Pacific Affairs

VOL. XXVI, No. I MARCH 1953

PAGE The 'Three-Anti' and 'Five-Anti' Movements in Communist China Theodore Hsi-En Chen and Wen-Hut C. Chen 3

French Oceania Takes Stock Nancy Robson 24

Labour Reforms in Contemporary India P. S. Narasimhan 44

Australia's Future in New Guinea James McAuley 59

The Crisis in Malayan Education Victor Purcell 70

Aspects of Ceylonese Parliamentary Government S. Namasivayam 76

Notes on Contributors to This Number 2

REPORTFROM FORMOSA,by H. Maclear Bate Joseph W.Ballantine CONQUEREDPRESS, by William J. Coughlin Masaru Ogawa WINDOWSFOR THE CROWNPRINCE, by Elizabeth Gray Vining Emily Boxer SHANGHAICONSPIRACY, by Major-General Charles A. Willoughby SPIES,DUPES AND DIPLOMATS,by Ralph de Toledano Paul Butler THEREPUBLIC OF INDIA,by Alan Gledhill M. Venkatarangaiya

REDBANNERS OVER ASIA,by 0.0. Trullinger M. S. Rajan RUSSIAAND ASIA,by A. Lobanov-Rostovsky George V.Lantzeff THECHALLENGE TO ISOLATION, 1937-1940, by William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason BACKDOOR TO WAR,by Charles Callan Tansill H. F. Angus THEAMERICAN RECORD IN THE FAREAST, 1945-1951, by Kenneth Scott Latourette Andrew McFadyean CONTRIBUTORS To THIS NUMBER INCLUDE H. F. ANGUS-Dean of the Faculty of Graduate companies operating in Southeast Asia; until re- Studies, University of British Columbia; served in cently President of the British Liberal Party. die Canadian Department of External Affairs dur- S. NAMASIVAYAM-Assistant Legal Draftsman, ing the last war. Government of Ceylon; author of The Legislatures JOSEPH W. BALLANTINE-American Foreign of Ceylon, 1928-1948. Service Officer, retired; formerly Director, Office of P. S. NARASIMHAN-Area officer for South and Far Eastern Affairs, Department of State; now a East Asia, United Nations Technical Assistance consultant with the Brookings Institution. Board; formerly in the Economic Division, Inter- national Labour Office, Geneva. M. S. -BATES-Professor of Missions. Union Theo- logical Seminary; professor of history, University of MASARU OGAWAÃ‘Chie editorial writer, Nippon Nanking, 1920-50. Times; formerly with Domei News Agency and Kyodo News Service. EMILY BOXER-Author and journalist, recently in Japan. VICTOR PURCELL-Lecturer in Far Eastern His- tory, Cambridge University; member of the Malayan SIR PAUL BUTLER-For many years in the British Civil Service, 1921-46, and sometime Assistant Di- Consular Service in East Asia; formerly Far Eastern rector of Education in charge of Chinese schools in Research Secretary, Chatham House. Malaya; has revisited Malaya several times since the THEODORE H. E. CHEN-Professor and Head of war. the Department of Asiatic Studies, University of M. S. RAJAN-Administrative Secretary, Indian Southern California; Acting President of Fukien Council of World Affairs. Christian University, 1946-47. NANCY ROBSON-A student of French colonial WEN-HUI C. CHEN-Lecturer in Asiatic Studies, policy; occasional lecturer in colonial adminiistra- University of Southern California; associate professor tion, Australian School of Pacific Administration. of sociology, Fukien Christian University, 1946-47. BENJAMIN I. SCHWARTZ-Assistant professor GEORGE V. LANTZEFF-Associate professor of of history and Associate, Russian Research Center, history, University of California; author of Siberia Harvard University; author of Chinese Communism in the Seventeenth Century. and the Rise of Mao. JAMES McAULEYÃ‘Senio Lecturer in Colonial M. VENKATARANGAIYA-Professor of politics, Administration, Australian School of Pacific Ad- emeritus, University of Bombay; author of The ministration. Draft Constitution of India and other books on SIR ANDREW McFADYEAN-Director of British Indian politics. Pacific Affairs

VOL. XXVI, No. 2 JUNE 1953

PAGE Communalism and Communism in Malaya Francis G. Carnell g9

Fiji: Colony in Transition Ronald Gatty I 18

NOTESAND COMMENT The State of Socialism in Asia: The Rangoon Conference Alvin Z. Rubinstein 131

