A Planning Tool for Migratory Bird Conservation Along Lake Michigan Kim Kreitinger, Kim Grveles, and Sumner Matteson

Home , Green Island (Michigan), Green Island (Wisconsin), Little Lake (Wisconsin)

A Planning Tool for Migratory Bird Conservation along Lake Michigan Kim Kreitinger, Kim Grveles, and Sumner Matteson

Bureau of Natural Heritage Conservation • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources First Edition • 2019

Front cover photo: Dan Eggert

Point of Contact: Sumner W. Matteson Avian Ecologist – Natural Heritage Conservation Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 101 South Webster Street, GEF 2, Madison, WI 53707 Phone: (608) 266-1571 [email protected]

This report was a partnership between the Wisconsin Stopover Initiative, the Natural Resources Foundation of Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

A Planning Tool for Migratory Bird Conservation along Lake Michigan Kim Kreitinger, Kim Grveles, and Sumner Matteson

First Edition 2019 ERIC PRESTON

Bureau of Natural Heritage Conservation Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources PO Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707

Contents Regional Map ...... 1 Introduction ...... 2 Stopover Sites...... 3 Map No. Site Name 1 Chiwaukee Prairie ...... 4 2 Root River Corridor ...... 8 3 Whitnall Park Complex ...... 10 4 South Milwaukee Lakeshore ...... 12 5 Cedarburg Bog ...... 14 6 Riveredge Nature Center ...... 16 7 Ozaukee Lakeshore ...... 18 8 Kohler-Andrae Lakeshore ...... 20 9 Silver Creek Lakeshore ...... 22 10 Collins Marsh ...... 24 11 Little Manitowoc River ...... 26 12 Woodland Dunes ...... 28 13 Point Beach ...... 30 14 Black Ash Swamp ...... 32 4 15 Stony Creek Corridor ...... 34 16 Potawatomi State Park ...... 36 17 Clay Banks - Kellner Fen ...... 38 18 Shivering Sands Corridor ...... 40 19 Headwaters West Branch ...... 42 20 Bayshore Blufflands...... 44 21 Logan Creek Corridor ...... 46 22 Kangaroo Lake ...... 48 23 Meridian - Bjorklunden ...... 50 24 Hibbards Creek Corridor ...... 52 25 North Bay Corridor ...... 54 26 Gilbralter - Ephraim Swamp ...... 56 27 Peninsula State Park ...... 58 28 Mink River Corridor ...... 60 29 Newport - Europe Lake ...... 62 30 Washington Island - West ...... 64 31 Washington Island - East ...... 66 32 Point au Sable ...... 68 33 Baird Creek Greenway ...... 70 34 Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary ...... 72 35 Duck Creek Delta ...... 74 36 Barkhausen Waterfowl Preserve ...... 76 37 Cat Island Chain ...... 78 38 Long Tail Point ...... 80 39 Sensiba Wildlife Area ...... 82 40 Oconto Marsh ...... 84 41 Peshtigo Harbor ...... 86 42 Seagull Bar ...... 88 PHOTOS: ERIC PRESTON (TOP), KATE REDMOND (BOTTOM)

Locator Map of Migratory Bird Stopover Sites along Lake Michigan

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(!1 ! A Planning Tool for Migratory Bird Conservation along Lake Michigan Introduction How were stopover sites selected? he Lake Michigan basin of Wisconsin encompasses much of the eastern During a series of workshops, experts assessed migratory bird concentration Tboundary of the state and supports a rich diversity of habitats, including sites in the Lake Michigan basin of Wisconsin. They examined migrant bird use, emergent marshes, sedge meadows, undeveloped shorelines, shrub thickets, presence of Species of Greatest Conservation Need, and potential threats for hardwood forests, and grasslands. This network of habitats is an essential each site. They also identified ecological and spatial attributes associated with resource for many bird species during the migratory period – an energetically heavily used or otherwise important stopover sites in the focus area. Stopover demanding time of their life cycle. Without the shelter, food, and accessible sites that were considered to be “heavily used or otherwise important” met water that these areas afford, migrating birds may arrive at their destination one or more of the following criteria: 1) high relative abundance of migrants in a weakened condition, or worse, may be unable to complete their journey. at a site; 2) high or significant percentage of a species population using a site; Changes in land use and increased development along migration routes are 3) high or significant consistency of use between and within seasons (spring negatively impacting migratory bird populations by reducing the amount and fall); and 4) identified as important in select bird conservation plans and/ and quality of stopover habitat. Given the importance of these habitats and or in Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources technical bulletins. their ongoing threats, it is imperative to identify, protect, restore, and manage migratory stopover sites in the Lake Michigan basin of Wisconsin. Purpose of this document Much of the habitat within the Lake Michigan basin has been lost or degraded What is a stopover site? by human activities, yet tens of millions of birds migrate through this region Migration may be the most vulnerable time in a bird’s life as they travel each spring and fall. It is critical that we identify important stopover sites in through unfamiliar territory and face increased predation risk. Because most this geographic region and implement actions that will ensure their proper migrants do not fly nonstop between their wintering and breeding areas, they management and protection. In this document, we outline a network of sites make numerous stops along their migration route. Consequently, migrating spanning the Lake Michigan basin of Wisconsin that provide vital resting stops 2 birds must locate favorable habitat where they can rest and refuel in order to for migrating birds. We recommend these sites to be priorities for commu- complete their journey. These rest areas, or stopover sites, play a crucial role nity planners and conservation organizations in their land protection and for millions of migrating birds. Stopover sites can range from large expanses grant writing efforts, and that they be integrated into existing statewide and of forest or wetland to small city parks or backyards. Although birds use a regional conservation planning initiatives. It is our hope that this document variety of stopover sites, the ability of these sites to meet the energetic needs establishes the significance of Lake Michigan migratory stopover sites and of migrating birds varies. Scientists have categorized stopover sites into three provides a catalyst for their conservation. functional types. Because different sites provide different fueling opportunities for migrating birds, all three types of stopover sites must be protected. How to use this document Fire escape stopover site: Typically small and isolated Priority stopover sites are organized from south to north along the Lake habitat patches located in an inhospitable landscape. Michigan basin of Wisconsin. Each site profile contains a map showing site Infrequently used but utterly vital in emergency situations. boundary outlined in black, protected areas shaded in orange, and surround- Convenience store stopover site: Vary in size and provide ing lands within the site boundary that have ecological value but no protected higher-quality food and shelter than a fire escape. Not sufficient status. The sidebar to the right of the map lists location and ownership infor- for a long-term stopover. mation, ecological landscape according to Wisconsin Department of Natural Full-service hotel stopover site: Extensive area of habitat Resources designation (https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/landscapes/), basis for where all necessary resources are available. Migrants may designation discussed in the previous section, and current threats. In the Site remain at these sites for numerous days. Description we list major habitats and vegetation types, surrounding landscape matrix, names of protected parcels, and any state or national designa- Why prioritize the Lake Michigan basin? tions. In the Stopover Importance section, we discuss the major bird groups The geographic focus of this document is the coastal counties bordering Lake that use each site and site-specific habitat characteristics that are important Michigan, ranging from Kenosha County in the south to Door and Marinette to migrating birds. A listing of Species of Greatest Conservation Need for each counties in the north. Coastal habitats are especially favored by migrating birds site will be made available upon request. In Conservation Opportunities and may receive greater use than similar interior habitats. Lake Michigan may we include major partners involved with the site, any major restoration act as an ecological barrier for some birds. Reluctant to cross the large body of efforts, its functional type category (see previous section), recommendations water, these species tend to follow the shoreline and rely on coastal habitats. For on how to enhance the site for migratory birds, and priority attributes to con- species willing to risk the water crossing, wetlands, forests, ravines, and urban sider in land acquisitions. The Sources section provides citations for all refer- parks located along the Lake Michigan shore offer the first available landfall. For ences used during the research of each site. this reason, coastal sites play a vital role in determining the successful comple- tion of migration within the Lake Michigan basin. KATEJOSHUA REDMOND MAYER STOPOVER SITES

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CHIWAUKEE PRAIRIE Site Description Conservation Opportunities hiwaukee Prairie is one of the largest prairie complexes in the state and Land ownership at this site is highly fragmented with remaining tracts subdi- Cthe most intact coastal wetland in southeastern Wisconsin. The lake plain vided into hundreds of privately owned small parcels. The Nature Conservancy, area contains a ridge-and-swale complex that hosts a variety of natural Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, communities, including wet-mesic, mesic and wet prairie, southern sedge Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Chiwaukee Prairie meadow, and calcareous fen. Kenosha Dunes supports one of the few dune Preservation Fund, and Village of Pleasant Prairie have long been working systems in southeastern Wisconsin, and includes one half-mile of Lake Mich- collaboratively in conjunction with Illinois’ Department of Natural Resources igan frontage. There are depressions within the dunes that support wetland and Lake County Forest Preserve District to protect and manage connected plants, and scattered black and bur oaks occur with a few prairie grasses in conservation properties on a landscape scale. The incremental preservation of the more stabilized sandy uplands. This site contains 970 acres of protected land through this coordinated approach has brought thousands of nearly con- land and is adjacent to other conservation lands of extremely high value to tiguous acres under protection in this otherwise highly fragmented landscape the south in Illinois. To the north and west it is surrounded by agricultural and with strong development pressures. residential properties. Chiwaukee Prairie was categorized as a Convenience Store site that This site encompasses Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area and prop- offers migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources erties owned by The Nature Conservancy, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, for refueling. The control of invasive plant species is critical in order to protect Chiwaukee Prairie Preservation Fund, and Village of Pleasant Prairie, and the irreplaceable natural community elements of this site. Land managers extends two miles from shore to include Lake Michigan’s offshore waters. Chi- should also encourage a variety of wetland conditions and prevent excessive waukee Prairie is designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, woody encroachment. Low density, scattered shrubs are acceptable and pro- National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service, State Natural Area vide important resources to many migrating birds. Kenosha Dunes provides and Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, an opportunity to restore a natural, vegetated shoreline that would aid in Wetland Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association, and Natural Area of erosion control and provide optimal stopover habitat. 5 Statewide or Greater Significance by the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that protect hydrolog- Planning Commission. ical function, restrict nutrient and sediment input from surrounding development, increase connectivity, and contain intact natural communities. Climate Stopover Importance change also needs to be considered in future protection and management efforts. Ridge-and-swale complexes and mesic prairies have been identified Chiwaukee Prairie qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its recog- as being highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Future land acquisitions nition in state and national conservation plans and consistency of use between should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: seasons (spring and fall). Thousands of waterfowl, landbirds, and raptors are estimated to use the site annually, and 40 Species of Greatest Conservation • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands need have been documented here. The Illinois Beach State Park Hawk Watch, where there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) located four miles to the south, has recorded 22 species of raptors during fall • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure migration. Red-tailed and Sharp-shinned Hawks, in particular, occur in high (vertical and horizontal) numbers. Tens of thousands of diving ducks, including Red-breasted Mergan- • Mixed emergent wetland complexes >25 acres and <2 miles from sers, Greater Scaup, and Redheads, use the offshore waters of Lake Michigan Lake Michigan during fall migration. Thousands of aerial insectivores forage over the open • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in habitats during migration, including Tree Swallows, Common Nighthawks, agricultural fields, with hydric soils < 10 miles from Lake Michigan and Chimney Swifts. The combination of wetlands and native prairie in proximity to Lake Mich- • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles igan provides critical foraging and roosting opportunities for migrating birds. from another wetland The fish communities of Lake Michigan provide abundant prey for pisciv- • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) orous bird species. High plant diversity within the native prairie supports a • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore large invertebrate prey base necessary for replenishing energy reserves of migrants. Small mammals are likely prevalent, which serve as important prey Continued on next page. for migrating raptors. Willows, red-osier dogwood, and other shrubs growing in the swales are productive foraging substrates as well as refuge areas. Oak trees provide important perches for hunting raptors and are preferred foraging substrates for migrating landbirds.

JOSHUA MAYER CHIWAUKEE PRAIRIE Continued Sources Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (October 11, 2018). Falout, K.A. and T.A. Nelson. 1997. Small mammal community structure in restored tallgrass prairie. In Proceedings of Fifteenth North American Prairie Conference. 255pp. Goodrich, L.J. and J.P. Smith. 2005. Raptor migration in North America. In State of North America’s Bird of Prey. American Ornithologists Union. 466pp. Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Resources Program. Kreitinger, K. and Paulios, A., editors. 2007. The Wisconsin All-Bird Conservation Plan, Version 1.0. Wis- consin Bird Conservation Initiative, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI. Available: http://www.wisconsinbirds.org/plan (Oct 16, 2018). Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. The Nature Conservancy. 2018. Big-I Development Restoration Project - Chiwaukee Prairie Preserve grant proposal. 13pp. Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. 1997. Planning Report No. 42. A Regional Natural Areas and Critical Species Habitat and Management Plan for Southeastern Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1985. Final environmental impact statement for the land use management plan for the Chiwaukee Prairie – Carol Beach area town of Pleasant Prairie – Kenosha County Wisconsin. 6 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. 2014. Great Lakes Ridge and Swale. Available: https://www.wicci.wisc.edu/plants-and-natural-communities-working-group.php (December 18, 2018) Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. 2014. Mesic Prairie. Available: https://www.wicci.wisc.edu/resources/Mesic_Prairie_CCVA.pdf (December 18, 2018) Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gem: Chiwaukee Prairie. Available: http://wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Chiwaukee-Prairie.pdf (October 16, 2018). Wood, E.M., A.M. Pidgeon, F.L. Liu and D.J. Mladenoff. 2012. Birds see the trees Inside the forest: The poten-

tial impacts of changes in forest composition on songbirds during spring migration. Forest Ecology and MAYER JOSHUA Management 280: 176-186.

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The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945A 2019

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ROOT RIVER CORRIDOR for refueling. To further enhance the site’s appeal to migratory birds, restrict Site Description nutrient and sediment input from surrounding development, increase habitat he Root River Corridor contains examples of several natural communi- connectivity, protect the oak component and encourage a variety of wetland Tties that once covered southern Wisconsin but are now quite rare. These conditions. Restoration efforts should prevent excessive woody encroach- include an oak savanna remnant, with large open-grown bur, white and pin ment into the oak savanna remnant to maintain its structural integrity. Low oaks, remnant wet-mesic prairie, large blocks of riparian forest, and one of density, scattered shrubs are acceptable and provide important resources to the largest wetland complexes remaining in Milwaukee County. Upland hard- many migrating birds. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels wood forests are well represented, including a significant upland hardwood that protect hydrological function, increase connectivity, and contain intact stand in private ownership and another called Canal Woods owned by the Mil- natural communities. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following waukee County Parks (MCP). Canopy species include sugar maple, American habitat attributes for migratory birds: beech, American basswood, shagbark hickory, and white and red oaks. Bands • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where of floodplain forests border the Root River and Ryan Creek at this site and con- there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) tain populations of silver maple, bitternut hickory, and American elm. This site • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure contains 1,083 acres of protected natural land within the MCP system. (vertical and horizontal) This site encompasses Franklin Savanna State Natural Area, Rainbow Airport • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through Prairie, Canal Woods, and privately owned parcels. Franklin Savanna is recog- the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit nized as a State Natural Area by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. throughout fall migration Both Franklin Savanna and Rainbow Airport Prairie are recognized as Natural Areas of Local Significance and as Critical Species Habitat by the Southeastern • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC). In addition, SEWRPC rec- another wetland ognizes Canal Woods as a Natural Area of Countywide or Regional Significance • Lowland shrubs and oak cover and as Critical Species Habitat. The Milwaukee County Parks System is desig- 9 nated an Important Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative. Sources Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report Stopover Importance U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. Root River Corridor qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its signif- eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, icant consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 120 bird New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org. (December 5, 2018). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover species use this site as stopover habitat each year, including a wide variety of Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered landbirds. There have been 10 Species of Greatest Conservation Need recorded Resources Program. here, although additional survey effort would likely increase that number. The Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. Milwaukee County Parks staff recently began conducting bird surveys on their Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290 Milwaukee Area Land Conservancy. 2018. Franklin Savanna. properties, which will enhance our understanding of migrant usage. Available: http://www.mkeconservancy.org/franklin-savanna.html (December 5, 2018). This site contains numerous resources that provide significant stopover Milwaukee County Parks. 2019 Internal Natural Areas databases. value for migrating birds. The variety of conditions within the extensive wet- Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. 1997. Planning Report No. 42. A Regional Natural land complex, including wet soils, emergent marsh and sedge meadow, offer Areas and Critical Species Habitat and Management Plan for Southeastern Wisconsin. foraging opportunities for grassland- and wetland-associated bird species. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Shallow water and mudflat zones are critical features for migrant waterbirds Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural and shorebirds. The surrounding forest cover and oak savanna create a struc- Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. turally complex system that is attractive to migrant landbirds. The oak com- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, ponent also provides a preferred foraging substrate for many landbird species. PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- Conservation Opportunities ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Although Milwaukee County Parks owns a considerable amount of land at this site, one of the largest remaining upland hardwood forests in the area along Ryan Creek is unprotected. Given the surrounding development pressures, this parcel should be a priority for permanent conservation protection. Updated management plans for county properties would be helpful to ensure The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and their long-term viability as priority stopover habitat. functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. The Root River Corridor is categorized as a Convenience Store site that This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the offers migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945B 2019 JOSHUA MAYER Ozaukee Dodge Washington Waukesha Whitnall Park Lake Cluster (!145 (!32 (!67 (!16 ¨¦§94 ¤£18 (!59 Milwaukee 0.5 0.25 0 Miles Jefferson (!164 Walworth ¨¦§43 (!38 WHITNALL PARK COMPLEXRacine (!11 Non-Protected Areas ¤£45 A Planning Tool for Migratory Bird Conservation (!5along0 Lake Michigan ¤£14 £12 31 Protected Areas ¤ Kenosha (!

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WHITNALL PARK COMPLEX Site Description he Whitnall Park Complex contains some of the region’s oldest growth upland Tforest, composed of mature red oak, white oak, sugar maple, American basswood, shagbark hickory, and red maple. Extensive stands of lowland hardwood swamp, floodplain forest, and a variety of other wetland types occur along the Root River and its tributaries. Canopy species in the floodplain forest include silver maple, bitternut hickory, boxelder, and American elm. Lakes, ponds, and grassland habitats are scattered throughout the 1,272 acres of Milwaukee County Park (MCP) lands at this site. This complex of parks adjacent to high quality private buffer the site from encroachment by non-compatible uses. Future land acquisi- lands provides a sizeable natural area within a highly developed, urban matrix. tions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: This site encompasses Whitnall Park, Milton C. Potter School Forest, Anderson Lake, Koepmier Lake, Monastery Lake, Mangan Woods, and a section of the Root • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) River Parkway. The Wisconsin Wetlands Association recognized the Root River Riverine Forest as a Wetland Gem. The Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Plan- • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure ning Commission recognizes several wooded areas in Whitnall Park and along the (vertical and horizontal) Root River, Monastery Lake Wetlands, and a small lake known as Bike Trail Marsh • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through as Natural Areas of Local Significance. The Milwaukee County Parks System is the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit designated an Important Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative. throughout fall migration • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from Stopover Importance another wetland The Whitnall Park Complex qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of • Lowland shrubs and oak cover 11 its significant consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 200 bird species use this site each year, including a wide variety of warblers, Sources thrushes, and other landbirds. There have been 34 Species of Greatest Conser- Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. vation Need documented here. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. The Whitnall Park Complex contains numerous resources that provide sig- eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, nificant stopover value for migrating birds. The diversity of habitats, including New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org. (December 10, 2018). hardwoods, shrub thickets, wetlands and grasslands, provide a rich mosaic Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover of foraging opportunities. The site’s aquatic features provide abundant insect Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Resources Program. prey for replenishing the energy reserves of migrants. The numerous areas of Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. mature forest canopy and native understory create a structurally complex sys- Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290 tem that is attractive to migrant landbirds. The oak component also provides Milwaukee County Parks. 2019 Internal Natural Areas databases. Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. 1997. Planning Report No. 42. A Regional Natural a preferred foraging substrate for many landbird species. Areas and Critical Species Habitat and Management Plan for Southeastern Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2001. Stewardship Forestry Plan. Milton C. Potter School Conservation Opportunities Forest. 5pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands The Milwaukee County Parks owns a significant portion of the protected acre- of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. age at this site. Potter School Forest, located adjacent to Whitnall Park, is cur- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, rently owned by the City of Milwaukee and should be a priority for permanent PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. conservation protection. Updated county management plans for the majority Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of these properties would be helpful to ensure their long-term viability as pri- of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- ority stopover habitat. ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. The Whitnall Park Complex is categorized as a Convenience Store site that offers migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for refueling. To further enhance the site’s appeal to migratory birds, restrict nutrient and sediment input from surrounding development, protect the oak component, and remove and replace invasive plants with native vegetation, which The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and generally supports more insects. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. parcels that expand wetland complexes, protect structurally diverse forests, This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the connect habitat corridors, especially those with north-south configuration, and Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945C 2019

