DOCSLIB.ORG

Synthesis of Hyponitrite Complexes for the Reduction of NO

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Synthesis of Hyponitrite Complexes for the Reduction of NO Synthesis of Hyponitrite Complexes for the Reduction of NO Introduction Climate change has progressively gotten worse since the industrial evolution, to a point where the United Nations has declared we have 10 years to make changes to prevent irreversible 1 damage to Earth. Nitrous oxide (N2O) makes up 6% of the U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, however, it can stay in the atmosphere for around 114 years and has a global warming potential 2 300 times that of 1 pound of carbon dioxide. N2O is naturally reduced though chemical reactions done by N2O reductase, a copper centered enzyme found in a denitrifying bacteria, however, the 3 mechanism is not known and replication is difficult as N2O is a poor ligand for transition metals. The bacteria is unable to keep up with the amount of nitrous oxide produced by humans. Studies regarding the denitrification process began by looking at the heme proteins in humans that are responsible for the regulation of the signal transduction by utilizing NO.4 This has led to the understanding of the intermediate steps for the process, such as the coordination and reduction.5 My research focuses on the speculations that are made about the denitrification process done by nitrous oxide reductase with the goal of creating a complex that can replicate the reduction, leading to a man-made way of reducing the nitrous oxide in the air. Complexes that reduce NO to N2O have signifying factors that are clear indications that the reduction is either complete or there is an unexpected side reaction. Few mechanistic studies provide insight to the transformation between NO to N2O, although the insertion of the coordinated NO is the key to the mechanistic step. Not thermodynamically favorable, the reaction uses a metal catalyst to proceed the reaction, ideally a first-row transition metal, due to the price and abundancy of the metals. Previous studies have also ruled out rate limiting steps as excess NO converts to N2O in a copper catalyst with a single NO attached. The copper gains another NO forming a 6 dinitrosyl, or hyponitrite (N2O2), species that quickly reacts with NO to produce the N2O. The copper catalyst is one of the more stable and effective metals to use and is the center of the study as previous studies using nickel catalyst were unsuccessful due to reactivity. In this study, instrumentation available on campus will be used to identify the product of each step of the synthesis alongside higher methods of analysis for verification of each experimentally determine product. Complexes would be synthesized using common bench workspace and the glovebox in the Stieber Lab to ensure air sensitive are not decomposed. Infrared absorption spectrometry (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) instruments on campus complement each other and will be utilized for the identification of the complexes synthesized for understanding and characterizing hyponitrite intermediates for the reduction process of NO. Nitrogen rich fertilizer used in agriculture is the main contributor for the amount of N2O emission.2 Previous publications indicate that a NO ligand can also bond in either a linear, or a side-on configuration which have an effect of the bonding patterns with a second NO. The linear configuration experiences higher yields (77%), however, it is unable to accept the second NO for reduction. The side on configuration (23% yield) is thought to configure the second NO to promote N-N coupling because of the presence of spin density between the nitrogen attached to the nitrosyl.7 With this configuration, the nitrogen is exposed for binding with a second NO to produce a hyponitrite complex.8 Synthesizing a complex that is able to only side on orientated will be studied. The IR spectroscopy instrument on campus is a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) which uses a single optical path to collect a spectrum of the complex while also collecting a spectrum of atmospheric molecules for the background to be subtracting by the ratio.9 The data is composed of the sum of sine and cosine terms which produce the constructive and destructive inference of waves.10 An IR beam is shot at the complex which produces energy differences in different molecular species. IR radiation produces small differences between vibrational and rotational states that are amplified in the complex as it exhibits changes in the dipole moment. The dipole moment, determined by the magnitude of the charge difference between the two atom centers, produces a regular fluctuation which can then interact with the electric field from the IR. When the fluctuations produced by the vibrational frequencies and the rotation around asymmetric center matches the frequency of the radiation, the radiation is absorbed and calculated to produce a stretch on the spectrum.11 The data is rapidly acquired, however, there is an increase to the signal to noise ratio.9 IR spectrums can be divided into two regions, the fingerprint region and the functional group region.12 The functional group, or near-IR, region consist of the earlier portion of the spectrum, or 4000 to 15,000 cm-1 displays common functional groups in the complex, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and some hydrocarbons and can be used for qualitative analysis of the complexes synthesized as able to differentiate between NO and N2O. The fingerprint region is used to identify between different organic and inorganic compounds and consists of the higher region of the IR spectrum.11 IR is a powerful method that can differentiate between many different possibilities for the types of outcomes. To begin, IR can provide information of the metal binding with the NO or even 13 if it is bound to