Warlpiri: Theoretical Implications by Julie Anne Legate Honours B.A. York University (1995) M.A. University of Toronto (1997) Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY August 2002 °c Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2002 All rights reserved Author Department of Linguistics and Philosophy August 2002 Certified by Noam Chomsky Thesis Supervisor Certified by Sabine Iatridou Thesis Supervisor Accepted by Alec Marantz Chairman, Department of Linguistics Warlpiri: Theoretical Implications by Julie Anne Legate Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy August 2002 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract The issue of non-configurationality is fundamental in determining the possible range of variation in Universal Grammar. This dissertation investigates this issue in the context of Warlpiri, the prototypical non-configurational language. I argue that positing a macropa- rameter, a single parameter that distinguishes configurational languages from non-con- figurational, requires variation on a magnitude not permitted by Universal Grammar. After refuting in detail previous macroparametric approaches, I propose a microparametric anal- ysis: non-configurational languages are fully configurational and analysed through fine- grained parameters with independent motivation. I develop this approach for Warlpiri, partially on the basis of new data collected through work with Warlpiri consultants and analysis of Warlpiri texts. Beginning with A-syntax, I show that Warlpiri exhibits short-distance A-scrambling through binding and WCO data. I present an analysis of split ergativity in Warlpiri (ergative- /absolutive case-marking, nominative/accusative agreement), deriving the split from a dis- sociation of structural case and its morphological realization, and the inherent nature of ergative case, rather than from non-configurationality. Extending the analysis to applica- tive constructions in Warlpiri, I identify both symmetric and asymmetric applicatives. I argue that the principled distinctions between them are explained structurally rather than lexically; therefore the applicative data provide evidence for a hierarchical verb phrase in Warlpiri. The analysis also reveals the first reported evidence for unaccusativity in the language. Turning to A’-syntax, I argue that word order is not free in Warlpiri; rather Warlpiri displays an articulated left peripheral structure. Thus, word order variations are largely determined by positioning of elements in ordered functional projections based on informa- tion structure. Furthermore, I present evidence from WCO and island effects that elements appear in these projections through movement. Finally, I investigate the wh-scope marking construction, arguing for an indirect dependency approach. In developing the analysis, I ar- gue, contrary to standard assumptions, that Warlpiri does have embedded finite complement clauses. On the basis of a poverty of the stimulus argument, I conclude the construction must follow from independent properties of the language. I propose that it follows from the discontinuous constituent construction, which I equate with split DPs/PPs in Germanic and Slavic languages. The syntactic structure of Warlpiri that emerges from the dissertation strongly supports a configurational analysis of the language, and thereby the microparameter approach to nonconfigurationality. Thesis Supervisor: Noam Chomsky Title: Institute Professor of Linguistics and Philosophy Thesis Supervisor: Sabine Iatridou Title: Professor of Linguistics To Kenneth Locke Hale Acknowledgements Hmm, well, I guess I’ll just start at the beginning. I was introduced to generative linguistics by Philippe Bourdin, a wonderful man who taught me Chomskyan syntax in a largely functionalist college and whose enthusiasm for affix-hopping contributed greatly to my choice of paths in life. Thank you. At the University of Toronto I learned the joy of syntax. Diane Massam’s introduction to syntax at UofT was what made me choose syntax as my area of specialization. The final take home exam lead us to “discover” that Chinese covert movement of wh-phrases was constrained by Subjacency–a thrilling discovery for me, convincing me that syntax was really and truly right. (I was terribly diappointed years later when this discovery was brought into question, but by that time I was hooked on syntax.) My first introduction to the Minimalist Program was through Carolyn Smallwood, who has probably contributed more than anyone to my development as a syntactician. While I was at UofT, we had a wonderful year as roommates, making a biblical study of Chapter 4. Our excitment and energy level then was unsurpassed–the