes used as part of Brugmansia spp. Tropane alkaloids trumpet ayahuasca. Echinopsis Bolivian torch lageniformis syn. Mescaline South America cactus Trichocereus bridgesii THC and other Rastafari movements and other groups (see Cannabis Cannabis spp. cannabinoids entheogenic use of cannabis) Diplopterys DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of Chaliponga cabrerana bufotenin ayahuasca. Harmal Peganum harmala Harmala alkaloids Turkey and the Middle East. Hawaiian Psychoactive, but may not have been used as baby Argyreia nervosa Ergoline alkaloids an entheogen. Native to India. Traditional usage woodrose possible but mainly undocumented. Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Henbane Hyoscyamus niger Tropane alkaloids Ages. Echinopsis Peruvian torch peruviana syn. Mescaline Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru. cactus Trichocereus peruvianus Tabernanthe Bwiti religion of West Central Africa. Used by Iboga Ibogaine iboga Western nations to treat opioid addiction. Morning glory Ipomoea tricolor Ergoline alkaloids Aztecs Morning glory Ipomoea violacea Ergoline alkaloids Mazatec[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wikDi/Eanthueorgaen Native Americans: Algonquian and Luiseño. 4/23 12/5/2014 Entheogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Datura Native Americans: Algonquian and Luiseño. Jimson weed Tropane alkaloids stramonium Sadhus of India. Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary). DMT and harmala Mimosa tenuiflora alkaloids-ott claims to have Jurema Northeastern Brazil syn. M. hostilis taken bark alone and is active Lophophora Peyote Mescaline Native American Church, Oshara Tradition williamsii UDV of Peru, Ecuador,
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