multiple NO molecules. NO reduces to N2O and IR is useful to provide insight qualitative properties of the complexes as it can differentiate between the two. This allows periodic check to ensure the synthesis is indeed successful. Other information provided can be the symmetry of the complex, the coordination, and isomerization of the complexes. IR produces specific stretches for asymmetric N-O (970 cm-1) and can signify the possibility of a trans- hyponitrite complex. A symmetric complex would show a N-O stretch (around 900-1,000 cm-1) due to the nature around the complex.14 A linear configuration would exhibit a longer M-N bond and a peak around 1800 cm-1 while the side on configuration would consist of values similar to other three-coordinate NO species, around 17,000 cm-1.15 IR spectrums also have the capability to distinguish if the NO is reduced as a stretch at 1555 cm-1 would be consistent with a highly reduced linear NO ligand.6,8 IR spectroscopy would be a key source of analysis for the complexes synthesized because of the vast of information provided about the NO chemistry in the complex. IR spectroscopy is unable to characterize all electronic transitions or homonuclear species, making it difficult to understand some of the binding interactions in the complex. This method is useful for ensuring the synthesis is continuing in the right direction. The use of home source XRD would allow characterization of the complete complex that would ideally be built of the hints given from the IR spectrum. X-rays have the same wavelength as 1 Å allowing the determination of bonds to be possible. An X-ray beam is emitted to hit the crystalized complex which diffracts on the lattice planes of the complex. The waves interact constructively and destructively before hitting the detector to produce spots that are reflections of the electrons of the atom. The reflections are then correlated and solved to give a crystalized complex. This method requires crystals, unlike IR spectroscopy which involves a screening process for the crystallization conditions for the complex as well as longer acquisition times, are more complex molecules require longer run periods. The crystallization process is based on trial and error so finding appropriate solvents and time for crystallization further increases the time for this experiment. Some complexes are difficult, and sometimes too reactive to crystallze16 making this an inefficient method for some complexes. Copper is the transition metal of choice because it is less reactive than nickel allowing the XRD to collect a spectrum, but it is anticipated that the X- ray would excite some of the complexes making IR spectroscopy a more efficient method. The XRD would be a beneficial method of analysis for my project, as it could provide clarity on the binding and chemical structure of the complex. Using the XRD would allow the binding of the NO to be analyzed for insight on the linear or side on interaction which could be dependent on the properties of the ligands attached to the complex. Further experimentation of ligand properties, such as electron donating, withdrawing, and steric hinderance, could be further analyzed for future complexes. It would also provide further information on bond lengths and bond angles between NO and the metal of choice. Currently there are limited resources on the relationship between the bond angle, NO length and the IR peak. Creating a table with expected IR stretches for the given NO configuration would provide useful for the future steps of the 17 mechanism. The reduction of NO to N2O is one step of a longer mechanism which still unknown. Understand one portion of the reaction and having a complete table of the expected trends is beneficial for the future steps of the analysis as well. Instruments utilized for this experiment would provide a useful insight on the steps of the process as well ensure the synthesis process is producing the expected outcome. Materials and Methods A mechanism like the one developed by Kogut et.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (10) Patent No.: US 8119385 B2
    US008119385B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,119,385 B2 Mathur et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 21, 2012 (54) NUCLEICACIDS AND PROTEINS AND (52) U.S. Cl. ........................................ 435/212:530/350 METHODS FOR MAKING AND USING THEMI (58) Field of Classification Search ........................ None (75) Inventors: Eric J. Mathur, San Diego, CA (US); See application file for complete search history. Cathy Chang, San Diego, CA (US) (56) References Cited (73) Assignee: BP Corporation North America Inc., Houston, TX (US) OTHER PUBLICATIONS c Mount, Bioinformatics, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Har (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this bor New York, 2001, pp. 382-393.* patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Spencer et al., “Whole-Genome Sequence Variation among Multiple U.S.C. 154(b) by 689 days. Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa” J. Bacteriol. (2003) 185: 1316 1325. (21) Appl. No.: 11/817,403 Database Sequence GenBank Accession No. BZ569932 Dec. 17. 1-1. 2002. (22) PCT Fled: Mar. 3, 2006 Omiecinski et al., “Epoxide Hydrolase-Polymorphism and role in (86). PCT No.: PCT/US2OO6/OOT642 toxicology” Toxicol. Lett. (2000) 1.12: 365-370. S371 (c)(1), * cited by examiner (2), (4) Date: May 7, 2008 Primary Examiner — James Martinell (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2006/096527 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Kalim S. Fuzail PCT Pub. Date: Sep. 14, 2006 (57) ABSTRACT (65) Prior Publication Data The invention provides polypeptides, including enzymes, structural proteins and binding proteins, polynucleotides US 201O/OO11456A1 Jan. 14, 2010 encoding these polypeptides, and methods of making and using these polynucleotides and polypeptides.