Rangoon and After M. N. Roy 135

Japanese Election Results Reconsidered Nobushige Ukai 139

Philippine Labor Unions: An Appraisal Meliton Salazar 146

First Steps in Malayan Local Government Gerald Hawkj-ns 155

The Coolie Budget Report W. F. Wertheim 158

Notes on Contributors to This Number 191

Articles in Pacific Affairs do not represent views of either the Institute of Pacific Relations or the National Councils of which it is con~posed.The editor of Pacific Affairs is responsible for the selection and the acceptance of articles. Responsibility for opinions expressed in articles published, and for the accuracy of statements contained in them, rests solely with the individual authors. Pacific Affairs is published quarterly at Richmond, Va., by the Institute of Pacific Relations. Edgar Mclnnis, Chairman, Pacific Council; William L. Holland, Secretary-General; Philip E. Lilienthal, Editor; Mary F. Healy, Associate Editor. Executive Office: I East 54 Street, New York 22, N. Y. Printed at Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A. Subscription price, $4.00 per year, post free; single copies, $1.00. Entered as second-class matter at Richmond, Va., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1953, Institute of Pacific Relations. BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE PAGE NATIONALISMAND COMMUNISMIN EASTASIA, by W. Macmahon Ball J. S. Furnivall 165 REVOLUTIONIN CHINA, by Charles Patrick Fitzgerald Ma Chien 166 A DOCUMENTARYHISTORY OF CHINESECOMMUNISM, by Conrad Brandt, Benjamin Schwartz and John K. Fairbank Leonard Constantine 167 KUOMINTANGAND CHINESECOMMUNIST ELITES, by Robert C. North Richard Harris 169 REDDUST, by Nym Wales Lindsay of Birker 170 MONEYAND CREDITIN CHINA,by Lien-sheng Yang Y. L. Wu 171 FORMOSAUNDER CHINESENATIONALIST RULE, by Fred W. Riggs Tadao Yanaihara 172 HONGKONG, by Christopher Rand Emily Boxer 173 LA FEODALITE CHINOISE,by Marcel Granet W.Eberhard 173 THERISE AND SPLENDOUROF THE CHINESEEMPIRE, by Reni Grousset L. Carrington Goodrich 174 KOREANREPORTER, by Ren6 Cutforth C. Kondapi 175 MISSIONTO KOREA,by Edgar S. Kennedy Gordon Walker 176 ECONOMICPROBLEMS OF FREEJAPAN, by Jerome B. Cohen Hyoe Ouchi 177 THEBEGINNINGS OF POLITICALDEMOCRACY IN JAPAN, by Nobutaka Ike W. G. Beasley 177 THELEFT WING IN JAPANESEPOLITICS, by Evelyn S. Colbert Kazuo Kawai 179 NEPALHIMALAYA, by H. W. Tilman UNKNOWNNEPAL, by R. N. W. Bishop William 0. Douglas 180 NEW CITIZENSOF INDIA,by Horace Alexander Joseph B. Schechtman 180 INTERNATIONALASPECTS OF INDIANECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, by T. D. Lakdawala A. D. Knox 181 LANDAND SOCIETYIN MALABAR,by Adrian C. Mayer David G. Mandelbaum 182 EDUCATIONIN INDIA,by Aubrey A. Zellner C. H. Philips 184 THEINDIA I KNEW,1897-1947, by Sir Stanley Reed William Clifford 184 SLAVESOF THE SONOF HEAVEN,by Roy H. Whitecross Charles A. Fisher 185 THECHANGING MAP OF ASIA,edited by W. Gordon East and 0. H. K. Spate E. F. Penrose 185 CHINA,JAPAN AND THE POWERS,by Meribeth E. Cameron, Thomas H. D. Mahoney and George E. McReynolds G. W.Keeton 187 THESTERLING AREA, by A. R. Conan J. B. Condliffe 187 FROMEUROPE TO NEW ZEALAND,by R. A. Lochore G. F. Plant 188 THEUNITED STATES AND THE FAREAST, 1945-51, by Harold M. Vinacke Vidya Prakash Dutt 189 AMERICANRUSSIAN RELATIONS, 1781-1947, by William Appleman Williams Max Beloff 189 c Affairs