whole world of syntax seemed ready for the explaining, we had syntactic trees up on our apartment walls, and we’d each frequently come out of our bedroom at 12am with a new idea to try out on the other. My first real conference paper and introduction to the world of linguistics at large was with Carolyn, and it was an abrupt awakening to find out that Chapter 4 was yesterday’s news to the rest of the world. Since that year, Carolyn has been the best of friends, always ready to talk syntax, or provide distractions from syntax, as needed. Thanks for everything, Car. My advisor at UofT, Elizabeth Cowper, was always extremely supportive, and ready to listen to my random ideas for hours at a time. Thank you, Elizabeth, I’ve missed that ever since. Thanks also to Alana Johns, Elan Dresher, Karen Rice, and my classmates. At MIT I learned the complexities and hard work of syntax. I’ll never forget at my first syntax class at MIT, Alec Marantz told us, you’re in the big leagues now. No more blindly citing authority. Nor will I forget my first day in Noam’s class, when he was still a legend to me and I couldn’t believe I’d actually see him in real life. As my advisor, Noam Chomsky helped mould me into a better academic by offering a different perspective on an issue, or challenging my assumptions. He has also been kind and helpful to me, commenting on papers and writing last minute reference letters, and grandfatherly to my son Russell. Above all, Noam took me seriously, which I consider a great gift. Thank you. My advisor, Sabine Iatridou, always shared with me sound advice, believed in me even when I didn’t, and was completely unfazed by my son Russell crawling all over her office floor playing loudly with trucks during our meetings. Academia isn’t easy for mothers, and her understanding helped tremendously. Thank you. Thank you to my other committee members, Mary Laughren and Irene Heim. Mary was meticulous with her comments on the Warlpiri data, and Irene’s insightful comments lead to improvements throughout. (In warning to Warlpiri speakers–I’m about to use the name of a deceased friend and relative. I will again at a number of points throughout the dissertation.) During my second year, as I was searching for a generals paper topic, I sat in on a guest lecture on nonconfig- urationality and Warlpiri by Ken Hale. I was so intrigued I decided I had to work on this language. Not knowing Ken at the time, I broached the subject of me working on Warlpiri gingerly, afraid that he would perceive me as intruding on his territory. Of course nothing was farther from the truth. He was thrilled, and over the next two and a half years helped me patiently and tirelessly as I stumbled through trying to understand the complexities of Warlpiri. He introduced me to the Warlpiri people and gave me my skin name, Nungarrayi, making me his grandaughter. I wish that he could have seen this dissertation; I wish that I had had more of it ready to tell him about when last I talked with him. I feel honoured to have known Ken, and to have had the chance to work with him. To him I can only say from the bottom of my heart thank you and I’m sorry, ngaju karna jaruku kapakapa-jarrimi. Thank you to the Warlpiri speakers who helped me to better understand their language: Bess Nungarrayi Price, Helen Napurrurla Morton, Teresa Napurrurla Ross, and Christine Nungarrayi Spencer. Thank you especially to Bess Nungarrayi Price and Dave Price, who have been in contact with me throughout, teaching me about the Warlpiri culture as well as the language, and becoming dear friends. John Frampton and Sam Gutmann have been wonderful friends and collegues, ready to discuss any topic, be it the details of Noam’s latest paper, syntax, architectural issues, Irish, Warlpiri, Icelandic, morphology, phonology, math, computation, or whatever else struck us as interesting at the time. John was also kind in opening his house to us after we moved to Hamden and needed a place to stay for the night in Boston. Being a member of Team Rocket (with them and Charles Yang) was a highlight of my time at MIT. My classmates in Ling97 made for great friends and collegues: Karlos Arregi, Paul Elbourne, Elissa Flagg, Michela Ippolito, Liina Pylkkanen,¨ Andrea Rackowski, and Isabel Oltra Massuet, who left us for Catalonia too soon. Also at MIT, David Pesetsky encouraged me when I was at the beginning of my re- search into Warlpiri. Kai von Fintel was patient and positive during our meetings, and Suzanne Flynn was a valuable member of my general’s committee; I enjoyed our discus- sions. Thanks also to my professors Morris Halle, Michel DeGraff, Danny Fox, Michael Kenstowicz, Alec Marantz, Shigeru Miyagawa, Norvin Richards,