    [Show full text]
  • Nthetic Approach Towards the Formation of Cobalt Peroxynitrite Intermediate a Dissertation
    Synthetic Approach towards the Formation of Cobalt Peroxynitrite Intermediate A dissertation submitted to the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati as Partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry Submitted by Soumen Saha (Roll No. 126122002) Supervisor Prof. Biplab Mondal Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati December, 2017 TH-1730_126122002 Dedicated to My Family, Friends & Teachers TH-1730_126122002 STATEMENT I hereby declare that this thesis entitled “Synthetic Approach towards the Formation of Cobalt Peroxynitrite Intermediate” is the outcome of research work carried out by me under the supervision of Prof. Biplab Mondal in the Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. In keeping with the general practice of reporting scientific observations, due acknowledgements have been made wherever the work described is based on the findings of other investigators. December, 2017 Soumen Saha Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati TH-1730_126122002 Acknowledgement The success and final outcome of this thesis required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of my thesis. All that I have done is only due to such supervision and assistance and I would not forget to thank them. First and foremost I would like to thank my thesis supervisor, Prof. Biplab Mondal, who fearlessly accepted me as Ph.D student under his guidance and was the main creator of the great ideas, techniques and whole background of this thesis. We experienced together all the ups and downs of routine work, the shared happiness of success and the depression of failure.
    [Show full text]
  • Hyponitrites ; Their Properties, and Their Pre- Paration by Sodium Or Potassium
    View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue DIVERS : HYPONITRfTES ; THEfR PROPERTfES, ETC. $5 XV.-Hyponitrites ; their Properties, and their Pre- paration by Sodium or Potassium. Published on 01 January 1899. Downloaded by Heinrich Heine University of Duesseldorf 12/11/2013 22:18:32. By EDWARDDIVERS, M.D.; D.Sc., F.R.8. THE hyponitrites have received the attention of many chemists besides myself since their discovery in 1871, and even this year new ways of forming them and the new working of an old method have been published, Yet much has been left to be put on record before a fairly correct and full history of these salts can be said to have been given, and the present paper is meant to be the necessary supplement to what has already been published. Way8 fmming Hyponitrites. No writer on hyponitrites in recent years has ahown himself acquainted with all the known ways of getting these salts, or even with the most productive. The following complete list is valuable, H2 View Article Online 96 DIVERS : HYPONITRITES ; THEIR PROPERTIES, AND THEIR therefore, and is of special interest as bringing togehr the various modes of formation of these salts. 1, Reduction of an alkali nitrite by the amalgam of its metal (Divers, 1871). 2. Reduction of an alkali nitrite by ferrous hydroxide (Zorn, 1882 ; Dunstap and Dymond). 3. Reduction of (hypo)nitrososulphates by sodium amalgam (Divers and Haga, 1885). 4. Reduction of nitric oxide by alkali stannite (Divers and Hagn, 1885). 5. Reduction of nitric oxide by ferrous hydroxide (Dunstan and Dymond, 1887).
