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Mineral Deposits of Europe

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Mineral Deposits of Europe Mineral deposits of Europe Volume 1: Northwest Europe Edited by S. H. U. Bowie, A. Kvalheim and H. W. Haslam Non-metallic minerals editor A. J. G. Notholt Production editor M. J. Jones The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy The Mineralogical Society Contents Preface v Haveri gold-copper deposit 65 Kotalahti nickel belt 65 Steering Committee ..... vii Kotalahti nickel deposit .... 67 Makola and Hitura nickel deposits 70 Introduction by F. M. Yokes .... 1 Ahlainen-Kylmakoski nickel belt 72 Vammala (Stormi) nickel deposit 72 Geological framework .... 1 Kylmakoski nickel deposit 72 Metallogenic provinces and epochs . 3 Other sulphide deposits .... 73 Precambrian metallogeny ... 3 Hallinmaki copper deposit (Virtasalmi Phanerozoic metallogeny ... 7 mine) ...... 73 Economic importance of mineral production Korsnas lead deposit .... 75 of the region . 11 Matasvaara molybdenum deposit 76 Metal production 11 Chromite deposits ..... 77 Non-metallic mineral production . 13 Kemi ....... 77 Review of economic mineral deposits of the Iron-vanadium deposits .... 79 region ....... 15 Iron ore deposits in Finland 79 Iron 15 Otanmaki ilmenite-magnetite deposit 80 Manganese 19 Mustavaara deposit .... 82 Titanium 20 Magnetite deposits in northern Finland 82 Ferro-alloy metals . 21 Misi region ...... 82 Non-ferrous metals .... 25 Rautuvaara iron deposit .... 83 Miscellaneous metals .... 32 Uranium deposits ..... 83 Non-metallic minerals .... 33 Paukkajanvaara deposit .... 83 Non-metallic mineral deposits 84 Finland by Pauli Isokangas .... 39 Paakkila anthophyllite-asbestos deposit 84 Introduction ...... 39 Lahnaslampi soapstone (talc) deposit. 84 The mining industry .... 39 Kemio pegmatites .... 85 Metallogenic provinces .... 41 Haapaluoma pegmatite .... 86 North Karelia copper district ... 43 Nilsia quartzite deposit .... 87 Introduction ..... 43 Sokli apatite deposit .... 87 Main geological features .... 43 lhalainen wollastonite deposit . 89 The Outokumpu association ... 46 Siilinjarvi apatite deposit. 89 Outokumpu copper deposit ... 47 Placer gold deposits in Lapland . 90 Vuonos deposit ..... 48 Luikonlahti copper deposit ... 49 Sweden by E. Grip ..... 93 Hammaslahti copper deposit ... 50 Origin of the deposits .... 52 Introduction ...... 93 Vihanti-Pyhasalmi zinc belt ... 53 History of prospecting .... 95 Vihanti zinc deposit .... 54 Central Sweden (Bergslagen) 97 Pyhasalmi sulphide deposit ... 58 Geological setting .... 97 Orijarvi-Aijala ore belt . 61 History of mining activity 100 Main geological features . 61 Ore deposits ...... 100 Orijarvi copper-zinc deposit ... 62 Western Ludvika district 104 Aijala and Metsamonttu copper-zinc Eastern Ludvika district .... 108 deposits ...... 62 Ljusnarsberg district .... 110 Tampere schist belt 63 Nora-Strassa-Riddarhyttan-Norberg belt 113 Ylojarvi copper-tungsten deposit . 64 Filipstad district ..... 120 ix X Contents Contents xi Falun-Garpenberg-Sala sulphide belt 122 Introduction . .199 Iron ....... 256 Deposits formed during Jurassic to Pleistocene Northeastern district . .130 Maj or tectonic and metallogenetic provinces 199 Chromium ...... 257 sedimentation 306 Southern district 132 Mineral deposits in the Precambrian of Lead and zinc ..... 257 Epigenetic deposits . .313 Non-metallic minerals . .135 northern Norway ..... 202 Molybdenum . ' . 258 South Sweden 138 Sydvaranger quartz-banded iron ore Cryolite ...... Ireland by C.E.Williams and P. McArdle . 319 Southeastern Sweden .... 139 deposits 203 Other non-metallic minerals Hyper ite zone . .140 Raipas windows ..... 206 Uranium and other elements in the Ili- Introduction . .319 Southwestern Sweden . .141 Finnmarksvidda ..... 208 maussaq intrusion .... 259 Orthotectonic (metamorphic) Caledonides . 321 Non-metallic minerals . .141 Lofoten Islands 210 Paratectonic (slate-belt) Caledonides . 322 Central Norrland 143 Mineral deposits in the Precambrian of Avoca ....... 