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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo João Leopoldo E Silva A Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo João Leopoldo e Silva A construção midiática do Estado Islâmico do Iraque e do Levante (EIIL) através do documentário The Islamic State (2014) e da revista Dabiq (2014-2016) Mestrado em História Social São Paulo 2018 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em História João Leopoldo e Silva A construção midiática do Estado Islâmico do Iraque e do Levante (EIIL) através do documentário The Islamic State (2014) e da revista Dabiq (2014-2016) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em História da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo como exigência para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Núcleo de Pesquisa: História Social. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Mariza Romero. São Paulo 2018 2 BANCA EXAMINADORA ____________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Mariza Romero – PUC-SP ____________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Reginaldo Nasser – PUC-SP ____________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Salem Hikmat Nasser – FGV 3 Bolsista contemplado pelo fomento do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), processo nº 134169/2016-6. 4 Agradecimentos: Em primeiro lugar gostaria de agradecer minha família: meus pais Marcos e Mônica e meu irmão Victor por todo o apoio e carinho, sempre me incentivando a perseguir meus sonhos e a superar quaisquer obstáculos. Dedico este trabalho não só a eles como também à minha companheira Paola, cujo suporte foi indispensável para a realização da presente pesquisa. Gostaria de agradecer também todos os professores do Departamento de História da PUC-SP, em especial à profa. Mariza Romero pela grande contribuição e orientação; à profa. Vera Lucia Vieira pelos ensinamentos e carinho desde o fim de minha graduação; ao prof. Lauro Ávila pelas conversas e contribuições positivas ao trabalho; ao prof. Luiz Alberto Schneider por me apresentar a ‘História do Presente’; aos profs. Fernando Londoño e Álvaro Alegretti pela amizade; ao prof. Amailton de Azevedo e à profa. Antonietta Antonacci pelos ensinamentos em salas de aula; e a todos os funcionários da PUC-SP por todo o suporte prestado à comunidade. Agradeço também o CNPq pelo financiamento da pesquisa através de bolsa de estudo, apoio decisivo para a realização desta pesquisa. 5 Resumo: A presente pesquisa busca analisar duas produções jornalísticas sobre o fenômeno recente da expansão do grupo paramilitar islâmico Daesh em um ‘Califado’, o chamado Estado Islâmico do Iraque e do Levante (EIIL). Diversas companhias de comunicação enviaram correspondentes e jornalistas que, através de notícias, buscaram manter seus espectadores conectados e informados sobre a guerra em andamento. Duas produções dentre o grande emaranhado de informações disponíveis na internet se destacam neste sentido: o documentário The Islamic State (2014), produzido pela companhia norte- americana de notícias Vice, e a revista Dabiq (2014-2016) realizada e produzida pelo próprio EIIL. Ancorada nos estudos perante fontes audiovisuais e jornalísticas, a pesquisa visa ir ao encontro da ‘História do Presente’ abordando questões voltadas à construção midiática do EIIL de maneira a discutir as nuances, aproximações e distanciamentos das produções em foco. Palavras-chave: Estado Islâmico do Iraque e do Levante, Representação, Guerra, Identidade, História do tempo presente. 6 Abstract: This research aims to analyze two journalistic productions regarding to the recent phenomena that led to the expansion of the paramilitary group Daesh into a 'Caliphate', the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Several media companies sent correspondents and journalists who, through news, sought to keep their viewers connected and informed about the ongoing war. Two productions among the great tangle of information available on the internet stand out in this matter: the documentary The Islamic State (2014), produced by the American news company Vice, and the magazine Dabiq (2014-2016) produced by the ISIS itself. Tied with the studies of audiovisual, journalistic and recent sources, the research seeks to follow the 'History of the Present', addressing issues focused on the media construction of EIIL in order to discuss the nuances, approximations and distancing of both productions in focus. Keywords: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Representation, War, Identity, History of the present. 7 Sumário de imagens: Imagem 01 - Gráfico sobre os números de usuários conectados em rede a partir de 1993. Cada ano, neste levantamento, é contado no dia 01 de julho. ........................................ 20 Imagem 02 - Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 01:00) – Um combatente do EIIL atira em um alvo aéreo enquanto outro filma a ação. ..................................................... 