Creating a University

Home , Henry of Langenstein, Thomas Ebendorfer

Exhibition Companion E

A University of Vienna exhibition in cooperation with the Austrian National Library EXHIBITION PLAN

THE CITY EXCELLENCE

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15 18 16 17 THE STUDIUM MOBILITY

COURT AND UNIVERSITY Vienna 1365 Creating a University

Rudolph IV founded a university in his capital city on 12 March 1365. The new institution soon produced excellent research and became widely influen- tial. Today it is among the largest universities in the world and, as the oldest in the German-speaking countries, is celebrating its 650th anniversary.

To mark the occasion, the University of Vienna and the Austrian National Library have organized an exhibition on the university’s early years – from its foundation to the Renaissance.

The show includes documents and objects from the University Archive, as well as manuscripts formerly used by the university and now in the Austrian National Library. Among the many valuable loans is one of the most significant paintings in European art history: the portrait of Rudolph the Founder.

Universities have always been capable of moving people and ideas across borders. The exhibition casts light on the beginnings of academic interna- tionalization. It also shows how autonomy put pressure on the university to register and articulate its status by means of insignia, records, and other documents. Manuscripts, sometimes with sketches and paper models of surprising complexity, show how knowledge was created and developed.

CONTENT

see inside cover for the exhibition plan p. 4 THE CITY p. 20 Court and University p. 44 THE STUDIUM p. 62 EXCELLENCE p. 76 MOBILITY p. 91 Imprint The City

4 ducation in and around Vienna has a long history: the city’s situation on the Danube facilitated trade and communication. Monasteries had settled in the city since the Babenberg rule and developed into impor- Etant intellectual centres. Around the mid-twelfth century, the parish school at St. Stephen’s Church opened its doors. Frederick II had granted particular protection to the Jews as servants of the royal chamber (servie camerae regi). The university interacted with all of these communities; their contact was not always free of conflict. Nevertheless, when the Duke died a few months after his foundation, the small group of scholars found personal support as well as rooms from them. The Chapter of All Saints and the Parish School of St. Stephen’s were its most important guarantors. The era of the Great Western Schism and the synods brought political power to the University of Vienna. It gained great respect in the city. The city eventually emerged as one of the university’s greatest beneficiaries; education became a Viennese export product. Even in the late fourteenth century, important office holders such as town clerk had completed their university studies. An elite developed that was predestined for church, council and administration. Health policy, pastoral care and urban planning also profited. The university city was shaped by tolerance towards and conflict management with strangers.

5 THE CITY

1 Hugo de St. Victor. De sacramentis christianae fidei. Depiction of a Disputatio. 1150/75. Klosterneuburg, Stiftsbibliothek, CCL 311, fol. 82/83

Contemporary manuscripts tell us that this is the depiction of a strictly regulated ritual, the disputatio: While the elder participant is raising his finger as he avers a statement (“est, est”), the younger man contradicts him (“non est, non est”). The scene clearly shows a disagreement like the one recommended by Abaelard in his text sic et non. Tournaments were the predecessors of these battles of words in front of a selected audience. Knowledge was no longer the transfer of an existing interpretation of the world, but grew out of discussion and critique. This new notion was established at the Parisian masters’ schools during the twelfth century. It appears to have also been known in Klosterneu- burg, which was in contact with Paris early on.

1 Petrus of Vienna. Zur Verherrlichung des Gottessohnes. Theological Compilation Manuscript (lat.). West Central Germany and France, Twelfth Century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 1705, fol. 32v/33r

The city housed educational institutions even before the university was founded. The most important of these was the school at St. Stephen’s Church. It was probably established shortly after the consecration of the church in 1147 by Duke Henry II Jasomirgott (1107–1177). There is little information available on its early years. Master Petrus was obviously one of the persons connected to the school. He was originally from France, where he had been a pupil of the theologian Gilbert of Poitiers (c. 1080–1155) in 1148. He may have arrived in Vienna upon intervention by the bishop Otto of Freising (c. 1112–1158) in 1150. He was a chaplain at the Babenberg court and taught theology in the position of scholasticus until his death in 1183. After 1154, he was involved in a dispute by letter with the Canon Regular Gerhoch of Reichersberg (c. 1092–1169) and his brothers on questions of christology. The bishops Eberhard of Bamberg (c. 1100–1170) and Otto of Freising were also involved. The latter was the addressee of a report by Petrus of Vienna on the glorification of the Son of God by Gerhoch of Reichersberg.

6 2 Priscianus. Institutiones maiores. User’s note and beginning of the Priscianus text. South Italy, early thirteenth century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 213, fol. Iv/1r

TheInstitutiones grammaticae by Priscianus from around 500 were considered the fundamental text on Latin grammar in the Middle Ages and thus a fixed part of school and university libraries. This manuscript was created in the early thirteenth century in South Italy and was owned by a teacher at the school at St. Stephen’s Church in the mid-fourteenth century. This institution was first mentioned in a document in 1237 and probably existed from the mid- twelfth century onwards, serving the purpose of educating the secular clergy. It was given over to the city and made into a townspeople’s school in 1296. Upon the university’s foundation, the faculty of arts presumably took up operations in close cooperation with the townspeople’s school, sharing staff and rooms. The left side of the open pages shows an annotation by a Leutol- dus, who notes that he lectured “in generali Wienne ad sanctum Stephanum” at the age of thirty, in 1349 from February 1. Fol. Ir and the back endpaper contain loan records from the fourteenth century that are probably related to St. Stephen’s school library. They also mention works by Priscianus and authors including Prudentius, Donatus, Horace and Boethius.

7 THE CITY

2 Konrad of Megenberg. Buch der Natur (German). Austria, 1388. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 2669, fol. 5/6

One of the most important teachers at the school at St. Stephen’s was Konrad of Megenberg (1309–1374) from Central Franconia. He had initially been a lecturer at the Cistercian College of St. Bernard in Paris, then studied at Sorbonne, where he earned the degree of Magister artium and subsequently taught from 1334 to 1342. Conflicts with colleagues resulted for some time in a lecture and examination ban. Therefore, he moved to Vienna, where he became the rector of St. Stephen’s school, thus being responsible for all schools in the city until he moved to Regensburg in 1348. He presumably wrote his Buch der Natur during his time in Vienna; it is considered the first systematic German-language compendium on the topic. He builds on Thomas of Cantimpré’s Liber de natura rerum and other Latin sources in order to attempt to explain to the reader nature as created by God in its appearance and its context. He dedicated a revised version (1358/62) to the Austrian duke Rudolph IV.

8 3 Albert of Rickmersdorf. Quaestiones super Aristotelis librum De caelo et mundo (Latin). Text with corrections from the property of the founding rector. Vienna, 1364. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5446, fol. 48v/49r

The scribe’s note at the end of the manuscript reveals that this copy of the Quaestiones on Aristotle’s De caelo et mundo was completed on November 15, 1364 in Vienna. Their author was Albert of Rickmersdorf (c. 1316–1390), who owned the codex until he sold it together with others in 1375. Albert originally came from Saxony and probably first studied in Prague before he went to Paris, where he gained a reputation as an important scholar. Duke Rudolph summoned him to Vienna no later than 1364. He may have taught at the school at St. Stephen’s. The Duke ordered him to visit Pope Urban V in that same year in order to attain permission for the foundation of a university in Vienna. The pope permitted the establishment of a studium generale in 1365, but denied permission for a faculty of theology. Albert was named the university’s first rector in September or October. However, he only remained in office for a year before he was made bishop of Halberstadt in autumn 1366; he remained in that office until his death.

9 THE CITY

3 Henry of Langenstein. Von der Erkenntnis der sünd. Anthology manuscript (German). Red chalk drawing on Hercules and Hydra. Vienna, end of the fourteenth /first half of the fifteenth century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 2997, fol. 154/155

This manuscript was partly written by a Viennese student and contains a work by one of the most renowned scholars of his time: Henry of Langenstein from Hesse (d. 1397). He was first recorded as Bachelor at the University of Paris in 1363, where he taught at the faculty of arts between 1364 and 1373. Having studied theology, he began teaching theology in 1376, but had to leave Paris in 1382. Duke Albert III (1365–1395) summoned him to the University of Vienna in 1384, where he taught henceforth and was a decisive actor in the reform of the curriculum. He left numerous texts on natural sciences, theology and socio-political issues. His tract Von der Erkenntnis der sünd is dedicated to the Duke and addresses first repentance on the whole and then the seven deadly sins. The text was probably originally written in Latin but has survived only in a German version. It is an example of texts by Viennese professors that were translated into the popular language by university members in order to open them up to a greater readership even outside of the university. The book is opened on a passage from another German text that interprets Hercules’ struggle against the three-headed Hydra as human- kind’s struggle for virtuousness.

10 4 Matthäus Heuperger. Brotherhood book of the Brotherhood of Corpus Christi. Paper, coloured floral decoration, cover with embossed leather and brass fittings. Manuscript and print (lists of names) probably by Singriener. Vienna, Erzbischöfliches Diözesanarchiv, fol. 1r

The Brotherhood of Corpus Christi at St. Stephen’s Church started a representative record in 1510. It was to be used to keep a record of the member contributions. Although there are only few members of the university listed among the names, this brotherhood book is an important document of its status within the residence city. This status meant that the “artists doctor masters” were listed on the first page, on fol. 3r the “rector and his doctors […] masters and general at the esteemed university”. Stephan Vorchtnauer, “doctor of both laws, town scribe in Vienna”, wrote the preface: an example of a local university career.

11 THE CITY

4 Order of Procession. Liturgical Anthology. Vienna, end of the fourteenth century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 4712, fol. 108/109

There is evidence of this procession having taking place in Vienna since the fourteenth century; it is documented in the All Saints’ foundation patent of March 16, 1365. The university was obliged to walk next to the members of the All Saints’ Chapter at the head of the procession, provost and rector were equal. The appearance of the university members as an independent body as well as their internal hierarchy was often discussed. Notes on the order have been preserved in a liturgical anthology: fraternities made the start, there followed pupils and members of the university, probably also of other schools of the city. Then came the spiritual orders, chaplains and representatives of the Viennese churches with their reliquaries, the cathedral clerics with the town cross carried under a canopy and the tabernacle of St. Stephen.

