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Because I Am a Girl 2010: Digital and Urban Frontiers

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Because I Am a Girl 2010: Digital and Urban Frontiers Cities have the potential to make countries rich, and for many, cities are a a I am Because symbol of hope for a better life. But in reality, city life can mean exclusion Because I am a Girl and increased hardship. This is true for the urban poor, particularly girls and young women. The opportunities that present themselves are real, but so THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S GIRLS 2010 are the risks and multiple deprivations associated with the urban divide. Girls with nowhere to live, no family support and no job can end up on the street, in unsafe relationships and unable, through poverty, to take advantage of the Digital and Urban Frontiers: education and health facilities that do exist… ‘The State of the World’s Girls 2010’ focuses on the particular arenas of the city and cyberspace, rapidly growing areas where girls will be at risk but where opportunities abound… Girls in a Changing Landscape We must make it our responsibility to ensure that both cities and the internet are safe and girl-friendly. G Anna K. Tibaijuka irl Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) WORLD’ THE OF STATE THE Why Girls? Plan, drawing on more than 70 years’ experience of international development in over 60 countries, recognises that discrimination against girls and women is one of the main underlying causes of child poverty. Girls and boys have the same entitlements to human rights, but they face different challenges in accessing them. Girls are more likely to be pulled out of school, have less access to medical care, and are often fed less. They experience more violence and sexual harassment just because they are girls and are expected to work hard on domestic chores which make it more difficult for them to study. This lack of opportunity and care is unfair and unjust. Yet we know that investing in girls and young women has a disproportionately beneficial effect in alleviating poverty for everyone; not only the girls themselves but their families, communities and entire countries. Everyone benefits, including boys and men. That argument chimes with the issues of justice and equality S of opportunity, and is another reason why Plan is making its ‘Because I am a GIRL Girl’ campaign one of its flagship priorities in the years ahead. Nigel Chapman S CEO Plan International 2010 plan-international.org 978-0-9550479-8-5 HEKAEKARA T Keeping in touch in Bangalore. PHOTOGRAPH: TARIQ AND STAN THEKAEKARA PHOTOGRAPH: STAN Because I am a Girl THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S GIRLS 2010 Digital and Urban Frontiers: Girls in a Changing Landscape Because I am a Girl THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S GIRLS 2010 Digital and Urban Frontiers: Girls in a Changing Landscape RES U T ic EY / PANOS P L MARK HEN Acknowledgements This report was made possible with the advice and contributions of many people and organisations. Global Advisory Panel: Anja Stuckert Program Gender Advisor, Plan Germany Annabel Webb Director, Justice for Girls Ann-Kristin Vervik Senior Child Rights Advisor, Plan Geneva Carolyn Rose-Avila Deputy Vice President, Plan USA Cheryl G. Faye Head of UNGEI Secreteriat, UNICEF Claudia Mitchell James McGill Professor of Visual Arts-based Methodologies, HIV&AIDS and Social Change, McGill University Cynthia Steele Executive Vice-President, EMPower Deepali Sood Head of Global Because I am a Girl Campaign, Plan International Diana Rivington Director of Equality Between Men and Women, CIDA Elkin Velasquez Coordinator – Safe Cities Unit, UN-Habitat Francisco Cos-Montiel Senior Program Specialist, Women’s Rights and Citizenship International Development Research Centre, (IDRC) Kathryn Travers Analyst and Project Officer, Women in Cities International Kathy Hall Senior Program Officer, Summit Foundation Kemi Williams Senior Gender and Rights Advisor, Department for International Development (DFID) Linda Raftree Advisor, Social Media and New Technology, Plan West Africa Regional Office Lisa MacCallum Managing Director, Nike Foundation Lesley Bulman-Lever Formerly of World Association of Girl Guides and Girls Scouts Lucero Quiroga Consultant, Gender Expert Lucia Kiwala Chief, Gender Mainstreaming Unit, UN-Habitat Nazneen Damji Programme Manager Gender equality and HIV/AIDS, UNIFEM Noreen Khan Gender Unit, UNICEF Nigel Chapman CEO, Plan International Rosemary McCarney CEO, Plan Canada Ruth Pearson Professor of International Development, School of Politics and International Studies (POLIS), Leeds University Marie Staunton CEO, Plan UK Mayra Gomez Senior Expert – Women & Housing Rights Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, COHRE A Girls skipping on a roof in the ruined Haitian city of Port-au-Prince. P Meg Greene Consultant