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Portraits of Terror and the Imagination

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Portraits of Terror and the Imagination Edited by Nancy Billias & Agnes B. Curry Framing Evil: Portraits of Terror and the Imagination Papers Presented at the 7th Global Conference Perspectives on Evil and Human Wickedness March 2006 Salzburg, Austria Edited by Nancy Billias & Agnes B. Curry Oxford, United Kingdom Series Editors Dr Robert Fisher Dr Nancy Billias Advisory Board Dr Alejandro Cervantes-Carson Owen Kelly Professor Margaret Chatterjee Martin McGoldrick Dr Wayne Cristaudo Revd Stephen Morris Mira Crouch Professor John Parry Dr Phil Fitzsimmons Professor Peter Twohig Dr Jones Irwin Professor S Ram Vemuri Professor Asa Kasher Revd Dr Kenneth Wilson, O.B.E V o l u m e 77 A volume in the At the Interface project ‘Perspectives on Evil and Human Wickedness’ Published by the Inter-Disciplinary Press Oxford, United Kingdom First Edition 2008 8 Inter-Disciplinary Press 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. I S B N : 978-1-904710-76-9 Table of Contents Introduction ix Nancy Billias and Agnes B. Curry Part 1: Investigations of the Nature of Evil in ‘Imaginary’ Contexts Aesthetics of Evil: Adorno vs. the Ethical Turn 3 Anders Johansson Allegories of Evil: Kafka’s The Castle and Auster’s 13 The Music of Chance Ilana Shiloh The Face of Evil: Emmenberger in Dürrenmatt’s 23 Der Verdacht Vera Profit Contesting Claggart: Evil in Herman Melville’s 31 Billy Budd, Sailor” Luc Small “Unrepenting Sorrow and Deliberate Sin”: Milton and 41 Hawthorne’s Understanding of Evil Gregory A. Wilson Ecoterrorism, Climate Change and the Politiciaation of 55 Science in Michael Crighton’s State of Fear Margarita Carretero-González The Language of Evil: Popular versus ‘Higher’ Culture 65 Neil Forsyth Sex, Sin and Redemption: The Critique of Christian 71 Rhetoric in Rolf de Heer’s Bad Boy Bubby Ann-Marie Cook Villainy, Disability and the Moving Image: A 85 Psychoanalytic Perspective Martin F. Norden Innocent or Guilty of Crimes Against Humanity? The 93 Role of Film in the Holocaust 1939-1945 Julia Victoria Doyle Ur-Real Evil and Wickedness in a Virtual World 103 Marlin C. Bates, IV Portraits of Evil in Wittgenstein: From Poetry to 117 Disenchantment Silvia Lanzetta Part 2 Boundaries and Frontiers - Finding Frameworks for Addressing Current Challenges You are What You Eat: Cannibalism, Autophagy and the 131 Case of Armin Meiwes Roger Davis The Externalization of Justice 141 Kristy J. Buckley Perspectives of Cyberethics in the Information Society 153 Robert Bichler, Christian Fuchs, Celina Raffl Predicting Evil: I-D Orientation and Its Implications 163 for Human Nature Greg M. Turek & Darin J. Challacombe ‘The Splendour of Little Girls’: Social Constructions of 179 Paedophiles and Child Sexual Abuse Sarah Dalal Goode Interviewing the Embodiment of Political Evil: An 191 Ethnographic Reconstruction of the Experience of Meeting with President Echieverriá Alejandro Cervantes-Carson III. Evil and Terror i. Evil, Terror, and Rhetoric How Civilians Became Targets: The Moral Catastrophe 207 of ‘Collateral Damage’ William Andrew Myers The Rhetoric of Evil: How Failure is Turned to One’s 215 Own Advantage Joshua Mills-Knutsen Posturing Fear in a World of Performed Evil: Terrorists, 227 Teachers, and Evil Neo-liberals Namita Chakrabarty & John Preston ii. 9/11 and beyond Post-Modern Narratives of Evil and 9/11: The Case 241 of Frédéric Biegbeder Scott M. Powers Terrorism - Then and Now 253 Agnes B. Curry Terrorism - Within and Without 267 Nancy Billias Terrorism and Human Rights: Confronting Evil and 277 Remaining Good Shlomit Harrosh Introduction Nancy Billias and Agnes B. Curry The papers in this volume were first presented at the 7th Global Conference on Perspectives on Evil and Human Wickedness, held in Salzburg, Austria for five days in mid-March 2006. The conference and subsequent written volume are part of the ongoing At the Interface project, a broad portfolio united by its exploration of cutting-edge ideas and emergent social challenges. The project is resolutely inter-disciplinary and multi- disciplinary, and the Salzburg conference united psychologists, health professionals, specialists in literature, film and computers, historians, anthropologists, linguists and philosophers in a shared quest to examine the phenomenon of evil in a variety of contexts. Many were colleagues of several years, while others were newcomers to the gathering. The papers herein present a glimpse of the work presented at the conference, at its stage of development at that time. Evil and human wickedness are by their ‘nature’ intense topics. Their intensity at once demands and thwarts sustained exploration. While the status of evil as an ontological category may itself be an open question in this postmodern age, the social inducements to and repercussions of human wickedness are readily apparent. Thus the urge to explore both the soil and the flowers, so to speak, arises, in part at