4 Nicolaus de Waldhausen, Nicolaus de Dinkelsbühl. Theological anthology. Leaflet with notations on “Lauda Syon” for the participants of the Corpus Christi procession. Vienna or Lower Austria, 1459. Vienna, Erzbischöfliches Diözesanarchiv, Cod. 4, detached fragment

12 5 City map of Albert. Coloured pen drawing on paper. Probably a copy, second half of the fifteenth century, original 1421/22. Wien Museum, Inv.-Nr. HMW 31018

A remarkable pen drawing was found in 1849 in a Bamberg map collection. At the centre of the sheet of paper, we see the City of Vienna (oriented to the south), at top left the smaller City of Pressburg (oriented to the north). Rivers, paths, bridges, embattled city walls and numerous buildings (elevations) are included. Scale is included at bottom right, although the map is certainly not based on a geometric copy. The designer appears to have come from the circle of John of Gmunden. It may have been executed on the occasion of a dynastic tie: Albert IV’s wedding to the emperor’s daughter Elizabeth of Luxembourg in 1422. The map shows that the university was one of the representational buildings of the future royal city of residence. There is no hitherto known instance of a comparable pictogram of a university from this time.

6 Confirmation deed by the Burghers of Vienna. Large town seal on green silk ribbon. April 12, 1365. Vienna, Stadt- und Landesarchiv, Urkunde Nr. 643

Mayor Leopold Poppfinger and town judge Leupoldus Potz confirm to the university that they will respect all its rights and immunities, which the sover- eign had guaranteed to the university on March 12, 1365, “emphasizing the great benefit of the erection of a university to the city”.

13 THE CITY

6 The University as Political Advisor. Vienna, Stadt- und Landesarchiv, HAUrk/5376 Wien 1490 VIII 09

On July 15, 1490 King Wladislaw of Bohemia was declared the King of Hun- gary by the Hungarian estates. The city called on the university to address the question whether the title properly belonged to Habsburg Maximilian. On August 9, 1490, the rector commissioned a patent in Latin and German language on the legal opinion formed at the university. It was executed in the school of law: “in der Iuristen schul” / “in stuba iuristarum”. The university stressed that Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Austria, Carinthia and Styria (etc.) could expect obedience from all inhabitants of Hungary (“von allen Inwonern des bemelten reichs Hungern gehorsam getan sol werden”). At the same time, it stressed that the university could not, however, be called upon in the case of conflict, as it was a “theological university”: “universitas studii prefati tamquam clerica, se de hoc consilio non teneri” (and thus could not be held responsible for the advice it gave).

14 7 The Univeristy and the Schottenkloster (Scottish Abbey)

Nicolaus de Tudeschis. Lectura in librum primum decretalium. Beginning of the fifteenth century. Vienna, Schottenstift, Cod. 2, fol. Iv/1r

Fol. 1r shows a historicist image of the author, Pope Gregory, and next to it a note on ownership and attestation: Iste liber est monasterii beate Marie virginis alias Scotorum Wienne quem testatus est nobis egregius decretorum doctor dominus Johannes Poltzmacher. Oremus pro eo. (This book belongs to the Abbey of the Blessed Virgin Mary also known as the Scottish in Vi- enna, having been left to us by the honoured Doctor of Decretals Mr. John Poltzmacher. Let us pray for him.) The manuscript is part of the extensive estate left to the library of the Scottish Abbey in 1453 by the professor of canon law, rector (1438) and repeatedly dean of the faculty of law. Poltzmacher probably had this text, which was written in Italy, decorated in Vienna by Master Michael, who worked for Klosterneuburg, the Scottish Abbey and commissioners from the university. The connection between university and Scottish Abbey had been established since the foundation and was close. Poltzmacher’s last will and testament decreed that the books were to be made available for loan by members of the faculty of law.

8 Johannes Polczmacher. Lecutre script (lectio). Autograph, Commentary on the fourth and fifth book of the Decretals. 1439. Cover from time of creation, book clasps with foliate decoration. Vienna, Schottenstift, Cod. 193, fol. 83v/84r (reproduction)

The jurist Johannes Poltzmacher addressed the fourth and fifth book of the Decretals for an entire year each in 1439 and 1442 respectively. He often referred to older commentary. Red ink marks the places were he had intended insertions. There are only very few extant lecture scripts of this kind.

15 THE CITY

9 The university and the Dominikanerkonvent (Dominican Convent)

Catalogue of a lectern library. 1513. Vienna, Dominikanerkonvent, Cod. 232/260, fol. 10r

The Dominican convent had the largest library in Vienna. It was primarily a lectern library; books had to be read on location. There is an extant catalogue from 1513 with entries for 985 volumes. Its author is Martin Purkawsner. This register reflects the order of locations as well as other means of categoriz- ing knowledge in use during the sixteenth century. Desk E held the report of the lectures of Dominican Dean of Studies Leonard Huntpichler. The signature is found on the front lid of the folio. There are also traces of the chain attachment.

9 Leonhard Huntpichler. Report of a lecture. 1461. Vienna, Domini- kanerkonvent, Cod. 220/186

Leonhard Huntpichler was a university professor for theology and envoy to the Council of Basle. In the academic year 1460/61 he held the office of dean of the faculty of theology. Ownership note: “Hic liber est conventus Wien- nensis ordinis fratrum predicatorum in Austria et est transscriptus ex lecturis fratris Leonhardi regentis studii conventus iam dicti 1461.” (“This book belongs to the Viennese convent of the order of the preaching brothers in Austria and was copied from the lectures of Brother Leonard, dean of studies at the above-named convent, 1461.”)

16 10 The University and the Jewish Community

Mordechai ben Hillel. Sefer Mordechai (Hebrew). Hebrew text of law. Germany or Austria, 1392. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. Hebr. 2, fol. 56r

Law text on very fine parchment. The cowhide cover was designed with the technique of figural leather tooling. It shows hunting scenes with centaurs and knights. Text beginnings on the inside are decorated with similar figures. The codex in German and Rabbinic script is an example of cultural exchange between Christians and Jews during the late fourteenth century. For example, Christian book illuminators decorated manuscripts for Christian as well as Jewish clients. This may explain the unusual circumstance that the scribe’s Hebrew is not free of errors.

11 Hebrew bible from the Collegium ducale. Book of Leviticus with pen drawing. Germany or Austria, fifteenth century, Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. Hebr. 38, fol. 186v

Although scores of Hebrew manuscripts were destroyed or at least taken apart in Vienna in 1421 and the construction of a new university building using bricks taken from the destroyed synagogue was celebrated as a victory of the school of the new law, there remained an interest in Jewish writing, especially Hebrew bibles and their commentaries. In 1431, the jurist Heinrich Fleckel of Kitzbühel (d. 1437) gifted a Hebrew bible to the Collegium Ducale and asked that it should be made preferentially available to three members of the college. Two of them, Paulus Leubmann of Melk (d. 1479) and Augustinus of Vienna, were christened Jews and thus familiar with Hebrew. The text of the bible was written in German Square Hebrew and surrounded by the Maso- rah with margin notes and pronunciation rules. The small dragon marks the beginning of a portion of text designated for a reading.

17 THE CITY

12 Hebrew Fragments

Prenuptial agreement, known as the Kremser Ketubbah (Hebrew). Krems, 1392. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. Hebr. 218

This oldest extant illuminated Jewish prenuptial agreement is one of the most significant Hebrew fragments held by the Austrian national library. The top of the four parts show on the right the bridegroom Shalom, son of Mena- chem and on the left his bride Çemaḥ. The bridegroom, dressed in coat, cape and Jewish hat is presenting the ring; the bride is shown in coat and crown and holding a blue flower. Both top fragments were once used as the front and back pastedown in Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 4600, which was bound approximately in 1434 in Vienna and was part of the large private collection of university teacher Thomas Ebendorfer of Haselbach (1388–1464). Evidence has shown that Ebendorfer owned further Hebrew manuscripts, including an Esther scroll, the remains of which were used by various Viennese book binders upon his orders between 1421 and 1462 in order to bind his books.

18 19 Court and University

20 Court and University round the turn of the twelfth to the thirteenth century, the most successful early universities had begun “from below”. Masters of the arts (Paris, Oxfords) and students of law (Bologna) joined in sworn communitiesA (universitates), which defended their members’ protected status. Another model was followed when Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250) founded a university “from above” in Naples. Its explicit aim was the education of imperial experts in order to consolidate his rule. Both models were combined in Vienna: the Alma Mater Rudolphina was a founded university, but had to survive a power vacuum as well as a lack of financial support during its first years. Its survival was ensured by the mental bond to the founder and the engagement of a strong faculty of arts. In 1384, Albert III was eventually able to secure the papal privilege to erect a faculty of theology. The university became a “comprehensive university”. A phase of stabilisation set in. A building was erected, the faculties issued statutes and the faculty of arts, which had the greatest number of members, was given a sceptre. The section Court and University displays the ideals and images of these two spheres of representation. It follows their approach to each other and an increased presence of Christian topics in the 1390s.

21 Court and University

13 Foundation charter of the University of Vienna (German version). March 12, 1365. Parchment document with three pendant seals. Archive of the University of Vienna, Ladula XXXVII.2

Duke Rudolph IV, the first university founder not to have been crowned a King, applied his seal to the foundation charters for the Viennese studium with the right to promotion “in all permitted sciences” on March 12, 1365. Two documents were created at the same time: one in Latin, the other one in German. The Latin charter served to be presented to the pope, who affirmed the foundation of the University of Vienna on 18 June 1365, albeit with the restriction that it was not to have a faculty of theology. The German charter had the primary purpose of informing the townspeople of Vienna of the special privileges of the university community under law. Both charters are decorated with a particular opulence that reflects the founder’s lofty ambi- tions. It was incomparably more elaborate than that any other foundation charter issued for a university founded in geographical or chronological proximity to the Viennese establishment. The duke was joined by his younger brothers Albert and Leopold in affirming the documents with their seals and signatures in their own hands (Leopold only signed the Latin version, however). The foundation patent carries an extremely extensive text that gives very detailed stipulations regarding organisation and legal stipulations for the university community. The plans for a dedicated “university campus” – the German charter calls it “Pfaffenstadt” – within the city walls was unique (though never realised). The German and the Latin foundation patents were adopted into the UNESCO Austrian National Memory of the World Register on 21 October 2014.