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SOUTH MILWAUKEE LAKESHORE area owned by the Milwaukee Archdiocese and WE Energies, and should be considered as a priority for conservation protection. The WE Energies grassland (approximately 34 acres) is another important component of this site that Site Description has experienced past development pressure and should also be a priority for outh Milwaukee Lakeshore harbors a mix of upland and lowland hard- permanent conservation protection. Updated habitat management plans for Swoods, shrub carr, 5.7 miles of undeveloped shoreline, small creeks, small county properties and a long-term management strategy for Seminary Woods grasslands, and a variety of wetland habitats. Steep bluffs and ravines are and the WE Energies grasslands would be helpful to ensure their continued via- prominent features at this site. Several areas of the bluff support rare cal- bility as priority stopover sites. careous fen wetlands. Vegetation on the bluffs ranges from white cedar and South Milwaukee Lakeshore is categorized as a Convenience Store site paper birch stands to open areas dominated by grassland and wetland vege- that offers migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food tation. Seminary Woods represents the largest remaining unprotected stand resources for refueling. To further enhance the site’s appeal to migratory birds, of mature American beech-maple forest in Milwaukee County, with large minimize disturbance at coastal stopover sites by instituting public awareness American beech, sugar maple, American basswood, red and white oak, and campaigns and enforcing dog leash laws during the migratory period. Resto- an understory of mature ironwood, musclewood, and witchhazel. Buffering ration efforts should increase habitat connectivity by planting native vegeta- Seminary Woods to the south is an additional 622 acres of forest, grassland tion along public access points, and enhance the urban tree canopy with native and wetland habitats owned by Milwaukee County Parks and WE Energies. fruit- and/or nut-bearing trees, such as oak, hawthorn, and serviceberry. Land This complex of parks and undeveloped private properties provides a sizeable protection efforts should seek to protect structurally diverse forests, maintain tract of natural land within a highly developed, urban matrix. natural shorelines, connect forested parcels to create larger habitat corridors, This site encompasses Seminary Woods, Warnimont Bluff Fens State Natural and buffer protected areas from encroachment by non-compatible uses. Future Area, WE Energies property, sections of the Oak Creek Parkway, Rawson Woods, land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migra- and Bay View, Sheridan, Warnimont and Grant parks. It extends two miles from tory birds, giving high priority to any parcels within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: shore to include Lake Michigan’s offshore waters. Seminary Woods is desig- • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where nated a Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) and Natural Area of Countywide or Regional Significance by the Southeastern • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC). Warnimont Bluff Fens is (vertical and horizontal) designated a Wetland Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association and State Natural Area by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Additionally, • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through SEWRPC has designated Warnimont Park Woods, Grant Park Woods and adja- the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit cent fens, and Oak Creek Parkway as Natural Areas of Local Significance, and throughout fall migration Rawson Park Woods as a Natural Areas of Countywide or Regional Significance. • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from The Milwaukee County Parks System is designated an Important Bird Area by the another wetland >5 acres 13 Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative. • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) Stopover Importance • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore South Milwaukee Lakeshore qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its significant consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More Sources eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, than 200 bird species use this site as stopover habitat each year, including New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org. (October 3, 2018). 33 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Greater Scaup, Bufflehead, Com- Milwaukee Area Land Conservancy. 2018. Seminary Woods. mon Goldeneye and Red-breasted Merganser feed on crustaceans, mollusks, Available: http://www.mkeconservancy.org/seminary-woods.html (November 25, 2018). aquatic insects, amphipods, and small fishes in the nearshore and offshore Milwaukee County Parks. 2019 Internal Natural Areas databases. waters. Daily totals for diving ducks can reach 10,000 individuals at certain Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. 1997. Planning Report No. 42. A Regional Natural Areas and Critical Species Habitat and Management Plan for Southeastern Wisconsin. times of the year. Bobolinks, Eastern Meadowlarks, Dickcissels and other Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands grassland birds forage in the open habitats each spring, and warblers and of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. thrushes are abundant in the woodlands. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural This site contains numerous resources that are essential for birds migrating Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet in the southern Lake Michigan basin. The diversity of habitats provides protec- conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. tion from weather and a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. At Semi- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the nary Woods in particular, the tree species diversity, canopy maturity and native Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, understory create a structurally complex system that is attractive to migrant PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment landbirds. Nearshore and offshore fish communities of Lake Michigan provide of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- abundant prey for piscivorous bird species. The breakwalls and other naviga- ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. tion structures around Milwaukee Harbor provide shelter for waterbirds and waterfowl during storm events. The natural shoreline, with sections of cobble and sand, is an important feature for migrant waterbirds and shorebirds.

Conservation Opportunities The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and Although Milwaukee County Parks owns a considerable amount of land at this functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. site, several properties of ecological significance remain in private ownership. This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the Seminary Woods (approximately 79 acres) is a regionally significant natural Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945D 2019 ©2019 KIMBERLY MACKOWSKI/theparknextdoor.com ¤£151 Sheboygan Cedarburg Bog Fond du Lac (!32 £45 ¤£41 ¤ Washington Ozaukee

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for better cedar regeneration. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that restrict nutrient and sediment input from surrounding development, expand wetland complexes, protect structurally diverse forests, connect habitat corridors, especially those with north-south configuration, and buffer the site from encroachment by non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres CEDARBURG BOG with >2.5 acres of open water • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from Site Description another wetland edarburg Bog is one of the largest and most diverse wetlands in southern • Ephemeral wetlands of various sizes (1-10 acres) in agricultural fields CWisconsin. The bog supports natural communities more commonly found and pastured land in northern Wisconsin, including large expanses of white cedar-tamarack • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands swamp and the southernmost string bog in North America. Its 2,000 acres where there is high insect productivity (especially midges and of protected land also contain deep and shallow bog lakes, submerged and caterpillars) emergent aquatic communities, a small stream, deep and shallow marshes, • Undeveloped or natural cover with diverse habitat structure vertical sedge meadow communities, shrub-carrs, and swamp and upland hard- and horizontal) woods. Cedarburg Bog is located within a highly developed matrix of residential and agricultural properties. • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through This site encompasses Cedarburg Bog, Cedarburg Beech Woods, and Sapa the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit throughout fall migration Spruce Bog State Natural Areas, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Field Station, and Ozaukee Washington Land Trust properties. Cedarburg Bog is designated a National Natural Landmark by the U.S. Department of Interior, Sources Wetland Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association, Important Bird Area by eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org. (October 3, 2018). the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative, State Natural Area by the Wiscon- Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover sin Department of Natural Resources, Natural Area of Countywide or Regional Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Significance by the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Resources Program. and Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Hart, D. and J. Kline. 2013. Identification of contributing areas for groundwater supply to Cedarburg Bog to protect critical habitat. Final Report to Wisconsin Coastal Management Program. 82 pp. Wildlife Action Plan. Piaskowski, V.D., J.M. O’Donnell, and G.A. Meyer. 2017. Bird use of the Cedarburg Bog Important Bird Area during spring and fall migration. Passenger Pigeon 79(2): 139-161. 15 Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. 1997. Planning Report No. 42. A Regional Natural Stopover Importance Areas and Critical Species Habitat and Management Plan for Southeastern Wisconsin. Cedarburg Bog qualifies as aPriority Stopover Site because of its recog- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Field Station. 2018. Cedarburg Bog. nition in state and national conservation plans and high relative abundance Available: https://uwm.edu/field-station/about/natural-areas/cedarburg-bog/ (October 3, 2018) of migratory birds. More than 10,000 landbirds and 1,000 waterfowl are University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Field Station. 2018. Species Lists. estimated to use Cedarburg Bog during spring and fall migrations. A recent Available: https://uwm.edu/field-station/research/data/ (October 3, 2018) Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural study documented 189 migratory species using Cedarburg Bog, including 40 Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Cedarburg Bog contains numerous resources that are essential for birds Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, migrating in the southern Lake Michigan basin. Its aquatic features support a PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2010. Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Wildlife, Fish- large insect prey base, which helps replenish the energy reserves of migrants. ery, and State Natural Areas of the Northern Kettle Moraine Region. Wisconsin Department of Natural Dense shrubby understory found throughout the site provides protection Resources, PUBL ER-822 2010, Madison. from weather and predators. Finally, the diversity of habitats, including hard- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- woods, conifers, shrub thickets, and meadows, provide structural complexity ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. and a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2016. Northern Kettle Moraine Region Wildlife, Fish and Nat- ural Areas Master Plan and Environmental Analysis. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, DNR PUB LF-068, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: Cedarburg Bog. Cedarburg Bog is fortunate to have high engagement in its management and Available: http://wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Cedarburg-Bog.pdf (October 5, 2018). protection efforts by partners such as Friends of the Cedarburg Bog, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, UW-Milwaukee Field Station, The Nature Conservancy, Ozaukee Washington Land Trust, and Ozaukee County Parks and Planning Department. Coordination between these groups will be essential to achieve the protection goals and stewardship resources required for this site. The Northern Kettle Moraine Region Master Plan recommends the project boundary and acquisition goal of Cedarburg Bog State Natural Area be expanded by a total of 699 acres and 250 acres, respectively. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and Cedarburg Bog was categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and avail- This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the able for quick refueling. Land managers should reduce deer herbivory to allow Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945E 2019 PHOTOS: KATE REDMOND ¤£151 Sheboygan Riveredge Fond du Lac (!32 £45 ¤£41 ¤ Washington Ozaukee

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RIVEREDGE NATURE CENTER Site Description iveredge supports a diverse wetland complex within a large block of for- Rested habitat. The 379 acres owned by the Riveredge Nature Center contains floodplain forest, hardwood swamp, mesic forest, shrub-carr, alder thicket, calcareous fen, and sedge meadow. The Nature Center has also restored approximately 30 acres of prairie and a small oak opening. Outside of the Nature Center’s boundaries is a small lake surrounded by shrub-carr, lowland hardwoods, and a good-quality sphagnum bog. The Milwaukee River and Riv- eredge Creek are prominent features on the landscape. Riveredge is located

within a highly developed matrix of residential and agricultural properties. MAYER JOSHUA Significant portions of Riveredge have been designated a State Natural Area by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and a Natural Area of • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Statewide or Greater Significance or Natural Area of Countywide or Regional there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Significance by the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure (vertical and horizontal) Stopover Importance • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through Riveredge qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its high relative the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit abundance of migratory birds and the significant consistency of use between throughout fall migration seasons (spring and fall). More than 10,000 landbirds are estimated to use the • Lowland shrubs and oak cover site during spring and fall migration. Researchers have documented more than 150 migratory species, including 27 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Sources 17 This site contains numerous resources that provide significant stopover Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. value for migrating birds. Its aquatic features and hardwood swamps pro- Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report vide a large insect prey base necessary for replenishing the energy reserves U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, of migrants. Areas of dense shrubby understory, and unmanaged standing New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org. (October 5, 2018). dead snags, provide protection from weather and predators. Riveredge Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover actively manages for oak trees, which are an important landscape compo- Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered nent. Research has shown that migrating landbirds preferentially select oaks Resources Program. Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. as foraging substrates. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290 Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. 1997. Planning Report No. 42. A Regional Natural Conservation Opportunities Areas and Critical Species Habitat and Management Plan for Southeastern Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural Riveredge is fortunate to have high engagement in its management and Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. protection efforts by partners such as the Wisconsin Department of Natu- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment ral Resources, Milwaukee Public Museum, Ozaukee Washington Land Trust, of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, and Ozaukee County Wood, E.M., A.M. Pidgeon, F.L. Liu and D.J. Mladenoff. 2012. Birds see the trees inside the forest: The poten- Parks and Planning Department. Coordination between these groups will be tial impacts of changes in forest composition on songbirds during spring migration. Forest Ecology and essential to achieve the protection and stewardship goals set forth for this Management 280: 176-186. site. Riveredge Nature Center has prioritized approximately 340 acres of sur- Zopp, M and M. Smith. 2017. Riveredge Natural Resources Management Plan. http://www.riveredgenaturecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/LMP-2017-v.4.pdf rounding properties for future protection. (October 5, 2018). Riveredge was categorized as a Convenience Store site that offers migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for refueling. Land managers should plant more native fruiting plants and reduce deer herbivory to further enhance the site’s appeal to migratory birds. Land protection efforts should seek to extend protection of the Milwaukee River, protect structurally diverse forests, connect habitat corridors, especially those

with north-south configuration, and buffer the site from encroachment by The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil habitat attributes for migratory birds: Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945F 2019

JOSHUA MAYER Manitowoc Winnebago Calumet Ozaukee Shoreline ¤£151 (!32 Fond du Lac (!23 Sheboygan ¤£45 ¤£41 OZAUKEE LAKESHORE Washington Ozaukee Dodge (!33 (!26 (!144 A PlanningNon-Protecte dTool Areas for Migratory Bird Conservation along Lake Michigan 0.5 0.25 0 Miles ¤£167 Protected Areas Jefferson Waukesha Milwaukee

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diversity and abundance of fruit-bearing and native plants, which generally support more insects than non-native plants. Land protection efforts should seek to protect structurally diverse forests, connect forest blocks to create larger habitat corridors, and buffer protected areas from encroachment by non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds, giving high priority to any parcels LUKE WUEST, DNR AERONAUTICS WUEST, LUKE within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: OZAUKEE LAKESHORE • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Site Description • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure zaukee Lakeshore contains one of the few remaining stretches of undevel- (vertical and horizontal) Ooped Lake Michigan shoreline in southeastern Wisconsin. Vegetation within • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom the beach zone is generally sparse and may contain an assortment of drought through the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) resistant forbs and grasses. Ridge-and-swale complexes containing northern or fruit throughout fall migration wet-mesic, southern mesic, and cedar swamp forests are scattered throughout • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres the site. Wetland types present include ephemeral and permanent ponds, wet with >2.5 acres of open water meadow, and shrub carr. Old-field and grassland habitats also occur through- • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles out the site. This site contains approximately 800 acres of protected land sur- from another wetland rounded by a highly developed matrix of agricultural and residential properties. This site encompasses Harrington Beach State Park and Forest Beach • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) Migratory Preserve, and extends two miles from shore to include Lake Michi- • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore gan’s offshore waters. Portions of this site have been designated an Important • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative and a Natural Area of agricultural fields, with hydric soils Countywide or Regional Significance by the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. Sources Brennan, C.G., W.P. Mueller, B. Lenz, and M.U. Scholtfeldt. 2015. 2014-2015 WGLBBO Waterbird Watch - Stopover Importance Annual summary report. Passenger Pigeon 77:295-310. Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Ozaukee Lakeshore qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its high Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report relative abundance of migratory birds and the consistency of use between sea- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. sons (spring and fall). More than 10,000 landbirds, waterfowl and waterbirds eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, 19 and 1,000 raptors and shorebirds are estimated to use the site annually. Flight New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (October 11, 2018). Goodrich, L.J. and J.P. Smith. 2005. Raptor migration in North America. In State of North America’s Bird of transects funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service tallied close to 100,000 Prey. American Ornithologists Union. 466 pp. diving ducks using the offshore waters during spring and fall migration. Long- Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover tailed Ducks, Red-breasted Mergansers and Greater Scaup were particularly Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered abundant. The Cedar Grove Ornithological Station has documented heavy use Resources Program. Kreitinger, K. and Paulios, A., editors. 2007. The Wisconsin All-Bird Conservation Plan, Version 1.0. Wis- of the shoreline by migrant Sharp-shinned Hawks, Red-tailed Hawks, Merlins consin Bird Conservation Initiative, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI. Available: and other raptors. According to eBird, more than 220 migratory species have http://www.wisconsinbirds.org/plan (Oct 16, 2018). been recorded at this site, including 51 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. The Ozaukee Lakeshore provides important foraging and roosting oppor- Mueller, H.C. and D.D. Berger. 2010. Our 60 years at Cedar Grove. Passenger Pigeon 72:197-214. tunities for a diverse suite of migrating species. The waters of Lake Michigan Mueller, W., N. Cutright, N. Seefelt, and J. Gehring. 2010. Avian monitoring in and above offshore waters are important migrating areas for birds that require large and/or deep bodies of Lake Michigan: aerial avian surveys of western Lake Michigan 2010–2011. Final report to U.S. Fish and of water. Because so little undeveloped shoreline is left, the few remaining Wildlife Service, Cedarburg Science LLC and Wisconsin Society of Ornithology, Cedarburg, Wisconsin. 12 pp. Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. 1997. Planning Report No. 42. A Regional Natural patches at this site provide critical rest stops for birds negotiating the large Areas and Critical Species Habitat and Management Plan for Southeastern Wisconsin. ecological barrier of Lake Michigan. The larger blocks of forested habitat are Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2004. Harrington Beach State Park Master Plan and Environ- particularly important to landbirds and raptors. Some raptors may feed and mental Analysis. PUB-PR-698 2004. rest for up to five days in one location before continuing their migration. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and Ozaukee Washington Land ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Trust own the protected areas of this site and work collaboratively with Glacial Lakes Conservancy and Ozaukee County Parks and Planning Department to prioritize protection efforts and secure adequate stewardship resources. Ozaukee Lakeshore was categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. To further enhance the site’s appeal to migra- The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and tory birds, minimize disturbance at coastal stopover sites by instituting public functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. awareness campaigns, establishing protection zones and enforcing dog leash This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the laws during the migratory period. Restoration efforts should increase the Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945G 2019 WILLIAM MUELLER Manitowoc Winnebago Calumet (!32 Kohler-Andrae ¤£151 Fond du Lac (!23 Sheboygan ¤£45 ¤£41 KOHLER-ANDRAE LAKESHOREWashington Ozaukee Dodge (!26 (!33 A PlanningNon-Protected A rToolea for Migratory Bird Conservation(!144 along Lake Michigan Protected Area 0.25 0.125 0 Miles ¤£167 Jefferson Waukesha Milwaukee

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being changes to hydrology and tree species composition. Adaptive measures need to be developed to increase the resilience of this natural community. Kohler-Andrae Lakeshore was categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. To further enhance the site’s appeal to migratory birds, minimize disturbance at coastal stopover sites by instituting public JOSHUA MAYER JOSHUA awareness campaigns, establishing protection zones and enforcing dog leash laws during the migratory period. Conservation efforts should focus on pro- KOHLER-ANDRAE LAKESHORE tecting forested ridge-and-swale complexes from development and fragmentation, preserving natural hydrology, and controlling invasive species. Manage Site Description as diverse complexes that are linked by hydrology, landform, and vegetation ohler-Andrae Lakeshore contains the largest dune complex on Wisconsin’s mosaic. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that protect Kwestern shore of Lake Michigan and an important stretch of undevel- hydrological function, connect forest blocks to create larger habitat corridors, oped shoreline. It features ridge and swale topography with northern dry to and buffer protected areas from encroachment by non-compatible uses. Future dry-mesic forest dominated by white pine, red oak, and sugar maple. Further land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migra- inland there are mixed stands of white pine, American beech and red maple tory birds, giving high priority to any parcels within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: with a low-growing understory of sedges. Several wetland types are pres- • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where ent, including alder thicket, southern sedge meadow and northern hardwood there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) swamp. The Black River and its associated riparian forest are prominent fea- • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure tures of this site. There are approximately 1,000 acres of protected land, which (vertical and horizontal) is surrounded by moderate agricultural and residential development. Private property of outstanding habitat value occurs adjacent to the protected area. • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through This site encompasses Kohler-Andrae State Park and Kohler Park Dunes the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit State Natural Area and extends two miles from shore to include Lake Mich- throughout fall migration igan’s offshore waters. Kohler-Andrae Lakeshore is recognized as an Import- • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres ant Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative, a Wetland Gem with >2.5 acres of open water by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association, a State Natural Area by the Wisconsin • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Department of Natural Resources and a Conservation Opportunity Area by the agricultural fields, with hydric soils Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan. • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from another wetland Stopover Importance • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) 21 Kohler-Andrae Lakeshore qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore high relative abundance of migratory birds and the consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 10,000 waterfowl and landbirds and 1,000 Sources raptors and waterbirds are estimated to use the site annually. Long-tailed eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, Ducks, Red-breasted Mergansers and Greater Scaup are particularly abundant New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (October 20, 2018). in the offshore waters during spring and fall migration. Sanderling, Dunlin and Goodrich, L.J. and J.P. Smith. 2005. Raptor migration in North America. In State of North America’s Bird of Prey. American Ornithologists Union. 466 pp. other shorebirds forage along the sandy shore. The Cedar Grove Ornithological Mueller, H.C. and D.D. Berger. 2010. Our 60 years at Cedar Grove. Passenger Pigeon 72:197-214. Station just to the south has documented heavy use of this stretch of shoreline Mueller, W., N. Cutright, N. Seefelt, and J. Gehring. 2010. Avian monitoring in and above offshore waters by migrant Sharp-shinned Hawks, Red-tailed Hawks, Merlins and other raptors. of Lake Michigan: aerial avian surveys of western Lake Michigan 2010–2011. Final report to U.S. Fish and According to eBird, more than 200 migratory species have been recorded at this Wildlife Service, Cedarburg Science LLC and Wisconsin Society of Ornithology, Cedarburg, Wisconsin. 12 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural site, including 35 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Area. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. The combination of wetland and upland plant communities adjacent Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the to undeveloped shoreline provides significant stopover value for migrating Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, birds. The waters of Lake Michigan are important migrating areas for birds PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment that require large and/or deep bodies of water. Because so little undeveloped of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- shoreline is left, the few remaining patches at this site provide critical rest ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. stops for birds negotiating the large ecological barrier of Lake Michigan. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2018. Final environmental impact statement for proposed Kohler golf course Sheboygan County. 106pp larger blocks of forested habitat are particularly important to landbirds and Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. 2014. Great Lakes Ridge and Swale. Available: https:// raptors. Some raptors may feed and rest for up to 5 days in one location before www.wicci.wisc.edu/plants-and-natural-communities-working-group.php (December 18, 2018) continuing their migration. Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: Kohler-Andrae Dunes. Available: http://wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Kohler-Andrae-Dunes.pdf (October 20, 2018). Conservation Opportunities The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources owns all of the protected acreage at this site. Several private properties adjacent to the protected area have high ecological value but are threatened by high development pressure. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and Priority should be given to protecting these properties to maintain this site’s functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. stopover value. Ridge-and-swale complexes have been identified as being This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with the major concerns Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945H 2019