    [Show full text]
  • Redox Chemistry of Hyponitrite: Part Ill-Oxidation by Hexacyanoferrateilll) in Aqueous Alkaline Solution
    Indian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 28A, April 1989, pp. 280-283 Redox chemistry of hyponitrite: Part ill-oxidation by hexacyanoferrateilll) in aqueous alkaline solution M R Goyal, Pankaj Bhatnagar, R K Mittal & Y K Gupta" Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004 Received 22 April 1988; revised 22 June 1988; accepted 8 July 1988 Oxidation of hyponitrite by hexacyanoferrate(ill) in alkaline solution occurs by two paths resulting in a stoichiometry of 1.21:1(oxidant.substrate), The finalproducts are N20,N2and NO; ,and the intermediates .'" are N02- and peroxonitrite. Rate has first order dependence in [Fe(CN)i - J and [N20~- J and no dependence on [OH - J. The second order rate constant isfound to be (0.87 ± 0.025) dm-mol" at 35° and 1=0.515 mol dm - 3. Rate significantlyincreases in the presence of alkali metal cations. Studies on oxidation of hyponitrite by thalliumlllf)' strength as in the reaction mixture before measuring and ceriumll'Vj' in aqueous acidic solutions have in- absorbance. Initial rates were obtained by the plane directly indicated the formation of intermediates mirror method" and the results were reproducible H2N203 and HN02 or its isomer, though the final within ±3%. identified products are nitrate", N 0 and N . Oxida- 2 2 Results tion" by chloramine-T (CAT) provides no informa- Stoichiometry and products tion about the intermediates and the only product is The stoichiometry was determined using excess of found to be nitrate. These studies reveal that the inter- hexacyanoferratetlfl). Excess hypo nitrite could not mediates appear to be unstable in acidic solutions and be employed because of interference in its determina- hence an investigation in alkaline solution seemed to tion by hexacyanoferrate(II).
    [Show full text]
  • An Experimental and Computational Comparison of the Reactions of N2O and CO2 in Several Inorganic Systems
    Please do not remove this page An Experimental and Computational Comparison of the Reactions of N2O and CO2 in Several Inorganic Systems Davis, Jack Vickery https://scholarship.miami.edu/discovery/delivery/01UOML_INST:ResearchRepository/12386108050002976?l#13386108040002976 Davis, J. V. (2021). An Experimental and Computational Comparison of the Reactions of N2O and CO2 in Several Inorganic Systems [University of Miami]. https://scholarship.miami.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991031605661102976/01UOML_INST:ResearchR epository Open Downloaded On 2021/10/02 02:14:36 -0400 Please do not remove this page UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI AN EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL COMPARISON OF THE REACTIONS OF N2O AND CO2 IN SEVERAL INORGANIC SYSTEMS By Jack Vickery Davis A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Miami in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Coral Gables, Florida August 2021 ©2021 Jack Vickery Davis All Rights Reserved UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy AN EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL COMPARISON OF THE REACTIONS OF N2O AND CO2 IN SEVERAL INORGANIC SYSTEMS Jack Vickery Davis Approved: ________________ _________________ Carl D Hoff, Ph.D. Roger M. Leblanc, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry Professor of Chemistry ________________ _________________ Burjor K. Captain, Ph.D. Guillermo Prado, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Chemistry Dean of the Graduate School ________________ Manuel Temprado, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Chemistry University of Alcalá DAVIS, JACK VICKERY (Ph.D., Chemistry) An Experimental and Computational Comparison of the (August 2021) Reactions of N2O and CO2 in Several Inorganic Systems Abstract of a dissertation at the University of Miami.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanism and Stereochemistry of the Reaction Ofnitric Oxide with Secondary Amines
    Mechanism and Stereochemistry of the Reaction ofNitric Oxide with Secondary Amines By Kamilah Smith A thesis submitted ta McGill University in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Chemistry McGill University Montreal, Quebec Canada © Kamilah Smith, February 2007 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-32326-7 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-32326-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Chemical Nomenclature a GUIDE to IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Principles of Chemical Nomenclature a GUIDE to IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS
    Principles of Chemical Nomenclature A GUIDE TO IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Principles of Chemical Nomenclature A GUIDE TO IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS G.J. LEIGH OBE TheSchool of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK H.A. FAVRE Université de Montréal Montréal, Canada W.V. METANOMSKI Chemical Abstracts Service Columbus, Ohio, USA Edited by G.J. Leigh b Blackwell Science © 1998 by DISTRIBUTORS BlackweilScience Ltd Marston Book Services Ltd Editorial Offices: P0 Box 269 Osney Mead, Oxford 0X2 0EL Abingdon 25 John Street, London WC1N 2BL Oxon 0X14 4YN 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ (Orders:Tel:01235 465500 350 Main Street, Maiden Fax: MA 02 148-5018, USA 01235 465555) 54 University Street, Carlton USA Victoria 3053, Australia BlackwellScience, Inc. 10, Rue Casmir Delavigne Commerce Place 75006 Paris, France 350 Main Street Malden, MA 02 148-5018 Other Editorial Offices: (Orders:Tel:800 759 6102 Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH 781 388 8250 KurfUrstendamm 57 Fax:781 388 8255) 10707 Berlin, Germany Canada Blackwell Science KK Copp Clark Professional MG Kodenmacho Building 200Adelaide St West, 3rd Floor 7—10 Kodenmacho Nihombashi Toronto, Ontario M5H 1W7 Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan (Orders:Tel:416 597-1616 800 815-9417 All rights reserved. No part of Fax:416 597-1617) this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or Australia BlackwellScience Pty Ltd transmitted, in any form or by any 54 University Street means, electronic, mechanical, Carlton, Victoria 3053 photocopying, recording or otherwise, (Orders:Tel:39347 0300 except as permitted by the UK Fax:3 9347 5001) Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005)
    NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IUPAC Recommendations 2005 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements 118 1 2 21314151617 H He 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3456 78910 11 12 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 55 56 * 57− 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba lanthanoids Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 87 88 ‡ 89− 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra actinoids Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo * 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ‡ 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS 2005 Issued by the Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation in collaboration with the Division of Inorganic Chemistry Prepared for publication by Neil G.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper to Beitrage Zur Tabakforschung International
    Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research Volume 21 # No. 5 # April 2005 Evidence for Peroxynitrite and Cognates in Whole Smoke* by Florian R. Perini and Edward A. Robinson A. W. Spears Research Center, Lorillard Tobacco Co., Greensboro, N.C., USA. SUMMARY wässrigen Natriumhydroxid-Gradienten mit einer Unter- drückung der Leitfähigkeit von 1–20 mM NaOH und einer The peroxynitrite anion (ONOO), a major product of the Leitfähigkeits-Diodenarray-Detektion durchgeführt. Diese gas-phase interaction between the superoxide radical and Analyse wies auf das Vorliegen eines unbekannten, einfach nitric oxide, has been detected by ion chromatography (IC) geladenen Anions I hin, das vom Nitrit unvollständig for the first time. IC analyses of cigarette whole main- getrennt war. Die Gradientenmodifikation führte zu einer stream smoke collected in deionized water (DiW), using a annähernden Basislinien-Trennung der Substanz I vom Dionex 4500i IC, a Dionex AS11 column, an aqueous Nitrit und einer Anzahl zusätzlicher, bisher in Rauchproben sodium hydroxide linear gradient with conductivity noch nicht nachgewiesener Anionen. Mögliche Kandidaten suppression from 1–20 mM NaOH, and conductivity für das unerwartete Anion im Rauch wie Bromid, Cyanid coupled with diode array detection, revealed an unknown und Wasserstoff Hyponitrit kamen wegen ihres mengen- singly charged anion I incompletely resolved from nitrite. mäßigen Vorkommens und ihrer chemischen Eigenschaften Gradient modification produced baseline resolution of I als potentielle, neue Rauchkomponenten nicht in Frage. from nitrite and from a number of additional, previously Chemische, chromatographische und spektroskopische undetected anions associated with smoke samples. Possible Ergebnisse wiesen darauf hin, dass es sich bei dieser candidates for the unexpected smoke sample anion, Rauchkomponente um ONOO– handelt.