22 14 The Duke’s “secret writing”. Donation deed from Rudolph IV. 4 June 1360. Signature in his own hand, seal lost, framed by a prayer in secret writing. DAW, Urkundenreihe 04.06.1360

Rudolph IV had decreed that his grave was to be the Church of St. Stephen. He donated a gift of reliquaries to the church on the feast day of Corpus Christi in 1360. Recent analyses have shown that the prayer in secret writing was written with the same ink as Rudolph used to sign the document. He is most probably the writer: Not unlike his father-in-law Charles IV, he tried to make a mark with his ability to write and connect this with his ruler’s memoria. The prayer reads: “ALMECHTIGER. GOT. UND. GEWALTI- GER. HERR. IESUS. CHRISTUS. AIN. SCHEPHER. ALLER. DING. DURCH. DEINER. MUETER. MEGTLICHEN. EREN. UND. DURCH. DEINES. HEILIGEN. LEICHNAMS. UND. DURCH. ALLER. DEIN- EN. HEILIGEN. UND. ENGEL. WILLEN. ENPACH. DICZ. OPHER. DIR. ZE. LOW. UND. MIR. RUDOLFEN. HERZOG. UND. KATREIN. MEINEN. WEIW. UND. ALLEN. MEINEM. GESWISTREITEN. UND. ALLEN. MEINEN. LANDEN. ZE. TROST. AMEN.” (“All mighty God and most powerful Lord Jesus Christ, creator of all things. For the sake of your Mother’s virginal honour and for the sake of your sacred body, for the sake of all your saints and angels, receive this offering. To You praise, and to myself, Duke Rudolph, and Catherine my wife, and all my siblings and all my lands, consolation. Amen.”)

23 Court and University

Duke Rudolph used the same secret writing on other written memorials with close connection to the Duke and his family. The most prominent is the funerary inscription in St. Stephen’s Church. An explicit formula in secret writing is also contained in a prayer book that probably belonged to his sister, a Clarist:

14 Collection of prayer texts in German language. Fourteenth Century. Klosterneuburg, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. CCl 1226, 28v/29r

The formula “Das puchel hat ein ent” (“The book ends here”) stands at the end of Seuse’s Büchlein der ewigen Weisheit.

24 15 The All Saints’ Chapter

Great Seal of the Chapter at the Vienna Cathedral. Third century, resp. 1365. Dark brown onyx (sardonyx) set flatly in gold. On loan from the Cathedral Chapter. Vienna, Dommuseum, Prot.-Nr. L-1

Duke Rudolph undertook a second great foundation only four days after he had founded the university. He moved the All Saints’ Chapter from the castle to St. Stephen’s Church and provided it with generous funds. The positions of Canons served to provide for professors. The provost was the university chancellor. He was entitled to confer licences at graduations. In the Collegiate Chapter’s foundation deed, Rudolph stipulated that both foundations were to maintain close ties. With this, he ensured both the survival of the university and the maintenance of his memoria. Of the two seals that the All Saints’ Chapter was issued with, the Great Chapter Seal has survived. The intaglio shows the portrait of a Roman from the third century. The coat of arms with cross and the cross on the toga must have been added at a later date. The profile portrait was also reworked. The good condition of the seal suggests that the gem came into Rudolph’s ownership from a treasury. It was frequent among rulers to use inscriptions in an- tique gems as a form of representation. The circumscription goes: “S[igillum] Capituli Omnium Sanctorum in Wienna” and is interrupted by triband escutcheons. The writing and ornamentation correlates with Rudolph IV’s seal; the setting was thus probably made by a Viennese goldsmith.

25 Court and University

15 Cope of the provost of St. Stephen and chancellor of the university. 1518 (following older models, coat-of-arms added in the seventeenth century). High relief embroidery with pearl trimming. On loan from the Cathedral Chapter, Vienna, Dommuseum, Prot. Nr. L-47

Rudolph IV had intended the 24 Canons to have elaborate dresses. In order to be accepted into the collegiate chapter it was necessary to donate a cope. The provost’s cope was particularly expensive. The shield on the back of one of those has survived in the cathedral treasury. According to the custodian’s book of invoices, it was made of Rudolph IV’s wedding frock. The duke had given it to the Chapter at St. Stephen’s, where it was later reworked for its new purpose. It has been renewed several times, showing the Mother of God accompanied by Catherine of Alexandria and Jacob.

26 16 Portrait of Duke Rudolph IV. Described “Rudolfus Archidux Austrie etcet(era)” on the upper ledge of the frame. c. 1360. Tempera on parchment without foundation, stretched on spruce wood. On loan from the Cathedral Chapter, Vienna, Dommuseum

This unusual portrait was probably executed while Rudolph IV was still alive. It shows him in front of a dark background, slightly turned towards the left, his lips opened as if to speak, his eyes cast downwards. The unusual combina- tion of proximity and distance raises the question of how it was made. An x-ray examination showed detailed underdrawings for the hair and beard, elements that were subject to norms for a social position and fashion. The painter was not able to make use of a scheme or a silhouette in order to draw the individual physiognomy of a live sitter. The duke’s clothes are worked with gold and he is wearing a hoop crown with gemstones. In combina- tion with the imperial globus cruciger and the cross, it is reminiscent of an imperial crown. The portrait was probably painted in connection with the privilegium maius (1358/59). In it, the young duke had demanded from the emperor the title he is presented with in the line of writing on the top ledge of the frame: Archbishop of the Austrian lands. The picture was on display in St. Stephen’s Cathedral for a long time and is still owned by the All Saints’ Chapter at the Cathedral, which Rudolph had founded.

27 Court and University

16 Rudolph IV’s shroud. Installation. Slightly reduced reconstruction of the fabric used for Rudolph’s shroud. Techn. Rat Dipl. HTL. Ing Heinrich L. Hetzer, Ingenieurbüro für Textiltechnik

The original was made between 1319 und 1335 in Iran and was almost four metres long. It took several years for the fabric to be finished in finest weav- ing technique at the court of the Sultan Abū Sa īd (reg. 1316–1335). The luxury fabric of gold and silk shows various small animal motifs and includes several large bands of writing. These list the ruler’s names and titles. The fabric does not appear to have been originally used and was probably sold. When Rudolph IV died suddenly in Milan in July 1365, his remains were covered in a shroud made from this fabric. He was displayed in this shroud along several stations along his transport to Vienna. There may have been a Christian interpretation for the Arabic script at the time. The fabric appears to have come from the area of the loca sancta.

28 17 Discoveries at excavations near the Old University

The Federal Office for the Preservation of Monuments conducted excavations near the Old University between 1997 and 2002. The discoveries included the torso of a Madonna figure as well as seventeen mediaeval stone fragments. These are noticeably richly decorated with foliage and vegetative design and are of high artistic quality. It has so far been difficult to reconstruct a common context for them. It is discernible that two sculptors were at work, both of whom applied a style reminiscent of the cathedral works. It has been possible to date the fragments to the beginning of the construction of the Collegium ducale. After Albert III had secured the papal privilege allowing a faculty of theology in Vienna, the university had attained the rank of a comprehensive university. The Duke donated the Collegium ducale in 1384 and provided the donation with two further buildings in the quarter near the Dominican monastery. These were refurbished for student purposes. They provided housing for twelve masters. There were lecture halls for artists, theologians and medics. A dedicated chapel was added at a later date.

18 Duke Albert III. (1349/50–1395). Profile portrait with the order of the braid. Copy. Sixteenth century, following a lost original, fourteenth century. Tem- pera on wood. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Inv.-Nr. GG_4408

In 1377, Albert III led a campaign to Prussia against the heathens. He was accompanied by the poet and herald Peter Suchenwirt. According to Suchen- wirt’s poems, the Duke was made a Knight of the Golden Braid along this journey. Various portraits show the duke with the insignia of the order, which was probably created on that occasion. Compared to the portrait of Rudolph IV, the painter used an older scheme of depiction and shows the ruler in sharp profile. The duke is wearing a fur-lined hat of brocade. That his own hair is tied into a braid shows his strong identification with the ideals of the Order of the Knights of the Golden Braid in Honour of the Holy Virgin, which he himself had founded. Catherine of Alexandria was on of the holy virgins.

29 Court and University

19 Duke Albert III’s privilege for the University of Vienna. 1384. Parchment document with nineteen pendant seals. Archive of the University of Vienna, Ladula XXXVII.3

Duke Albert III’s monumental deed documents a watershed in the development of the young Viennese university. Although it cannot be doubted that the university did indeed become operational upon its foundation in 1365, it had a rather modest appearance at first, closely tied to the rooms and staff of the townpeople’s school of St. Stephen’s. Important decrees of Rudolph’s foundation patent had not been realized: there was no faculty of theology and no dedicated university building. With the Treaty of Neuberg (1379), Albert III retained rule of Austria proper (Upper and Lower Austria). This and the Great Western Schism (1378–1417) created conditions that proved benefi- cial for the university. The schism forced masters and doctors from German territories to leave Paris and look for new fields of work. They included the renowned theologian and astronomer Henry Heimbuche of Langenstein (1325–1397), who came to Vienna in 1384 and revived the University of Vienna in his role as “university expert” together with other members of the university. The result was the confirmation, new organisation and extension of the Viennese studies with this elaborately designed charter. It was not executed by the ducal chancellery but by its recipient, worded by Henry of Lan- genstein. According to Christian Lackner, we may assume that Master Paul Fabri of Geldern, who had also come to the University of Vienna from Paris, was the scribe. The number of seals is particularly notable and unique among the charters issued by Albert III. This number documents the intention that all relevant rulers and decision-makers be bound by the charter. A central aspect of the decree was the foundation of a college for twelve masters of the faculty of arts as well as one or two theologians (Collegium ducale/Duke’s College), in addition to which the duke also gifted dedicated buildings within the city walls. The Duke’s College at the same time became the main building of the mediaeval University of Vienna: it was its first own building. In the course of the reorganization, the Roman pope Urban VI gave his permission on 20 February 1384 to install a faculty of theology at the University of Vienna. This act finally put into effect the original intentions of Duke Rudolph IV

30 20 Braid and Sceptre

Order of the Braid. Vienna (?), c. 1377. Silver, sheet silver, sheet brass (later addition), driven, engraved, fire-gilded, paper wrap containing au- burn lock of hair inside the capsule. Graz, Universalmuseum Joanneum, Kulturhistorische Sammlung, Inv.-Nr. 09230

The Order of the Braid is considered to be the oldest order in Austria and the hitherto only known extant decoration of the secular Knights’ Order of the Braid, which Albert III founded around 1377. However, his attempt to establish a Habsburg order failed. The society was dissolved after its founder’s death.