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SILVER CREEK LAKESHORE enhance the habitat value of neighborhood parks by planting native vegeta- Site Description tion along public access points, especially woody species that bloom through ilver Creek Lakeshore contains a mix of upland hardwoods, mixed coniferous the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit throughout Sstands, undeveloped shoreline, and lakeshore bluffs. The extensive stretch fall migration. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that con- of sandy beach is sparsely vegetated with an assortment of drought resistant tain intact natural communities, connect habitat corridors, especially those forbs and grasses. A narrow swath of sandbar willow and other shrubby veg- with north-south configuration, and buffer the site from encroachment by etation buffers the shoreline. Silver Creek meanders through shrubby vegeta- non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the follow- tion and beech-maple stands before emptying into Lake Michigan. There are ing habitat attributes for migratory birds, giving high priority to any parcels approximately 100 acres of protected land surrounded by moderate agricul- within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: tural and residential development. This site encompasses Silver Creek Park, • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Red Arrow Park, and extends five miles from shore to include Lake Michigan’s there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) offshore waters. • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure (vertical and horizontal) Stopover Importance • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Silver Creek Lakeshore qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its agricultural fields, with hydric soils < 10 miles from Lake Michigan high relative abundance of migratory birds. More than 10,000 waterfowl and • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from thousands of waterbirds and landbirds occur here annually. Greater Scaup, another wetland Common Goldeneye, Bufflehead and other diving ducks forage and rest in Lake Michigan’s waters. Sandpipers, plovers, yellowlegs and other shorebirds • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) are prevalent along the undeveloped shoreline. Large numbers of Sanderlings • Known shorebird concentration areas can be found during fall migration feeding around the Chlodophera mats that • Lake Michigan open water areas within 5 miles of shore collect on the shore. Approximately 130 bird species use this site as stopover 23 habitat each year, including 7 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. More Sources species would likely be documented with greater survey effort. City of Manitowoc. 2018. Silver Creek Park. This site contains numerous resources that provide significant stopover Available: http://www.manitowoc.org/Facilities/Facility/Details/18 (December 31, 2018) value for migrating birds. Because so little undeveloped shoreline is left, the City of Manitowoc. 2017. City of Manitowoc Park and Recreation Plan 2017-2022. Available: extensive stretch at this site provides a critical rest stop for birds negotiating https://www.manitowoc.org/DocumentCenter/View/25023/Adopted_Comp_-Park--Rec_ the large ecological barrier of Lake Michigan. River outlets provide nutrient Plan_Text?bidId= (December 31, 2018) eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, rich waters that support a diverse fish community, and in turn attract many New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (December 31, 2018). piscivorous bird species. The site’s aquatic features provide abundant insect Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover prey for replenishing the energy reserves of migrants. Dense shrubby under- Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Resources Program. story provides protection from weather and predators. Finally, the diversity of Kreitinger, K. and Paulios, A., editors. 2007. The Wisconsin All-Bird Conservation Plan, Version 1.0. Wis- habitats, including hardwoods, conifers, and shrub thickets provide structural consin Bird Conservation Initiative, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI. Available: complexity and a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. http://www.wisconsinbirds.org/plan (December 27, 2018). Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Conservation Opportunities Potter, B. A., R. J. Gates, G. J. Soulliere, R. P. Russell, D. A. Granfors, and D. N. Ewert. 2007. Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture Shorebird Habitat Conservation Strategy. U. S. Fish and Wildlife The City of Manitowoc is the primary landowner at this site. A comprehensive Service, Fort Snelling, MN. 101pp. management plan that identifies existing natural communities and habitat Tessen, D. 2009. Wisconsin’s Favorite Bird Haunts. Fifth Edition. Wisconsin Society for Ornithology. 540pp. management priorities on the city properties would be helpful to ensure their Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment long-term viability as priority stopover habitat. Because of its high ecological of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- value, a significant portion of Silver Creek Park could be managed as a natural ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. area and designated Urban Greenspace. Silver Creek Lakeshore is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. Encourage the public to remain on fairways of disc golf course rather than disturb surrounding native vegetation, which dis- rupts ground foraging and nesting birds. Enforce dog leash laws during peak The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and migratory period. In Urban Greenspace units, restore wetland habitats and functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. natural shorelines and remove invasive species such as multiflora rose and This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the Eurasian honesuckle. Land managers can increase habitat connectivity and Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945I 2019

PHOTOS: BILL POHLMANN Shawano Brown (!29 Kewaunee (!172 Collins Marsh ¤£141 Outagamie Brown ¤£41 (!15 (!441 £10 0.5 0.25 0 Miles ¤ Calumet ¤£151 COLLINS MARSH Winnebago Non-Protected Area Manitowoc 43 (!32 ¨¦§ A PlanningProtected A rToolea for Migratory Bird ConservationFond du Lac along Lake Michigan Sheboygan

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COLLINS MARSH for quick refueling. Land managers should continue to encourage a variety of Site Description wetland conditions by adjusting water levels to mimic natural fluctuations. ollins Marsh supports a vast complex of wetland types, including deep and Land protection efforts should seek to maintain the surrounding landscape in Cshallow marsh, wet meadow, shrub-carr, and various forested wetlands. agriculture through acquisition or easements. This will ensure continued pro- Swamp hardwood, composed primarily of black ash, represents a significant tection of staging waterfowl and other migrant birds from human interfer- natural community type here. The upland areas contain scattered stands ence. Future land acquisition should focus on parcels that protect hydrological of oak-hickory forest, cool and warm season grasses, and cropland planted function, restrict nutrient and sediment input from surrounding develop- as waterfowl food plots. Year-round marsh conditions are created by the ment, contain intact natural communities, and prioritize the following hab- damming of Mud Creek, which flows through the site and empties into the itat attributes for migratory birds: Manitowoc River near the southern boundary. Approximately 4,200 acres are • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres protected within the Collins Marsh Wildlife Area, of which 915 acres are man- with >2.5 acres of open water aged as a refuge with limited public access. Low-density rural development and agricultural fields surround the wildlife area. • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from another wetland Stopover Importance • Open water areas >5 acres without adjacent wetlands Collins Marsh qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its high rel- • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in ative abundance of migratory birds and the consistency of use between agricultural fields, with hydric soils seasons (spring and fall). More than 10,000 waterfowl and 1,000 shorebirds • Mixed emergent wetland complexes or isolated mixed emergent and landbirds are estimated to use the site annually. Redhead, Lesser Scaup, wetlands <25 acres American Wigeon, Tundra Swans, and other migrant waterfowl stage in large • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) numbers within this wetland complex. Shorebirds are also quite abundant • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where 25 during spring and fall migration. Dunlin, Pectoral and Least Sandpipers, and there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Lesser and Greater Yellowlegs sometimes form large foraging flocks along the muddy edges and shallow water areas. Great Egret, American Bittern, Ameri- • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure can White Pelican and a variety of other waterbirds occur here regularly during (vertical and horizontal) migration. Aerial insectivores, including Purple Martins, Tree Swallows, Bank Swallows and Cliff Swallows, forage in large flocks over the open marsh hab- Sources itats. Approximately 230 bird species have been recorded here, including 34 eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (January 2, 2019). Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover The diverse wetland conditions in combination with the large stands of Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered swamp hardwood provide critical foraging and roosting opportunities for Resources Program. migrating birds. The mosaic of shallow water and mudflats provides good Kreitinger, K. and Paulios, A., editors. 2007. The Wisconsin All-Bird Conservation Plan, Version 1.0. Wis- consin Bird Conservation Initiative, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI. Available: conditions for aquatic invertebrates, a critical food source for migrant shore- http://www.wisconsinbirds.org/plan (January 2, 2019). birds. Varying inundation depths throughout the marsh accommodates a Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. diverse suite of avian groups. The refuge area enables staging waterfowl to Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. escape hunting pressure and replenish their energy reserves. Large stands of Tessen, D. 2009. Wisconsin’s Favorite Bird Haunts. Fifth Edition. Wisconsin Society for Ornithology. 540pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1986. Collins Marsh Wildlife Area Master Plan. Wisconsin swamp hardwood provide abundant invertebrate prey and undisturbed rest Department of Natural Resources, Madison. areas for migrant landbirds. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2019. Collins Marsh Wildlife Area. A substantial amount of this site is protected within the Collins Marsh Wildlife Available: https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/lands/wildlifeareas/collins.html (January 2, 2019) Area and owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Devel- opment pressure is relatively low at this site in comparison to others near larger urban centers. Hydric soils render most privately held land adjacent to the protected area unsuitable for farming or development. Although there are several parcels in proximity to the protected area that hold some ecological value, they are not deemed at risk of development and therefore are not The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and acquisition priorities. functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. Collins Marsh is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all nec- This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the essary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945J 2019 JOANNA GILKESON/USFWS WIKIMEDIA COMMONS Shawano Brown (!29 Kewaunee (!172 Manitowoc Containment ¤£141 Outagamie Brown ¤£41 (!15 (!441 ¤£10 0.5 0.25 0 Miles Calumet £151 LITTLE MANITOWOCWinnebago RIVER¤ Non-Protected Area Manitowoc 43 (!32 ¨¦§ A PlanningProtected Area Tool for Migratory Bird ConservationFond du Lac along Lake Michigan Sheboygan

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The Little Manitowoc River corridor is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. Land managers should continue to encourage a variety of wetland conditions, control invasive species, and enhance the habitat value of neighborhood and community parks by planting native woody species that bloom through the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and shrubs) or fruit throughout fall migration. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that contain intact natural communities, LITTLE MANITOWOC RIVER protect floodplains, restrict nutrient and sediment input from surrounding development, and improve this coastal wetland complex. Future land acqui- Site Description sitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds, he Little Manitowoc River corridor provides an important estuarine connec- giving high priority to any parcels within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: Ttion to Lake Michigan. The Manitowoc and Little Manitowoc Rivers empty • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where into Lake Michigan to form a nutrient rich transition zone. Coastal wetlands there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) containing a mix of open water, mudflats, and emergent marsh vegetation extend more than a mile inland along the Little Manitowoc River channel. • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure To the south lies the Manitowoc Containment Facility, a man-made structure (vertical and horizontal) designed to hold material excavated during harbor dredging activities. Por- • Mixed emergent wetland complexes >25 acres and <2 miles from tions of it have been planted with native vegetation and actively managed as Lake Michigan wildlife habitat. The Lincoln Park Conservancy supports 45 acres of floodplain • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in forest and wetland habitats. agricultural fields, with hydric soils < 10 miles from Lake Michigan This site is located in an area of urban development and encompasses the • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from Manitowoc Containment Facility, Lakeview Park, Little Manitowoc River Park- another wetland way, Indian Creek Park, Lincoln Park Zoo and Conservancy, and extends five miles from shore to include Lake Michigan’s offshore waters. The Manitowoc • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) River is designated a Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Nat- • Known shorebird concentration areas ural Resources. • Lake Michigan open water areas within 5 miles of shore Stopover Importance Sources The Little Manitowoc River corridor qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site City of Manitowoc. 2018. Facilities. Available: http://www.manitowoc.org/Facilities/Facility/Details/31 because of its high relative abundance of migratory birds. More than 10,000 (December 28, 2018) 27 City of Manitowoc. 2017. City of Manitowoc Park and Recreation Plan 2017-2022. waterfowl and 1,000 waterbirds, shorebirds, and landbirds are estimated to Available: https://www.manitowoc.org/DocumentCenter/View/25023/Adopted_Comp_-Park-- use this site annually. Greater Scaup, Common Goldeneye, Bufflehead and Rec_Plan_Text?bidId= (December 28, 2018) other diving ducks forage and rest in Lake Michigan’s waters. Sandpipers, plo- eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (December 27, 2018). vers, yellowlegs and other shorebirds are prevalent along the shoreline and Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover muddy wetland edges. Waterbirds are well represented, with terns and gulls Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered being particularly abundant. Caspian, Common, Forster’s and Black Terns all Resources Program. occur here. More than 270 migratory species have been recorded at this site, Potter, B. A., R. J. Gates, G. J. Soulliere, R. P. Russell, D. A. Granfors, and D. N. Ewert. 2007. Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture Shorebird Habitat Conservation Strategy. U. S. Fish and Wildlife including 48 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Service, Fort Snelling, MN. 101pp. This site contains numerous resources that are essential for birds migrat- Tessen, D. 2009. Wisconsin’s Favorite Bird Haunts. Fifth Edition. Wisconsin Society for Ornithology. 540pp. ing in the Lake Michigan basin. Diverse wetland habitats and nutrient rich Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands waters provide critical foraging opportunities for migrating birds. The contin- of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet ual mixing of river and lake waters supports a diverse fish community, which conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. in turn attracts many piscivorous bird species. The shallow water and mudflat Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment zones of this site are critical features for migrant waterbirds and shorebirds. of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- Emergent vegetation growing along the Little Manitowoc River banks pro- ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Woodland Dunes Nature Center. 2018. Ripples 10/27/16. vides abundant food sources in the form of seeds and invertebrates as well Available: https://www.woodlanddunes.org/ripples-102716/ (December 28, 2018) as an important staging area. Migrating birds heavily use the containment facility, especially when fresh dredging material is added. Conservation Opportunities The City of Manitowoc is the primary landowner at this site but many partners are involved with its stewardship. The Lakeshore Natural Resources Part- nership (LNRP) is leading an effort to restore 38.5 acres of coastal wetland along the Little Manitowoc River and enhance the habitat corridor between Little Manitowoc River Walkway, Lincoln Park, and Indian Creek Park. Wood- The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and land Dunes Nature Center worked with city officials, Army Corps of Engineers, functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. LNRP, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to control invasive plant species in the This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the containment area and install native plantings and pollinator habitat. 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WOODLAND DUNES Woodland Dunes continues to remove invasive plant species and replace them Site Description with native plants, which generally support more insects and higher quality oodland Dunes is part of a ridge-and-swale complex, an alternating food sources than non-native plants. Land protection efforts should seek to Wsequence of narrow sandy ridges and low wetland swales that parallels expand ridge-and-swale complexes, connect habitat corridors, especially Lake Michigan. This complex is biologically rich and contains a diversity of those with north-south configuration, and buffer the site from encroachment high-quality habitats, including upland and lowland hardwood and coniferous by non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the follow- forest, shrub swamp, sedge meadow, cattail marsh, and wet and dry meadows. ing habitat attributes for migratory birds, giving high priority to any parcels This site contains 1,300 acres of protected natural land that is located within a within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: highly developed matrix of residential and agricultural properties. • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where The Woodland Dunes site extends five miles from shore to include Lake there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Michigan’s offshore waters. This site has been designated an Important Bird • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative, Land Legacy Place by the (vertical and horizontal) Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Wetland Gem by the Wisconsin • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through Wetlands Association, and Conservation Opportunity Area by the Wisconsin the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit Wildlife Action Plan. throughout fall migration • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres Stopover Importance with >2.5 acres of open water Woodland Dunes qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its high • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in relative abundance of migratory birds and the consistency of use between agricultural fields, with hydric soils < 10 miles from Lake Michigan seasons (spring and fall). More than 10,000 waterfowl and landbirds are • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from estimated to use the site annually. Long-tailed Duck, Bufflehead, Common another wetland Goldeneye, and Common and Red-breasted Mergansers feed on crustaceans, 29 • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) mollusks, and aquatic insects. Other migrant waterfowl such as American Black Duck, Canvasback, Redhead, Greater Scaup, and Lesser Scaup also forage and • Lake Michigan open water areas within 5 miles of shore roost in open waters. This site is well known for raptor migration, especially Northern Saw-whet Owls, of which, hundreds routinely pass through the area Sources each season. According to eBird, more than 200 migratory species have been eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, recorded at this site, including 34 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (November 11, 2018). Goodrich, L.J. and J.P. Smith. 2005. Raptor migration in North America. In State of North America’s Bird of Woodland Dunes contains numerous resources that provide significant Prey. American Ornithologists Union. 466 pp. stopover value for migrating birds. The rich diversity of habitats, including Kreitinger, K. and Paulios, A., editors. 2007. The Wisconsin All-Bird Conservation Plan, Version 1.0. Wis- hardwoods, conifers, shrub thickets and meadows, provide structural com- consin Bird Conservation Initiative, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI. Available: http://www.wisconsinbirds.org/plan (November 11, 2018). plexity and a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. The forested habitat Sussman, A., B. Gardner, E. Adams, L. Salas, K. Kenow, D. Luukkonen, M. Monfils, W. Mueller, K. Williams, is particularly important to migrating raptors, which may feed and rest for up M. Leduc-Lapierre, E. Zipkin. In Review. A comparative analysis of common methods to identify waterbird to 5 days in one location. Nearshore and offshore fish communities of Lake hotspots. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural Michigan provide abundant prey for piscivorous bird species. Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Woodland Dunes is fortunate to have high engagement in its management Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. and protection efforts by partners such as the Wisconsin Department of Natu- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment ral Resources, Natural Resources Conservation Service, City of Two Rivers, and of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- surrounding landowners. Woodland Dunes Nature Center has been working ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: Point Beach and Dunes. collaboratively with these partners for many years to protect and manage Available: http://wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Point-Beach-Dunes.pdf adjacent properties in addition to its own protected lands. Recent efforts have (November 11, 2018). included a Restore the Shore project that removes phragmites and other invasive plant species and replaces those with native plant species. These actions will have positive results for all trophic levels of organisms in the Lake Michi- gan nearshore and offshore zones. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and Woodland Dunes was categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the for quick refueling. To further enhance the site’s appeal to migratory birds, Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945L 2019 NANCY NABAK Shawano Brown (!29 Kewaunee (!172 Point Beach State Park ¤£141 Outagamie Brown ¤£41 (!15 (!441 £10 0.5 0.25 0 Miles ¤ POINT BEACH Calumet ¤£151 Non-Protected Area Winnebago A Planning Tool for Migratory Bird Conservation alongManitowoc Lake Michigan 43 (!32 ¨¦§ Protected Area Fond du Lac Sheboygan