I VOL. XXVI, No. 3 SEPTEMBER 1953 l

PAGE Kashmir: A Case Study in United Nations Mediation Michael Brecher 195

Indian Education: Retrospect and Prospect M. Mujeeb 208

New Zealand Faces North W. P. Monk 220

NOTESAND COMMENT Western Powers and Chinese Revolutions: The Pattern of Intervention Joseph R. Levenson 230

Positive Aspects of Asian Socialism .G. S. Bharguvu 236

Echoes of Militarism in Japan Hunji Kinoshita 244

Elements of Social Organization W. E. H. Stunner 251

BOOKREVIEWS

Notes on Contributors to This Number

Articles in Pacific Affairs do not represent views of either the Institute of Pacific Relations or the National Councils of which it is composed. The editor of Pacific Affairs is responsible for the selection and the acceptance of articles. Responsibility for opinions expressed in articles published, and for the accuracy of statements contained in them, rests solely with the individual authors. Pacific Affairs is published quarterly at Richmond, Va., by the Institute of Pacific Relations. Edgar McInnis, Chairman, Pacific Council; William L. Holland, Secretary-General; Philip E. Liienthal, Editor; Mary F. Healy, Associate Editor. Executive Office: i East 54 Street, New York 22, N. Y. Printed at Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A. Subscription price, $4.00 per year, post free; single copies, $1.00. Entered as second-class matter at Richmond, Va., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1953, Institute of Pacific Relations. BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE PAGE THETHIRD FORCE IN CHINA,by Carsun Chang C. P. FitzGerald 254 REPORTON MAO'SCHINA, by Frank Moraes Theodore H. E. Chen 255 FORMOSA,by Joseph W. Ballantine Kenneth Younger 256 THEEND OF EXTRATERRITORIALITYIN CHINA, by Wesley R. Fishel F. C. Jones 258 FABRICOF CHINESE SOCIETY, by Morton H. Fried Martin M. C. Yang 259 A HISTORYOF CHINESEPHILOSOPHY, Vol. I, by Fung Yu-lan Homer H. Dubs 260 LESINSTITUTIONS DE LA CHINE,by Henri Maspero and Jean Escarra H. Franke 261 TIBETAND THE TIBETANS,by Tsung-lien Shen and Shen-chi Liu R. N. Rahul 261 GENDAINIHON SHOSHI [A Short History of Japan], edited by Tadao Yanaihara Nobutaka Ike 263 FIVEGENTLEMEN OF JAPAN,by Frank Gibney Yoshio Nakano 264 LANDAND PEASANTIN JAPAN,by Andrew J. Grad Yasuo Kondo 265 REDFLAG IN JAPAN,by Rodger Swearingen and Paul Langer Masamichi Royama 266 THEKOREA STORY, by John C. Caldwell Edgar S. Kennedy 268 LANDAND PEOPLEIN THE PHILIPPINES,by J. E. Spencer H. de la Costa, S. 1. 268 DE INDONESISCHEQUAESTIE, by C. Smit NATIONALISMAND REVOLUTIONIN INDONESIA, by George McTurnan Kahin W. F. Wertheim 270 RECRUITTO REVOLUTION,by John Coast W. Macmahon Ball 271 HETRECHT IN INDONESIE,by W. L. G. Lemaire A. Arthur Schiller 272 GOLDENEARTH, by Norman Lewis F. R. Scott 273 FREEINDIA IN ASIA,by Werner Levi Vidya Prakash Dutt 274 PLANNINGFOR A SHORTAGEECONOMY, by C. N. Vakil and P. R. Brahmananda Kingsley Dauis 275 AGRICULTURALLABOURERS IN MODERN INDIA AND PAKISTAN, by Surendra J. Pate1 Andrew 1. Grad 277 L'INDEDEVANT L'ORAGE, by Tibor Mende Vera Mickeies Dean 277 INDIANSOVERSEAS, 1838-1949, by C. Kondapi A Creech Jones 278 CEYLON,by Sydney D. Bailey G. I. 0. M. Fernando 279 PROBLEMSOF PARLIAMENTARYGOVERNMENT IN COLONIES Rupert Emerson 280 PARLIAMENTARYGOVERNMENT IN THE COMMONWEALTH,edited by Sydney D. Bailey F. H. Soward 282 LANDFOR TOMORROW,by L. Dudley Stamp W. D. Borrie 283 THEAUSTRALIAN PARTY SYSTEM, by Louise Overacker A. F. Davies 284 REGARDSSUR L'ASIE,by Roger Levy B. H. M. VleMe 285 THEMIND OF EASTASIA, by Lily Abegg Whg-tsit Chan 286 VOL. XXVI, No. 4 DECEMBER 1953