31 Court and University

20 The faculty of arts sceptre. Vienna, oldest part 1385–1395, foil umbel of a later date. Silver, partly fire-gilded, wooden core, numerous restora- tions and restoration notes. Height 143.5 cm, figure 8 cm

The Viennese faculty of arts sceptre is not only the oldest extant sceptre of the University of Vienna, but also the oldest extant sceptre of any faculty of arts as well as the oldest sceptre with a stand-alone figure. It was used for ceremonial assemblies of the university members, e.g., at graduations, promo- tions, bachelor celebrations or the staged disputations that took place in St. Stephen’s Church every year on November 25 since 1385. That day was the feast day of St. Catherine of Alexandria, the patron saint of the faculty of arts. As the establishment of the early university was directed by the artists, their patron saint attained a central role as figure of identification for the entire university. She was honoured in numerous speeches until the early modern age, beginning with Henry of Langenstein’s Katharinenpredigt in 1396. The great artistic quality and the motif of the long braid reminiscent of the insignia of the Order of the Golden Braid implies that Albert III probably donated the faculty of arts sceptre. Like Rudolph, he was well aware of how to connect his memoria to the university in order to enhance his prestige as a wise ruler.

32 21 Beadle’s statute of the University of Vienna, August 8, 1366. Parchment document with the great university seal and the medium university seal impression on the reverse. Archive of the University of Vienna, Urkundenreihe 108 A 56

This charter is one of the oldest statutes at the University of Vienna, decree- ing the tasks and income of the beadle. It was issued by the university as an association of persons: the rector, the procurators of the nations and the community (universitas) of all doctors, masters and scholars. It was certified by the great university seal, which had already been mentioned in the foundation patent, with a counterseal on the reverse showing the impression of the oldest version of the medium university seal. The field of the latter shows Sapientia with crown, sceptre and book under a canopy: this motif was modernised in Renaissance style in the mid-sixteenth century and was henceforth used as the great seal. Sapientia still features on the University of Vienna seal and logo today. The beadle was subordinated to the rector, to whom he was bound by oath. His tasks included transmitting messages, clerical work, statements and announcements, keeping the order on university grounds and supervising the prison.

33 Court and University

21 Oldest University of Vienna seal. Wax impression. Diameter 6.3 cm. Delicate inscription lettering between pearl lines: S[IGILLVM]. VNIVERSI- TATIS. DOCTORV[M]. MAGISTRORV[M]. ET. SCOLARIV[M]. WYENNE

The image of the seal shows a teaching scene under the protection of the Mother of God, flanked by two supporters of the shield. They present the dukedom (triband escutcheon) and the city (cross shield). The seal is of great quality, so was probably made by a court artist, possibly Janko of Prague. He was a goldsmith to the duke and had also created Rudolph IV’s first coin seal. The seal stamps were an important medium of self-representation to Duke Rudolph. He gave precise decrees on access, use and safekeeping of the great university seal even in the foundation patent. It was to be kept in a chest that was to be stored in a cabinet in St. Stephen’s vestry. It could only be ac- cessed by rector and provost, deans and procurators of the academic nations together. It is notable that the representation of Rudolph, the founder of the university, is limited to the coat-of-arms. The oldest extant imprint on the beadle’s statute from 1366 is from a time already after Rudolph’s death.

34 21 The lesser seal

Next to the great university seal, the use of which was ceremonial, there usually existed another, lesser seal, for commonplace business transactions. The seal and imprint of the first lesser seal have survived.

21 Treaty between Johann Ramung and Paul Wann regarding books and an apartment. Vienna, 1513. Damaged seal. Archive of the University of Vienna, Lad. VIII/4, Siegelsammlung

The image of the seal shows Sapientia with crown and fashionable courtly dress, carrying a flower sceptre and a book. It appears to have been intended largely for business within the university. The circumscription in Gothic minuscules does not name the location, Vienna, but says: “Secretum Sapientie”. Following a complaint that the seal was missing a “superscriptio authentica”, the following circumscription was added in 1399: “S[IGILLVM] SAPIEN- TIE STUDII WIENN[ENSIS]”. The seal was later re-issued and adapted during the Renaissance period, in which form it is still part of the corporate design of the modern-day university logo.

35 Court and University

21 The university statutes. Limp vellum binding with title. Vienna, 1380–1400. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5462, front cover

On October 5, 1384, Albert III gave the university the right to define its own statutes by charter (privilege of autonomy). Cod. 5467 contains one of several copies. These are important documents on the establishment of the university. The start is made by the papal bulls from Urban V (1310–1370) and Urban VI (c. 1318–1389) that gave permission to found a university in 1365, resp. confirmed that permission and further permitted the establishment of a faculty of theology in 1384. There follow the general university statutes from 1384, the university member regulations from 1388, the four faculty statutes and their approval by the university, all of which were also executed in 1388. The collection concludes with a document from 1396 that was vital for financial security, wherein all five Habsburg dukes set the amounts for stipends to be paid to the individual teachers and faculties. This volume was owned by the Collegium ducale. The margin notes show that the collection was in use until the eighteenth century.

36 21 Conflict over the authority over the seal and a new great university seal

Deed of donation from Canon at Agram Gregor Mayzen for two Slav students in need. 1564. Archive of the University of Vienna, Ladula VII, Nr. 1

Responsibility and authority over the key to the university seal was withdrawn from the chancellor, who was also the provost at St. Stephen’s, in 1387 and given to the rector and deans. A conflict ensued. The chancellor refused to return the seal. A new seal was made in 1397. It was even larger and markedly cited the Parisian model even more clearly: the new statutes included a note that lectures would end like in Paris on the feast days of Saints Peter and Paul. These two saints replaced the supporters of the shield with triband escutcheon and cross shield on the new seal. The chancellor appealed to the authority of the apostles when conferring masters’ degrees. The return of the original seal sparked a discussion on the authenticity of both seals; the older seal was chosen. It was henceforth kept in the Cappella ducale. There is nevertheless evidence that the younger seal was also used.

21 Copies of documents commissioned by provost Anton Wachinger. 1391. Archiv der Domkirche St. Stephan

These contain among others the papal bulls on the foundation of the university (1365) and the bull on the erection of a faculty of theology (1384).

37 Court and University

22 Beginning and end of a stage of study

Register of the University of Vienna, Volume 1. 1377–1420. Parchment manuscript, wooden lids covered with leather with fittings and two clasps. Archive of the University of Vienna, Cod. M 1, fol. 1r

The oldest volume of the register of the University of Vienna makes the beginning of a series of registers, which remain in the Archive of the University of Vienna, giving an uninterrupted record from then to the twentieth century. As long as the university had its own legal jurisdiction, until 1783, entry into the register was proof of membership in this privileged legal community, which was subject to the rector’s jurisdiction. At the same time, inscription meant freedom from tax payable to the city. The register thus became a symbol of the universitas magistrorum et scholarium and gained the character of a university insignia, which was ceremonially handed over from one rector to the next together with the sceptre, ring, seals, etc. The act of inscription included the swearing of an oath to the rector and payment of the inscription fee, which was noted down together with the new student’s name and place of origin. Although even the beadle’s statute from 1366 mentioned a register, this register was probably originally kept on single sheets or leaves; they were not copied into a dedicated book. This practice only began in 1377, when the jurist Johannes of Randegg was rector. At this time, the current university member numbers were entered. After that time, the new entrants were noted by the rectors’ periods of office. At first, there existed only single parchments, which were bound into a codex and given a cover only as late as 1397. The names were entered into the records either by the rector in his own hand or by a scribe at his bidding. Notes indicate that this usually happened at the end of a rector’s period of office.

38 22 Document of a Determinatio. Vienna, after 1474. Obviously left unfin- ished and used again as a flyleaf in the Franciscan abbey. Stift Klostern- euburg, Stiftsbibliothek, Fragm. 342, III. 4.

The sheet announces the discussion of a Quaestio by a named scholar in the aula of the university. The event was directed by master Petrus Egkl de Has- lbach. The topic of the discussion was an aspect of Aristotelian ethics. The fact that King Matthias Corvinus and his wife Beatrix attended disputations in St. Stephen’s shows the degree of publicity given to such events, and underlines the importance such an event could have on a candidate’s career. It was un- derstandable that candidates invested in a representative announcement. The university, however, repeatedly attempted to ban the artistic “effort” entailed in such productions (for example in 1489).

22 Bust of Gerhard van Swieten

Gerhard van Swieten (1700–1772), medic, born in Leiden, personal phy- sician to Maria Theresa from 1745 onwards, critic of the Jesuits. Natural scientist at the University of Vienna. It was due to him that the book collections connected to the Old University were adopted into the Imperial Library stocks in 1756. The bust is part of his tomb, which used to be located in the Augustinerkirche (Church of St. Augustine). It had to make way for a funerary memorial erected by Canova in 1798/1805 for Archduchess Marie Christine.

Artistic Intervention

Hubert Lobnig. Stairs. Vertical Video. 2015. With Courtesy by Galerie Raum mit Licht

39 Court and University

23 The University as Governing Body

Acta Facultatis Artium, Vol. 4 (Liber Quartus Actorum Facultatis Artium Mod- erna, 1497–1559). Archive of the University of Vienna, Cod. PH 9, fol. 1a

This elaborately designed initial (opaque colours with gold, partly chased) shows a master writing at his desk. His study room becomes a lively arrange- ment through the presence of animals and plants. On the bands of writing, the scholar asks the Virgin Mary for support. Administrative records of this kind were also kept by the faculties of medicine and of theology. In the late fourteenth century, the university may be described as a loose conglomerate of a range of corporative communities. These included the faculties as well as nations, colleges and bursae (student hostels).

23 Great seal of the faculty of arts. 1388. Wax impression. Archive of the University of Vienna, Siegelsammlung

This seal may also have been instigated due to the 1387 conflicts over authority over the seal between chancellor and rector. It was created at the time when the chancellor withheld the university seal. As the seal of the faculty of arts is closely modelled on that seal, it could have served as a temporary replace- ment for a university with a strong faculty of arts. The triband escutcheon has a prominent place, there are no supportive saints. The circumscription reads: “SIGILLVM FACULTATIS ARCIUM LIBERALIUM STUDII WIEN- NENSIS”. The original seal is kept in the National Museum in Budapest (Department of Archaeology, Inv.-Nr. 61.57 C).

40 23 Impression of the lesser seal (sigillum parvum) of the faculty of arts on a purchase patent by the superintendent of the Lammbursa hostel (right). February 2, 1549. Archive of the University of Vienna, Ladula II/2

In 1391, the faculty of arts decided to commission a sigillum parvum for frequent business transactions. The seal no longer displays an unspecified lecture hall scene, but instead shows the patron saint of the faculty of arts, St. Catherine of Alexandria, with the attributes of her martyrdom: sword and wheel. The circumscription reads: “s[igillum] fac[u]ltat[is] art[ium] studii wie[nensis.]”.