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Point Beach is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting forested ridge and swale complexes from development and fragmentation, preserving natural hydrology, and controlling invasive species. Ridge-and-swale complexes have been identified as being highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with the major concerns being changes to hydrology and tree spe- POINT BEACH cies composition. Adaptive measures need to be developed to increase the resilience of this natural community. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that protect hydrological function and reconnect ridge-and- Site Description swale complexes with surrounding upland forest blocks and isolated blocks of oint Beach is part of a ridge-and-swale complex, an alternating sequence of other ridge-and-swale landforms. Future land acquisitions should prioritize Pnarrow sandy ridges and low wetland swales that parallels Lake Michigan. the following habitat attributes for migratory birds, giving high priority to any This complex is biologically rich and contains a diversity of high-quality hab- parcels within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: itats. Juniper shrubs and beach-associated forbs transition to red maple and • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where birch and then white pine, eastern hemlock and tamarack with increasing dis- there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) tance from the shoreline. Sedge meadows occur in some of the wetter and more open swales. Further inland is the largest northern hardwood swamp remnant • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure in northeastern Wisconsin, composed of red maple, black ash, and white cedar. (vertical and horizontal) To the north is Rahr Memorial School Forest, which contains upland areas of • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through white pine, pin oak, and white birch, and lowland areas of alder, black ash, the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit silver maple, and green ash. Molash and Silver Creeks meander through sig- throughout fall migration nificant portions of this site. Point Beach contains more than 3,000 acres of • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres protected natural land, including six miles of undeveloped lakeshore. The site is with >2.5 acres of open water surrounded by high-density residential and agricultural development. • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Point Beach encompasses Point Beach State Forest, Nipissing Swamp, agricultural fields, with hydric soils and Point Beach Ridges State Natural Areas, Neshotah Park, and Rahr Memorial School Forest, and extends five miles from shore to include Lake • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from Michigan’s offshore waters. This site has been designated a Wetland Gem by another wetland the Wisconsin Wetlands Association, Land Legacy Place and State Natural • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) Area by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, National Natural • Lake Michigan open water areas within 5 miles of shore 31 Landmark by the National Park Service, and Important Bird Area by the Wis- consin Bird Conservation Initiative. Sources eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, Stopover Importance New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (December 17, 2018). Mueller, W., N. Cutright, N. Seefelt, and J. Gehring. 2010. Avian monitoring in and above offshore waters Point Beach qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its consistency of Lake Michigan: aerial avian surveys of western Lake Michigan 2010–2011. Final report to U.S. Fish and of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 200 bird species use this Wildlife Service, Cedarburg Science LLC and Wisconsin Society of Ornithology, Cedarburg, Wisconsin. 12 pp. site as stopover habitat each year, including 26 Species of Greatest Conser- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. vation Need. Bufflehead, Common Goldeneye, Red-breasted Merganser, and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural other migrant waterfowl forage and roost in the open waters. Gulls, terns, Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. and shorebirds use the undeveloped shoreline as a resting and foraging place. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet Point Beach contains numerous resources that are essential for birds conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Rahr Memorial School Forest Stewardship Forestry Plan. migrating in the Lake Michigan basin. Diverse wetland and upland plant Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 16 pp. communities provide a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. Large forest Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the blocks containing abundant woody debris, unmanaged standing dead snags, Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and varying tree age classes are features that provide refuge and foraging PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2012. Point Beach State Forest Master Plan. Wisconsin Depart- areas for landbirds and raptors. The extensive stretch of undeveloped shore- ment of Natural Resources, PUB-PR-855-2011, Madison. line provides a critical rest stop for birds negotiating the large ecological bar- Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. 2014. Great Lakes Ridge and Swale. Available: https:// rier of Lake Michigan. Fish communities of Lake Michigan provide abundant www.wicci.wisc.edu/plants-and-natural-communities-working-group.php (December 18, 2018) prey for piscivorous bird species. Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: Point Beach and Dunes. Available: http://wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Point-Beach-Dunes.pdf (December 17, 2018). Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources works collaboratively with Manitowoc School District, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ice Age Trail Alli- ance, National Park Service, and other partners to prioritize protection and management efforts. Continued coordination between these groups will be The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and essential for the stewardship and protection of this site. The Point Beach State functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. Forest Master Plan recommends a boundary expansion of 1,583 acres to the This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the west of the current property. Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945M 2019 PHOTOS: JOSHUA MAYER Black Ash Swamp ¤£141 (!42

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BLACK ASH SWAMP Site Description lack Ash Swamp is a large inland swamp located on the border of BKewaunee and Door counties and represents the largest contiguous forest in that subregion. This site contains a large, diverse lowland forest dominated by black ash, white cedar, and paper birch in the northern section, and red maple, silver maple, green ash, and black ash in the southern section. In some areas the swamp grades into pure lowland conifer stands of cedar and tamarack. The understory is open and composed primarily of herbaceous species, including invasive reed canary grass. Silver Creek, a major tributary of the Ahnapee River, meanders through the southern portion of this site. Emergent marsh, sedge meadow, and shrub-carr communities are also present. The land of the Black Ash Swamp site is owned by multiple private landowners and surrounded by agricultural land with low-density rural residential development. It is designated a Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Stopover Importance Sources Black Ash Swamp qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its con- Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report sistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). The large size, structural U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. complexity, and north-south orientation of this forest block are important eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, elements of quality stopover habitat. Additional inventories are needed, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (June 19, 2019). 33 as the entire site is in private ownership and species usage is not well doc- Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered umented. As a large, diverse lowland forest in a predominately agricultural Resources Program. landscape, it likely provides productive foraging opportunities and important Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. protection from weather and predators. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to Black Ash Swamp is categorized as a Convenience Store site that offers meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting the large forest of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- tract from development and fragmentation, preserving natural hydrology, ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. controlling invasive species, and increasing the width of the forested corridor Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: Black Ash Swamp. Available: by reforesting abandoned agricultural land adjacent to the existing forest. https://www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Black-Ash-Swamp.pdf (June 20, 2019). Since this entire site is privately owned, conservation easements, tax incentives, management agreements, and land purchases are important tools for sustainable habitat management. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure (vertical and horizontal) • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit throughout fall migration

• Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and agricultural fields, with hydric soils functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945N 2019

PHOTOS: MICHAEL GRIMM ¤£141 Stony Creek

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STONY CREEK CORRIDOR Site Description tony Creek Corridor contains the largest creek system in southern Door SCounty. Stony Creek is a slow moving, meandering stream in its upper reaches but transitions to a rushing creek as it approaches Lake Michigan. Along its 13-mile length, Stony Creek feeds an extensive wetland complex of emergent marshes, hardwood swamps, shrub-carr, and lowland forest. The forests are generally second growth with silver maple and elm dominating the hardwood swamp and white cedar in the lowland forest. Willow, dogwood, viburnum, and other shrubs grow along the stream banks. This site is entirely in private ownership and has no formal conservation designations. Land use surrounding the site is agriculture and low-density residential development. Stopover Importance Stony Creek Corridor qualifies as aPriority Stopover Site because of its consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). The diversity of wetlands, structurally complex forests, and north-south configuration of the corridor are important elements of quality stopover habitat. Additional inventories are needed, as most of the site is in private ownership and species usage is not well documented. As a forested corridor in a predominately agricultural landscape, it likely provides productive foraging opportunities and important protection from weather and predators. 35 Conservation Opportunities Stony Creek Corridor is categorized as a Convenience Store site that offers Sources migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission. 2003. A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on preserving natural hydrology, of Door County, Wisconsin. First edition. Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. controlling invasive species, and increasing the width of the forested corri- Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report dor along Stony Creek by reforesting abandoned agricultural land adjacent U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. to the existing forest. Since this entire site is privately owned, conservation Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department. 2000. Surface water inventory of Door County. 83 pp. easements, tax incentives, management agreements, and land purchases eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (March 5, 2019). are important tools for sustainable habitat management. Future land acqui- Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover sitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Resources Program. Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure (vertical and horizontal) • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit throughout fall migration • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in agricultural fields, with hydric soils • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from another wetland • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945O 2019

PHOTOS: ERIC PRESTON Potawatomi State Park

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POTAWATOMI STATE PARK Site Description otawatomi State Park has 1,200 acres of gently rolling upland terrain bor- Pdered by steep slopes and rugged dolomite cliffs. Below the steep escarpment face, a white birch and white cedar forest exists with a well-developed shrub layer of mountain maple and red-berried elder. Elsewhere in the park deer herbivory has impacted the understory layer and few tree or shrub species remain that are less than five feet tall. Northern hardwood is the dominant forest type, composed of sugar maple, red oak, American beech, white birch, and eastern hemlock. Scattered stands of white pine and red oak are MIKE GROTA DNR FILE PHOTO: also present. The park features approximately 2.5 miles of gravelly shoreline along Sturgeon Bay and Sawyer Harbor. On the landward side, private devel- • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where opment and cropland surround the site. Potawatomi State Park is designated there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) a Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure Wildlife Action Plan. (vertical and horizontal) • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through Stopover Importance the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit Potawatomi State Park qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its throughout fall migration consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 170 bird spe- • Lowland shrubs and oak cover cies use the estuary as stopover habitat each year, including a wide variety of • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in warblers, thrushes, sparrows, and other landbirds. There have been 19 Species agricultural fields, with hydric soils of Greatest Conservation Need recorded here. 37 The large tract of relatively unfragmented forest in combination with exten- Sources sive undeveloped shoreline provides significant stopover value for migrating Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. birds. Diverse tree composition, abundant woody debris, unmanaged standing Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report dead snags, varying tree age classes, and rocky outcrops all provide structural U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. complexity and a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. The natural shore- eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, line, with sections of cobble and sand, is an important feature for migrant New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (January 11, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover waterbirds and shorebirds. Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Resources Program. Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. Conservation Opportunities Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. A substantial amount of this site is protected within Potawatomi State Park Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1987. Potawatomi State Park Master Plan Concept Element. and owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Development Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment pressure is relatively high at this site because of its proximity to the city of of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- Sturgeon Bay. Future planning efforts should continue to limit development ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. to existing developed areas where the impact on the park’s natural resources Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2018. Northern Lake Michigan Coastal Ecological Landscape Draft Master Plan and Ecological Analysis. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-LF-108 2018, would be minimal. Madison. Potawatomi State Park is categorized as a Convenience Store site that offers migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting interior forest areas from development and fragmentation, and controlling invasive species and excessive deer browse. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that reconnect isolated forest tracts with the protected area and thereby expand the forest interior, and buffer the site from encroachment by non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds:

DNR FILE PHOTO: SUSAN BRAUN ¤£141 Ship Canal Kellner Fen

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CLAY BANKS-KELLNER FEN native vegetation along public access points, especially woody species that Site Description bloom through the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or lay Banks-Kellner Fen is an extensive coastal wetland complex with a variety fruit throughout fall migration. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the Cof natural communities. Kellner Fen is a 60-acre open wetland lined with following habitat attributes for migratory birds, giving high priority to any sedges and bulrushes. Surrounding the fen is a white cedar swamp to the parcels within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: north, a mixed conifer-hardwood forest to the west, and a ridge-and-swale • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where complex to the southeast. The ridge-and-swale topography extends along the there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) entire shoreline of this site. White pine, eastern hemlock, white birch, and red • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure maple are characteristic of the drier ridges, while white cedar, green ash, and (vertical and horizontal) alder grow in the wetter swales. The Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal bisects this site and connects the waters of Green Bay to Lake Michigan. Strawberry Creek is a • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through small stream that empties into the southern side of the canal. Woodard Creek is the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit a 4-mile stream that empties into Lake Michigan near the southern boundary throughout fall migration of this site. Clay Banks-Kellner Fen contains more than 1,000 acres of protected • Mixed emergent wetland complexes >25 acres and <2 miles from land and is surrounded by moderate agricultural and residential development. Lake Michigan Clay Banks-Kellner Fen encompasses Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal Preserve, • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Legacy Preserve at Clay Banks, Cave Point-Clay Banks State Natural Area, agricultural fields, with hydric soils Crossroads at Big Creek, Strawberry Creek Fish Hatchery, numerous city parks, • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles and extends two miles from shore to include Lake Michigan’s offshore waters. from another wetland This site is designated a State Natural Area and Land Legacy Place by the Wis- consin Department of Natural Resources, and Conservation Opportunity Area • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin ildlifeW Action Plan. 39 Sources eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, Stopover Importance New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (March 14, 2019). Clay Banks-Kellner Fen qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). A wide variety of water- Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Resources Program. fowl, waterbirds, and landbirds use this site as stopover habitat each year, Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. including 36 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Undeveloped shoreline Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. provides a critical rest stop for gulls, terns, and shorebirds. Diverse wetland Door County Land Trust. 2019. Legacy Nature Preserve at Clay Banks. and upland plant communities provide a rich assortment of foraging oppor- Available: https://www.doorcountylandtrust.org/legacy-preserve-at-clay-banks/ (March 14, 2019) tunities. Large forest blocks containing abundant woody debris, unmanaged Door County Land Trust. 2019. Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal Nature Preserve. standing dead snags, and varying tree age classes are features that provide Available: https://www.doorcountylandtrust.org/sturgeon-bay-ship-canal-nature-preserve/ refuge and foraging areas for landbirds and raptors. Lake Michigan waters (March 14, 2019) provide abundant prey for diving ducks and piscivorous bird species. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural Conservation Opportunities Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to Clay Banks-Kellner Fen is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and avail- Madison. able for quick refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. 2014. Great Lakes Ridge and Swale. Available: https://www.wicci.wisc.edu/plants-and-natural-communities-working-group.php forested ridge-and-swale complex from development and fragmentation, (March 14, 2019) preserving its natural hydrology, and controlling invasive species. Ridge- and-swale complexes have been identified as being highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with the major concerns being changes to hydrology and tree species composition. Adaptive measures should be developed to increase the resilience of this natural community. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that expand wetland complexes, protect structurally diverse forests, connect habitat corridors, The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and especially those with north-south configuration, and buffer the site from functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. encroachment by non-compatible uses. Land managers can increase con- This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the nectivity and enhance the habitat value of neighborhood parks by planting Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945Q 2019 PHOTOS: JOSHUA MAYER Shivering Sands

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SHIVERING SANDS CORRIDOR Land management efforts should promote uneven-aged forest stands that retain larger trees and allow for natural recruitment of coarse woody debris and standing snags. Where old fields or significant gaps in the canopy Site Description occur, reforest with ecologically appropriate native species to increase the for- xtending from Cave Point County Park to Shivering Sands, this site features est interior. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that protect Eundeveloped rocky shoreline, wetlands, mixed forest cover, and the most hydrological function, buffer project boundaries, and reconnect ridge-and- significant sand dunes in Wisconsin. Whitefish Dunes State Park contains both swale complexes with surrounding upland forest blocks as well as isolated active dunes dominated by shifting sands and herbaceous plants as well as sta- blocks of other ridge-and-swale landforms. Future land acquisitions should bilized dunes supporting American beech, eastern hemlock and sugar maple. prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds, giving high pri- Further south is a large wetland complex that includes three undeveloped lakes ority to any parcels within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: surrounded by an extensive wet-mesic forest of white cedar, tamarack, alder, • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where and balsam fir. The lakes support dense expanses of emergent vegetation and there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) feed several small streams. This area also supports a large ridge-and-swale complex composed of white birch, red maple, American beech, eastern hemlock, and • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure white pine. This site contains more than 4,200 acres of protected natural land (vertical and horizontal) and is surrounded by low-density residential and agricultural development. • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through Shivering Sands Corridor encompasses Shivering Sands Preserve, Cave Point- the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit Clay Banks and Whitefish Dunes State Natural Areas, Whitefish Dunes State throughout fall migration Park, and Cave Point County Park, and extends two miles from shore to include • Mixed emergent wetland complexes >25 acres and <2 miles from Lake Michigan’s offshore waters. This site is designated a Wetland Gem by the Lake Michigan Wisconsin Wetlands Association, Important Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Conservation Initiative, State Natural Area and Land Legacy Place by the Wis- agricultural fields, with hydric soils consin Department of Natural Resources, and Conservation Opportunity Area of • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan. another wetland Stopover Importance • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore Shivering Sands Corridor qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its Sources consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 180 bird spe- Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. cies use this site as stopover habitat each year, including 23 Species of Greatest Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report Conservation Need. Bufflehead, Common Goldeneye, Red-breasted Merganser, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. and other migrant waterfowl forage and roost in the open waters. Gulls and eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, 41 New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (February 6, 2019). terns use the undeveloped shoreline as a resting and foraging place. Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover This site contains numerous resources that are essential for birds migrat- Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered ing in the Lake Michigan basin. The extensive stretch of undeveloped shore- Resources Program. Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. line provides an important rest stop where birds can refuel in a relatively Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. undisturbed setting. Fish communities of Lake Michigan provide abundant The Nature Conservancy. 2019. Shivering Sands. Available: https://www.nature.org/en-us/get- prey for piscivorous bird species. The diversity of habitats, including hard- involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/shivering-sands-preserve/ (February 6, 2019) woods, conifers, shrub thickets, and wetlands, provide structural complexity Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands and a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. Within the forested areas, of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural abundant woody debris, unmanaged standing dead snags, dense shrubby Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. understory, and varying tree age classes are important elements of quality Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet stopover habitat. conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Conservation Opportunities PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment The Nature Conservancy and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources work of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- collaboratively towards the protection and management of Shivering Sands ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Corridor. Continued coordination between these groups will be essential to Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2018. Northern Lake Michigan Coastal Ecological Landscape Draft maintain the stopover value of this site, which is under significant threat from Master Plan and Ecological Analysis. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-LF-108 2018, Madison. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. 2014. Great Lakes Ridge and Swale. Available: https:// residential construction and the secondary effects of habitat fragmentation, www.wicci.wisc.edu/plants-and-natural-communities-working-group.php (February 5, 2019) hydrological alterations, and spread of invasive species. Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2019. Wetland Gems: Shivering Sands. Available: Shivering Sands Corridor is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where https://www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Shivering-Sands.pdf all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and (February 6, 2019) available for quick refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting the forested ridge-and-swale complex from development and fragmentation, preserving natural hydrology, and controlling invasive species. Ridge- and-swale complexes have been identified as being highly vulnerable to the The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil impacts of climate change, with the major concerns being changes to hydrol- Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. ogy and tree species composition. Adaptive measures should be developed to This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the increase the resilience of this natural community. Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945R 2019 JOSHUA MAYER Headwaters West Branch

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HEADWATERS WEST BRANCH Site Description eadwaters West Branch features large tracts of lowland and upland for- Hests and large open ephemeral wetlands. White cedar, white birch, poplar, white spruce, silver maple, and black ash dominate the lowland areas while sugar maple and eastern hemlock dominate the upland tracts. The West Branch Whitefish Bay Creek flows through the site and feeds an extensive wetland complex. This site represents one of the few remaining large, unfragmented lowland forests in southern Door County. The lack of roads through Headwaters West Branch represents an opportunity to protect habitat for those species requiring large forested tracts. Although the majority of this site is in private ownership, Door County Land Trust (DCLT) owns and manages the 155-acre Oak Road Nature Preserve. With funding from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, DCLT restored the hydrology and planted 60,000 trees (white cedar, white pine, red pine, tamarack, aspen) in former agricultural fields on the property. Stopover Importance Headwaters West Branch qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). Large numbers of waterfowl and shorebirds use the ephemeral wetlands during the spring. The shallow water, extensive mudflat zones, and assorted emergent vegetation within the wetland complex provide a rich diversity of foraging opportunities. Additional 43 inventories are needed for the forested tracts, as most of the site is in private ownership and species usage is not well documented. As a large, unfragmented forest block in a predominately agricultural landscape, it likely provides abundant invertebrate prey and undisturbed rest areas for migrant landbirds. Conservation Opportunities Sources Headwaters West Branch is categorized as a Convenience Store site that offers Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission. 2003. A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for refu- of Door County, Wisconsin. First edition. Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. eling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting the large forest tract from Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report development and fragmentation, preserving natural hydrology, controlling U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. invasive species, and buffering the site from non-compatible uses. Since most eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, of Headwaters West Branch is privately owned, conservation easements, tax New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (February 15, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover incentives, management agreements, and land purchases are important tools Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered for sustainable habitat management. Future land acquisitions should prioritize Resources Program. the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure (vertical and horizontal) • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit throughout fall migration • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres with >2.5 acres of open water

• Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and agricultural fields, with hydric soils functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the another wetland Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945S 2019 PHOTOS: ERIC PRESTON Bayshore Blufflands

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BAYSHORE BLUFFLANDS Site Description he natural communities of Bayshore Blufflands are significantly influenced Tby the Niagara Escarpment, which runs for several miles through the site. A dry-mesic forest of red and white pine, and red oak grow above the escarpment while aspen, sugar maple, red oak, eastern hemlock, and white cedar dominate the steep, talus slopes. The site slowly grades into several mesic forest types dominated by sugar maple, American beech, and red oak in some areas and white cedar, big-tooth aspen, and black ash elsewhere. Low-lying areas support hardwood swamp forest composed of green ash, silver maple, and swamp white oak. Open wetlands containing sedge, dogwood, willow shrubs, and tamarack are also represented. The understory throughout the site is diverse and structurally complex with herbaceous plants and a well-developed shrub layer that includes red osier and round-leaved dogwoods, chokecherry, ironwood, and mountain maple. The surrounding landscape is predominately low-density residential and agricultural development. This site encompasses Frank E Murphy County Park, Bayshore Blufflands State Natural Area, and properties owned by Door County Land Trust, and • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in extends two miles to include Green Bay’s offshore waters. Bayshore Blufflands agricultural fields, with hydric soils is designated a State Natural Area by the Wisconsin Department of Natural • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles Resources and a Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional Significance by from another wetland the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan. • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore 45 Stopover Importance Sources Bayshore Blufflands qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission. 2003. A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). However, additional of Door County, Wisconsin. First edition. Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. inventories are needed to better document species usage. As a large forest Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report block adjacent to Green Bay, it likely provides important resources for migrat- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. ing birds. Abundant woody debris, unmanaged standing dead snags, diverse Door County Land Trust. 2019. Bay Shore Blufflands Nature Preserve. Available: https://www.doorcountylandtrust.org/bay-shore-blufflands-nature-preserve_2/ understory structure, and varying tree age classes are important elements (February 25, 2019) of quality stopover habitat. The oak component provides a preferred forag- eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, ing substrate for many landbird species. Dense shrubby understory found New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (February 25, 2019). throughout the site also provides protection from weather and predators. Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Resources Program. Conservation Opportunities Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. Bayshore Blufflands is categorized as a Convenience Store site that offers Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting the forest tract from further fragmentation, preserving natural hydrology, controlling invasive species, and buffering the site from non-compatible uses. Where old fields or significant gaps in the canopy occur, reforest with ecologically appropriate native species to increase the forest interior. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure (vertical and horizontal) The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the throughout fall migration Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945T 2019 PHOTOS: JOSHUA MAYER Clark Lake Lost Lake

