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The U Nderground Railro Ad : N Ew Bedford

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The U Nderground Railro Ad : N Ew Bedford A Near Approach to Freedom Passageway to Freedom After a sojourn of a day or two They had come to the city by the than twenty thousand are Second, the city was an active Finally, the city was home to This brochure takes visitors on I waited until the captain went in Philadelphia, Samuel and his Underground Railroad, neither believed to have made their way part of an extensive coastal a large population of color. In a tour of sites related to the down below to dress for going companions left for New Bed- “underground” nor a “railroad” into Canada. trading system. New Bedford 1850 people of color were 6.3 Underground Railroad in and ashore, and then I made a dash for around New Bedford Whaling ford. Canada was named to but rather a loose network of merchant vessels carried oil, percent of the city’s population, liberty . when the ship tied assistance to persons escaping New Bedford was attractive to whalebone, apples, hats, shoes, a greater proportion than pre- National Historical Park. Though up at the wharf at the foot of them as the safest place for all some buildings and streets have American slavery. This network African Americans for four main and other food and factory vailed in Boston, New York City, Union Street . I was over Refugees; but it was in vain to long since disappeared from the was “underground” only in a reasons. First, whaling, the third products to southern ports and and Philadelphia. Between 1850 the edge and in the midst of an attempt to convince “Sam” that landscape, they remain signifi- figurative sense. The activities of most profitable industry in the West Indies and returned and 1855, the threat of capture excited crowd. “A fugitive, a Canada or any other place on cant in public and private record fugitive,” was the cry as I sprung runaways and those who aided Massachusetts at midcentury, with cotton, flour, rice, beef, after the Fugitive Slave Act and in memory. this Continent, was quite equal them were kept as secret as pos- had made the city both wealthy pork, and naval stores (lumber, passed impelled many African ashore . Had never heard the to New Bedford. sible, and this very secrecy has and in constant need of labor at turpentine, pitch, and tar). Fugi- Americans once held in bondage word “fugitive” before and was pretty well scared out of my wits. made it difficult to estimate pre- a time when the less hazardous tive slave narratives document to flee to Canada, which dimin- – William Still, The Underground But a slave had little to fear in Railroad (1871) cisely how many southern slaves and possibly better paying work that runaways took advantage ished the black populations of a New Bedford crowd in slavery escaped to the North and to factories offered—exclusively to of this commercial network. many northern cities. Yet the days . they stood aside and let When Samuel Nixon escaped Canada between the 1780s and white men and women—had Often aided by crew members number of people of color me pass. UM from slavery to New Bedford, the Civil War. Surely they num- begun to draw workers away and dock workers of both races, in New Bedford actually rose E US Massachusetts, in the early bered in the tens of thousands. from whaling ships and wharves. they stowed away amid ships’ between these years, as did their M Having escaped from Maryland ING summer of 1855, he took the In the 1850s alone, when the The maritime trades had histori- cargoes; sometimes sympathetic share of total city population, L early in 1842, John W. Thompson HA name Thomas Bayne and found passage of the Fugitive Slave cally been more welcoming to vessel captains brought them from 6.3 to 7.5 percent. And W came to New Bedford after lack New Bedford Whaling New Bedford National Historical Park Massachusetts National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Act gave federal sanction to black participation than other north. Many, like Frederick fully 30 percent of New of maritime experience kept him “many old friends” from his DFORD southern slave owners’ efforts endeavors, and whaling may Douglass, traveled over both Bedford’s people of African BE from securing a berth on a New native Norfolk, Virginia, already W living in the small but bustling to retrieve escaped slaves, more have been the most open of all. land and water to New Bedford, descent in 1850 were born in NE York City merchant vessel. “I was SY port city. By that time New while others, like Joseph M. the South, compared to only E advised to go to New Bedford, where green hands were more Bedford was