PAGE Problems of Representative Government in Southeast Asia Rupert Emerson 291 The Political Outlook in Pakistan F. M. Innes 303

The Prospect for Planned Parenthood in India S. Chandrasevar 318

Private Enterprise in Communist China Ronald Hsia 329 Japanese Popular Attitudes toward the Emperor Hugh H. Smythe and Masaharu Watanabe 335 A Chinese University for Malaya Richard Butwell 344 Subhas Chandra Bose-His Legacy and Legend Nirad C. Chaudhuri 349

Notes on Contributors to This Number Index to Volume XXVI

Articles in Pacific Affairs do not represent views of either the Institute of Pacific Relations or the National Councils of which it is composed. The editor of Pacific Affairs is responsible for the selection and the acceptance of articles. Responsibility for opinions expressed in articles published, and for the accuracy of statements contained in them, rests solely with the individual authors. Pacific Affairs is published quarterly at Richmond, Va., by the Institute of Pacific Relations. Harold H. Fisher, Chairman, Pacific Council; William L. Holland, Secretary-General; Philip E. Lilienthal, Editor; Mary F. Healy, Associate Editor. Executive Office: I East 54 Street, New York 22, N. Y. Printed at Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A. Subscription price, $4.00 per year, post free; single copies, $1.00. Entered as second-class matter at Richmond, Va., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1953, Institute of Pacific Relations. BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE PAGE SOUTHEASTASIA IN THE COMINGWORLD, edited by Philip W. Thayer C. A. 0.van Nieuwenhuijze BORNOF THE PEOPLE,by Luis Taruc T.Inglis Moore PUBLICADMINISTRATION IN BURMA, by F. S. V. Donnison Sein Nyo Tun PUBLICADMINISTRATION IN MALAYA, by S. W. Jones UngbA. Aziz THECHINESE IN SARAWAK,by Ju-k'ang T'ien Victor Purcell NEW WORLDARISING, by Harry Hopkins H. Venkatasubbiah SHANGHAIAND BEYOND,by Percy Finch Ma Meng FRUSTRATEDMARTYR, by James Lincoln McCartney L. Carrington Goodrich HONGKONG, by Harold Ingrams Yeh Lin-feng CHINESETHOUGHT, FROM CONFUCIUSTO MAOTSE-TUNG, by H. G. Creel P. Demikville WOODROWWILSON AND THE FAREAST, by Russell H. Fifield WOODROWWILSON'S CHINA POLICY, by Tien-yi Li F. S. Marston DEMOCRACYAND FOREIGNPOLICY, by R. Bassett Harold M. Vinacke THESTRATEGY AND TACTICSOF THE JAPANESECOMMUNIST PARTY, by Tetsuji Kada Nobutaka Ike DEMOCRACYAND THE PARTYMOVEMENT IN PREWARJAPAN, by Robert A. Scalapino W. G. Beasley . A STUDYOF SOCIALTENSIONS, edited by Nihon Jimbun Kagaku-kai Nobutaka Ike IN THE MINDSOF MEN,by Gardner Murphy lan Stephens THEUNITED STATES AND INDIAAND PAKISTAN,by W. Norman Brown S. N. Varma INDIAIN WORLDAFFAIRS, AUGUST 1947-JANUARY 1950, by K. P. Karuna- karan Werner Levi THEBRITISH IMPACT ON INDIA,by Sir Percival Griffiths C. S. Venkatachar CASTEIN MODERNCEYLON, by Bryce Ryan 1. H. Hutton THESOUTH SEAS IN TRANSITION,by W. E. H. Stanner Ernest Beaglehole MOBILIZATIONOF DOMESTIC CAPITAL IN CERTAINCOUNTRIES OF ASIAAND THE FAREAST M. M. Mehta THEPROGRESS OF UNDERDEVELOPEDAREAS, edited by Bert F. Hoselitz N. V.Souani AUSTRALIA:HER STORY, by Kylie Tennant Russell H. Barrett A SHORTHISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND,by J. B. Condliffe and W. T. G. Airey THISNEW ZEALAND, by F. L. W. Wood. Allan G. B. Fisher