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LOGAN CREEK CORRIDOR Site Description ogan Creek Corridor contains one of the most pristine inland lakes in all of LDoor County. Lost Lake is a shallow, spring-fed lake with almost no development along its shoreline. The northern shore contains a diverse northern sedge meadow and a small area of shrub-carr. Surrounding this and the remainder of the lake is a forested wetland dominated by tamarack and white cedar trees. Lost Lake feeds Logan Creek which then empties into Clark Lake creating a 5-mile corridor between the two lakes. Vegetation within the corridor is primarily northern wet-mesic forest composed of white cedar, yellow birch, balsam fir, eastern hemlock, and white pine. Southern portions of Logan Creek contain upland hardwood forest comprised of sugar maple, American beech, eastern hemlock, white cedar, yellow birch, and black cherry. Clark Lake is a deeper, more developed lake with higher recreational use. However, a “no motor zone” designation at the north end of Clark Lake, along with active bulrush restoration efforts, have allowed emergent marsh habitat to reestablish. The majority of this site is in private ownership except for the 170-acre • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through Logan Creek property, which is owned by The Ridges Sanctuary. Logan Creek the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit is designated a State Natural Area by the Wisconsin Department of Natural throughout fall migration Resources and a Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional Significance in • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan. agricultural fields, with hydric soils 47 • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles Stopover Importance from another wetland Logan Creek Corridor qualifies as aPr iority Stopover Site because of its consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). A wide variety of landbirds Sources and waterfowl use the extensive wetland complex as stopover habitat each Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission. 2003. A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas year. The shallow water, natural shoreline, and remote location of Lost Lake of Door County, Wisconsin. First edition. provide an opportunity for birds to refuel in a relatively undisturbed setting. Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report Additional inventories are needed for the forested tracts, as most of the site U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. is in private ownership and species usage is not well documented. As a large, Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department. 2000. Surface water inventory of Door County. 83 pp. unfragmented forest block in a predominately agricultural landscape, it likely eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, provides productive foraging opportunities and important protection from New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (February 19, 2019). weather and predators. Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Resources Program. Conservation Opportunities Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Logan Creek Corridor is categorized as a Convenience Store site that offers Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting the undeveloped character of Lost Lake and its shoreline, preserving natural hydrology, and expanding the forested corridor along Logan Creek. Since most of Logan Creek Corridor is privately owned, conservation easements, tax incentives, management agreements, and land purchases are important tools for sustainable habitat management. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the (vertical and horizontal) Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945U 2019 PHOTOS: JOSHUA MAYER Kangaroo Lake

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KANGAROO LAKE following habitat attributes for migratory birds, giving high priority to any par- Site Description cels within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: angaroo Lake harbors high quality natural communities at its northern • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Kboundary, including fens, sedge meadows, marshes, and shrub-carrs. Low- there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) land forest of white cedar, black ash, tamarack, black spruce, and balsam fir bor- • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure ders the wetlands. The lake itself is a shallow, marl-bottomed basin with a large (vertical and horizontal) input of calcium rich groundwater. The lake’s surface water source is Peil Creek, • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through which originates from a series of small springs in an unusual marl fen five miles the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit upstream. Residential and agricultural development surrounds the southern throughout fall migration end of the lake but is limited elsewhere due to the extensive wetlands. Kangaroo Lake encompasses Kangaroo Lake State Natural Area, Judy Abert • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres Meissner Memorial Wetlands Preserve, and Kangaroo Lake Nature Preserve. with >2.5 acres of open water This site is designated a Wetland Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association, • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from State Natural Area and Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of another wetland Natural Resources, and Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional Signifi- • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in cance by the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan. agricultural fields, with hydric soils Stopover Importance Sources Kangaroo Lake qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its consis- Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report tency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 100 bird species U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. use this site as stopover habitat each year, including 12 Species of Greatest Door County Land Trust. 2019. Kangaroo Lake Nature Preserve. Available: Conservation Need. Bufflehead, Common Goldeneye, mergansers, and other https://www.doorcountylandtrust.org/kangaroo-lake-nature-preserve/ (January 30, 2019) 49 migrant waterfowl forage and roost in the marshes at the north end of the eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, lake. Bald Eagles, Osprey, and Caspian Terns feed on the open waters. New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (January 30, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Kangaroo Lake contains numerous resources that are essential for birds Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered migrating in the Lake Michigan basin. Diverse wetland conditions and nutri- Resources Program. ent rich waters provide a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. Emergent Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. vegetation growing along the north end provides abundant food sources The Nature Conservancy. 2019. Kangaroo Lake. Available: in the form of seeds and invertebrates. Shallow water and mudflat zones https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/kangaroo-lake/ along the shore are critical features for migrant waterbirds and shorebirds. (January 30, 2019) The diversity of habitats, including hardwoods, conifers, shrub thickets, and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. wetlands, provide structural complexity and a variety of refuge areas. Within Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural the forested sections, abundant woody debris, unmanaged standing dead Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. snags, dense shrubby understory, and varying tree age classes are important Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to elements of quality stopover habitat. meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- Conservation Opportunities ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. The Nature Conservancy, Door County Land Trust, Kangaroo Lake Association, Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: Kangaroo Lake. Available: and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) have been work- https://www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Kangaroo-Lake.pdf ing collaboratively to protect and manage Kangaroo Lake, primarily focused (January 30, 2019) on the north basin. This site is categorized as a Convenience Store site that offers migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on preserving natural hydrology and controlling invasive species and shoreline erosion. The Kangaroo Lake Asso- ciation, The Nature Conservancy, and DNR have partnered on a “Fish Sticks” program for shoreline landowners on the south end of the lake. This program, which places two or three tall cut trees in the water along the shore of the lake for The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and fish and wildlife habitat, should be encouraged. Land protection efforts should functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. seek to acquire parcels that protect hydrological function, buffer project bound- This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the aries, and reconnect forest blocks. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945V 2019 DAN EGGERT Meridian Bjorglunden

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change, with the major concerns being changes to hydrology and tree species composition. Adaptive measures need to be developed to increase the resilience of this natural community. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that protect hydrological function and reconnect ridge-and-swale complexes with surrounding upland forest blocks as well as isolated blocks of other ridge- and-swale landforms. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds, giving high priority to any parcels within MERIDIAN-BJORKLUNDEN .25 miles of Lake Michigan: • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Site Description there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) eridian-Bjorklunden is located at the south end of Kangaroo Lake and • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure Mcontains a variety of high-quality natural communities. It is part of a (vertical and horizontal) ridge-and-swale complex, an alternating sequence of narrow sandy ridges • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through and low wetland swales that parallels Lake Michigan. This complex is biolog- the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit ically rich and contains a diversity of high-quality habitats, including sedge throughout fall migration meadows, alkaline marsh, remnant boreal forest, and mature northern mesic • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in forest of eastern hemlock, sugar maple, and yellow birch. Canada yew, a agricultural fields, with hydric soils declining species due to deer browse, is a common understory component. • Mixed emergent wetland complexes >25 acres and <2 miles from Dolomite outcroppings and escarpment, 50-foot sand dunes, and a half-mile Lake Michigan of undeveloped shoreline are other important natural features. This site contains approximately 500 acres of protected natural land and is located within • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles a highly developed matrix of residential and agricultural properties. from another wetland Meridian-Bjorklunden encompasses Meridian Park State Natural Area, • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore Meridian County Park, Lyle Harter-Matter Sanctuary, Rushes Wilderness Pre- serve, Heins Creek Nature Preserve, and Bjorklunden campus and extends two Sources miles from shore to include Lake Michigan’s offshore waters. This site is des- Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. ignated a State Natural Area and Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Depart- Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report ment of Natural Resources, and Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. Door County Land Trust. 2019. Heins Creek Nature Preserve. Significance by the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan. Available: http://www.doorcountylandtrust.org/heins-creek-nature-preserve/ (February 5, 2019) eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, 51 Stopover Importance New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (January 30, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Meridian-Bjorklunden qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its con- Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered sistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 100 bird species use Resources Program. Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. this site as stopover habitat each year, including 11 Species of Greatest Conserva- Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. tion Need. Additional inventories would likely increase those metrics. The Nature Conservancy. 2019. Kangaroo Lake. Available: Meridian-Bjorklunden contains numerous resources that are essential for https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/kangaroo-lake/ birds migrating in the Lake Michigan basin. Diverse wetland and upland plant (February 5, 2019) communities provide a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. Large forest Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. blocks containing abundant woody debris, unmanaged standing dead snags, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural and varying tree age classes are features that provide refuge and foraging areas Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. for landbirds and raptors. The extensive stretch of undeveloped shoreline pro- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to vides a critical rest stop for birds negotiating the large ecological barrier of Lake meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. Michigan. Fish communities of Lake Michigan provide abundant prey for pisciv- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment orous bird species. of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. 2014. Great Lakes Ridge and Swale. Conservation Opportunities Available: https://www.wicci.wisc.edu/plants-and-natural-communities-working-group.php Door County Land Trust, Lawrence University, and Door County work collabo- (February 5, 2019) ratively towards the protection and management of Meridian-Bjorklunden. Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: Kangaroo Lake. Available: https://www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Kangaroo-Lake.pdf Continued coordination between these groups will be essential to maintain (February 5, 2019) the stopover value of this site, which is under significant threat from residential construction and the secondary effects of habitat fragmentation and hydrological alterations. Meridian-Bjorklunden is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting forested The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil ridge-and-swale complexes from development and fragmentation, preserving Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. natural hydrology, and controlling invasive species. Ridge-and-swale com- This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the plexes have been identified as being highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945W 2019 PHOTOS: JOSHUA MAYER Hibbards Thorp Creek

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HIBBARDS CREEK CORRIDOR Site Description ibbards Creek Corridor provides an important ecological connection across Hmost of the Door County Peninsula with its mosaic of wetland communities. Boreal rich fen, northern wet-mesic forest, hardwood swamp, small lakes, and emergent wetlands all occur within this natural corridor. Thorp Pond is a 6.4- acre shallow, seepage pond that is bordered by high-quality lowland forest of

tamarack, white cedar and black spruce, and upland forest dominated by sugar MAYER JOSHUA maple, eastern hemlock, and American beech. These tracts contain large diameter trees, uneven-aged forest structure, large fallen trees, and other conditions • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where indicative of mature to near old-growth forest communities. At the north end of the pond lies a sensitive boreal rich fen with exceptional plant diversity. Hibbards there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Creek originates southeast of Thorp Pond and flows through wet and dry-mesic • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure forests, conifer swamp, and shrub-carr before emptying into Lake Michigan. A (vertical and horizontal) ridge-and-swale complex with white birch, white cedar, sugar maple, and bal- • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through sam fir exists at the outlet of Hibbards Creek. the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit The majority of this site is in private ownership with the exception of a few throughout fall migration parcels owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Land use • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in surrounding the site is agriculture and low-density residential development. agricultural fields, with hydric soils Portions of this site are designated a Land Legacy Place and State Natural Area by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Thorp Pond is considered • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles to be a Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional Significance by the Wis- from another wetland consin Wildlife Action Plan. • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore 53 Stopover Importance Sources Hibbards Creek Corridor qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission. 2003. A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). A wide variety of land- of Door County, Wisconsin. First edition. Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. birds and waterfowl use this site as stopover habitat each year, including 19 Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Thorp Pond serves as an important U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. staging area for waterfowl. The diversity of wetlands, structurally complex Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department. 2000. Surface water inventory of Door County. 83 pp. forests, and north-south configuration of the corridor are important elements eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, of quality stopover habitat. Additional inventories are needed for the forested New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (March 3, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover tracts, as most of the site is in private ownership and species usage is not well Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered documented. As a forested corridor in a predominately agricultural landscape, Resources Program. it likely provides productive foraging opportunities and important protection Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. from weather and predators. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. Hibbards Creek Corridor is categorized as a Convenience Store site that Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to offers migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, for refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on preserving natural hydrol- Madison. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. 2014. Great Lakes Ridge and Swale. Available: https:// ogy, controlling invasive species, and expanding the forested corridor along www.wicci.wisc.edu/plants-and-natural-communities-working-group.php (March 3, 2019) Hibbards Creek by reforesting abandoned agricultural land adjacent to the existing forest. Ridge-and-swale complexes have been identified as being highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with the major concerns being changes to hydrology and tree species composition. Adaptive measures should be developed to increase the resilience of this natural community. Since most of Hibbards Creek Corridor is privately owned, conservation The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil easements, tax incentives, management agreements, and land purchases Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. are important tools for sustainable habitat management. Future land acqui- This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the sitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945X 2019 JOSHUA MAYER Mud Lake and North Bay

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NORTH BAY CORRIDOR Land management efforts should promote uneven-aged forest stands Site Description that retain larger trees and allow for natural recruitment of coarse woody orth Bay Corridor features an extensive coastal wetland complex of regional debris and standing snags. Where old fields or significant gaps in the canopy Nand global importance. The shores of Moonlight and North Bays contain a occur, reforest with ecologically appropriate native species to increase the for- marsh and sedge meadow complex that grades from shrub-carr to wet-mesic est interior. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that protect forest dominated by white cedar. Three Springs Creek empties into North Bay, hydrological function, buffer project boundaries, and reconnect ridge-and- and Reiboldt Creek bisects the 155-acre Mud Lake and empties into Moonlight swale complexes with surrounding upland forest blocks and isolated blocks of Bay. Along the Lake Michigan shoreline, there are areas of dolomite cliffs, lime- other ridge-and-swale landforms. Future land acquisitions should prioritize stone cobble beach, and sandy ridges. The ridge and swale topography to the the following habitat attributes for migratory birds, giving high priority to any south varies from open marsh and bog vegetation to boreal conifer forest. Black parcels within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: and white spruce, balsam fir, and white pine are the most common canopy spe- • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where cies. Upland areas are wooded with a mesic forest of sugar maple, yellow birch, there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) eastern hemlock, balsam fir, and scattered white pine. This site contains more • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure than 5,000 acres of protected natural land and is surrounded by low-density (vertical and horizontal) residential and agricultural development. North Bay Corridor encompasses The Ridges Sanctuary, Three Springs Nature • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through Preserve, Mud Lake Wildlife Area, and North Bay, Mud Lake, Cana Island, Bai- the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit ley’s Harbor Boreal Forest and Wetlands, Moonlight Bay Bedrock Beach, and Toft throughout fall migration Point State Natural Areas, and extends two miles from shore to include Lake • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Michigan’s offshore waters. This site is designated a Ramsar Wetland of Inter- agricultural fields, with hydric soils national Importance, National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service, • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from Wetland Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association, Important Bird Area by another wetland the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative, State Natural Area and Land Legacy • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan. Sources eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, Stopover Importance New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (January 23, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover North Bay Corridor qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its consis- Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered tency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 200 bird species use Resources Program. 55 this site as stopover habitat each year, including 33 Species of Greatest Conserva- The Nature Conservancy. 2019. North Bay-Mud Lake Preserve. Available: https://www.nature.org/en-us/ tion Need. Bufflehead, Common Goldeneye, Red-breasted Merganser, and other get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/north-bay-mud-lake-preserve/ (January 23, 2019) migrant waterfowl forage and roost in the open waters. Gulls, terns, and shore- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. birds use the undeveloped shoreline as a resting and foraging place. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural This site contains numerous resources that are essential for birds migrating Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. in the Lake Michigan basin. The extensive stretch of undeveloped shoreline pro- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet vides an important rest stop where birds can refuel in a relatively undisturbed conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. setting. The diversity of habitats, including hardwoods, conifers, shrub thickets, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, inland lakes, and wetlands, provide structural complexity and a rich assortment PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. of foraging opportunities. Within the forested areas, abundant woody debris, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment unmanaged standing dead snags, dense shrubby understory, and varying tree of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. age classes are important elements of quality stopover habitat. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2018. Northern Lake Michigan Coastal Ecological Landscape Draft Master Plan and Ecological Analysis. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-LF-108 2018, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. 2014. Great Lakes Ridge and Swale. Available: https:// www.wicci.wisc.edu/plants-and-natural-communities-working-group.php (January 23, 2019) Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, The Nature Conservancy, The Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: Moonlight Bay. Available: Ridges Sanctuary, Door County Land Trust, and University of Wisconsin-Green https://www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Moonlight-Bay.pdf Bay have been working collaboratively to protect and manage connected con- (January 23, 2019) Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: North Bay. Available: servation properties on a landscape scale. The preservation of land through https://www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/North-Bay.pdf this coordinated approach has brought thousands of acres under protection, (January 23, 2019) although additional private properties of high ecological value remain. North Bay Corridor is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting the forested ridge and swale complex from development and fragmentation, preserving natural hydrology, and controlling invasive species. Ridge-and-swale complexes The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and have been identified as being highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil with the major concerns being changes to hydrology and tree species composi- Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the tion. Adaptive measures should be developed to increase their resilience. Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945Y 2019

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GIBRALTAR-EPHRAIM SWAMP Site Description ilbraltar-Ephraim Swamp acts as a lowland corridor between Peninsula State GPark and North Bay stopover sites. Forested wetlands of black spruce, tamarack, and white cedar dominate the area. Many shallow cold-water springs and two small creeks originate in the area. Ephraim Creek is a short, one-mile, inter- mittent stream about nine-feet wide and Hidden Spring Creek is a narrower, continuous stream. The lack of roads through Ephraim Swamp and its connectivity with adjoining sites represents an opportunity to protect habitat for those species requiring large forested tracts. The majority of Gibraltar-Ephraim Swamp is in private ownership but Door County Land Trust does own approximately 250 acres and considers this to be a priority acquisition area. Land use surrounding the site is primarily agriculture and rural development. Gibraltar-Ephraim Swamp encompasses Ephraim Wetland Preserve, Ephraim Preserve at Anderson Pond, and the Gibraltar-Ephraim Swamp State Natural Area. The site is designated a State Natural Area and Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and Conservation Opportu- • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through nity Area of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan. the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit throughout fall migration Stopover Importance • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Gibraltar-Ephraim Swamp qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of agricultural fields, with hydric soils its consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). Because this site has • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from 57 been in private ownership until recently, additional biological inventories are another wetland needed. As an ecological corridor, it likely supports a similar suite of migrants as the adjoining priority stopover sites. The creeks, springs, and swampy areas Sources of this site support a high prey base for insectivorous migrants seeking to Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission. 2003. A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas replenish their energy reserves. The large, unfragmented nature of this for- of Door County, Wisconsin. First edition. ested wetland provides protection from weather and predators. When consid- Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report ered from a landscape perspective, Gibraltar-Ephraim Swamp is an integral U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. component to the surrounding complex of natural areas. Together this vast Door County Land Trust. 2019. Ephraim Preserve at Anderson Pond. Available: network of undeveloped natural land provides a rare opportunity to manage https://www.doorcountylandtrust.org/ephraim-preserve-at-anderson-pond/ (March 18, 2019). eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, for species with large area requirements. New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (March 18, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Conservation Opportunities Resources Program. Gibraltar-Ephraim Swamp is categorized as a Convenience Store site that Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. offers migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands refueling. Land managers should allow for natural recruitment of coarse woody of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. debris and standing snags, and promote the development of old forest charac- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural teristics where applicable. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting the Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. large forest tract from development and fragmentation, preserving natural Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to hydrology, controlling invasive species, and buffering the site from non-compat- meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. ible uses. Since most of Gibraltar-Ephraim Swamp is privately owned, conservation easements, tax incentives, management agreements, and land purchases are important tools for sustainable habitat management. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the (vertical and horizontal) Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945Z 2019

PHOTOS: JESSE KOYEN Peninsula State Park PENINSULA STATE ¤£PARK41 0.5 0.25 0 Miles (!42 Non-Protected Area A Planning Tool for Migratory Bird Conservation(!57 along Lake Michigan Protected Area

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PENINSULA STATE PARK Site Description eninsula State Park features eight miles of rugged shoreline, soaring Plimestone cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment, and a diversity of high quality

habitats. Northern hardwood is the dominant forest type with sugar maple, MAYER JOSHUA eastern hemlock, yellow birch, American basswood, American beech, and an understory of hop hornbeam and chokecherry. Most of this forest is old second • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where growth, with some trees reaching nearly two feet in diameter. Swamp coni- there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) fer communities containing white cedar and black spruce are found on poorly drained soils. Relict red oak and white pine are scattered throughout the area. • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure (vertical and horizontal) Coastal wetlands containing Canada bluejoint grass and tussock sedges are well represented within the 3,776 acres of the park. The waters of Green Bay • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through are a significant feature, bordering the park on three sides. Moderate residen- the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit tial development encroaches on the park from the landward side. throughout fall migration Peninsula State Park encompasses Peninsula Park Beech Forest, Peninsula • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Niagara Escarpment, and Peninsula Park White Cedar Forest State Natural agricultural fields, with hydric soils Areas, and Horseshoe Island and extends two miles to include Green Bay’s • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from offshore waters. This site has been designated a Land Legacy Place and State another wetland Natural Area by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) Stopover Importance • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore Peninsula State Park qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its con- 59 sistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 220 bird species Sources Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. have been recorded here, including thousands of migrating landbirds and 32 Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Fallouts of warblers, thrushes, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. other landbirds sometimes occur here under certain weather conditions. Div- eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, ing ducks and other waterfowl are also prevalent in the surrounding waters. New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (January 8, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover The large tract of relatively unfragmented forest in combination with exten- Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered sive undeveloped shoreline provides significant stopover value for migrating Resources Program. birds. Because of the public popularity of this park, its extensive interior forest Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. allows migrating birds a respite from excessive human disturbance. The rich Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1981. Peninsula State Park Master Plan Concept Element. diversity of habitats provides structural complexity and a rich assortment of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison. foraging opportunities. Areas of dense shrubby understory, and unmanaged Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural standing dead snags, provide protection from weather and predators. Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Conservation Opportunities Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment A substantial amount of this site is protected within Peninsula State Park and of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Peninsula State ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Park is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2018. Northern Lake Michigan Coastal Ecological Landscape Draft Master Plan and Ecological Analysis. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-LF-108 2018, (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. Madison. Conservation efforts should focus on controlling invasive species and excessive deer browse, protecting interior forest areas from fragmentation, and confin- ing additional development to already developed areas where the impact on natural resources would be minimal. Land managers should allow for natural recruitment of coarse woody debris and standing snags, and promote the development of old forest characteristics where applicable. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that reconnect isolated forest tracts with The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and the protected area and thereby expand the forest interior, and buffer the site functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. from encroachment by non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945AA 2019 JOSHUA MAYER Mink River

