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Draft Environment Canterbury Technical Report

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Draft Environment Canterbury Technical Report Technical overview of the current status of the lower Waitaki River catchment in 2014 This overview provides a summary of the cultural, social, environmental and economic information collated to describe the current state of the lower Waitaki River catchment (Canterbury) as context for the on-going water quality limit setting process. This summary is supported by a number of more detailed technical reports which are listed at the back of this document and are available on the Environment Canterbury website http://ecan.govt.nz/our-responsibilities/regional-plans/regional-plans-under- development/waitaki. The lower Waitaki River catchment The Crown recognised its importance in the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act (1998). The lower Waitaki River catchment encompasses the catchment of the Waitaki River below the Waitaki dam. Major tributaries include the Hakataramea, Otekaieke and Maerewhenua Rivers. The catchment includes sections of the Waitaki District and the Waimate District. A number of the southern tributary catchments are located in the Otago region rather than the Canterbury region. The Canterbury component of the lower catchment as shown in Figure 1 can be defined in terms of three hydrological sub- catchments; Hakataramea Valley, Waitaki Valley and tributaries and the Northern Waitaki fan catchment Figure 2: Historical sites used by Ngāi Tahu Being able to gather and use resources is crucially important for sustaining the culture and identity of Ngai Tahu. Historically there were in excess of 30 different mahinga kai species taken from the Waitaki. Focussing on the ten that were most commonly taken, none of these species are now found across their historic range. The Cultural Health Index (CHI) is a tool for streams, developed by linking Western scientific methods and cultural knowledge about stream health. In the lower Waitaki catchment 24 locations have been assessed of which 54% are classified as very poor in terms of their ability to sustain cultural values. The CHI also classified 38% of locations assessed as below average in terms of the state of stream health (Table 1). Figure 1: The lower Waitaki catchment (Canterbury) Ngāi Tahu and cultural values The Waitaki River is of paramount importance to Ngāi Tahu as the pathway of the waters from Aoraki to the sea. Association with the Waitaki extends back to the first human habitation between 800 and 1000 years ago. The Waitaki River is a significant element of Ngāi Tahu’s being and identity and there are many historical sites on the river (Figure 2). Table 1: CHI assessment, lower Waitaki catchment Table 2: School rolls in the lower Waitaki, 2001 – 2013 State sustains State sustains State of Area 2001 2013 % change cultural values mahinga kai stream health (05-13) % of sites % of sites % of sites Glenavy School 51 74 45 Very poor 54 <1 Duntroon School 71 61 -14 Below 25 38 Morven School 31 29 -6 average Papakaio School 91 120 32 Average 33 50 Waitaki Valley School 113 105 -7 Above 25 12 average Total Waimate/ Waitaki Districts 4907 4545 -7 Excellent 46 <1 Physical Environment Communities, economy and employment Landuse and irrigation Land and water resource use drives the lower Waitaki Landuse in the lower Waitaki (Figure 3) is diverse and ranges economy. The economy in turn drives employment and the from scrub and tussock to pastoral farming. Sheep and beef size and composition of the population, its growth, and the makes up over 60 percent of the current landuse. services and community life that sustain social and economic wellbeing. Arable The lower Waitaki catchment has major assets in the Waitaki Beef River and tributaries with water quality and ecological status Dairy important to river-based recreation. Dairy Support Deer There are a wide variety of water based activities in the lower Exotic Forest Waitaki River and tributaries. The Waitaki is notable for its “Big Lifestyle River” character, especially for jet boating, fishing and hunting, Native Forest camping/picnics, scenery/photography, riding and 4WD. Rock and Ice Scrub Swimming is restricted to suitable locations in side braids. Sheep Sheep and Beef Seasonal activity around the hydro lakes spills into Kurow, Tussock Duntroon and Waimate for food and supplies. Kurow is linked Urban by two state highways and will benefit from the new bridge. Local initiatives include Kurow Island and the Alps to Ocean bicycle trail (A2O). The A2O is taking off and has the potential Figure 3: Distribution of landuse in the lower Waitaki to boost businesses in the lower catchment Almost 30,000 ha of land is irrigated in the Canterbury The lower Waitaki River is also a nationally significant trout component of the lower Waitaki catchment, 65 percent of which (rainbow and brown) and salmon fishery, with Glenavy noted as is estimated to be via spray irrigation. Conversion of properties a base for a “world-class” salmon fishery. Trout fishing occurs in from border dyke to spray irrigation is projected to continue at middle and upper reaches but