least, from a sense of responsibility - the call to understand as a call to respond, to bear witness, and in so doing to repair the frayed fabric of shared humanity. On the other hand, the move to examine and explain can result in intellectualizing the problem away, proffering neatly- tied-up arguments and pat answers that are self-delusional and profoundly cruel to those who suffer evil’s effects; in the face of suffering and loss it can seem that most appropriate response is a respectful silence. The investigator thus finds some of the more insidious possibilities for evil at the centre of her enterprise and in her own personal urge to chatter on. More deeply, one must wonder whether a phenomenon that literally shatters experience, and that renders whatever it touches in the heart and in the land at first scrambled and then later flat and empty - absent - can be at all amenable to conceptual explication. Yet succumbing to the shattering seems likewise to further the work of wickedness. Two sorts of silence - the pregnant silence of respectful solidarity and the sterile silence of flattened possibility - thus intertwine. The explorers of evil must continually work to x Introduction ______________________________________________________________ disentangle these from one another, enacting the first without strengthening the second. To persist at the intersection of these opposed imperatives - to somehow make sense of evil, rendering it comprehensible, and to dwell pondering the possibility that such exercises are both dangerous and possibly quite futile - is the chosen task of the project participants. This is a difficult stance to enact, both personally and collectively. Sadness and frayed nerves were situational hazards, remedied problematically in the beer cellars and perhaps more productively in the simple sharing of the experience. In this respect, the choice of venue for this year’s conference was quite appropriate and a brief meditation on the contradictions of Salzburg is warranted. With the oldest part of the city nestled between steep hills and crowned by an immense fortress-castle, Salzburg is particularly conducive to postcard renderings. The fact that the city was the birthplace of the classical composer W.A. Mozart, the nostalgic Christmas classic “Silent Night” and the iconic schmaltz of The Sound of Music encourages the tendency to sentimentalize and miniaturize a city that at periods of its history wielded significant power with considerable intolerance. The Nazi annexation of Austria did not decimate a large Salzburg Jewry - but only because the ruling archbishops had expelled them five centuries earlier. While Protestants did not find their lot in Salzburg quite as lethal as those Jews publicly burned near the Augustinian monastery in 1492, they were subjected to repeated expulsions, the most famous of which occurred in 1731 and affected thirty thousand Lutherans, a quarter of whom lost their lives within two years, a few of whom landed as far away as the Carolina colonies. The year of this conference, 2006, was a particularly interesting year to be in Salzburg, as it marked the 250th anniversary of Mozart’s birth. The yearlong celebration meant that conference participants had the opportunity for splendid music every night, an occasion for both succour and psychic dissonance after a day spent considering human depravity. If one was in the mood to continue revelling in contradictions, then after the concert she could visit the Sternbrau Café and take dessert in view of a panoramic fresco of an accused witch being readied for execution. The papers themselves represent a gamut of concerns and methods. Not surprisingly, given that we were now into the fifth year of a war on terror whose architects (on both sides) had made copious use of the language of good and evil in promotion of their agendas, the topics of terrorism and rhetoric occupied several scholars. The blurring of boundaries between the real, the virtual and the imaginary was likewise a theme, with considerations of online communities, enactments of evil in role-playing games, and the foundations of cyber-ethics. It is noteworthy that several contributors explore ontological issues regarding the nature and status of evil, and the shape of Nancy Billias and Agnes B. Curry xi ______________________________________________________________ evil character, by examining works of imagination such as novels, plays, poems and movies. The widely varying discussions of the conference presented significant challenges to the editors. At times, themes seemed too tightly interwoven to break into sections; at others, the differences between disciplines, topics and media seemed to resist categorization. At length, the editorial team decided to leave this state of affairs to the readers to resolve, as an interactive questioning of the mystery of evil. Thus, this volume is not neatly balanced. Rather, it begins with a wide focus, which gradually narrows in onto one set of issues.
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