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of available habitat and provide permanent protection to several globally imperiled Great Lakes natural communities. Wisconsin DNR recommends expanding the Mink River SNA to include these properties. To the north, Door County Parks is acquiring 72 wooded acres with shoreline access that is adjacent to Door Bluff Headlands Park. Mink River Corridor is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and avail- MINK RIVER CORRIDOR able for quick refueling. Land managers should encourage a variety of wetland conditions and control invasive species and excessive deer browse. Land protection efforts should seek to acquire parcels that contain intact natural Site Description communities, protect hydrological function, restrict nutrient and sediment ink River Corridor extends from Rowley’s Bay to Door Bluff Headlands input from surrounding development, and buffer the coastal wetland com- MPark and contains one of the most pristine coastal wetland complexes in plex from non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the Wisconsin. The Mink River originates in alkaline, spring fed headwaters and following habitat attributes for migratory birds: drains into a large marsh bordering the undeveloped shoreline of Rowley’s • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Bay. Fluctuating water levels of Lake Michigan create a gradient of wetland there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) vegetation types. Bulrushes are the most common species in the deeper marshes, but narrow-leaved cattail and bur-reed dominate the intermedi- • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure ate depths. Shallower areas contain sedge meadow, with blue-joint grass, (vertical and horizontal) sedges and common reed grass. Low water periods may also expose signif- • Mixed emergent wetland complexes >25 acres and <2 miles from icant mudflat areas. Surrounding the marsh is a narrow band of willows, red Lake Michigan osier dogwood, and alder that grades into a white cedar swamp. To the north • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in there are small areas of second growth northern hardwoods, dense cedar for- agricultural fields, with hydric soils < 10 miles from Lake Michigan est, vertical bluffs, and an expansive stretch of undeveloped rocky shoreline • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from within Door Bluff Headlands Park. This site contains more than 2,300 acres another wetland of protected natural land and is surrounded by low-density residential and agricultural development. • Lake Michigan open water areas within 0.25 miles of shore This site encompasses Mink River Estuary SNA and Door Bluff Headlands Park, and extends two miles to include Green Bay’s offshore waters. Mink River Sources Estuary is designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, Wetland Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association, Important Bird Area by the Wis- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. 61 consin Bird Conservation Initiative, State Natural Area and Land Legacy Place eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and Conservation Oppor- New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (January 17, 2019). tunity Area of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan. Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Resources Program. Stopover Importance Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Mink River Corridor qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands recognition in state and national conservation plans and consistency of use of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. between seasons (spring and fall). More than 150 bird species use the estuary Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural as stopover habitat each year, including a wide variety of ducks, herons, gulls, Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet bitterns, cormorants, and loons. There have been 16 Species of Greatest Con- conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. servation Need recorded here, although additional inventories would likely Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the increase that number. Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Mink River Corridor contains numerous resources that are essential for PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment birds migrating in the Lake Michigan basin. Diverse wetland conditions and of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- nutrient rich waters provide a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Emergent vegetation growing along the Mink River banks provides abundant Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2018. Northern Lake Michigan Coastal Ecological Landscape Draft food sources in the form of seeds and invertebrates as well as an important Master Plan and Ecological Analysis. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-LF-108 2018, Madison. Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gem: Mink River Estuary. refuge area. Shallow water and mudflat zones are critical features for migrant Available: https://www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Mink-River.pdf waterbirds and shorebirds. The continual mixing of river and lake waters sup- (January 17, 2019). ports a diverse fish community, which in turn attracts many piscivorous bird species. The extensive stretch of undeveloped shoreline and remote location provides an important rest stop, where birds can refuel in a relatively undisturbed setting.

Conservation Opportunities The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and Although The Nature Conservancy and Door County own a substantial amount functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. of this site, several properties of ecological significance remain in private own- This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the ership. These warrant long-term protection in order to increase the amount Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945BB 2019 PHOTOS: THOMAS MEYER Newport Beach State Park

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NEWPORT-EUROPE LAKE reconnect ridge-and-swale complexes with surrounding upland forest blocks Site Description and isolated blocks of other ridge-and-swale landforms. Future land acqui- ewport-Europe Lake features a mix of northern forest types, 11 miles of Lake sitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds, NMichigan shoreline, beach and dune communities, and a large embayment giving high priority to any parcels within .25 miles of Lake Michigan: lake. Along Lake Michigan is an undeveloped sand beach and low dunes grading • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where to cobblestone beach and finally dolomite bedrock. The dunes contain extensive there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) mats of bearberry and creeping juniper, which then grades into a forested ridge- and-swale community. On gently sloping sandy soils is a boreal forest of balsam • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure fir, white cedar, quaking aspen, white birch, and white spruce. Further inland (vertical and horizontal) are extensive stands of northern hardwood composed of sugar maple, American • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through beech, American basswood, and ash. Eastern hemlock, red oak, and old-growth the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit white and red pines are also present. throughout fall migration Newport-Europe Lake encompasses Europe Lake, Europe Bay Woods and • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Newport Conifer Hardwoods State Natural Areas, Newport State Park, and Gravel agricultural fields, with hydric soils Island National Wildlife Refuge and extends two miles from shore to include • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from Lake Michigan’s offshore waters.This site is designated an Important Bird Area another wetland by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative, State Natural Area and Land Leg- • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore acy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan. Sources Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Stopover Importance Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report Newport-Europe Lake qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. 63 eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). Approximately 180 bird New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (January 18, 2019). species use this site as stopover habitat each year, including a wide variety Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover of ducks, herons, gulls, terns, and landbirds. There have been 22 Species of Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Greatest Conservation Need recorded here. Resources Program. Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. This site contains numerous resources that are essential for birds migrating Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. in the Lake Michigan basin. The extensive stretch of undeveloped shoreline and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands remote location provides an important rest stop where birds can refuel in a of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. relatively undisturbed setting. Diverse forest conditions that include abundant Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural woody debris, unmanaged standing dead snags, dense shrubby understory, Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet and varying tree age classes provide shelter and a rich assortment of foraging conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. opportunities. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment A substantial amount of this site is protected within Newport State Park and of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Development Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2018. Northern Lake Michigan Coastal Ecological Landscape Draft pressure is relatively low compared to other sites near larger urban centers. Master Plan and Ecological Analysis. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-LF-108 2018, Madison. Newport-Europe Lake is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. 2014. Great Lakes Ridge and Swale. Available: https:// necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and avail- www.wicci.wisc.edu/plants-and-natural-communities-working-group.php (January 18, 2019) able for quick refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting the forested ridge and swale complex from development and fragmentation, preserving natural hydrology, and controlling invasive species. Ridge-and-swale complexes have been identified as being highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with the major concerns being changes to hydrology and tree species composition. Adaptive measures need to be developed to increase the resilience of this natural community. Land management efforts should The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and promote uneven-aged forest stands that retain larger trees and allow for nat- functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. ural recruitment of coarse woody debris and standing snags. Land protection This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. 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expanding its current preserves and protecting high-quality habitats. A comprehensive management plan for Washington Island would be helpful to ensure its long-term viability as a priority stopover site. Washington Island-West is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on preserving natural hydrology, controlling invasive species, and expanding the forested WASHINGTON ISLAND - WEST corridor along the western shoreline by reforesting abandoned agricultural land adjacent to the existing forest. Public parks can increase their habitat value by planting native woody species that bloom through the spring migra- Site Description tion period (oak, willow, elm, and shrubs) or fruit throughout fall migration. ashington Island-West contains large blocks of upland and lowland for- Ridge-and-swale complexes have been identified as being highly vulnerable West and the island’s only inland lake. Little Lake covers approximately 24 to the impacts of climate change, with the major concerns being changes to acres and has a maximum depth of seven feet. A cobblestone ridge separates hydrology and tree species composition. Adaptive measures should be devel- Lake Michigan from Little Lake, which is fed primarily by underwater springs oped to increase the resilience of this natural community. Future land acqui- and surface runoff. Although much of the island’s shoreline is developed with sitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: small, private lots, approximately 5,000 feet of the natural sand and cobble- • Mixed emergent wetland complexes >25 acres and <2 miles stone shore is protected near Little Lake. Older stands of white cedar and east- from Lake Michigan ern hemlock surround the lake and extend along the western shoreline. To the south is one of the island’s largest undeveloped tracts of land - a high-quality • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those ridge-and-swale complex dominated by old-growth eastern hemlock, yellow in agricultural fields, with hydric soils birch, sugar maple, and white cedar. Washington Island-West also contains a • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles diverse wetland complex that features ephemeral and emergent wetlands, from another wetland a large cedar swamp, and northern dry mesic forest dominated by mature • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore red oak and white pine. Across Detroit Harbor lies Detroit Island, a 2.3-mile • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where long island with an extensive beech-maple forest. The open waters of Lake there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Michigan are a prominent feature of this site. Washington Island-West contains approximately 400 acres of protected • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure land. Land use surrounding the protected areas is low intensity agriculture (vertical and horizontal) and rural development. Washington Island-West encompasses Little Lake • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom Nature Preserve, Domer-Neff Nature Preserve and Bird Sanctuary, Richter through the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) 65 Community Forest Preserve, Detroit Harbor Nature Preserve, Detroit Island, or fruit throughout fall migration and several town parks. Washington Island is designated a Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Detroit Harbor and Lit- Sources tle Lake are designated State Natural Areas by the Wisconsin Department of Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission. 2003. A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas Natural Resources. Detroit Harbor is also a Conservation Opportunity Areas of of Door County, Wisconsin. First edition. Regional Significance in the WisconsinWildlife Action Plan. Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. Stopover Importance Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department. 2000. Surface water inventory of Door County. 83 pp. eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, Washington Island-West qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (April 1, 2019). consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 200 species Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover of birds use this site each year, including 27 Species of Greatest Conservation Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Need. Redhead, Greater Scaup, Common Goldeneye, and other diving ducks Resources Program. JJR. 2011. Washington Island Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 2011-2015. are abundant in the bays and open water surrounding the island. Sandpipers, Available: https://washingtonisland-wi.gov/parks-committee/ (April 1, 2019) plovers, and other shorebirds are prevalent along the undeveloped shore- Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. line areas. A substantial number of hawks, especially Broad-winged Hawks, Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. migrate over the island. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Washington Island-West contains numerous resources that provide signifi- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural cant stopover value for migrating birds. The rich diversity of habitats, including Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. forested wetlands, emergent marsh, sedge meadows, and ridge-and-swale Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, complexes, provide structural complexity and a rich assortment of foraging Madison. opportunities. Nearshore and offshore fish communities of Lake Michigan provide abundant prey for piscivorous bird species. Sections of undeveloped shoreline are critical features for migrant shorebirds and waterbirds.

Conservation Opportunities The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and Although Door County Land Trust (DCLT) and the Town of Washington own functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. and manage approximately 400 acres of land, the vast majority of this site is This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the in private ownership. This is a priority acquisition area for DCLT, who is actively Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945DD 2019 PHOTOS: JOSHUA MAYER Washington Island East

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WASHINGTON ISLAND - EAST Washington Island-East is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where Site Description all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and ashington Island-East contains an expansive coastal wetland complex. available for quick refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on preserving WTo the northeast lies an alternating sequence of narrow sandy ridges natural hydrology, controlling invasive species, and expanding the forested and low wetland swales that parallels Lake Michigan. This ridge-and-swale corridor along the eastern shoreline by reforesting abandoned agricultural complex is biologically rich and transitions from juniper shrubs and beach-as- land adjacent to the existing forest. Ridge-and-swale complexes have been sociated forbs to white pines, white cedar, balsam fir, and then beech-maple identified as being highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with stands with increasing distance from the shoreline. The wetter and more open the major concerns being changes to hydrology and tree species composition. swales contain an unusual plant community that prefers wet calcareous soils. Adaptive measures should be developed to increase the resilience of this Elsewhere along the coastline, upland white cedar forests dominate. The low- natural community. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following land areas support high-quality white cedar swamps, emergent wetlands, habitat attributes for migratory birds: and scattered northern sedge meadows. Boreal-rich fens also occur here, • Mixed emergent wetland complexes >25 acres and <2 miles which contain rare plants associated with alkaline, peaty soils. from Lake Michigan Washington Island-East contains approximately 600 acres of protected • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in land. Land use surrounding the protected areas is low intensity agricul- agricultural fields, with hydric soils ture and rural development. Washington Island-East encompasses Coffey Swamp, Jackson Harbor Ridges, and Big and Little Marsh State Natural • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles Areas and Percy Johnson County Park. Washington Island is designated a from another wetland Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Cof- • Lake Michigan open water areas within 2 miles of shore fey Swamp, Jackson Harbor Ridges, and Big and Little Marsh are designated • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands Conservation Opportunity Areas of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin where there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Wildlife Action Plan. • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure 67 (vertical and horizontal) Stopover Importance • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through Washington Island-East qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit its consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). More than 200 spe- throughout fall migration cies of birds use this site each year, including a wide variety of landbirds and waterfowl. Long-tailed Duck, Redhead, Greater Scaup, and other diving ducks feed on crustaceans, amphipods, mollusks, and aquatic insects in Lake Mich- Sources Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission. 2003. A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas igan’s waters. Sandpipers, plovers, and other shorebirds are prevalent along of Door County, Wisconsin. First edition. the undeveloped shoreline areas. A substantial number of hawks, especially Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department. 2000. Surface water inventory of Door County. 83 pp. Broad-winged Hawks, migrate over the island. There have been 23 Species of eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, Greatest Conservation Need documented here. New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (March 25, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Washington Island-East contains numerous resources that provide signifi- Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered cant stopover value for migrating birds. The rich diversity of habitats, including Resources Program. forested wetlands, emergent marsh, sedge meadows, and ridge-and-swale Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands complexes, provide structural complexity and a rich assortment of foraging of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural opportunities. Nearshore and offshore fish communities of Lake Michigan Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. provide abundant prey for piscivorous bird species. Sections of undeveloped Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to shoreline are critical features for migrant shorebirds and waterbirds. meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB LF-040-2006, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Door County Land Trust and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources have been working collaboratively to protect and manage connected conservation properties on a landscape scale. Continued coordination between these groups will be essential to maintain the stopover value of this site, which is threatened by residential construction and the secondary effects of habitat The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and fragmentation and hydrological alterations. A comprehensive management functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. plan for Washington Island would be helpful to ensure its long-term viability This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the as a priority stopover site. Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945EE 2019 PHOTOS: JOSHUA MAYER Point au Sable ¤£141 (!42

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POINT AU SABLE refueling. Land managers should continue to control Phragmites in the lagoon Site Description and replace invasive shrubs with native woody species that bloom through the oint au Sable contains one of the largest remaining coastal wetlands on the spring migration period (oak, willow, cherry, dogwood) or fruit throughout Peastern shoreline of Green Bay. A variety of terrestrial and aquatic habitats fall migration. Conservation efforts should seek to acquire parcels that contain exist on this small (approximately 220 acres) peninsula, including hardwood intact natural communities, protect hydrological function, restrict nutrient swamp, shrub swamp, emergent marsh, submergent marsh, open water and sediment input from surrounding development, and buffer the coastal lagoons, sedge meadow, and Great Lakes beach. The primary wetland com- wetland complex from non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should munity is an estuarine emergent marsh composed mostly of cattails and reed prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: canary grass that borders an interior lagoon. The extent of marsh vegetation • Mixed emergent wetland complexes or isolated mixed emergent varies with water level fluctuations. High water may eliminate many dom- wetlands <25 acres inant emergent plants, while extreme low water levels often expose large mudflat areas and facilitate the expansion of emergent vegetation. Flowing • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in through the Point’s main emergent marsh is Wequiock Creek, which even- agricultural fields, with hydric soils tually empties into Green Bay at the site’s southern boundary. High-quality • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles hardwood swamp occurs throughout the site, composed primarily of green from another wetland ash and swamp white oak with a diverse herbaceous layer of more than 40 • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) species of graminoids. The waters of Green Bay are a significant feature, bor- • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where dering the 161-acre preserve on three sides. High-density residential and there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) agricultural development borders the landward side. • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure (vertical and horizontal) Stopover Importance • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom Point au Sable qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its consis- through the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) 69 tency of use between seasons (spring and fall) and high relative abundance of or fruit throughout fall migration migratory birds. More than 10,000 landbirds and thousands of waterfowl are estimated to use Point au Sable during spring and fall migrations. Greater and Lesser Scaup, Common Goldeneye, and other diving ducks feed on crustaceans, Sources Beilke, S.J. 2015. Spatiotemporal Variation in Landbird Guilds within Laurentian Great Lakes Coastal Stop- amphipods, mollusks, and aquatic insects. Large rafts of these species and oth- over Habitat. Master of Science Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. ers can be seen off the shores of Point au Sable. Other migrant waterfowl, such eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, as Gadwall, Green-winged Teal, and American Wigeon, forage and roost in the New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (April 8, 2019). lagoon. Fallouts of warblers, vireos, thrushes, sparrows, kinglets, and other land- Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered birds sometimes occur here under certain weather conditions. More than 220 Resources Program. species have been recorded at this site, including 33 Species of Greatest Conser- Howe, R., A. Wolf, J. Martinez, B. Galbraith, and G. Van Vreede. 2013. Point au Sable Nature Preserve Coastal vation Need. Point au Sable is designated a highest-ranked priority site for Rusty Wetland Restoration Plan, Phase 1. Blackbird stopover by the International Rusty Blackbird Working Group. Howe, R., A. Wolf, E.E. Gnass Giese, and J. Horn. 2018. Lower Green Bay and Fox River Area of Concern Habitat Restoration Plan and Path Toward Delisting Project. Technical report submitted to the Wisconsin The diverse wetland conditions in combination with the large stands of Department of Natural Resources. Part 1. hardwood swamp provide critical foraging and roosting opportunities for Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. migrating birds. The shallow water and mudflat zones of this site are import- Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. ant features for migrant waterbirds and shorebirds. Saturated soil throughout Prestby, T.G. 2015. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Shorebirds and Terns in the Coastal Zone of Lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Master of Science Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. the hardwood swamp area promotes an abundance of insects, a critical food University of Green Bay. 2019. Green Bay Area of Concern – Priority Areas. Available: source for migrant birds. https://www.uwgb.edu/green-bay-area-of-concern/fish-wildlife-habitats/priority-areas/#11 (April 8, 2019) University of Green Bay. 2019. Point au Sable Nature Preserve. Conservation Opportunities Available: https://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/natural-areas/pt-au-sable/ (April 8, 2019) Although UW-Green Bay owns a considerable amount of land at this site, several properties of ecological significance (approximately 70 acres) remain in private ownership. These warrant long-term protection in order to increase the amount of available habitat and provide permanent protection. UW-Green Bay and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recently spearheaded a Phragmites control project and The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and successfully opened up the lagoon for the first time in 15 years. functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. Point au Sable is categorized as a Convenience Store site that offers This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the migrants a moderately safe place to rest with moderate food resources for Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945FF 2019