23 Great seal of the faculty law. 1450–1500. Wax impression in copper cas- ing. Archive of the University of Vienna, Siegelsammlung

A seal was already mentioned in the faculty statutes of 1389. We may assume that this seal from the second half of the fifteenth century picked up on an earlier image. It shows the profane personification of Justitia. The circumscription reads: “sigillum facultatis iuristarum studii wiennensis”.

23 Great seal of the faculty of theology. Wax impression, Archive of the University of Vienna, Siegelsammlung

In 1396, the faculty of theology in Vienna paid a Viennese goldsmith a considerable sum (ten guilders) for a seal. The elaborate design was the work of the same persons who was also responsible for the design of the Albertinum: Henry of Langenstein and Paulus of Geldern. The centre of the quatrefoil shows the face of Christ. It is framed by the symbols of the four evangelists. The circumscription reads: “Sigillo facultatis theologie wienen”. In 1423, it was decided to commission a sigillum minus.

41 Court and University

23 Brass signet of the oldest seal of the faculty of medicine. 1408. Archive of the University of Vienna, Siegelsammlung

The image shows the field of a sexfoil with the bull of Lucas (patron saint of pharmacology) on a ground of grass and flowers. Between the front hoofs, he is holding the open book of the gospel. The circumscription reads: “s[igillum] facultatis medicine studii wiennens[is]”.

24 The book of the Hungarian nation. Liber Nationis Hungaricae. Ungarische Nationsmatrikel, Vol. 1. mid-fifteenth century (1453). Archive of the University of Vienna, Cod. NH1, fol. 15v

Even in the foundation charter, Rudolph had already intended for there to be four nations, like in Paris. The most important task of the procurators of the nations was the election of the rector until 1848. Including members from Bohemia and Poland, the Hungarian nation had the most members of all University of Vienna national corporations between 1410 and 1435. Around 1414, they wrote their own statutes. The historicising initial C marks the beginning of the new version of the original statutes from 1453. It is ascribed to the Lehrbüchermeister, a Viennese illuminator of the second half of the fifteenth century, and shows the founder of the Hungarian state, Saint Stephen King of Hungary, and his son, St. Emeric. Cod. NH 1 is the oldest extant original record of a nation at the university.

42 25 The Celtis box. Wooden chest for the preservation of the insignia of the Collegium Poetarum et Mathematicorum. 1508. Tempera paint on five sides, extractable inserted floor with lid with parchment sheet pasted on (14 x 12 cm), on the sheet eleven lines of script in Gothic minuscules. Archive of the University of Vienna, Inv. 114,1

Emperor Maximilian summoned Konrad Celtis to Vienna in 1497. Upon Celtis’ advice, he founded the Collegium Poetarum et Mathematicorum. The establishment was given four teaching positions and was meant to add to the teaching on offer at the faculty of arts. Graduates were crowned with the po- ets’ laurels in a dedicated ceremony and were granted the permission to teach at other universities. In 1508, a chest was made for the storage of the imperial privileges and insignia of the college. It was decorated with images modelled on examples from the circle of Dürer. One of the sides shows the leader of the muses Apollo on mount Parnassus: at one with nature, he is striking the strings of his instrument.

43 The Studium

44 he commitment to a course of studies at a university was an existen- tial decision. It meant living one’s life in regulated communities of teachers and students. Specific rituals, standards of behaviour and TLatin as a second language were obligatory. Members of the university as- sembled in newly built rooms or ones which were adapted for the purpose of instruction; in libraries or in the masters’ private houses; and ultimately in the student accommodations, the so-called bursae and codriae. Before the advent of printing, the plenitude of knowledge could only be achieved as a result of community. This ideal of completeness also found expression in the making of manuscript compilations. The theme of the following exhibit is the media history of the university corporation in the late Middle Ages. Here we distinguish between the lectio, which presents a text and places it in relation to various commentaries, and the pronuntiatio, a group dictation for advanced students. Through this controlled format texts could be efficiently disseminated. Finally, there were also written exercises and drills during the lesson. All of these formats have in common the enormous respect they give to the transmitted text. In order to preserve and memorise this knowledge, it was not only committed to writing but also to being spoken aloud. Skill in public disputation was one of the most important factors in the evaluation of intellectual capability. The manuscripts presented here, most of them on the new and light- weight medium of paper, reflect a very diverse interaction with text and knowledge, with what is heard and what is read. Scribbled notes were always a persistent feature. The early printed materials of the university give a truly authentic glimpse into the lecture hall of this time period; these prints are characterised by the space left in between the lines and in the margins for written commentary and glosses.

45 THE Studium

26 Book donation from Johann Gwerlich to the Rosenbursa. Vienna, HHSTA AUR 1423 XII–1441 XI 27

TheRosenbursa was one of the oldest endowed student residences. It was established in 1423 and from 1447 had thirteen placements for students, preferably given to Austrians. The city of Korneuburg reserved the right to grant stipends for this residence. The role of superintendent was carried out by Professor Thomas Ebendorfer from Haselbach (1388–1464) and Andreas of Weitra (d.1461), among others. Ebendorfer is believed to have written the Rosenbursa statutes, which served as a model for the other bursae, and both men left behind a series of manuscripts intended for daily lessons in the student housing. Between 1432 and 1439, the jurist Johann Gwerlich donated 33 manuscripts to this bursa. Today, approximately 120 extant manuscripts can also be associated with the Rosenbursa library based on their annotations and characteristic pressmark labels, thus making it one of the largest bursa libraries in the fifteenth century.

26 Bartholomew of Pisa. Summa de casibus conscientiae (Lat.). Incipit with author portrait. Lower Austria (Vienna ?), last quarter of the 14th century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 4473, fol. 1r

This theological treatise from the Dominican Bartholomew of Pisa (1260– 1347) is from the Rosenbursa Library and is concerned with questions of conscience.

46 27 Latin Bible. Depiction of Luke the Evangelist and his symbol. Vienna (?), ca. 1440/50. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 4441, fol. 213v/214v

The dean of Passau Cathedral, Master Burkhard Krebs from Hamburg, who himself matriculated at the University of Vienna in 1411 as a student with little financial resources, later established an endowment for ten students from Württemberg; in the sixteenth century these scholarships were still reserved for students from Swabia, Württemberg and Ulm. Krebs did not include any books in his bequest, but according to his endowment patent he did obtain a concession from the Collegium Ducale. Those who received his scholarship were permitted to borrow any of the manuscripts on canon law that Krebs had donated to the ducal college. These were to be returned upon the borrow- er’s attainment of their first academic degree, or at the latest within five years. The partial volume of a Bible exhibited here is one of only a few manuscripts that can be associated with the library of this bursa. Also, nothing is known of the library’s size in the fifteenth century. The first extant inventory is from the year 1569, which records 475 books available for the use of the scholarship recipients.

47 THE Studium

27 Manuscript compilation (Lat.). Incipit from Cicero’s books on rhetoric. Vienna, 1469. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 3147, fol. 55v/56r

This manuscript with texts from classical antiquity and Renaissance humanists was written in Vienna in 1469, and as the glosses from different hands in the margin and between the lines demonstrate, it was intensively used. The owner was one Briccius Prepost (d. 1505), a theologian from Cilli in Slove- nia. He at first administered, in his role as testament executor, two student stipends created in 1493 by Johannes Ramung of Ramspichel, a salt official (Salzamtmann) in Hall in Tyrol and councillor to Emperor Maximilian I. It was the university’s wish that the stipend recipients, supplied as they were by Ramung with 155 books, be housed in the already existing Paulusbursa. This led to a series of conflicts that have yet to be fully researched, but which were eventually resolved in 1513 by the superintendent of the Ramung Founda- tion making not only a monetary payment, but also relinquishing almost all their books to the Paulusbursa. There remained only a few books for the recipients of the Ramung scholarship, until 1535, when books and endow- ments left by Prepost could be used to increase the foundation by the addition of two more scholarships.

28 Richard of St. Victor. De contemplatione eiusque commendatione, example of an extant chained volume, Vienna 1435 and later. Vienna, Schottenstift, Cod. 334.

Urban of Melk was a master of arts, doctor of theology and for some time rector at the University of Vienna. He bequeathed a considerable number of books to the Schottenstift (Scottish Monastery) in 1436.

48 29 Johannes Buridanus. Quaestiones super octo libros Physicorum Aristo- telis (Lat.). Quill pen and ink drawings. Vienna, ca. 1365/70. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5458, fol. 125v/126r

The French philosopher, physicist, and professor at the University of Paris Johannes Buridanus (ca. 1300–after 1358), composed this commentary on Aristotle’s books on physics between 1350 and 1358. Remarkably, this text was already in use only a few years later at the recently founded Faculty of Arts of the University of Vienna. This study manuscript also contains amateur drawings by the scribe that cannot be explained by the subject matter of the text. The four figures inserted perpendicular to the lines of script belong to the genre of Dörpersatire, a type of criticism of social hierarchy that most often appears in ballads of the medieval period. It features, for example, peasants who dress as knights and nobles and thereby break the strictures of sumptuary laws. The teaching scene depicted in the drawing is, however, obviously connected to a university context. It shows Plato in contemporary academic attire sitting at a podium and teaching with a book in his hand; at his feet sit Socrates, Cicero and a figure with the still unexplained notation, ‘Rosarum’. The drawing displays a pronounced sense of hierarchical order.

49 THE Studium

29 Treatises on Logic (Lat.). Scribal exercises and notations. Vienna, ca. 1385. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5455, fol. 180v

This manuscript contains the commentary from Marsilius of Inghen on the categories of Aristotle and his works on logic, as well as a commentary on Aristotelian logic by Hugo of Reyss. According to the scribal annotations, it was written ca. 1385 in Vienna by a student named Johannes. The codex was shortly afterwards given in pawn to the Faculty of Arts and eventually purchased for them. On a leaf at the end of the manuscript, next to writing exercises with a quill pen, are lines of text to four songs. Only the beginning Middle High German words of each song are noted down: “Pärlein und mit …”, “An czal dý etc.”, “Paradys ich han gesúcht …” und “Maý etc.”. The first song belongs to the oeuvre of the so-called Monk from Salzburg, active in Salzburg in the second half of the fourteenth century; the others are anonymous. This apparently represents a rare testimony to the fostering of secular music at or in connection to the university.

29 Mouthpiece from a fipple flute. Ca. 1300. Bone/Ivory (?), carved and rounded. Bundesdenkmalamt. Archaeological find from excavations in the area of the old university.

