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Islamist Mass Movements, External Actors and Political Change in the Arab World

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Islamist Mass Movements, External Actors and Political Change in the Arab World Recent electoral successes of Islamist movements in the Arab world have stimulated a broad political and academic debate that revolves around how democracy can and will develop in the region. To understand the role that Islamist movements have or can have on their political contexts and to evaluate Western policies towards them, it is necessary to start from a non-ideological and non- Western-centred analysis of the ongoing structural changes in these Islamist countries, prioritizing to empirical data collection over normative Islamist Mass Movements, External ChangeIslamist andin Political the Arab Actors Mass World Movements, schemes. Mass Movements, Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale, International IDEA and Istituto Affari Internazionali jointly implemented a research project on this topic. The report includes case studies on Islamist External Actors movements and parties in Egypt, Morocco, Palestine and Lebanon. Carried out by different researchers, it offers an in-depth analysis of the structures of such movements, particularly of the and Political Change socio-economic interests they represent and of the mobilisation and political participation strategies they have adopted. in the Arab World Centro Studi di Politica International IDEA Istituto Affari Internazionale Internazionali Via d’Aracoeli 11 Strömsborg Via Angelo Brunetti 9 00186 Rome SE-103 34 Stockholm 00186 Rome Italy Sweden Italy Tel: +39 06 699 06 30 Tel: +46 8 698 37 00 Tel: +39 06 322 43 60 Fax: +39 06 678 41 04 Fax: +46 8 20 24 22 Fax: +39 06 322 43 63 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.cespi.it Website: http://www.idea.int Website: http://www.iai.it isbn: 978-91-85724-80-2 Islamist Mass Movements, External Actors and Political Change in the Arab World Islamist Mass Movements, External Actors and Political Change in the Arab World A research report by Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale (CeSPI), the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) and Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Contributors Tawfiq Aclimandos, Rosa Balfour, Nathan Brown, Battistina Cugusi, Philippe Droz-Vincent, Khaled Hroub, Miquel Pellicer, Daniela Pioppi, Eva Wegner © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2010 © Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale 2010 © Istituto Affari Internazionali 2010 Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale and Istituto Affari Internazionali, or their respective executive boards, governing bodies, and/or member states. This report is independent of specific national or political interests. Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of this publication should be made to: International IDEA SE -103 34 Stockholm Sweden Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale Via d’Aracoeli 11 00186 Rome Italy Istituto Affari Internazionali Via Angelo Brunetti 9 00186 Rome Italy Graphic design by: Bulls Graphics, Sweden Printed by: Bulls Graphics, Sweden ISBN: 978-91-85724-80-2 Preface Over the past few decades the role of Islamist movements and parties in the internal political life and foreign relations of Middle Eastern and Northern African countries has attracted increasing attention from policymakers, scholars and experts. Historically, Islamist movements developed out of a long and complex political, philosophical and cultural tradition, advocating a return to the true spirit of Islam. Some of these movements have deep historical roots dating back to the beginning of the 20th century, which have a basis in a reaction to colonial cultural, social and political influences. Islamism has acquired renewed support in the past two decades, as a reaction to the political crisis in the region and some aspects of relations between the region and the rest of the world. In a way, Islamism has replaced nationalism and socialism as a mass ideology of the 21st century. International public opinion towards Islamist movements and parties has been influenced by dramatic events such as the terrorist attacks on the United States of 11 September 2001. These have tended to overshadow the fact that many Islamists pursue their goals through peaceful political activity. Islamist movements and parties have demonstrated the ability to develop effective political strategies, elaborate platforms for action with popular appeal and set up efficient organizational structures designed both for political and social work, thereby mobilizing large constituencies. The growing support that such movements are attracting is apparent from the impact they have on social customs in many countries, halting and reversing trends towards secularism and changing the way large sections of the population dress and behave. In most countries of the region, Islamist movements represent the only viable opposition to existing authoritarian regimes. Their vast popular support makes it important to study the attitudes of such movements to national institutions and the international system, as well as the extent to which their 5 policy has been influenced by external actors – principally the USA and the European Union (EU). Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale (CeSPI), International IDEA and Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI), with the generous support of the Italian Government, Fondazione Monte dei Paschi di Siena and the German Marshall Fund of the United States, joined in a research effort to provide an overview of the strategies and policies of Islamist movements in the internal and external political life of their respective countries. The research was articulated in case studies in selected countries with different political and economic, internal and external situations, providing an opportunity to study how Islamist movements and parties react to different internal scenarios. The Islamist movements in this study have different historical origins and cultural and social backgrounds, but all have wide support among the population, which makes them important players in their respective countries and beyond. As international relations research institutes, CeSPI and IAI focused more on the role of Islamist movements in the complex international situation of the region and on the policies of the main external actors, the USA and the EU, towards such movements. International IDEA’s mission is to support democracy worldwide, and consequently its interest has been to identify how Islamist movements relate to democracy and the role they can play in a process of democratic reform. Their vast popular support means that Islamist movements have a crucial role to play in the political life of their countries, and potentially in any process conducive to building democracy. José Luis Rhi-Sausi Vidar Helgesen Ettore Greco Director Secretary General Director CeSPI International IDEA IAI 6 Acknowledgments We are very grateful to the Italian Government, the Fondazione Monte dei Paschi di Siena, the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung and the German Marshall Fund of the United States for providing the funding that made the ambitious project of which this book is the outcome possible. Additional thanks are due to the members of the Steering Committee, Abdalla Hamdok and Marina Romualdi Vaccari of International IDEA, Rosa Balfour, Ferruccio Pastore and Battistina Cugusi of CeSPI, and Roberto Aliboni and Daniela Pioppi of IAI, who have managed and shepherded the project through from start to finish. Thanks are also due to Andrew Mash for his professional input in editing and proofreading this publication, to David Ashton for translating chapter 2 and to Lisa Hagman, International IDEA’s Publications Officer, for ensuring the smooth production of the book on behalf of the Communications Team. Last but not least, we acknowledge with gratitude and appreciation the key role of the country case study authors in bringing this project to fruition. 7 Contents Abbreviations and acronyms ................................................................... 10 Introduction Rosa Balfour and Daniela Pioppi ............................................................... 13 1. Hitting the glass ceiling: The trajectory of the Moroccan Party of Justice and Development Eva Wegner and Miquel Pellicer ............................................................... 23 2. The Muslim Brotherhood and political change in Egypt Tawfiq Aclimandos .................................................................................... 51 3. Anatomy of a political party: Hezbollah – sectarian upshot or actor of change? Daniela Pioppi ............................................................................................ 69 4. Palestinian Islamism: Conflating national liberation and socio-political change Khaled Hroub ............................................................................................. 91 5. Principled or stubborn? Western policy towards Hamas Nathan Brown ........................................................................................... 111 6. Learning by doing: US policies towards the Islamist movements in Morocco, Egypt and Lebanon Philippe Droz-Vincent .............................................................................. 135 7. EU policy and Islamist movements: Constructive ambiguities or alibis? Rosa Balfour and Battistina Cugusi ....................................................... 169 Conclusions Rosa Balfour and Daniela Pioppi ..........................................................
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