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Effet De La Succession Temporelle Des Ressources Végétales

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Effet De La Succession Temporelle Des Ressources Végétales Effet de la succession temporelle des ressources végétales à l’échelle des paysages sur les communautés de drosophiles : Cas d’étude en agrosystème viticole suite à l’invasion par Drosophila suzukii Lionel Delbac To cite this version: Lionel Delbac. Effet de la succession temporelle des ressources végétales à l’échelle des paysages sur les communautés de drosophiles : Cas d’étude en agrosystème viticole suite à l’invasion par Drosophila suzukii. Biodiversité et Ecologie. Université de Bordeaux, 2020. Français. NNT : 2020BORD0261. tel-03156134 HAL Id: tel-03156134 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03156134 Submitted on 2 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE 304 Sciences et Environnements SPÉCIALITÉ Ecologie évolutive, fonctionnelle et des communautés Par Lionel DELBAC Effet de la succession temporelle des ressources végétales à l’échelle des paysages sur les communautés de drosophiles. Cas d’étude en agrosystème viticole suite à l'invasion par Drosophila suzukii Sous la direction de : Denis THIERY (Directeur de thèse) (Co-encadrant : Adrien RUSCH) Soutenue le 14/12/2020 Membres du jury : Mme GIBERT, Patricia, Directrice de Recherches, CNRS Lyon Présidente & Rapportrice M. BREVAULT, Thierry, Chargé de Recherches, CIRAD Montpellier/Dakar Rapporteur Mme PITHON-RIVALLAIN, Joséphine, Maître de Conférence, ESA Angers Examinatrice M. THIERY, Denis, Directeur de recherches, INRAE Bordeaux Examinateur M. BARBARO, Luc, Chargé de Recherches, INRAE Toulouse Invité M. RUSCH, Adrien, Chargé de Recherches, INRAE Bordeaux Invité Titre : Effet de la succession temporelle des ressources végétales à l’échelle des paysages sur les communautés de drosophiles. Cas d’étude en agrosystème viticole suite à l'invasion par Drosophila suzukii. Résumé : Drosophila suzukii est une espèce invasive, originaire d'Asie, qui a connu une expansion très rapide depuis son introduction en 2008 en Europe. Cette espèce pose de sérieux problèmes écologiques et agronomiques en s’attaquant à de nombreuses plantes hôtes non- cultivées ou cultivées comme le raisin. Elle est maintenant présente dans la communauté des Drosophilidae que l'on retrouve dans les paysages viticoles. Cette communauté de drosophiles reste largement méconnue et aucune étude n'a été réalisée jusqu'à présent pour la caractériser. Nous manquons également de données sur les effets de la fragmentation des ressources (sites d’hivernation, abris et ressources alimentaires), dans l’espace et dans le temps, sur les dynamiques de populations de D. suzukii dans l'agrosystème viticole. Pour répondre à toutes ces lacunes, nous avons mis en place une étude observationnelle reposant sur un réseau de vingt parcelles de vigne localisées dans le vignoble de Bordeaux le long de différents gradients de continuité spatiale des ressources. Nous avons cherché à évaluer 1) l'effet de la composition du paysage sur la structure de la communauté de Drosophilidae dans les paysages viticoles, 2) la dynamique temporelle de D. suzukii sur les différentes espèces de plantes hôtes sauvages présentes dans le paysage, et 3) l'effet de la distribution spatiale et temporelle des ressources alimentaires sur les niveaux de populations du ravageur. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que les abondances des différentes espèces de drosophiles retrouvées dans les vignes, et non leur richesse spécifique, dépendent positivement de la proportion d'habitats semi-naturels dans le paysage environnant. Nous avons mis en évidence une différentiation temporelle entre les deux espèces dominantes de cette communauté, Drosophila subobscura en hiver et D. suzukii en été et en automne. Par ailleurs, nous avons caractérisé la dynamique temporelle de D. suzukii sur cinq fruits de plantes hôtes présentent dans le paysage (gui, cerise, sureau noir, mûre sauvage et raisin) qui assurent une continuité temporelle des ressources alimentaires à l’échelle de l’année. Néanmoins, nos travaux montrent que la prise en compte de la distribution spatiale et temporelle de ces ressources alimentaires dans le paysage n’améliore pas les qualités prédictives du modèle statistique cherchant à prédire les niveaux de population de l'insecte sur la base de l’occupation des sols autour des parcelles viticoles. Ce travail a permis de démontrer qu'un ravageur invasif, qui intègre une communauté d'insectes natifs, peut s'implanter dans l'habitat sauvage en bordure de parcelles