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PSE 81 Waugh Only.Pmd Post-16 Educator 81 IWCE 19 Women who shaped ‘Marxism’ We print here an article based on a talk given by Colin Waugh at the Independent Working-Class Education Network seminar on ‘Women Making History’, held at Unite House, London on 19th September 2015. ince we produced the pamphlet ‘Plebs’: The One good reason to make reference to these Lost Legacy of Independent Working-Class things is to counteract WEA mythology about the SEducation in early 2009, I have given a talk extent of male domination in the NCLC. This is part about the Plebs League between 40 and 50 times in of their attempts to portray the WEA as open- many parts of mainland Britain to a variety of minded and discussion-centred, and the NCLC as audiences. The most frequently asked question at the opposite of this. these sessions has been: ‘What role did women Photos (as for example in Lawrence Goldman’s play in the Plebs League, Central Labour College book Dons and Workers) of the Oxford University (CLC) and National Council of Labour Colleges Extension Delegacy summer meetings – that is, the (NCLC)? meetings of the body which in reality set up the so- I have developed an answer to this question which called Workers’ Education Association – do indeed refers to: show that women were the majority in that. If you • Amne Vrooman’s legacy which was used to put these photos alongside pictures of the students set up Ruskin College; at Ruskin College in the crucial period up to 1909 you will, of course, be struck by the fact that there • Mary Bridges Adams’s promotion of the Plebs were no women at Ruskin. However, it’s arguable League from the summer of 1909; • that this tells us more about the class basis of the debate in early issues of Plebs Magazine these two groups than about sexism on the part of about the need to involve women in the IWCE the NCLC. [Because middle-class women, excluded movement; from Oxford and Cambridge Universities, tended to • the Bebel House women’s college in Earls seek higher education through the Extension Court; movement. CW] • the fact that the Plebs League was sustained Lastly there is a picture on the IWCEN website through WW1 and after by a small group in which which seems to confirm the WEA story of Plebs Winifred Horrabin, Kath Starr and Cedar Paul were League sexism - that is, the picture of a lot of men key members; in suits that appears every time you log on to it. But • Christine Millar’s conduct of the NCLC’s I have recently discovered that this picture in fact correspondence department from 1921 to 1964; shows a WETUC (Workers’ Educational Trade Union Committee) – that is, a WEA - class, not an • Daisy Warwick’s involvement in the Eaton NCLC one. Lodge scheme in 1925 [ie the attempt to reunite the However, I also think that there is a problem with strands of workers’ education CW]; • going through any aspect of labour and socialist Ellen Wilkinson’s role in the 1920s and 30s; history and ‘celebrating’ what women did in that • articles by Freda Utley in Plebs Magazine. field. It’s like saying: ‘Isn’t it amazing that women 20 IWCE Post-16 Educator 81 could do these things?’ I feel that we should rather weight, and that is Helen MacFarlane. Like Jenny ask: is it true that socialist ideas and actions have Marx, and almost certainly more so, Helen been made mainly by men? If it is true, why has this MacFarlane was knowledgeable about Hegelian been the case, and how can we alter it now? Or, if philosophy. She did the first English translation of it’s not true, why do we know so little, relatively, the Manifesto of the Communist Party (published in about what women thought and did, and how can we three parts in George Julian Harney’s paper The Red straighten this out now? Republican in 1850). MacFarlane lived mainly in With this in mind, I would like to quote a letter Burnley. There’s every reason to think she had a from Marx to Engels, written in December 1850. The good sense of the industrial proletariat that existed letter tells Engels (who was in Manchester) about a in Lancashire, and which the Communist Manifesto visit to an event in London involving the Chartist is largely focused on – that is, the proletariat which leader Ernest Jones, as follows: ‘Yesterday we went included Mary Burns. As well as a Hegelian theorist, to the first of Ernest Jones’s lectures on the history she was a revolutionary socialist who was present in of the popes. The lecture was excellent and, for the Vienna in 1848, and a Chartist activist who also English, advanced; for us Germans, who have run wrote articles both under her own name and as the gauntlet of Hegel, Feuerbach, etc, it was not ‘Howard Morton’. Karl and Jenny Marx knew her, quite “up to the level”. .’ What, then, has this got to and Karl described her thinking/writing as ‘rare’ and do with the issue we’re focusing on at this meeting? ‘original’. The point is that the Marx who wrote this was not We see then that there is good reason to see Karl, but his wife, Jenny – formerly Jenny Von ‘Marxism’ as in part the production of these three Westphalen. This quote, then, tells us that Jenny women. But just as there is an area of Jenny Marx’s Marx was not less clued up to German philosophical life that we mostly don’t know about, so there are theory, dialectics and so on than her husband or such areas in the lives of the other two. For Frederick Engels – and that she almost certainly example, it’s not even certain whether Mary Burns conversed with them about it. It may be that there was working for Ermen and Engels [Engel’s family are biographies of Karl Marx that take account of firm CW] when she and Frederick Engels met, or this, but if so, I haven’t seen one up to now. They whether she by that time was no longer a factory nearly always portray, on the one hand, Marx doing worker at all. Equally, with Helen MacFarlane, it’s his thinking, writing, organising etc and, on the not really certain why she dropped out of her high- other, Jenny (with Helene Demuth) looking after the profile political activity (which she did a long time household budget, the children and so on. Obviously before her death in 1860). that is what happened. But this quote suggests it Given such uncertainty about these three, may not be the whole story. In other words, relatively well-known, women, how much greater is biographies of Karl Marx should consider the extent the uncertainty about the vast number of women to which he and Jenny Marx discussed Hegelian who were at that time textile workers, Chartists and philosophy and the like, and what influence, then, so on in Lancashire, the Potteries and other she may have had on his thought. working-class heartlands – in short, right at the It’s much easier for historians to find out about centre of the world industrial working class in the the middle- (if not upper-) class Jenny Marx than it is 1840s? (I will just point out here that whereas the for them to find out about Engels’s partner Mary most familiar translation of the Communist Burns, the non-literate former child labourer. Manifesto ends by calling on ‘working men of all Nevertheless, I think there’s probably been more countries’ to unite, the word used in the original debate about how Mary Burns may have contributed German – that is, in 1848 - would translate as to Engels’s The Condition of the Working Class in ‘proletarians’.) But these other women too in a England than about whether Karl and Jenny Marx sense created what we usually call ‘Marxism’. discussed philosophy. Such debate is definitely The IWCEN should try to investigate this and justified, not least because Engels’s relation with similar issues. It should try to draw in academic and Mary Burns began at a key moment (that is, soon non-academic history researchers who can start to after his arrival in Manchester in November 1842, recover this lost past. And it should develop hence within three months of the so-called ‘Plug Plot channels of its own – that is, channels independent Riots’, the embryonic general strike). We can be of academic and other mainstream gatekeepers - for pretty sure that Mary made a major contribution to telling present-day activists about their findings. Engels’s book, and therefore, also to the Communist Manifesto and to ‘Marxism’ in general. There is also a third woman whose contribution to the creation of ‘Marxism’ should be given more.
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