50 30 Oldest extant lecture plan of the Faculty of Arts. 1 September 1390. Vienna, Archiv der Universität Wien, Cod. Ph.6, fol. 44v/45r

At the beginning of the academic year, the dean of each faculty distributed to the masters the texts (libri ordinari) that were to define their curriculum. Here we see the relevant entry in the records of the Faculty of Arts.

30 Manuscript compilation (Ger.). Quill pen and ink drawings. Vienna, 1430s; Austria, 1465, 1477. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 2975, fol. 1v/2r

This compendium contains coloured drawings from the decade of the 1430s, with representations of the four faculties and the seven liberal arts. The first figures drawn are Theology, Philosophy and Grammar. The pages displayed here show on the left, Logic with a dog’s head and seated on a throne, en- gaged in a disputation with a cleric and a student, and next to them a rearing, crowned donkey. Below, Rhetoric is also represented enthroned and with three figures. On the right-hand page above is Music with a rooster’s head and playing a glockenspiel, with two other musicians playing an organ. Below, Arithmetic is seated at a table with counting tokens; across from her is Ge- ometry with dividers and quadrant. On the following pages are drawings of Astronomy, Law, Medicine, and the tree of knowledge. These depictions may have been inspired from mural paintings in one of the university buildings.

51 THE Studium

31 Nicolas de Lyra. Commentary on the Pentateuch (Lat.). Commentary on Genesis with two diagrams of Noah’s Ark. Vienna 14438/40. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 4144, fol. 30v/31r

ThePostilla litteralis by the French Franciscan Nicolas of Lyra (ca. 1270– 1349) was one of the most widespread bible commentaries in the Middle Ages and was therefore part of the curriculum in the Faculty of Theology. The manuscript presented here belonged to Andreas of Weitra (d.1461), who matriculated in 1409 and later taught for many years as a magistra artium and professor for theology. He is a figure of some importance for the study of book culture at the Vienna University, for he was involved in the production of his own books, not only as a scribe but also as an illuminator. His books are distinguished by his own pressmarks, so that 30 extant volumes may be ascribed to his former private library. The Postilla contains the largest collection of work in his own hand. The theologian’s handwriting is found in several sections of the main text, in the headings, and in all the marginal glosses. Also extant are annotations written in his hand on small pieces of paper that were attached to the manuscript, as was this leaf with diagrams depicting the distribution of rooms inside Noah’s Ark.

52 31 Manuscript compilation (Lat.). Mnemonic images. Gaming (?), 15th century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5393, fol. 329v/330r

Three treatises on rhetoric from the first centuries before and after Christ contain instructions on mnemonic techniques. They distinguish between two different kinds of memory, natural and artificial. The latter can be increased and improved through certain techniques and constant practice. These treatises recommend the memorisation of a series of either mental images or elements of a visualised topography, to which the information one wishes to remem- ber is then associated. The continued practice of these ancient techniques is documented in the miniatures presented here, which are placed after a text on mnemonic technique but are not directly related to the text. The motifs of these miniatures were definitely influenced by the mnemonic rule that one should not choose a mundane mental image but rather something positively imbued or extraordinary, because these things make a longer lasting impression. This idea is especially demonstrated by the dominating representation of a devil emerging from a console, and the scene of a schoolmaster punishing his students.

53 THE Studium

32 Eberhard of Béthune. Graecismus (Lat.). Quill pen and ink sketches. Vienna (?), ca. 1380/90. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 3532, fol. Iv/1r

This codex from the old university library was most likely a regularly used manuscript of the medieval Vienna institution, written by a copyist named Andreas. It contains the verse grammar by Eberhard of Béthune (d. ca. 1212), which was designed specifically for use in schools and had acquired the title Graecismus because of a Greek-Latin vocabulary list in the eighth chapter. Two users of the manuscript – allegedly members of the university – added their own drawings on one of the endpapers. The first drawing, on the lower left, depicts a female figure in a dress fashionably belted around the hips; she probably holds a mirror in her right hand. The figure on the right was drawn by a different, more amateurish hand, and is apparently a caricature of the first motif with the addition of a whip and poulaines with spurs. The heads and the saddled horse above were added by this hand.

54 32 Philosophical manuscript compilation (Lat.). Scribal notation. Vienna, 1414. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5112, fol. 180v/181r

With the reestablishment of the University in 1384, special housing designated for students began to appear in the area around the Collegium Ducale. These were called bursae (Latin for ‘purse’) because a weekly payment of the same name was made for room and board. The majority of students lived in these residences controlled by the university. Exceptions were made for those of the upper classes, who with the rector’s permission were allowed to rent private quarters, and for the students without means, who lived in the so- called codriae, or poor houses. The directors or rectors of these entrepreneurial bursae were as a rule university masters who rented out houses or single rooms in order to supplement their income. In the scribal notation displayed here, Conradus of Burgkunstat, matriculated in 1411, states that he completed this text in Vienna in the year 1414, ‘in bursa Johannis Gartner’. Since there is no other documentation for this bursa, it seems Johannes Gartner was only in business for a short period of time.

32 Medical manuscript compilation. Wax tablet on the inside back cover. 15th century. Collegium St. Nikolaus, later in the possession of Fabri. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 4769

55 THE Studium

32 Stylus with wax smoother. 12th/15th century. Non-ferrous metal (bronze?). Length 12.2 cm; max. width 1.6 cm. Bundesdenkmalamt. Archaeological find from excavations in the area of the old university.

A stylus was primarily used to incise letters or marks onto a wax tablet. These tablets were used for all types of notation. They were used at the university for administrative purposes, as well as in lectures. Anything could be noted on a wax tablet, from information that was only needed temporarily to prelimi- nary notes for a written text. The tablets were almost infinitely reusable; one only needed to warm the wax and smooth it with the broad end of the stylus in order to continue incising notes on the surface.

32 Grip for a writing pen. 13th century or later. Bone, carved, drilled and polished. Length 8.4 cm, max. width 0.9 cm. Bundesdenkmalamt. Ar- chaeological find from excavations in the area of the old university

This handle, or grip, could have been used with a quill pen, or – more likely – as a holder for a penknife, a ‘pointer’, or even a writing tablet (wax tablet).

56 33 Audio guide stations

Lectern. Early 16th century. Gothic branch tracery

The lectern is familiar from numerous depictions of professors holding forth. It was usually integrated into a raised structure, or dais, and therefore not moveable, or at least only with considerable difficulty. A mobile lectern such as this one was often used, especially due to the necessity to hold lectures at locations that were not primarily set up for such a purpose.

33 Andreas Maurer (ORF) recites Cuspinian (1508). ‘Verum est, quod pro- verbio dici solet’. Introduction to a series of lectures on the Periegesis (Description of the Known World) of Dionysius of Alexandria. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 3227, fol. 9f

Cuspinian held this series of lectures during the winter semester of 1508. He had the corresponding text of the lectures printed by Johann Winterburger. Cuspinian begins with the popular saying ‘You cannot keep your bow drawn all the time’, thereby showing his understanding for the necessity of a summer recess. He then challenges the students to take up the ‘old yoke’ once again and dedicate themselves to their studies, for this brings enjoyment and is use- ful to everyone (qui et voluptati et utilitati sit omnibus).

57 THE Studium

34 Philosophical manuscript compilation (Lat.). Incipit with initial. Paris, last quarter of the 13th century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 2374, fol. 1r

This manuscript believed to be from a Paris workshop contains several works on logic by Aristotle (384–322 BC), as well as treatises by Porphyry (ca. 233– ca. 305) and Boethius (ca. 480–526). Both prepared the way for the spread of Aristotelian logic in the Middle Ages, which was part of the basic curriculum in the Faculty of Arts. That this codex was specifically made to be a school- book is shown not only by its contents, but also by the layout of the leaves. A noticeable amount of blank space is left on either side of the main text. A double line (hardly visible at the beginning) divides the space into fields, thereby giving adequate room for later annotations and comments. The high level of the manuscript’s decoration is shown, among other things, by five painted initials, each at the beginning of a work and displaying a classroom scene in its interior. As the tonsures of the teacher and his students reveal, the illuminator placed his depictions not in a university, but rather in a clerical environment.

58 34 Ovid. Metamorphoses (Lat.). Incipit with Initial. Basel (?), ca. 1440. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 3145, fol. Iv/1r

This manuscript contains one of the few identifiable transmissions of a classical text at the medieval University of Vienna. It contains Ovid’s books (c. 15 BC–AD 17) on the transformations, the creation and the history of the world described in the terminology of Roman and Greek mythology. Due to its content the manuscript should be ascribed to the Faculty of Arts Library, however, there is no evidence as to its medieval provenance. What is certain is that it was used by several readers, as is seen by the numerous interlineal glosses and marginal commentary in different hands. This demonstrates an intense interest in the text. The precise interpretation of the painted initial at the incipit remains unclear. It presumably shows the dedication and transfer of a book, including an accompanying text, by a young man to an older man, whose high rank is demonstrated by details such as his fur-trimmed mantle.

59 THE Studium

35 Filippo Beroaldo Callimachus Experiens). Carmen in memoriam sanctis- sime passionis Domini nostri Iesu Christi. Humanist poem with commentary, from the Vienna ‘University Press’ of Iohannes Winterburger. Vienna, ca. 1500. Vienna, ÖNB, Ink. 8.G., f. 2r (modern)

Filippo Beroaldo (1437–1497) belonged to a group of Italian scholars who were significantly involved in the spread of Italian humanism in the transalpine region. Among these are also Enea Silvio Piccolomini (later Pope Pius II), who was at the Habsburg court in the 1440s, and afterwards Francesco Bandini, Taddeo Ugoleto, Bartolommeo della Fonte and Antonio Bonfini at the court of Matthias Corvinus in Buda. After Beroaldo was forced to leave Rome, he entered in 1470 into the service of the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon and his son John I Jagiellon. The work presented here documents once again that humanism, despite its criticism on scholasticism, was not a movement opposed to religion, as far as doctrinal teachings were concerned. The studia humana had its limits pre- cisely where they were drawn by Christian doctrine. This poem in hexameters is thus on the one hand an expression of deeply emotive sentiments (with an underpinning of topical elements) on the death and resurrection of Christ; on the other hand it is a strong anti-Jewish polemic, in which a well-established image of the ‘enemy’ is revived once again. The core of the poem is built around attacks against Jews, who are fated, it is claimed, to do eternal pen- ance for a crime that carries an inherited guilt without the possibility of re- demption. In their enumeration of the sufferings the Jews deserve, the verses conjure up and support an anti-Semitic atmosphere that casts humanism in a negative light. The complaisant acceptance of the poem’s contents is expressed in the title page of the Vienna edition, which describes the work as ‘written in deepest piety’ and instructs the reader to work day and night on memorising it in the interest of their eternal salvation. The poem was a great success, as documented by six earlier editions in Bologna, Paris and Erfurt. This copy was furnished with handwritten glosses, possibly for use in the classroom. These are almost all concerned with historical and geographical clarifications. At the beginning of the text, (Latin) synonyms and synony- mous word explanations are written in between the lines, which seems to indicate the manuscript’s use in a teaching context.