P/ A / Mima Perisic UNICEF Advisor, Adolescent Development, Adolescent Development and Participation Unit Division of I Policy & Planning N Seodi White National Coordinator of Women and the Law in Southern Africa Research and Education Trust, Malawi Principal writer: Nikki van der Gaag ghi Simon Heap Head of Research, Plan International Report team: Feyi Rodway – cohort coordinator RE MENE Suzanne Williams International Institute for Child Rights and Development Keshet Bachan – project coordinator D Trine Lunde Economist, Gender and Development Group, PREM World Bank Sarah Hendriks – gender advisor EXAN Sharon Goulds – project lead Al Input was also received from, among others: Lynn Renken and Nythia Gopu (Nike Foundation), Savina Greenickx (StreetChild Africa), Simone Schneider – picture research Louise Meincke (Consortium for Street Children), Dr Graham Ritchie, Helen Penn and Gabrielle Shaw (CEOP), Susan Schor (ITU), Kulsoom Ali and Michael Quesnell (Nokia Corporation), Kreeta Ryodi and Emma Bluck (Cisco), Akhtar Badshah (Microsoft), Kanwal Research: Helen Barley, Jo Holmes, Keren Simons, Laura Margarita Gomez, Rachel McManus Ahluwalia (Plan UK). Special thank you to the families taking part in the ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ cohort study and to the Plan staff involved. Steering Group – Plan International: Alistair Clay, Alexander Munive, Aimee Suchard, Belinda Portillo, Brad Henderson, Chitra Iyer, Don McPhee, Fadimata Alainchar, Hellen Tombo, Jeanette McKenna, Jon Martin Forland, Kate Fehlenberg, Lydia M Domingo, Ndungu All maps in Section 3 courtesy of Maplecroft and GirlsDiscover.org. Kahihu, Patrick van Ahee, Rebecca Lake, Rosanna Viteri, Silje Bundeng, Stuart Coles, Stefanie Conrad, Terence McCaughan. Printed by Graphicom, Italy on recycled paper. ISBN: 978-0-9565219-0-3 Legal input received from: Kristen Anderson, Ruth Barnes and Erica Hall, Essex Children’s Legal Centre. Design and production: New Internationalist Publications Ltd Thank you to: Emily Lundell (Plan USA), Michael Diamond and Lydia Domingo (Plan Philippines), Hellen Tombo (Plan East and South Africa) and everyone in Plan Egypt, Plan Brazil, Plan Netherlands and Plan Sudan. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this publication is accurate at the time of going to press, Plan cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies. Special thank you to: Amos Trust and the Consortium for Street Children for inviting Plan to hold a girl-only session at the Street Child World Cup (2010), to Savina Greenickx from Street Child Africa for coordinating a comprehensive survey of street girls in The commentary and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the official policy of Plan. Ghana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, to Suzanne Williams and Michael Montgomery (IICRD) and the Child Protection Partnership for the research on girls’ online protection from Brazil, and to Justice for Girls for the research on adolescent girls and their experience of Parts of this publication may be copied for use in research, advocacy and education, providing the source is acknowledged. This detention and rehabilitation in the Philippines. publication may not be reproduced for other purposes without the prior permission of Plan UK. Unless otherwise indicated, names have been changed in case studies to protect identities. Unless otherwise indicated, dollar values expressed are US dollars. Chapter 4 Section 2 – Adolescent girls and Because We are communications technologies: Girls: ‘Real Choices, opportunity Real Lives’ or exploitation?. 100 Cohort study update . 142 Introduction. 101 Empowered and Lifted The digital revolution and Out of Poverty? How our the digital divide . 102 young girls and their families measure up to the Millennium Giving us freedom – why Development Goals. 145 communications technologies are important for Cohort Study Map. 156 adolescent girls. .105 Girls and international standards Section 3 – on equal access to information/media. 109 Reference Breaking the silence: girls, Because I am a Girl campaign. .160 the super-communicators? . 110 Introduction. .161 Barriers: what is keeping Mapping the MDGs: adolescent girls from accessing communications technologies?. 112 MDG1 Proportion of girls under-5 years that are The dark side of cyberspace underweight. 162 EKAEKARA – how technology is increasing Th sexual exploitation . 119 MDG2 Girls’ gross primary TAN TAN S school graduation rate. 164 D What laws are there to protect AN girls from violence, exploitation MDG3 Proportion of girls IQ and abuse online?. .120 aged 15-19 years TAR married by age 15. 166 Girls on the move in Using the law to prosecute sexual exploitation, abuse Female transition from busy Bangalore, India. and violence online . 124 primary to secondary education . 167 Contents Legal responses to young people Estimated female Foreword
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