    [Show full text]
  • IUPAC Provisional Recommendations] 2 ] 2 2 2 +D O 2 − − 3 Osi(O) ] ]
    1 Table IR-8.1 Acceptable common names and fully systematic (additive) names for oxoacid and related structures. (March 2004) This Table includes compounds containing oxygen and hydrogen and at least one other element and with at least one OH group; certain isomers; and examples of corresponding partially and fully dehydronated anions. Formulae are given in the classical oxoacid format with the 'acid' (oxygen-bound) hydrogens listed first, followed by the central atom(s), then the hydrogen atoms bound directly to the central atom, and then the oxygen atoms (e.g. HBH2O, H2P2H2O5), except for chain compounds such as e.g. HOCN. In most cases formulae are also written as for coordination entities, assembled according to the principles of Chapter IR-7 (e.g. the Table gives 'HBH2O = [BH2(OH)]' and 'H2SO4 = [SO2(OH)2]'). More names of oxoanions are given in Table IX. Note that Section P-42 of Ref. 1 lists a great many inorganic oxoacid structures for use as parent structures in the naming of organic derivatives, cf. the discussion in Section IR-8.1. Most of those structures, but not all, are included here; a number of di- and polynuclear acids are not explicitly included. Formula Common name Fully systematic additive name(s) (unless otherwise stated) a H3BO3 = [B(OH)3] boric acid trihydroxidoboron − − H2BO3 = [BO(OH)2] dihydrogenborate dihydroxidooxidoborate(1−) − 2− HBO32 = [BO2(OH)] hydrogenborate hydroxidodioxidoborate(2−) 3− − [BO3] borate trioxidoborate(3 ) (HBO2)n = (B(OH)O)n metaboric acid catena-poly[hydroxidoboron-µ-oxido] − n− (BO2
    [Show full text]
  • Teddy G. Traylor Papers
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8d50nq7 No online items Teddy G. Traylor Papers Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Copyright 2005 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla 92093-0175 [email protected] URL: http://libraries.ucsd.edu/collections/sca/index.html Teddy G. Traylor Papers MSS 0183 1 Descriptive Summary Languages: English Contributing Institution: Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla 92093-0175 Title: Teddy G. Traylor Papers Identifier/Call Number: MSS 0183 Physical Description: 6.4 Linear feet(16 archives boxes) Date (inclusive): 1955-1995 Abstract: Papers of Teddy G. Traylor, organic chemist and professor of chemistry at the University of California, San Diego. Acquisition Information Acquired 1994 Preferred Citation Teddy G. Traylor Papers, MSS 183. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego. Biography Teddy G. Traylor was born in Sulphur, Oklahoma, on May 21, 1925. He did his undergraduate and graduate work in chemistry at UCLA and received a B.A. in 1949 and Ph.D. in 1952, under the direction of Saul Winstein. Traylor worked at Dow Chemical Company for six years, then as a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University for two years under Paul D. Bartlett. In 1961, Traylor joined the Chemistry Department at UCSD as an assistant professor and was promoted to the rank of professor in 1968. He served as department chairman (1973-1976) and actively participated in the long-range planning for and expansion of the department. Traylor conducted research in the fields of bioinorganic, organometallic and physical organic chemistry. His areas of study included oxymercuration of olefins, electrophilic substitution at saturated carbon, autoxidation of hydrocarbons, radical carbonium ions (and metallocene chemistry), carbon-carbon bond lengths, and biological oxygen transport and activation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ments on Growth of Aspergillus Niger '
    EFFECTS OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND TRACE ELE- MENTS ON GROWTH OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER ' By RoBEKT A. STEINBERG Associate physiologist^ Division of Tobacco and Plant Nutrition, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture INTRODUCTION A further study of the essentiaUty of molybdenum (13) ^ and gallium (14) to Aspgergillus niger Van Tiegh. and of the existence of a direct relation between molybdenum and nitrate utilization is reported in thispjaper. It is generally accepted that ammonia is the form in which nitrogen serves for the elaboration of organic nitrogen by plants, other forms first undergoing transformation to ammonia. Nevertheless there exist in the literature statements to the contrary, the experimental foun- dations of which still lack other explanation. Kossowicz (6) concluded that when grown on rf-mannitol and nitrite, Aspergillus niger and other fungi utilized nitrite directly without previous reduction to ammonia. The studies of Lemoigne and his coworkers (7, 8, 9), on the other hand, have led these investigators to beUeve that hydroxylamine is the form of inorganic nitrogen converted by the organism into organic nitrogen. In the present investigation a study was made of growth with prac- tically all the known forms of inorganic nitrogen and with certain simple forms of organic nitrogen. The oversight sometimes made by previous investigators of neglecting to test the nutrient solution, just prior to inoculation, for purely chemical transformations has led to the assumption that all the compounds present were due to biological action. Perhaps the most serious question raised involves the exist- ence in plants of nitrite and hydroxylamine under normal conditions.
    [Show full text]