322 United Kingdom by Kingsley Dunham, K. E. Metalliferous minerals . .143 southern Norway . .212 Mineralization associated with Caledonian Beer, R. A. Ellis, M. J. Gallagher, M. J. C. Non-metallic minerals . .144 Northwestern gneiss complex . 212 granites . , . .325 Nutt and B. C. Webb .... Skellefte district 144 Kongsberg-Bamble Complex . 213 Old Red Sandstone . .326 Geological setting . .144 Ilmenite deposits of Egersund anorthosite Tectonics, sedimentation, metallogeny . 263 Lower Carboniferous limestones . 328 History of development . .146 province ...... 217 Mineral deposits in the Caledonides 266 Navan 329 Bolidenarea . .148 Nickel-copper deposits in norites and peri- Pre-orogenic deposits in the metamorphic Tynagh 331 Renstromarea . .152 dotites 220 Caledonides ..... 266 Silvermines 333 Petiktrask area . .153 Molybdenum deposits of Rogaland and Pre-orogenic deposits formed during Lower Gortdrum ...... 336 Menstrask-Elvabergetanticlinorium . 153 Vestagder 222 Palaeozoic sedimentation 266 Ballinalack 338 Malanaset anticlinorium . .154 Telemark-Setesdal copper sulphide prov• Deposits linked with Caledonian magmatism 269 Mallow 339 Kedtrask anticlinorium . .155 ince 224 Late and post-orogenic deposits 270 Abbeytown 339 Naslidendome 156 Quartz and feldspar deposits in granite peg• Mineral deposits in the post-Caledonian, Ballyvergin 340 Vindelgransele and Kristineberg anti- matites 226 pre-Variscan cover . 280 Keel 341 clinoria 157 Fen carbonatite complex . 226 Deposits in the Old Red Sandstone . 280 Aherlow 341 Adakdome 159 Mineral deposits in the Caledonides . 227 Deposits formed during Carboniferous Genesis ofthe sulphide deposits . 341 Nickel deposits . .161 Eocambrian lead belt .... 227 sedimentation ..... 280 Upper Carboniferous and later formations . 343 Gold-arsenic veins. .161 Strata-bound copper-zinc-iron sulphide Epigenetic deposits in the Carboniferous . 281 Iron deposits 343 Non-metallic minerals . .162 deposits 228 Mineral deposits in the Variscides 290 Phosphates 343 Norrbotten 163 Strata-bound lead-zinc-copper-iron sul• Pre-orogenic deposits .... 290 Kingscourt gypsum deposit . 343 Geological setting . .163 phide deposits ..... 236 Deposits linked with Armorican magmatism 292 Conclusion 343 Prospecting and mining activity . 165 Fissure vein deposits of copper, lead, zinc, Mineral deposits in post-Variscan cover 301 Iron ore deposits—introduction . 166 silver and gold 238 Deposits formed during Permian and Tri- Name index 347 Apatite-bearing iron ore deposits (Kiruna Sedimentary magnetite-hematite deposits 239 assic sedimentation .... 301 Subject index 350 type) 166 Nickel-copper deposits .... 242 Skarn iron ore deposits . .173 Chromite deposits 242 Banded quartz-rich iron ore deposits . 176 Other mineral deposits .... 242 Titaniferous iron ore deposits . .177 Mineral deposits of Permian age . 243 Manganese deposits . .177 Mineral deposits within igneous rocks . 243 Sulphide deposits 178 Contact metasomatic deposits . 244 Uranium ...... 184 Vein deposits in Precambrian areas . 245 Non-metallic minerals . .184 Metal resources and production statistics for The Caledonides and other Lower Palaeozoic metallic and non-metallic minerals . 246 rocks 185 Geology ofthe Swedish Caledonides . 185 Denmark and Greenland by Henning Sorensen, Prospecting and mining activity . 186 Bjarne Leth Nielsen and Fritz Lyngsie Strata-bound lead deposits of the Cale• Jacobsen .251 donian Front . .186 Lead-bearing veins in the Caledonides . 191 Denmark 251 Boda lead-zinc veins . .191 Introduction . .251 Lead deposits in sediments of the Cam• Kaolin and other refined clays . .251 brian Baltic Sea . .191 Moler and diatomaceous earth . .251 Inner Caledonian sulphide province . 192 Potash 252 Chromium, nickel and cobalt . 195 Rock salt 253 Uranium ...... 195 Bromine ...... 254 Non-metallic minerals . .195 Iron and manganese .... 254 Phosphate rock . 255 Greenland 255 Norway by J. A. W. Bugge . .199 Introduction ..... 255 .
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