agricoles d'une région donnée en passant sur différentes ressources au cours de son cycle biologique avant de s'attaquer à la plante cultivée. Ces approches d'écologie du paysage représentent des leviers intéressants pour comprendre la dynamique des populations d'une nouvelle espèce invasive et permettre ainsi une éventuelle définition de zones favorables à son abondance. Mots clés : Drosophila suzukii ; Paysage ; Vigne ; Ecologie ; Dynamique de population Title : Effect of the temporal succession of plant resources at the landscape scale on drosophila communities. Case study in wine agrosystem following the invasion by Drosophila suzukii. Abstract : Drosophila suzukii is an invasive species, native to Asia, which has expanded very rapidly since its introduction in 2008 in Europe. This species poses serious ecological and agronomic problems by attacking the fruits of many non-cultivated or cultivated host plants such as grapes. It is now present in the Drosophilidae community found in wine-growing landscapes. This drosophila community remains largely unknown and no studies have been carried out so far to characterise it. We also lack data on the effects of resource fragmentation (wintering sites, shelter and food resources), in space and time, on the population dynamics of D. suzukii in the wine-growing agrosystem. To address all these shortcomings, we set up an observational study based on a network of twenty vineyard plots located in the Bordeaux vineyard along different gradients of spatial continuity of resources. We sought to assess 1) the effect of landscape composition on the structure of the Drosophilidae community in vineyard landscapes, 2) the temporal dynamics of D. suzukii on the fruits of different wild host plant species present in the landscape, and 3) the effect of the spatial and temporal distribution of food resources on the pest's population levels. In this work, we showed that the abundance of the different species of fruit flies found in vineyards, and not their species richness, is positively dependent on the proportion of semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape. We highlighted a temporal differentiation between the two dominant species of this community, Drosophila subobscura in winter and D. suzukii in summer and autumn. Furthermore, we characterised the temporal dynamics of D. suzukii on five fruits of host plants present in the landscape (mistletoe, cherry, black elder, wild blackberry and grape) which ensure temporal continuity of food resources on a year-round scale. Nevertheless, our work shows that taking into account the spatial and temporal distribution of these food resources in the landscape does not improve the predictive qualities of the statistical model seeking to predict the insect's population levels on the basis of land use around the vineyard plots. This work has demonstrated that an invasive pest, which integrates a native insect community, can establish itself in the wild habitat at the edge of agricultural plots in a given region by passing over different resources during its life cycle before attacking the cultivated plant. These landscape ecology approaches represent interesting levers for understanding the population dynamics of a new invasive species and thus enable the possible definition of areas favourable to its abundance. Keywords : Drosophila suzukii ; Landscape ; Grapevine ; Ecology ; Population dynamic UMR Santé et Agroécologie du VignoblE [SAVE, 1065, Centre INRAE Bordeaux Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon] Cette thèse a été financée par Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement. Elle a également reçu le soutien financier de l'Union Européenne dans le cadre du projet Interreg V Rhin supérieur "InvaProtect”, financée par le FEDER. Elle a été préparée au sein de l'UMR INRAE 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignoblE, Centre INRAE Bordeaux Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon. Tout a commencé un jour assis sur mon pot de peinture... REMERCIEMENTS Ce n'est pas facile de commencer des remerciements dans mon cas. En effet, après 27 ans (déjà d'INRA(E) !), c'est un tout qui m'a conduit à cette remise en cause intellectuelle. Certes, pour les étudiants qui sortent de Master2 recherche, c'est la voie normale. Moi, j'ai l'âge des parents de ces étudiants ! Replaçons dans le contexte donc. Je travaillais déjà dans l'unité où j'ai fait ma thèse. Notamment j'étais rattaché aux projets de recherche pilotés depuis quelques années par Denis Thiéry (Directeur de l'unité à l'époque et référent scientifique
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