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BAIRD CREEK GREENWAY Site Description aird Creek Greenway represents the largest area of city-owned, undeveloped Bland within Green Bay city limits. It extends approximately 5 miles along Baird Creek and covers more than 500 acres on the northeast side of the city. Baird Creek, a prominent feature of this site, is a warm water, permanent stream throughout most of its course. The Greenway contains a diversity of high-quality habitats, including some remnant communities. These include a small hemlock that contain intact natural communities, protect hydrological function, buffer relict, oak savanna with large open-grown oaks, and oak woodlands dominated the site from encroachment by non-compatible uses, increase habitat connec- by white, red and bur oak, and shagbark hickory. Northern dry-mesic forest tivity between the Greenway and Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary, and prioritize composed of white pine, white oak, red oak, and paper birch occurs throughout the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: the site. Understory within the upland forest stands is dense with viburnum, • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where sumac, chokecherry, prickly ash and non-native shrubs. Wetter areas support there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) floodplain and wet-mesic forest stands and sedge meadow communities. Oak savanna areas hold a wide mix of native prairie species, such as coneflowers, • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure goldenrod, and cream gentian. Open fields containing non-native grasses and (vertical and horizontal) some prairie remnant species are also present. Baird Creek Greenway is located • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through within a highly developed, urban matrix. the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit throughout fall migration Stopover Importance • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Baird Creek Greenway qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its agricultural fields, with hydric soils high relative abundance of migratory birds. More than 10,000 landbirds use • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles 71 the site annually and 10 Species of Greatest Conservation Need have been from another wetland recorded here. The wetland habitats, structurally complex forests, shrubby understory, and mature oak trees are important elements of quality stopover Sources habitat. Additional inventories are needed, as species usage is not well doc- Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. umented. As a forested corridor in a predominately urban landscape, it likely Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report provides productive foraging opportunities and important protection from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, weather and predators. New York. Available:http://www.ebird.org (May 28, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Conservation Opportunities Resources Program. Baird Creek Greenway is categorized as a Convenience Store site where JJR. 2006. Baird Creek Greenway Master Plan. all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and Available: https://bairdcreek.org/about-us/baird-creek-master-plan/ (May 28, 2019) Lake Michigan Forum and the Delta Institute. 2004. Baird Creek Watershed Stewardship Assessment. available for quick refueling. To further enhance the site’s appeal to migra- Available: https://www.co.brown.wi.us/i_brown/d/land__water_conservation/bairdcreek tory birds, restrict nutrient and sediment input from surrounding develop- final_stewardship_assessment_-forum_12-04.pdf (May 28, 2019) ment, protect the oak component, preserve natural hydrology, allow for Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. coarse woody debris and standing snags in the forested areas, control inva- Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Stoll, W.W., J.L. Larson, M.J. O’Leary, and S.R. Zimmerman. 2003. Baird Creek Greenway Ecological Assess- sive species, and increase habitat connectivity. Land managers can increase ment and Management Plan. Brodhead, WI: Applied Ecological Service, Inc. connectivity by planting native vegetation along public access points, especially woody species that bloom through the spring migration period (oak, willow, dogwood, and others) or fruit throughout fall migration. Restoration efforts should encourage better cedar and hemlock regeneration and prevent excessive woody encroachment into the oak savanna remnant. Low density, scattered shrubs are acceptable and provide important resources to many migrating birds. The City should continue to work with the Baird Creek Preser- vation Foundation to achieve these goals. Land protection efforts should seek to maintain private inholdings in agri- The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and culture or a natural state compatible with conservation goals. Easements, tax functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. incentives, management agreements, and land purchases are important tools This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the for private land management. Future land acquisition should focus on parcels Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945GG 2019 PHOTOS: PERMISSION FROM KLMARKERT PHOTOGRAPHY Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary ¤£141 (!42

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BAY BEACH WILDLIFE SANCTUARY preserving natural hydrology, restricting nutrient and sediment input from Site Description surrounding development, and controlling invasive species. Land managers reated in the 1930s when the city purchased more than 200 acres, Bay can increase connectivity by planting native vegetation along public access CBeach Wildlife Sanctuary has since grown to more than 600 acres. It is points, especially woody species that bloom through the spring migration located on the northeast side of Green Bay and is part of the highly signifi- period (oak, willow, dogwood, and others) or fruit throughout spring and fall cant complex of lower Green Bay wetlands. The Sanctuary features a mix of migration. Future land acquisition should focus on parcels that contain intact lowland hardwood forest, open fields, restored prairie, lagoons, and emer- natural communities, restore hydrological connection to Green Bay, buffer the gent marsh. The lowland hardwood stands are dominated by eastern cotton- site from encroachment by non-compatible uses, increase habitat connec- wood, black willow, box elder, and silver maple in the canopy, and red-osier tivity between the Sanctuary and Baird Creek Greenway, and prioritize the dogwood, sandbar willow, buckthorn, and elderberry in the understory. The following habitat attributes for migratory birds: emergent marsh contains primarily cattails and is the only remnant natural • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where community on site. The ponds and lagoons cover approximately 57 acres there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) and reach a maximum depth of 15 feet. Water quality is a continuing issue • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure for these landlocked bodies of water due to limited flushing action and high (vertical and horizontal) numbers of waterfowl. Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary has been designated an Important Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative. • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit Stopover Importance throughout fall migration • Mixed emergent wetland complexes or isolated mixed emergent Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because wetlands <25 acres of its consistency of use between seasons (spring and fall) and high relative abundance of migratory birds. More than 100,000 landbirds use the site • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in a annually, including a wide variety of warblers. Fallouts of warblers, vireos, gricultural fields, with hydric soils 73 thrushes, sparrows, kinglets, and other landbirds sometimes occur here under • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles certain weather conditions. Great Egret, Black-crowned Night-Heron, Green from another wetland Heron, Snowy Egret, and other waterbirds are also prevalent at this site. The lagoons serve as an important staging area for waterfowl, especially Ameri- Sources can Black Duck. More than 230 bird species use this site each year, including Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. 36 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary is an integral component of the broader U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, Green Bay West Shores Wildlife Area. Together these properties provide New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (June 3, 2019). a series of rest stops along the Green Bay shoreline where migrating birds Green Bay Parks and Recreation Department. 1980. Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary Master Plan. Wisconsin can replenish their energy reserves. This site contains numerous resources Coastal Zone Management Program. 169 pp. that provide significant stopover value for migrating birds. The site’s aquatic Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered features provide abundant insect prey for replenishing the energy reserves of Resources Program. migrants. Dense shrubby understory provides protection from weather and Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. predators. The shallow water and mudflat zones of this site are important fea- Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. tures for migrant waterbirds and shorebirds. Finally, the diversity of habitats, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, including hardwoods, wetlands, and shrub thickets provide structural com- PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. plexity and a rich assortment of foraging opportunities. Conservation Opportunities Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary is fortunate to have high engagement in its management and protection efforts by partners such as the Wisconsin Depart- ment of Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Wiscon- sin-Green Bay, Ducks Unlimited, Bay Area Bird Club, NEW Audubon, Bird City Wisconsin, and other conservation organizations. A substantial amount of this site is owned and protected by the City of Green Bay. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary is categorized as a Full-service Hotel functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abun- This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the dant and available for quick refueling. Conservation efforts should focus on Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945HH 2019 PHOTOS: JASON BRABANT Duck Creek Delta ¤£141 (!42

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DUCK CREEK DELTA for quick refueling. Land managers should continue to control invasive species Site Description and manage for a mosaic of wetland types including emergent marsh, sedge uck Creek Delta is located near the southern end of Green Bay and west of meadow, and shrub carr. Within the hardwood swamp stands, encourage Dthe Fox River mouth. A large wetland complex with extensive submergent non-ash associates such as red maple, silver maple, and swamp white oak. and emergent vegetation and mudflats exists where Duck Creek empties into Conservation efforts should seek to acquire parcels that contain intact natural Green Bay. Phragmites is established and prevalent primarily along roadways communities, expand the wetland complex, enhance connectivity between and in some wetland areas. Portions of these wetlands have been altered by terrestrial and aquatic communities, buffer the site from encroachment dike and road construction. Sedge meadow, shrub-carr of willow, dogwood, by non-compatible uses, and prioritize the following habitat attributes for and alder, and hardwood swamp dominated by green ash, cottonwood, migratory birds: aspen, and birch also occur in the low, wet areas. Upland areas contain a mix • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres of aspen, oak and planted grasslands. with >2.5 acres of open water Duck Creek Delta encompasses the Peats Lake management unit (571 • Submersed aquatic vegetation and/or emergent wetland >5 acres acres) and Ken Euers Nature Area (116 acres). This site is part of the broader and <0.5 miles from another wetland Green Bay West Shores Wildlife Area, which is designated an Important Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative, Land Legacy Place by the • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Conservation Opportunity Area agricultural fields, with hydric soils of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan, and Wetland • Lowland shrub cover >1 mile of Lake Michigan Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association. • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Stopover Importance • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure Duck Creek Delta qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its con- (vertical and horizontal) sistency of use between seasons (spring and fall). Thousands of landbirds, • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through 75 waterbirds, waterfowl, and shorebirds are estimated to use the site annually, the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit including 28 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. This site is an integral throughout fall migration component of the expansive Green Bay West Shores Wildlife Area. Together these properties provide a series of rest stops along the Green Bay shoreline Sources where migrating birds can replenish their energy reserves. Diverse wetland eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, habitats and nutrient rich waters provide critical foraging opportunities for New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (June 10, 2019). migrating waterfowl. The continual mixing of river and lake waters supports a Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered diverse fish community, which in turn attracts many piscivorous bird species. Resources Program. Shallow water and mudflat zones are critical features for migrant waterbirds Howe, R., A. Wolf, E.E. Gnass Giese, and J. Horn. 2018. Lower Green Bay and Fox River Area of Concern and shorebirds. Within the forested areas, abundant woody debris, unman- Habitat Restoration Plan and Path Toward Delisting Project. Technical report submitted to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Part 1. aged standing dead snags, dense shrubby understory, and varying tree age Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands classes are important elements of quality stopover habitat. of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, A substantial amount of this site is protected within the Green Bay West Shores PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Wildlife Area and owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2010. Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Green Bay West Green Bay Planning Group Master Plan recommends expanding the western Shores Wildlife Area. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL ER-818 2010, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2014. Green Bay Planning Group Master Plan Wisconsin boundary in the northern portion of this management unit to encompass habi- Department of Natural Resources, DNR PUB LF-075, Madison. tat between E. Deerfield Avenue and N. Lakeview Drive (190 acres). Multiple res- Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: West Shore Green Bay Wetlands. toration projects are occurring in and around the site that will enhance its coastal Available: https://www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/West-Shore- wetland habitat. A team of conservation partners, including Ducks Unlimited, Green-Bay-Wetlands.pdf (June 9, 2019). University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, University of Wisconsin-Extension, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, are restoring wild rice and other native aquatic plants and installing engineered log jams to stabilize the shoreline and improve wildlife habitat. Additionally, the Cat Island Restoration Project is recreating the The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and small archipelago that historically buffered Duck Creek Delta from storm surges. functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. Duck Creek Delta is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all nec- This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the essary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945II 2019 PHOTOS: ROBERT HOWE BBARKHAUSENarkhausen County Park ¤£141 (!42

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BARKHAUSEN WATERFOWL PRESERVE Site Description arkhausen Waterfowl Preserve is a 1000-acre wetland complex located on Bthe western shore of Green Bay and is one of the oldest waterfowl preserves in the state. The site contains emergent marsh and sedge meadow communities as well as several wetland impoundments where water levels can be manipulated by control structures. Hardwood swamp and a restored prairie are also present. Dominant species within the hardwood swamp include red maple, eastern cottonwood, ash, birch, and alder. Oaks are scattered throughout the property. Barkhausen is embedded within the broader Green Bay West Shores Conservation Opportunity Area, which contains a vast network of natural areas. Interspersed amongst the natural areas is low-density agricultural and residential development. CHELSEA GUNTHER Stopover Importance Barkhausen Waterfowl Preserve qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because • Open water areas >5 acres without adjacent wetlands of its consistency of use between seasons and high relative abundance of migra- • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in tory birds. More than 10,000 landbirds and 1,000 waterfowl and shorebirds are agricultural fields, with hydric soils estimated to use the site annually. More than 220 species have been recorded here, including 32 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. • Mixed emergent wetland complexes or isolated mixed emergent Barkhausen Waterfowl Preserve is an integral component of the broader wetlands <25 acres 77 Green Bay West Shores Wildlife Area. Together these properties provide a • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) series of rest stops along the Green Bay shoreline where migrating birds can • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where replenish their energy reserves. The diverse wetland conditions in combina- there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) tion with the hardwood swamp stands provide important foraging and roost- • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure ing opportunities for migrating birds. Shallow water and mudflat zones are (vertical and horizontal) critical features for migrant waterbirds and shorebirds. Within the forested areas, abundant woody debris, unmanaged standing dead snags, dense shrubby understory, and varying tree age classes are important elements of Sources quality stopover habitat. The scattered oak stands also provide preferred for- Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report aging substrates for many landbird species. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, Conservation Opportunities New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (May 16, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Barkhausen Waterfowl Preserve is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant Resources Program. Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. and available for quick refueling. Land managers should continue to encour- Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. age a variety of wetland conditions by adjusting water levels to mimic natural Muhl, J. and R. Muhl. 2015. The Beauty of Barkhausen. Wisconsin Natural Resources Magazine. Available: fluctuations. Land protection efforts should seek to maintain the surrounding https://dnr.wi.gov/wnrmag/2015/10/WNR%20OCTOBER%20Barkhausen.PDF (May 16, 2019). landscape in agriculture through acquisition or easements. This will ensure con- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natu- tinued protection of staging waterfowl and other migrant birds from human ral Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. interference. Within the hardwood swamp stands, encourage non-ash associates such as red maple, silver maple, and swamp white oak. Future land acquisition should focus on parcels that enhance connectivity between terrestrial and aquatic communities, buffer the site from encroachment by non-compatible uses, and prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds:

• Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and with >2.5 acres of open water functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the from another wetland Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945JJ 2019 CHELSEA GUNTHER Peter's Marsh ¤£141 (!42

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ERIC PRESTON Conservation Opportunities The Cat Island Restoration Project is a joint effort between the U.S. Army Corps CAT ISLAND CHAIN of Engineers and Brown County to reestablish the barrier island chain and surrounding aquatic vegetation. Numerous partners contributed ecological Site Description expertise to the design and construction, including the Wisconsin Depart- istorically, a chain of small islands and shoals was located in lower Green ment of Natural Resources, Citizens Advisory Committee, Brown County, U.S. HBay and extended about 2.5 miles across the bay. These barrier islands Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and University of helped to protect one of the largest and most diverse wetland complexes in Wisconsin-Green Bay. Cat Island is designated an Important Bird Area by the the Great Lakes. Extensive beds of submergent and emergent aquatic vegeta- Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative. tion grew in surrounding shallow waters, while shrub thickets of willow and Cat Island Chain is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all alder, and groves of eastern cottonwood, silver maple, and green ash occurred necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and avail- on the islands. During the 1970’s, island and wetland habitat was steadily able for quick refueling. Land managers should minimize the establishment lost due to a combination of high lake levels, severe storms, wetland filling, of invasive species during dredge filling operations and limit vegetative shoreline development, coastal erosion, and sedimentation. growth along the shoreline. Shorelines that are wide and minimally sloped In an attempt to reestablish the barrier islands and wetland vegetation, with sparse to no vegetation will provide ideal foraging conditions for shore- conservation partners installed a rock spine wave barrier and are actively birds. Conservation efforts should continue to limit public access to the site to restoring 272 acres of island habitat. The islands will be filled over the next ensure its long-term viability as priority stopover habitat. Future land acqui- twenty to thirty years by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers using clean dredge sitions along the mainland shoreline should prioritize the following habitat material from the maintenance of the Green Bay Harbor. The primary goals attributes for migratory birds: of the Cat Island Restoration Project are to reestablish the historic string of • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles barrier islands, protect and restore wetland habitat, and provide disposal from another wetland capacity for clean dredged material from the harbor. • Open water areas >5 acres without adjacent wetlands • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Stopover Importance agricultural fields, with hydric soils Cat Island Chain qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its consistency • Mixed emergent wetland complexes or isolated mixed emergent 79 of use between seasons (spring and fall) and high relative abundance of migra- wetlands <25 acres tory birds. More than 100,000 waterfowl and waterbirds are estimated to use • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) the site annually. Greater and Lesser Scaup, Common Goldeneye, Common and • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Red-breasted Merganser stage in very large numbers, and many other migrant there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) waterfowl species stage in large numbers in the surrounding Green Bay waters. Although they also breed at the site, American White Pelican, Double-crested • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure Cormorant, Great Egret, Common and Forster’s Tern stage at the site in even (vertical and horizontal) larger numbers during migration. More than 30 species of shorebirds annually utilize the site during spring and fall migration including federally listed species Sources and many state species of greatest conservation need. Dunlin, Least, and Semi- Brown County. 2014. Cat Island Management Plan. palmated Sandpipers, and Sanderling are particularly abundant during spring Available: https://www.portofgreenbay.com/cat-island-restoration-project (May 9, 2019) Brown County Port and Resource Recovery Department. 2018. Cat Island Chain and Access Guide. and fall migration. The wave barrier also provides stopover habitat for large Available: https://www.portofgreenbay.com/cat-island-restoration-project (May 8, 2019) numbers of tundra-breeding passerines including Snow Bunting and Lapland eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, Longspur, is a staging area for migrating aerial insectivores including Bank Swal- New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (May 9, 2019). low, Purple Martin, and Cliff Swallow, provides habitat for migrating sparrows Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. 2010. Cat Island Chain Restoration Project grant proposal. and marshbirds, and annually hosts greater numbers of migrating Snowy Owls Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered in late fall and early winter than any other location in Wisconsin. Approximately Resources Program. 230 bird species have been recorded here, including 29 Species of Greatest Con- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands servation Need. of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Cat Island Chain is an integral component of the broader Green Bay West Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Shores Wildlife Area. Together these properties provide a series of rest stops PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. along the Green Bay shoreline where migrating birds can replenish their energy reserves. The shallow water and mudflat zones of the Cat Island Chain are critical features for migrant waterbirds and shorebirds. The frequent addition of fresh dredging material also increases this site’s appeal to many birds. Public access is currently prohibited at this site, which allows migrating birds The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and the opportunity to refuel in a relatively undisturbed setting. Sheltered waters functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. between the wave barrier and mainland are allowing the reestablishment of This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the aquatic plants and providing important foraging opportunities for waterfowl. Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945KK 2019 UW-GREEN BAY Longtail Point ¤£141 (!42

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LONG TAIL POINT Site Description ong Tail Point is a 434-acre narrow sand spit located in lower Green Bay. LEmergent marsh, shrub-carr, and bottomland hardwoods are the dominant habitat types on the mainland. The emergent marsh is composed of cattails, soft-stem bulrush, and common three-square bulrush but is under significant threat by invasive Phragmites and purple loosestrife. Areas of higher ground support black willow, plains cottonwood, and scattered oaks. The extent of these habitat types varies with water level fluctuations. During high water level periods, low-lying areas become completely submerged and the point becomes a series of small islands. Long Tail Point is a management unit within the broader Green Bay West Shores Wildlife Area, which is designated an • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in Important Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative, Land Leg- agricultural fields, with hydric soils acy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Conservation • Mixed emergent wetland complexes or isolated mixed emergent Opportunity Area of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Wildlife Action wetlands <25 acres Plan, and Wetland Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association. • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Stopover Importance there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Long Tail Point qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its consis- • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure tency of use between seasons (spring and fall) and high relative abundance (vertical and horizontal) of migratory birds. More than 10,000 landbirds and 1,000 waterfowl, shore- 81 birds, and waterbirds are estimated to use the site annually. Additionally, 18 Sources Species of Greatest Conservation Need have been recorded at Long Tail Point. Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. The diverse wetland conditions in combination with the large stands of bot- Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report tomland hardwoods provide critical foraging and roosting opportunities for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. migrating landbirds. Forest tracts with high structural diversity and a strong eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (April 29, 2019). oak component are particularly important. Saturated soil throughout the Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover bottomland hardwoods promotes an abundance of insects, an essential food Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered source for migrant birds. The shallow water and mudflat zones of this site are Resources Program. Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. critical features for migrant waterbirds and shorebirds. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands Conservation Opportunities of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet A substantial amount of this site is protected within the Green Bay West Shores conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. Wildlife Area and owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Long Tail Point is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all neces- Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. sary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2010. Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Green Bay West for quick refueling. Land managers should continue to control invasive spe- Shores Wildlife Area. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL ER-818 2010, Madison. cies and manage for a mosaic of wetland types including emergent marsh, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2014. Green Bay Planning Group Master Plan Wisconsin shrub carr, and forested wetlands. Within the bottomland hardwood stands, Department of Natural Resources, DNR PUB LF-075, Madison. encourage non-ash associates such as red maple, silver maple, and swamp Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: West Shore Green Bay Wetlands. Available: https://www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/West-Shore- white oak. Conservation efforts should seek to acquire parcels that enhance Green-Bay-Wetlands.pdf connectivity between terrestrial and aquatic communities and buffer the site (April 29, 2019). from encroachment by non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres with >2.5 acres of open water The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil from another wetland Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the • Open water areas >5 acres without adjacent wetlands Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945LL 2019 PHOTOS: ERIN GIESE Sensiba Wildlife Area ¤£141 (!42