60 35 Cicero. Oratio pro Aulo Licinio Archia poeta. Professor’s copy. Vienna, Iohannes Singriener 1518. Vienna, ÖNB, Ink. 8.G., f. A iir

This copy intended for practical use gives a very remarkable insight into the workings of the university. It contains one of the primary humanist texts, Cic- ero’s oration in defence of the poet Aulus Licinius Archias, and by ca. 1485, had already appeared in several single editions, with the Leipzig edition being the most prominent. This particular edition was published in 1518 by the Vienna Master of Arts Ulrich Fabri (born in Thornberg, Switzerland) at the printer Iohannes Singriener, also in Vienna. The circumstances of this printing were elaborated in a preface addressed to a student of the bonae artes, the Canon Georg Sereed from Eger. In it, Fabri praises Sereed’s dedicated engagement for the study of rhetoric and jurisprudence. Both of these fields of study are closely related, he explained. Only the study of Philosophy is still missing, a discipline that encompasses all others and particularly binds together the studia humanitatis. In the passage he also warns against possible arrogance. In this edition of 1518, annotations regarding content and composition were printed in the margin. It is also one of the first Vienna editions that display (almost) all Greek letters correctly with their accents. This copy (without a mark of ownership) additionally has extensive supplemental handwritten glosses and interlinear clarifications of synonyms. The glosses are exegetical, but they also contain cross-references to other classical authors and works. A teacher is the most likely candidate as glossator in this case, as is evidenced by two epigrams at the end of the printed text. Added by hand, they are addressed to the adolescentes of litterae and eloquentia. The first poem is dedicated to the perfection of Latin through constant practice, the second consists of a type of ‘code of ethics’ for the classroom (‘to protect this honourable place’). Remarkably for transalpine humanism, among the numerous glosses are found two Greek words (with the usual problematic depiction of the letters). The popularity of this text is further indicated by Cod. 3202 and 5254 of the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek; both of these were from the University of Vienna Library and are dated to the fifteenth century. Another copy of this edition of Pro Aulo Licinio is located in Budapest (National Library, Ant. 2013, fol. A2r; next to it a digital scan).

61 Excellence

62 uring the first years, the establishment of the University of Vienna largely rested on the shoulders of the faculty of arts. Within the university curriculum, it offered the preparatory courses. The lesser Ddisciplines were addressed during the first year of study: grammar, dialectic and rhetorics. Second year students learnt the subjects of the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. Successful students at the faculty of arts graduated to the master’s degree, which entitled them to visit one of the three higher faculties: law, medicine and theology. This happened rarely. The faculty of arts had the greatest number of inscriptions in Vienna. That did not change. The university was considered an educational institution that was visited in order to move on to another university for a higher degree. Like Cologne and Leipzig, Vienna was thus considered a “cheaper” university and attracted younger students. Scholarship was nevertheless able to develop successfully. Vienna also soon took on a leading role in medicine. Medicine at the young University of Vienna was renowned for its international character focussed on research and application, with an early regulation of the handling of pharmaceuticals, knowledge of monastery medicine and adherence to the schools of Padua. The University of Vienna established itself as an important centre for natural sciences early on, between 1420 and 1440. It would take the University of Vi- enna until the end of the nineteenth century to attain the number of attend- ees it reached at that time. This is were the mathematical groundwork was laid upon the basis of which Copernicus would later develop the heliocentric notion of the world. The exhibits show how experiment and experience as well as knowledge of the literature were highly regarded, how tools were used, models built and furthermore how scientific documentation was developed. Formative persons included Johann of Gmunden and Georg Müstinger, provost of the Augustine Convent of Canons in Klosterneuburg, Georg of Peuerbach and Johannes Regiomontanus. The latter was eventually summoned to Rome by Sixtus IV to contribute to the reform of the calendar.

63 EXCELLENCE

36 Anthology manuscript on astrology and astronomy (Latin). Map of the earth. Klosterneuburg, 1429; Vienna, 1434/37. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5266, fol. 30v/31r

The school that developed in Vienna in the years from about 1420 to about 1440 was known as the “first Viennese school of astronomy and mathemat- ics”. At this stage, its most important representatives were the university teacher Johann of Gmunden (c. 1384–1432) and Georg Müstinger (d. 1442), provost of the monastery of canons at Klosterneuburg near Vienna. Both of them worked on joint definitions of longitudes and latitudes, registers of geographic positions, maps as well as registers of solar altitude and stellar positions. Müstinger was the previous owner of this anthology, which contains among others texts on the relationship of astronomy and theology, calendar reform, the theory of the planets and geography. Müstinger was particularly interested in this last topic. Evidence has shown that work on an elaborate map was conducted in Klosterneuburg around 1421/22; unfortunately there is no extant information on its appearance. The open pages show an extract from the first book of geography by Ptolemy (c. 100–c. 160). The scheme illustrates his instructions on how to transfer the curved surface of the earth onto a map; the entries are limited, however, to a few mountain ranges that went back to classical notions.

64 37 Anthology on astronomy (Latin). Rotating discs. Klosterneuburg, 1430/42. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 2332, fol. 201v/202r

This volume is another anthology of astronomy that was owned by Klos- terneuburg provost Georg Müstinger (d. 1442). It mostly contains works by Johann of Gmunden. Georg Prunner was identified as the manuscript’s scribe. He had inscribed at the university in 1410 and would later also con- duct astronomy research. Several texts show efforts to display the current state of research. Therefore, a geographic table contains corrections on information on Vienna, which were added not much later, as well as the addition of data on Klosterneuburg. Astronomy tables were also updated with single dates according to the most recent insights. The originally seven rotating discs on the sun, the moon and the planets are particularly notable in this codex. These discs of paper were attached to each other and the parchment sheet with thin, coloured thread, so that they could be turned in order to establish the given position of the disc’s subject, in this case Saturn.

65 EXCELLENCE

37 Anthology on astronomy (Latin). Albion and concentric sphere schema. Vienna, 1435. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5415, fol. 29v/30r

The English mathematician and astronomer Richard of Wallingford (1292–1336) constructed an astronomy machine in 1327, which he named Albion. It made it possible to make astronomy calculations, define geographic longitudes of moon, sun and planets as well as calculate events such as solar and lunar eclipses. He described its creation and use in his Tractatus albionis, which Johann of Gmunden read at the faculty of arts in 1431. According to his last will and testament, Johann himself owned an Albion, which he left to the university in 1442. The pen drawing on the left shows the circular basic form of the instrument including its representational suspension, on the right we see a coloured concentric sphere schema. The content of the manuscript is related to Cod. 5418; both were written by the geographer Mag. Reinhard Gensfelder from Nuremberg; it was probably also part of the Viennese townpeople’s school’s mediaeval library.

66 38 Johann of Gmunden (ascribed). Sun quadrant from the estate of Freder- ick III. Dial on the reverse side, with the zodiac and the circle of the year, the 28 days of the moon and the moon phase disc. Vienna 1438. Ivory. 9.1 x 8.7 cm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Kunstkammer

38 Texts on the quadrant and the measurement of time (Latin). Pen drawings. Vienna, 1433/34. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5418, fol. 143v/144r

Next to the creation of astronomy tables and calendars, Johann of Gmunden (c. 1384–1432) dedicated his interest to the creation and development of measurement tools, for which he also wrote and revised usage instructions. One of the instruments used during the Middle Ages was a quadrant, which consisted of a quarter circle with graduations, an implement for reading, a sight and a plumb bob. Tracts on the use of the instrument had already been provided by Prophatius Judaeus (c. 1236–c. 1304); these are preserved together with tracts by the Viennese scholar here. Several of the texts contain coloured pen drawings of mostly castle-like buildings that illustrate the use of the quadrant. The manuscript is not originally from the university library, but from the old Viennese state library. It must have been previously held in the townpeople’s school, where university teachers had already held lectures on astronomy during the fifteenth century.

67 EXCELLENCE

38 Georg of Peuerbach. Theoricae novae planetarum. Nuremberg, 1473. Title page and lunar eclipses (fol. 27). Universitätsbibliothek Vienna, historischer Buchbestand der Fachbereichsbibliothek der Astronomie, HW 39

Cardinal Bessarion ordered a short version of Almagest from Georg of Peuer- bach. It was half finished when its writer died at the age of 38. Regiomonta- nus completed the work with the above-named title. The publication became a desired textbook. It shows a range of illustrations of cosmic movements and configurations on the basis of a geocentric notion of the world.

38 Georg of Peuerbach. Collapsible sun dial with arch-shaped base plate. 1455. Brass. Length 8 cm, width 5.8 cm. Graz, Universalmuseum Joan- neum, Inv.-Nr. 4525

The dial contains a compass with indication of the directions of the wind and an hour graduation from 5am to 7pm.

68 39 Almagest (Latin). Ptolemy with a golden astrolabium (image of the author). Historicising initial by Master Michael. Vienna, 1435. Klostern- euburg, Stiftsbibliothek, CCL 682 , fol. 1v/2r

The thirteen books of the Almagest were written between 141 and 148 CE. They contain a general introduction to astronomy and follow a geocentric notion. The subsequent books treat applied trigonometry on astral calculations and are dedicated to the planets, the sun, the moon and fixed stars. The treatise is completed by a map of the stars. The Almagest was used as a standard work until Copernicus. A writer’s note on fol. 224r shows that the Klosterneuburg Codex was written at the University of Vienna: “Anno domini millesimo quadringentesimo tricesimo quinto proxima feria secunda post dominicam qua in ecclesia dei cantatur Reminiscere finitus est iste liber Almagesti in alma universitate studii Wyennensis per Martinum Mespekch baccalarium studii eiusdem etc.”