considered “one of Smith, traveled entirely by vessel 15 percent of New York’s black court wanted,” he wrote. Upon his to the port. population and 16 percent of New Bedford waterfront the greatest assylums [sic] of arrival he came to these wharves Boston’s at the time. the fugitives,” as whaling mer- to sign on as steward of the chant Charles W. Morgan put it. Third was New Bedford’s “lib- 1 State Pier whaler Milwood, which left For fugitives like him, Virginian eral spirit,” as U.S. Senator This African American commu- You stand now on what was New Bedford that June. At sea George Teamoh wrote, the city Charles Sumner called it. nity was active in antislavery once George Howland’s and later Thompson confessed to the was “our magnet of attraction.” Quakers, who controlled the reform since at least the 1820s. Merchants’ Wharf, one of more vessel’s captain: than twenty slips and wharves in city’s political and economic life When Frederick Douglass arrived New Bedford in the late 1840s. into the 1820s, had taken in 1838 he found New Bedford’s I am a fugitive slave from People who claimed to know Both whaling and coasting vessels an early stand against oppres- people of color “much more Maryland, and have a family something of the Underground were repaired and outfitted for sion and any form of forcible spirited than I had supposed in Philadelphia; but fearing to Railroad’s operation at the time their voyages at these wharves. remain there any longer, I thought estimated that from three hun- resistance, an inclination that they would be. I found among Here those who escaped slavery dred to seven hundred fugitives remained strong among a sig- them a determination to protect on coasting vessels first set foot I would go on a whaling voyage, lived in New Bedford between nificant group of the city’s anti- each other from the blood- on free soil. And fugitives who as being the place where I stood the mid-1840s and 1860. In a slavery leaders until the Civil thirsty kidnapper, at all haz- came to labor-hungry New Bed- least chance of being arrested by Born in Richmond, Virginia, per- city whose official population of War. Though some early ards.” In 1855 he wrote: ford stepped from these wharves slave hunters. haps into slavery, Lewis Temple color hovered around one thou- Quakers had held slaves, onto whaling vessels. At sea from had settled in New Bedford by , PA Such a motive may have inspired R No colored man is really free sixteen to sixty months, they 1829. He was a vice president sand persons, the number of E individual Quakers, and many ST others who escaped slavery, E in a slaveholding state. He virtually assured themselves that of New Bedford Union Society, fugitive slaves in New Bedford H Unitarians who had once been C but only a handful have been ST wears the badge of bondage they would not be pursued and an anti-slavery society formed by was large even by the more Quakers, were among the city’s identified among whaling crews , WE returned to slavery. people of color in 1833. The toggle TY staunchest abolitionists. while nominally free, and conservative estimate. E to date. harpoon he invented in 1848 vastly OCI is often subjected to hard- L S In 1911, on his one hundredth ships to which the slave is increased the efficiency of the birthday, Joseph M. Smith told a whale hunt. When fugitive Henry ISTORICA a stranger; but here in New local reporter that he had escaped LEFT: An engraving in Life and Times H “Box” Brown came to New Bedford Bedford, it was my good for- from North Carolina on a lumber of Frederick Douglass (1881). Douglass’s in 1849 he found “many friends third autobiography, depicts his and OUNTY C tune to see a pretty near vessel to New Bedford about 1830: R his new wife’s encounter with New E here who former[ly] lived in Rich- ST Bedford’s Joseph Ricketson and William E approach to freedom on the H mond,” no doubt including Temple C. Taber in Newport, Rhode Island, after C SY part of the colored people. OBSON E and William Henry Johnson, who his escape from slavery. R ourt escaped from a plantation near OHN J RIGHT: Frederick Douglass, ca. 1848. C The Underground The Bedford New Railroad: Richmond in 1833. Passageway to Freedom Underground Railroad/New Bedford Map and Guide Sydney Howard Gay on March 30, 1849. Ricketson housed a male runaway at the time and in1851 wrote a friend about “the Slave UM E woman & child consigned to me.” MUS Library How many fugitives from slavery IC L ING L Ricketson may have housed is UB WHA dartmouth EE P unknown, but his involvement in R F TTS E the Underground Railroad is the DFORD E B DFORD best documented of any of the W BE E N city’s white abolitionists.
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