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Erscheinungsformen Der Internationalisierung Des Erscheinungsformen der Internationalisierung des Kinderfernsehens: Vielfalt oder Einfalt? Quantitative und qualitative Analyse des aktuellen Programmangebots in Deutschland und Großbritannien DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des philosophischen Doktorgrades vorgelegt von Eva-Maria Rüdiger, M.A. geb. am 09.04.1972 in Düsseldorf dem Fachbereich Sprach-, Literatur und Medienwissenschaften der im Mai 2006 Für Monika Marzok, Norbert Pietruschka und Andreas Rüdiger sowie in dankbarer Erinnerung an Ursula und Agnes Pietruschka Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans Dieter Erlinger Prof. Dr. Clemens Knobloch Mündliche Prüfung am 23.10.2006 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................ 5 2 Grundlagen ....................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Struktur der nationalen Fernsehmärkte in Deutschland und Großbritannien .... 12 2.1.1 Öffentlich-rechtliche vs. kommerzielle Struktur.......................................... 12 2.1.1.1 Das britische Drei-Säulen-Modell .......................................................... 13 2.1.1.2 Das duale System in der Bundesrepublik.............................................. 18 2.1.1.3 Exkurs: Staatsnaher Rundfunk in der DDR ........................................... 22 2.1.2 Programmaufträge und Quotierung ........................................................... 25 2.2 Entwicklung und Bedeutung des Kinderfernsehens in Deutschland und Großbritannien .................................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Konzepte von Kindheit / von Fernsehen für Kinder ................................... 27 2.2.1.1 Kindheit - ein Begriff im Wandel ........................................................... 28 2.2.1.2 Kinderfernsehen - Mittel zu einem (wandelbaren) Zweck oder Unterhaltungsmedium? ......................................................................... 32 2.2.2 Geschichte des Kinderprogramms ............................................................ 48 2.2.2.1 Deutschland........................................................................................... 48 2.2.2.1.1 BRD ................................................................................................ 48 2.2.2.1.2 DDR ................................................................................................ 59 2.2.2.2 Großbritannien....................................................................................... 63 2.2.3 Kinderfernsehen und Markt ....................................................................... 73 3 Empirische Beobachtungen .............................................................................. 81 3.1 Quantitative Zusammensetzung des Angebots an Kinderprogrammen in Deutschland und Großbritannien ...................................................................... 81 3.1.1 Methodisches und Allgemeines ................................................................. 81 3.1.1.1 Definitionen und Einschränkungen ........................................................ 82 3.1.1.2 Methodik ................................................................................................ 85 3.1.1.3 Datenbasis............................................................................................. 89 3.1.1.4 Sendezeiten und –längen ...................................................................... 91 3.1.2 Wer bietet Kinderprogramme an?.............................................................. 94 3.1.2.1 Kinderprogrammangebot in Deutschland .............................................. 95 3.1.2.2 Kinderprogrammangebot in Großbritannien .......................................... 98 3.1.3 Herkunft der Sendungen.......................................................................... 100 3.1.4 Bevorzugte Formate ................................................................................ 105 3.1.4.1 Verteilung der Formate nach Untersuchungswochen.......................... 109 3.1.4.2 Verteilung der Formate nach Wochentagen ........................................ 109 3.1.4.3 Zusammenhänge zwischen Herkunft der Sendungen und Formaten.. 110 3.1.4.4 Tageszeitverteilung der dominierenden Formate ................................ 121 3.1.5 Aktualität.................................................................................................. 127 3.1.6 Genrezuordnung bzw. Oberthemen ........................................................ 139 3.1.7 Gemeinsame Programme beider Länder ................................................ 161 3.1.8 Einfluss der 24-Stunden-Spartenkanäle.................................................. 176 3.1.9 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse ......................................................... 200 3 3.2 Ausgestaltung international gehandelter Kindersendungen: Blick über die Grenzen oder phantastische Beliebigkeit? ..................................................... 209 3.2.1 Bob der Baumeister ................................................................................. 212 3.2.1.1 Übergeordnete Aspekte....................................................................... 213 3.2.1.2 Folgenanalyse ..................................................................................... 218 3.2.1.3 Gesamtbewertung der Serie................................................................ 234 3.2.2 Am Zoo 64 ............................................................................................... 236 3.2.2.1 Übergeordnete Aspekte....................................................................... 237 3.2.2.2 Folgenanalyse ..................................................................................... 241 3.2.2.3 Gesamtbewertung der Serie................................................................ 251 3.2.3 Hey Arnold ............................................................................................... 253 3.2.3.1 Übergeordnete Aspekte....................................................................... 257 3.2.3.2 Folgenanalyse ..................................................................................... 260 3.2.3.3 Gesamtbewertung der Serie................................................................ 278 3.2.4 Zusammenfassung: Inhaltliche Auswirkungen der Internationalisierung. 282 4 Ergebnis.......................................................................................................... 287 4.1 Zusammenfassung der quantitativen und qualitativen Bestandsaufnahme .... 287 4.1.1 Ergebnisse der quantitativen Analyse ..................................................... 288 4.1.2 Ergebnisse der qualitativen Analyse........................................................ 293 4.2 Kulturelle und gesellschaftliche Einordnung: Auswirkungen der Internationalisierung auf Kindheit und Kinderkultur ........................................ 295 5 Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis ................................................................... 299 5.1 Literaturverzeichnis ......................................................................................... 299 5.1.1 Monographien.......................................................................................... 299 5.1.2 Beiträge zu Sammelwerken..................................................................... 301 5.1.3 Journale / Fachzeitschriften:.................................................................... 308 5.1.4 Jahrbücher / Datensammlungen.............................................................. 310 5.2 Quellenverzeichnis .......................................................................................... 311 5.2.1 Programminformationen .......................................................................... 311 5.2.2 Tages- bzw. Publikumspresse (auch online) ........................................... 312 5.2.3 Internet:.................................................................................................... 314 5.2.4 Mündliche und anderweitige Zusatzinformationen: ................................. 315 6 Anhang............................................................................................................ 316 6.1 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen........................................................................... 316 6.2 Verzeichnis der Tabellen ................................................................................. 319 6.3 Anmerkung zur Extrapolation der Programmschnittmenge............................. 320 6.4 Interview mit Stephen Andrews (Controller of Children´s ITV) v. 30.06.2003 . 322 6.5 Interview mit Theresa Plummer-Andrews (Head of Children´s Programmes, BBC) v. 07.07.2003......................................................................................... 325 6.6 Interview mit Madeline Warburg (Producerin bei HIT Entertainment) v. 07.07.2003 .................................................................................................. 329 4 1 Einleitung „Geschichten von überall“ hat der öffentlich-rechtliche KI.KA zurzeit immer sonntags in seinem Programm. Was im ersten Moment wie eine generelle Umschreibung des Kinder- fernsehens klingt, das sich erfahrungsgemäß gern als Geschichtenerzähler betätigt und, wie das Erwachsenenfernsehen auch, dem Publikum Einblicke in die Welt jenseits von Bildschirm und Wohn- bzw. Kinderzimmer gewähren will, entpuppt sich bei näherem Hin- sehen als Titel einer Sendereihe. In dieser werden im wöchentlichen Rhythmus die Ergeb- nisse
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