there are some access issues. A between 3 and 5 percent per annum. recreation survey found that the main reasons anglers chose to fish the river were, in order of importance: good fishing, Water Resources proximity to home and easy access. The Waitaki River catchment is the largest in the Canterbury The Hakataramea is the largest tributary of the lower Waitaki region with an area of 12,000 km². The landscape and with 30km of fishable water. It is known as a “first class” brown waterways in the catchment range from areas of pristine trout fishery and also provides habitat for rainbow trout. The naturalness to highly modified systems. Modifications include catchment is regularly used for picnicking and camping. impoundment and diversion of river flow. Land use change spreading up the lower catchment has The upper and lower catchments connect hydrologically brought ongoing social change such as a larger, younger, less between Kurow and the Waitaki Dam through a bedrock gorge stable and more diverse population. The initial social divide that narrows below Lake Waitaki. Upper and lower Waitaki between dairying and traditional farming has however greatly groundwater systems are physically disconnected. reduced, which has increased community resilience. Planning for major projects brought considerable community disruption The dominant weather patterns in the lower Waitaki catchment over recent years (Aqua - South Bank/Kurow and North Bank are southerly or south-easterly storms with occasional north- Hydro). east winds from the coast. Average annual rainfall is low, approximately 500 mm between Waitaki Dam and the east Schools are a good indicator of social viability. School rolls as coast. Drought occurs in most of the catchment because of the summarised in Table 2 show increasing rolls in Glenavy and low and sporadic rainfall, high rates of evapotranspiration Papakaio, with decreasing rolls in remaining catchment associated with high winds and temperatures, and low soil schools. moisture. Groundwater Compared to the rest of the Canterbury region, the number of groundwater takes is small due to readily available surface Groundwater in the Hakataramea Valley is physically water either via direct takes or through water supply schemes. disconnected from groundwater in the Waitaki Valley. At the base of the Hakataramea Valley below Foveran the catchment Groundwater quality narrows with groundwater resurfacing to recharge the Hakataramea River. Major ions On the northern bank of the lower Waitaki River at Stonewall Concentrations of most major ions in lower Waitaki the basement rock is very shallow with a ridge of greywacke groundwater are generally higher than the average for the projecting across the Waitaki River bed towards Black Point. Canterbury region due to groundwater interactions with tertiary These two features impede most of the groundwater flow, with sediments and human activities. groundwater resurfacing to recharge the Waitaki River. Groundwater taken from the confined Taratu aquifer (including Below Stonewall the Valley opens with the Waitaki River wells near Duntroon) commonly has higher dissolved solids recharging groundwater in the Glenavy basin, which extends concentrations, including high concentrations of sulphate, iron, eastward to the coast. Whitneys Creek and Waikākahi Stream arsenic and boron. Groundwater from this aquifer may seep receive some runoff from the rolling hills near their ‘headwaters’ into the gravel terraces along the south bank of the Waitaki however they are primarily sourced from shallow groundwater. River. Groundwater flow direction in the main valley and floodplain is Nitrate-N similar to the river, from west to east. In valleys of the main tributaries, the groundwater similarly follows generally the In areas dominated by land surface recharge, rainfall or direction of the waterway it is associated with (Figure 4). irrigation carries nitrate into the groundwater system, resulting in concentrations above natural levels. Natural concentrations of nitrate-N in New Zealand groundwater are likely to be below 0.25 mg/l. Average nitrate-N concentrations (of 3.1 mg/l) in lower Waitaki groundwater are above natural levels but are slightly lower than the average (of 4.74 mg/l) for the Canterbury region. It is evident however that nitrate-N concentration in groundwater in the Glenavy basin is greatly elevated, associated with high intensity land use. In the Glenavy basin whilst there are fluctuations, these concentrations have been trending upwards. Dissolved oxygen (DO) Oxygen is supplied to groundwater by recharge with oxygenated water or by movement of air through the unsaturated material above the groundwater table. DO is highest in active river beds and close to alluvial fans and lowest close to bedrock, within moraine deposits or in low permeability Figure 4: Groundwater piezometric map formations. Groundwater use Denitrification (resulting in lower levels of nitrate-nitrogen) in groundwater occurs when DO levels drop below about 1mg/l. The main uses of wells in the lower Waitaki are for domestic DO monitoring results indicate that most of the sampled wells and/ or stock supply.
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