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SENSIBA WILDLIFE AREA • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres Site Description with >2.5 acres of open water ensiba Wildlife Area is a 637-acre wetland complex located on the western • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles Sshore of Green Bay. This site contains two main wetland types: a large emer- from another wetland gent marsh dominated by cattails and common reed grass; and an extensive open canopied, forested wetland that borders the emergent marsh. Dominant • Open water areas >5 acres without adjacent wetlands species within the forested wetland include green ash, black ash, and red maple • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in in the canopy, and willow, dogwood and broad-leaved herbs in the understory. agricultural fields, with hydric soils A southern sedge meadow composed of blue-joint grass, cattail, and several • Mixed emergent wetland complexes or isolated mixed emergent invasive species also exists on the property. These wetlands have been highly wetlands <25 acres altered by ditch, dike, road, and home construction. Sensiba Wildlife Area is • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) a management unit within the broader Green Bay West Shores Wildlife Area, which is designated an Important Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Initiative, Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Wild- • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure life Action Plan, and Wetland Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association. (vertical and horizontal) Stopover Importance Sources Sensiba Wildlife Area qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its con- Buler, J.J., J. McLaren, T. Schreckengost, J.A. Smolinsky, E. Walters, J.A. Arnold, and D.K. Dawson. 2017. Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S. Final Report sistency of use between seasons (spring and fall) and high relative abundance U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 121pp. of migratory birds. More than 10,000 landbirds and waterfowl are estimated eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, to use Sensiba Wildlife Area during spring and fall migrations. Greater and New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (April 25, 2019). 83 Lesser Scaup, Common Goldeneye, Canvasback, and other diving ducks forage Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered and roost in the wetlands and surrounding waters of Green Bay. Sandpipers, Resources Program. plovers, and other shorebirds forage along the shoreline and muddy wetland Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. 2005. edges, especially during fall migration. Waterbirds are well represented, with Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. terns and gulls being particularly abundant. Caspian, Common, Forster’s and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Black Terns all occur here. More than 200 species have been recorded at this Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to meet site, including 26 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, Madison. The diverse wetland conditions in combination with the large stands of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, swamp hardwood provide numerous foraging and roosting opportunities for PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. migrating birds. The shallow water and mudflat zones of this site are critical Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2010. Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Green Bay West features for migrant waterbirds and shorebirds. Saturated soil throughout the Shores Wildlife Area. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL ER-818 2010, Madison. swamp hardwood area promotes an abundance of insects, an important food Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2014. Green Bay Planning Group Master Plan Wisconsin source for migrant birds. Department of Natural Resources, DNR PUB LF-075, Madison. Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: West Shore Green Bay Wetlands. Available: https:// www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/West-Shore-Green-Bay-Wetlands.pdf Conservation Opportunities (April 25, 2019). A substantial amount of this site is protected within the Sensiba Wildlife Area and owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. There are several parcels in proximity to the protected area that hold some ecological value and should be a priority for permanent conservation protection. Sensiba Wildlife Area is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. Land managers should continue to control invasive species and manage for a mosaic of wetland types including emergent marsh, sedge meadow, and shrub carr. Conservation efforts should seek to acquire parcels that contain intact natural communities, restore hydrologic connec- The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and tion to Green Bay, expand the wetland complex, and enhance connectivity functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. between terrestrial and aquatic communities. Future land acquisitions should This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945MM 2019 PHOTOS: ROBERT HOWE Oconto Marsh

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OCONTO MARSH Oconto Marsh is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all neces- Site Description sary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for conto Marsh extends several miles north and south of the Oconto River quick refueling. Land managers should continue to control invasive species, Omouth and contains a large, diverse wetland complex. The lower two miles prevent woody encroachment into sedge meadows, and manage for a vari- of the Oconto River form an extensive delta, with beach and sand bar features ety of wetland conditions. Conservation efforts should seek to acquire parcels and river channels winding through extensive emergent marshes, sedge mead- that contain intact natural communities, expand the wetland complex, buffer ows, and bottomland hardwood stands. The extent of marsh vegetation varies the site from encroachment by non-compatible uses, and prioritize the fol- with water level fluctuations. High water may eliminate many dominant emer- lowing habitat attributes for migratory birds: gent plants, while extreme low water levels often expose large mudflat areas • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres and facilitate the expansion of emergent vegetation. A 220-acre impoundment with >2.5 acres of open water area within the Oconto Marsh Unit serves as a waterfowl refuge during the fall • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles from migration period and is managed by two water control structures. Dominant another wetland species within the bottomland hardwood include silver maple, green ash, river birch, swamp white oak, red maple, and black willow. The site contains more • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in than 2,000 acres of protected natural land and is located within a highly devel- agricultural fields, with hydric soils oped matrix of residential, recreational, and agricultural properties. • Lowland shrub cover >1 mile of Lake Michigan This site encompasses the Oconto Marsh Unit, Oconto Harbor, Oconto Pre- • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where serve, Oconto Sportsmen’s Club property, and Breakwater Park. Oconto Marsh there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) is a management unit within the broader Green Bay West Shores Wildlife Area, • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure which is designated an Important Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation (vertical and horizontal) Initiative, Land Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Conservation Opportunity Area of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Wild- • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through 85 life Action Plan, and Wetland Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association. the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit throughout fall migration Stopover Importance Oconto Marsh qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its consistency Sources eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, of use between seasons (spring and fall). Greater and Lesser Scaup, Common Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (May 6, 2019). Goldeneye, and other migrant waterfowl stage in large numbers in the sur- Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover rounding Green Bay waters. Great Egret, American Bittern, Least Bittern, and Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endan- gered Resources Program. other wading birds regularly occur at this site. More than 200 species have Mehlman, D.W., S.E. Mabey, D.N. Ewert, C. Duncan, B. Abel, D. Cimprich, R.D. Sutter, and M. Woodrey. been recorded here, including 28 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. 2005. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk 122:1281-1290. Oconto Marsh is an integral component of the broader Green Bay West Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wet- Shores Wildlife Area. Together these properties provide a series of rest stops lands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to along the Green Bay shoreline where migrating birds can replenish their meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, energy reserves. Diverse wetland habitats and nutrient rich waters provide Madison. critical foraging opportunities for migrating birds. The continual mixing Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the of river and lake waters supports a diverse fish community, which in turn Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. attracts many piscivorous bird species. The mosaic of shallow water and mud- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2010. Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Green Bay West flats in the Oconto Harbor provides good conditions for aquatic invertebrates, Shores Wildlife Area. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL ER-818 2010, Madison. a critical food source for migrant shorebirds. The refuge area enables staging Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2014. Green Bay Planning Group Master Plan Wisconsin waterfowl to escape hunting pressure and replenish their energy reserves. Department of Natural Resources, DNR PUB LF-075, Madison. Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: West Shore Green Bay Wetlands. Available: https:// Large stands of bottomland hardwood provide abundant invertebrate prey www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/West-Shore-Green-Bay-Wetlands.pdf and undisturbed rest areas for migrant landbirds. (April 25, 2019). Conservation Opportunities A substantial amount of this site is protected within the Green Bay West Shores Wildlife Area and owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and Resources. The Green Bay Planning Group Master Plan recommends expan- functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. sion of the boundary out to the shoreline in the northeast portion of the Unit This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the (50 acres), which contains ecologically valuable coastal marsh habitat. Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945NN 2019 UW-GREEN BAY Peshtigo Harbor

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and Marinette County. A substantial amount of this site is protected within the Green Bay West Shores Wildlife Area and owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Development pressure is relatively low at this site in comparison to other wetlands along Green Bay’s west shoreline. The Green Bay Planning Group Master Plan recommends a boundary expansion of 1,470 acres to help buffer the river and allow for more efficient management practices. Peshtigo Harbor was categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all PESHTIGO HARBOR necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. Land managers should continue to control invasive species and manage for a mosaic of wetland types including emergent marsh, Site Description shrub-carr, and forested wetlands. Within the hardwood swamp stands, eshtigo Harbor represents one of the best remaining examples of coastal encourage non-ash associates such as red maple, silver maple, and swamp Pmarsh habitat on the western shore of Lake Michigan. The lower two miles white oak. Conservation efforts should seek to acquire parcels that enhance of the Peshtigo River form an extensive delta with beach and sand bar fea- connectivity between terrestrial and aquatic communities and buffer the site tures, and river channels winding through extensive emergent marshes and from encroachment by non-compatible uses. Future land acquisitions should sedge meadows. Tussock sedge and bluejoint grass dominate the meadow, prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: which grades into a shrub-carr of willow, dogwood, and alder. The extent of • Mixed emergent wetlands (ephemeral and permanent) >40 acres marsh vegetation varies with water level fluctuations. High water may elim- with >2.5 acres of open water inate many dominant emergent plants while extreme low water levels often expose large mudflat areas and facilitate the expansion of emergent vege- • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles tation. Upstream along the river are high-quality hardwood swamps with from another wetland patches of old-growth green ash and red maple. Oak and aspen stands and • Open water areas >5 acres without adjacent wetlands managed grasslands are also present at Peshtigo Harbor. This 4,894-acre site • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in is surrounded by low-density agricultural and residential development. agricultural fields, with hydric soils This site encompasses Block Oxbow, Peshtigo Harbor Lacustrine Forest, • Mixed emergent wetland complexes or isolated mixed emergent and Peshtigo Harbor Delta Marshes State Natural Areas and the Badger Gift wetlands <25 acres Lands, and is a management unit within the broader Green Bay West Shores Wildlife Area. Peshtigo Harbor is designated an Important Bird Area by the • Known diving duck concentration areas (>10,000 each migration season) Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative, Land Legacy Place and State Natural • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where Area by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Conservation Oppor- there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) tunity Area of Regional Significance by the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan, and • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure 87 Wetland Gem by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association. (vertical and horizontal) Stopover Importance Sources Peshtigo Harbor qualifies as aPriority Stopover Site because of its consis- eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, tency of use between seasons. Thousands of waterfowl, landbirds, and water- Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (May 6, 2019). Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover birds are estimated to use the site annually. More than 200 species have been Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered recorded here, including 33 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Resources Program. Peshtigo Harbor is an integral component of the broader Green Bay West Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wet- Shores Wildlife Area. Together these properties provide a series of rest stops lands of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural along the Green Bay shoreline where migrating birds can replenish their Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. energy reserves. The vast size of Peshtigo Harbor gives migrating birds space Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to to rest and refuel with minimal human disturbance. The 460-acre water- meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, fowl closed area enables staging waterfowl to escape hunting pressure and Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the replenish their energy reserves. Diverse wetland habitats and nutrient rich Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, waters provide critical foraging opportunities for migrating birds. The contin- PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. ual mixing of river and lake waters supports a diverse fish community, which Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2010. Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Green Bay West in turn attracts many piscivorous bird species. Shallow water and mudflat Shores Wildlife Area. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL ER-818 2010, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2014. Green Bay Planning Group Master Plan Wisconsin zones are critical features for migrant waterbirds and shorebirds. Within the Department of Natural Resources, DNR PUB LF-075, Madison. forested areas, abundant woody debris, unmanaged standing dead snags, Wisconsin Wetlands Association. 2009. Wetland Gems: West Shore Green Bay Wetlands. Available: https:// dense shrubby understory, and varying tree age classes are important ele- www.wisconsinwetlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/West-Shore-Green-Bay-Wetlands.pdf ments of quality stopover habitat. The scattered oak stands also provide pre- (April 25, 2019). ferred foraging substrates for many landbird species. Conservation Opportunities Peshtigo Harbor is fortunate to have high engagement in its management and The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil protection efforts by partners such as the Natural Resources Foundation of Wis- Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. consin, Ducks Unlimited, Northeast Wisconsin Land Trust, U.S. Fish and Wildlife This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the Service, Chappee Rapids Audubon Society, City of Peshtigo, Town of Peshtigo, Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945OO 2019 PHOTOS: UW-GREEN BAY Seagull Bar

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UW-GREEN BAY UW-GREEN HOWE ROBERT

SEAGULL BAR stopover site. Future land acquisitions along the mainland shoreline should Site Description prioritize the following habitat attributes for migratory birds: eagull Bar includes a 40-acre sand spit along the western shore of Green Bay • Open water and/or emergent wetland >5 acres and <0.5 miles Snear the mouth of the Menominee River and important wetland habitats. from another wetland A large area of shallow water and emergent marsh surrounds the land forma- • Open water areas >5 acres without adjacent wetlands tion. Various bulrush and rush species are present as well as the invasive purple loosestrife. The extent of marsh vegetation varies with water level fluctuations. • Ephemeral or temporarily flooded wetlands, including those in High water may eliminate many dominant emergent plants, while extreme agricultural fields, with hydric soils low water levels often expose large mudflat areas and facilitate the expansion • Mixed emergent wetland complexes or isolated mixed emergent of emergent vegetation. The eastern edge of Seagull Bar contains a series of wetlands <25 acres sand beach ridges and low dunes resulting from wave action and sand depo- • Undeveloped or natural cover within 660 ft of lakes and wetlands where sition. Vegetation within the beach zone consists of an assortment of drought there is high insect productivity (especially midges and caterpillars) resistant forbs and grasses, including marram grass, Canada rye, and beach • Undeveloped or natural cover that contains diverse habitat structure pea. North of the peninsula is the Menekaunee Harbor and South Channel, (vertical and horizontal) which are part of a larger program to cleanup and restore the Lower Menomi- nee River Area of Concern (AOC). Approximately 50 acres are being restored to a • Undeveloped or natural cover with woody species that bloom through wetland complex of sedge meadow, shrub-carr, and wet-mesic forest. the spring migration period (oak, willow, elm, and others) or fruit This site encompasses Seagull Bar State Natural Area, Red Arrow Park, throughout fall migration Menekaunee Harbor Park, and Green Island. Seagull Bar is designated an Important Bird Area by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative and Land Sources Legacy Place by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission 2004. City of Marinette: 2020 Comprehensive Plan. Available: http://media.baylakerpc.org/media/2148/City_of_Marinette_Comp_Plan_December_2004.pdf (June 18, 2019) 89 Stopover Importance eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (May 9, 2019). Seagull Bar qualifies as a Priority Stopover Site because of its consistency Grveles, K.M., S.W. Matteson, S. Eichhorst, and K. Kreitinger. 2011. Protecting Bird Migration Stopover of use between seasons (spring and fall). Hundreds to thousands of shore- Habitat in the Western Great Lakes: Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Endangered birds use the site during migration, depending on the amount of available Resources Program. habitat. If the water levels are high, the sand spits are underwater. The unveg- Prestby, T.G. 2015. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Shorebirds and Terns in the Coastal Zone of Lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Master of Science Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. etated beach and mudflat zone near the tip of Seagull Bar is an important Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2002. A data compilation and assessment of coastal wetlands feature for migrant shorebirds. Diving ducks congregate in the surrounding of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-803 2002, Madison. waters of Green Bay during migration. Many of the native plants selected for Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Wisconsin naturally: a guide to 150 great State Natural the Menekaunee Harbor restoration, such as swamp white oak and viburnum, Areas. 184pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-ER-115 2005, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Wisconsin land legacy report: an inventory of places to dogwood and willow shrubs, should provide quality foraging opportunities. meet conservation and recreation needs. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBLF-040-2006, More than 200 bird species have been recorded here, including 27 Species of Madison. Greatest Conservation Need. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Important Bird Areas of Wisconsin: Critical Sites for the Conservation and Management of Wisconsin’s Birds. 240 pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-WM-475-2007, Madison. Conservation Opportunities Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2017. 2016 Remedial Action Plan Update for the Lower Menominee River Area of Concern. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the City of Marinette own the majority of this site, which is included within the boundaries of the Lower Menominee River AOC. Numerous conservation partners have been collaborat- ing to clean up and restore wetland and upland habitats in the Menekaunee Harbor area. These actions will have positive results for a diversity of birds and other wildlife species. Seagull Bar is categorized as a Full-service Hotel site where all necessary resources (food, water, shelter) are relatively abundant and available for quick refueling. Land managers should continue to control invasive species and limit native vegetation along the water’s edge. Shorelines that are wide and minimally sloped with sparse to no vegetation will provide ideal foraging The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and conditions for shorebirds. Conservation efforts should institute public aware- functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. ness campaigns, establish protection zones and enforcing dog leash laws This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc upon request. For more information, please call the during the migratory period to ensure the long-term viability of this priority Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. PUB-NH-945PP 2019 ROBERT HOWE About the Authors Kim Kreitinger has been involved with bird conservation since 2000. She has worked in West Africa, Florida, California, and Wisconsin. She is co-author of several bird conservation plans, including Bringing the Birds Back: A Guide to Habitat Enhancement in Riparian and Oak Woodlands in the North Bay Region, A Pocket Guide to the Common Creek Birds of Califor- nia, The Wisconsin All-Bird Conservation Plan, Partners in Flight Bird Conservation Plan for The Boreal Hardwood Transition (Bird Conservation Region 12), and Informing ecosystem management: science and process for landbird conservation in the western United States. Kim is the former President of the Wisconsin Society for Ornithology and currently works for the Natural Resources Foundation of Wisconsin. Kim Grveles has a master’s degree in conservation biology from Central Michigan University. Her early career included coordinating bird surveys for several government and non-profit organizations in Michigan. In 1998, she accepted an internship at the International Crane Foundation and went on to serve as a conservation educator with Adams County, Wisconsin. She was hired by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) in 2004 and worked on many bird projects including the Wisconsin Stopover Initiative, the Wisconsin Kirtland’s Warbler Conservation Program, the Wiscon- sin Natural Heritage Inventory Program, and several others. Kim retired from the WDNR in September 2018. Sumner W. Matteson has worked 38 years for the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources as a nongame biologist, 90 conservation biologist, and avian ecologist specializing in the conservation and management of state-endangered colo- nial waterbirds, Trumpeter Swans, and Piping Plovers. In 2005, with Kim Grveles, he helped launch the Wisconsin Stopover Initiative. He is the current Chair of the Mississippi Flyway Council Nongame Bird Technical Section, and is a former President of the Wisconsin Society for Ornithology.

About the Wisconsin Stopover Initiative The Wisconsin Stopover Initiative is a partnership consisting of local, state, and federal agencies, private organizations, businesses, and individuals working together to protect, conserve, and enhance the habitat used by birds migrating through the Great Lakes. Learn more at wisconsinbirds.org/migratory.

About the Natural Resources Foundation of Wisconsin The Natural Resources Foundation of Wisconsin (NRF) provides sustainable funding for Wisconsin’s most imperiled species and public lands, while connecting generations to the wonders of Wisconsin’s lands, waters, and wildlife through conservation, education, engagement and giving. We believe that nature has inherent value and that people have the ability to make a difference. We are the bridge connecting people who want to help with meaningful opportunities to make a lasting impact on Wisconsin’s lands, waters, wildlife, and future stewards. Learn more and become a member at WisConservation.org.

JOSHUA MAYER

Acknowledgments We gratefully recognize the many partners who supported this project. We especially thank Kim Kreitinger for her tremendous work on this project, Kim Grveles and Sumner Matteson for the concept and their work building support for migratory bird stopover sites in Wisconsin, and the many conservation professionals that contributed to the establishment of the Wisconsin Stopover Initiative. This report is funded in part by the Wisconsin Coastal Management Program and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office for Coastal Management under the Coastal Zone Management Act, Grant #NA18NOS4190091. Additional funding comes from the Bird Protection Fund of the Natural Resources Foundation of Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Major contributors and reviewers of this report were: Sumner Matteson (Wisconsin DNR), Craig Thompson (Wisconsin DNR), Caitlin Williamson (Natural Resources Foundation of Wisconsin) Other advisors who offered assistance with reviewing site profiles include: Holly Baseman, Erin Brown Stender, Amy Carrozinno-Lyon, Dan Carter, Dan Ditscheit, Steve Easterly, Sharon Fandel, Erin Giese, Brian Glenzinski, Mike Grimm, Jon Gumtow, Kari Hagenow, David Halfmann, Kathleen Harris, Michelle Hefty, Joe Henry, Carol Howard, Robert Howe, Stephanie Judge, Jim Kettler, Jim Knickelbine, Jesse Koyen, Josh Martinez, Gretchen Meyer, Carolyn Morgen, Bill Mueller, Deborah Nett, Frank Palmisano, Matt Peter, Jason Petrella, Rose Phillips, Vicki Pias- kowski, Tom Prestby, Mike Reed, Jim Reinartz, Brian Russart, Tim Ryan, Chad Scheinoha, Matt Smith, Yoyi Steele, Kevin Thusius, Joel Trick, Kelly Verron, Christy Vincent, Bobbie Webster, and Guy Wilman. We are also deeply grateful to William Ceelen (Wisconsin DNR) for his work developing the maps for each site, and Michelle Voss (Wisconsin DNR) for her work designing this report.

Production Credits Author: Kim Kreitinger Editors: Craig Thompson and Caitlin Williamson Graphic Designer: Michelle Voss GIS Maps: William Ceelen Photographers: Victoria Almgren, Jason Brabant, Susan Braun, Katie Crews, Steve Easterly, Dan Eggert, Erin Giese, Joanna Gilkeson (USFWS Wikimedia), Michael Grimm, Mike Grota, Jon Gumtow, Chelsea Gunther, Robert Howe, Darcy Kind, KLMarkert Photography, Jesse Koyen, Kimberly Mackowski, Ed Makowski, Joshua Mayer, Thomas Meyer, Milwau- kee County Parks, William Mueller, Nancy Nabak, Bill Pohlmann, Eric Preston, Kate Redmond, Julie Schartner, Soaring Badger Productions, UW-Green Bay, Mark Verhagen, Luke Wuest (DNR Aeronautics) Back cover photo: Jesse Koyen

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, etc.) upon request. For more information, please call the Accessibility Coordinator at 608-267-7490/TTY Access via relay - 711. Printed on recycled paper. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Natural Heritage Conservation PO BOX 7921, Madison, WI 53707 PUB-NH-945 2019