32 Imagem 03 - Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 05:23) – Dois combatentes do EIIL atiram na posição do ‘17º Batalhão sírio’. ............................................................. 33 Imagem 04 - Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 05:33) – Assim que os soldados sírios retornam fogo, os dois combatentes do EIIL rapidamente voltam para a trincheira. ........................................................................................................................................ 34 Imagem 05 - Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 01:47) – Imagens da passeata militar do EIIL: foco em um míssil balístico de grande porte. ....................................... 47 Imagem 06 - Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 01:50) – Imagens da passeata militar do EIIL: foco em um veículo blindado. .............................................................. 47 Imagem 07 - Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 06:34) – Imagens de corpos dos soldados sírios expostos em praça pública. .................................................................... 50 Imagem 08 - Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 11:59) – Pai e filho conversam, Abdullah (filho) olha desconfiado para Medyan Dairieh. .............................................. 55 Imagem 09 - Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 12:19) – Com grande emoção, Abdullah Al-Belgian (pai) direciona a palavra à câmera e ao espectador. ..................... 56 Imagem 10 – Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 33:48) – Dentro de um centro de recrutamento do EIIL, um adolescente se dirige à câmera. ....................................... 57 Imagem 11 – Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 15:10) – Homem segura estandarte com a bandeira do EIIL no meio a uma comemoração da consolidação do ‘Califado’. ....................................................................................................................... 59 Imagem 12 – Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 17:56) – Filmagem das ruas de Raqqa em que o EIIL pintou seu símbolo e bandeira em uma construção. .................... 62 Imagem 13 – Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 18:26) – Carro do Hisbah. Tradução: “desfrute do ‘bom’ e proíba o ‘mal’”. ........................................................... 64 Imagem 14 – Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 30:43) – O juiz Abu Abdula procura mostrar alternativas para aqueles que não são muçulmanos. ............................ 71 Imagem 15 – Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 33:25) – Combatentes cantando uma música contra os EUA. ........................................................................................... 73 Imagem 16 – Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 36:07) – Representação do território controlado pelo EIIL, em cor vermelha, feito pela própria Vice. ................... 74 8 Imagem 17 – Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 36:57) – Momento, no documentário, em que o EIIL sugere a eliminação da fronteira Iraque-Síria. ................ 75 Imagem 18 – Mapa representativo do acordo Sykes-Picot de 2016 feito pela Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. ....................................................................................... 76 Imagem 19 – Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 41:30) – Abu Laith Al Jarzerwe e outros dois combatentes falam diretamente para a câmera.......................................... 79 Imagem 20 – Captura de cena do documentário (tempo: 40:57) – Imagem que corresponde à visão de um operador norte-americano têm ao pilotar um drone ............ 82 Imagem 21 – Gráfico sobre os ataques realizados pela coalizão encabeçada pelos EUA contra as posições do EIIL no Iraque (azul) e na Síria (vermelho) de agosto de 2014 a setembro de 2017 ............................................................................................................ 83 Imagem 22 – Gráfico comparativo sobre mortes causadas pelos ataques aéreos feitos pela coalizão liderada pelos EUA versus mortes confirmadas pelos militares. ..................... 84 Imagem 23 – Mapeamento da rede de comunicação do EIIL feito por Winter (2017). Estão listados cada “centro midiático” e organizados de acordo com seu país/área de atuação. ........................................................................................................................... 89 Imagem 24 – DABIQ, v.06, 2014, p.02; DABIQ, v.07, 2015, p.02; e DABIQ, v.14, p.02. ........................................................................................................................................ 92 Imagem 25 – Quadro feito pelo pesquisador com a relação entre volume, título, data de lançamento, número de sessões e páginas dos quinze
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