40 De proprietatibus rerum. Depiction of the constellations. Vienna, 1440. Klosterneuburg, Stiftsbibliothek, CCL 125 7v/8r

This encyclopedia of nature was completed from various books and include depictions of the constellations. They are very similar to those in manuscript Cod. 5415 (case 37), which used to be held at the library of the Klosterneu- burg provost Georg Müstinger. Both manuscripts appear to have used the same sources.

69 EXCELLENCE

41 Anthology manuscript on medicine (Latin). Practical medicine. Paris, around 1300. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 2315, fol. 58v/59r

The initial “Omnis” (59r) stands at the beginning of Hippocrates’ Prognostica. It shows a doctor at the side of a patient, making a diagnosis. The wife and a servant are paying avid attention to the proclamation of the professional opinion. The text introduced by the initial explains that the medical reputation is greatly enhanced by solid professional knowledge as well as the ability to recognise diseases and foresee as well as positively influence their course. In order to make the right decisions, a good doctor should avoid rash conclu- sions and be able to differentiate between curable patients and patients who were lost due to divine intervention. This compendium of the most important writings by Hippocrates and Galen served as the medical handbook to the doctor artium et medicinae Michael Mannesdorfer even in the fifteenth century. Mannesdorfer held the position of dean of the faculty of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1474 and 1477 and was the university rector in 1476/77. A range of handwritten commentaries from the fourteenth century illustrate how much this codex was in use.

70 41 Anthology manuscript on medicine (Latin). Prescriptions. Vienna (?), around 1430. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5300, fol. 30v/31r

This manuscript for general use compiled a number of short texts. These included tracts on urine and the plague, treatments on the teaching of the four juices (blood, mucus, yellow and black bile) and treatises by authorities in medicine like Hippocrates, Avicenna and Arnold of Villanova. Further- more, there were many instructions on the production of combined medi- cines, including an eye water ascribed to the medic Galeazzo di Santa Sophia, who came from Padua and taught in Vienna in the beginning of the fifteenth century. The open page shows numerous further prescriptions. Around the mid-fifteenth century, this codex was owned by Stephan Pernolt of Atten- hofen near Greding, who shows up in the register of the Rhenish nation at the University of Vienna from 1442 onwards and graduated as a doctor of medicine in 1454. It is uncertain at which library the manuscript was subsequently held. Evidence shows that it was part of the imperial library collection as soon as 1576.

71 EXCELLENCE

42 Anthology manuscript on medicine (Latin). Prescriptions. Vienna, final third of the fifteenth century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5225, fol. 127v/128r

This manuscript from the university library must have been used in the environment of the faculty of medicine, as it includes a series of prescriptions which are ascribed to doctors who either taught in fifteenth century Vienna or were educated there: Kaspar Grießenpeck from Landshut, Michael Puff from Schrick, Georg Mayr from Amberg, Johannes Münsinger from Tübin- gen, Nikolaus Rudolphi from Höbersdorf and Georg Schöbli from Jesingen. International relationships to renowned places of medical education are demonstrated by the copy of medical theses which Bartolomeo of Montagna had presented at the University in Padua in 1441. The open pages show three prescriptions for the production of syrup. There is a list of the given ingre- dients, with the required amounts listed to their right. The first prescription includes an explanation of the production process. There follows information on what the syrup may be used for. The “sirupus de absinthio” is made of vermouth, and is recommended to fight ravenous appetite (“contra appetitum caninu”) and stomach complaints (“contra debilitatem stomaci”).

72 42 Michael Puff. Ain güts nutzlichs büchlin von den außgeprenten wassern. Ulm, Hanns Zainer 1502. Vienna, ÖNB, 36.J.46

The Viennese “master” and “doctor of medicine” Michael Puff (also known as Schrick, 1400–1473) studied at the University of Vienna and graduated in medicine in 1433. He held the position of dean of the faculty of medicine eleven times until 1470. He was buried in St. Stephen’s Church on Febru- ary 12, 1473. The practical handbook was very successful, which is documented not least in the approximately thirty incunabula after 1476. This printed edition was extended with an apodiosis layer, in which two (hitherto anonymous) owners entered further formulae. This is typical for the use of a “handbook”, wherein it was usual to enter additions on empty or inserted sheets after the manuscript or print. These additional texts were sometimes related to the topic, sometimes not. It may have been intended for private use or more likely have been a doctor’s vademecum. This is indicated by several rules of behaviour that are added at the end of the print by hand (“love” for the patient, good dress, no self-praise, a doctor’s basic education). One of the added texts at the end, however, discusses the limits of medicine: Man may help others with his knowledge of nature, but God alone knows the hidden forces of nature.

73 EXCELLENCE

42 Abulcasis. Chirurgia (Latin). Surgical instruments. Upper Italy, around 1300. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 2301, fol. 110v/111r

This anthology on medicine was created either in Padua or in Verona. It largely contains texts on surgery, including those by Bruno of Longoburgo (d. around 1200) and William of Saliceto (c. 1210–1285). The most significant part are the Chirurgia by Abū l-Qāsim az-Zahrāwī (c. 940–1013), mostly known as Abulcasis in Latin. This Arabic doctor worked in Cordoba, where he wrote a comprehensive textbook on medicine in thirty chapters in around the year 1000. The final chapter (on surgery) was translated into Latin by Gerhard of Cremona (c. 1114–1187) as early as the twelfth century and thus spread westwards. It contains a wealth of depictions of surgical instruments and an instruction on their use; many of the instruments were developed by Abulcasis himself and were in use for centuries. The manuscript itself must have been owned by a Viennese doctor from the fifteenth century, who we cannot identify more closely. He entered the titles at the beginning of this one and nine further codices in his own hand and left his collection to the Collegium ducale.

74 75 Mobility

76 ighteen universities were lastingly established in the German-language realm between 1348 and 1550. 300,000 persons inscribed at these universities. However, the best chances of success were given to those Ewho additionally visited universities outside of the German-language realm, such as Bologna, Padua and Paris. Mobility was an asset. Therefore, it did not take long for the newly discovered Americas to be marked on a printed map in Vienna in 1520. The scholars’ routes went far and wide. Books travelled along these same paths with them. The production and reception of books contained many steps, so that the pages covered in dense writing passed though many hands and were seen by many eyes: it was possible that writing, illustration, binding and commentary all took place at different locations. This is recorded by the writers’ colophons. The valuable nature of the material, the care that was taken in maintaining the cultural skill of writing and the high regard for knowledge all played their part. The exhibits on show in this last section include manuscripts that used to be owned by the university and that travelled particularly widely. They are juxtaposed with the pioneering publications from the circle of Viennese mathematicians, such as the longitude and latitude measurements of Johann of Gmunden, the new edition of Ptolemy’s Almagest by Peuerbach and Regio- montanus’ Kalendarium, which calculated thirty years ahead. The actual paths connected a global knowledge that made it possible for the notion of a Prima Nova Tabula of a new Europe to arise.

77 MobilitY

43 France

Anthology manuscript on theology (Latin). Initial for the Book of Judith. Northern France (?), first half of the thirteenth century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 475, fol. 102v/103r

This anthology manuscript on theology was written by different scribes. It includes an apocryphal gospel on the childhood of Jesus Christ, the Historia scholastica by the French theologian Petrus Comestor (c. 1100–1178) and a treatise in dialogue form on the suffering of Christ by the theologian Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033–1109), who worked in Normandy and England. The open pages show the beginning of the Book of Judith in the Historia scholastica, emphasized by an initial. The Historia scholastica is a biblical textbook on the history of the world from creation until the apostles. In the beginning of the fifteenth century, the manuscript was owned by medic Hermann of Treysa in Hesse (d. 1413), who had attended the University of Vienna since 1384 and left the book to the Collegium ducale library.

78 43 Thomas Aquinas. Commentary on the Third Book of Sentences (Latin). Initial at the beginning of the text. Northern France, around 1300. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 1442, fol. 1r

The church father Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) is considered the most significant philosopher of the Middle Ages. He initially studied in Naples, then entered the Dominican order and moved to the University of Paris. In 1248, he followed his teacher Albertus Magnus (c. 1200–1280) to Cologne, where he stayed until 1252. After 1252, he returned to Paris and spent four years as a Bachelor of theology teaching the Books of Sentences by Peter Lombard (c. 1095–1160). The initial “A” at the beginning of his Commentary on the Third Book of Sentences shows the saint sitting on a bench before a gold background. A book is lying on a desk and his right arm is raised in lecture. The horizontal elongation of the extension of the letter has on it a goldfinch turned towards the teacher. Because of this bird’s preference for thorny shrubs, the goldfinch was considered a symbol for the Passion of Christ in mediaeval art. The manuscript was owned by theologian Nikolaus of Dinkels- bühl (c. 1360–1433), who left it to the Collegium ducale library.

79 MobilitY

44 Thomas Bradwardine. De causa Dei contra Pelagium (Latin). Initial at the beginning of the text. Paris, 1345. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 1521, fol. 76v/77r

The English natural philosopher, mathematician and theologian Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290–1349) was a member of different colleges after 1321 and procurator of the University of Oxford from 1325. In 1333, he became a canon at Lincoln, in 1337 he was made dean of St. Paul in London. He died shortly after having been made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1349. During his time at Oxford, he wrote important texts on arithmetic and geometry. The treatise De causa Dei, which was completed in around 1344, is his main work of philosophy and theology. It addresses the freedom of the will and opposes the Pelagians, who asserted that human nature, originating from God as it did, was also divine and thus able to discern between good and evil without the help of God. This copy was made shortly afterwards, in Paris in 1345, but contains only the second and third parts of the work. Each of those parts are introduced by an opaque colour initial on gold foundation. The codex does not contain any notes on ownership or donation, but a small fifteenth- century signature label on the cover shows that it belonged to the Collegium ducale library.

80 44 Anthology manuscript on medicine (Latin). Writer’s note. Montpellier, 1280. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 2325, fol. 104v/105r

The writer’s note on the open page shows that this anthology manuscript was completed in Montpellier in 1280 by the canon and doctor Burchardus of Werden in the diocese of Constance. Montpellier, one of the oldest university cities in France, established the first faculty of medicine in the country in 1220 and remained an important intellectual centre until the end of the middle ages. The manuscript itself contains treatises by authorities in the field of medicine like Galen (c. 130–c. 215) and Isaac Iudaeus (c. 840/50–932) that cover anatomy, fever, urine, diets and other topics. Little is known of its further history. According to a note, it was sold for six guilders in 1377. In the fifteenth century, it belonged to a Viennese medic who cannot be more closely identified and had the title entered at the beginning, like in Cod. 2301 (also on display). He left the book to the Collegium ducale library.

81 MobilitY

45 Anthology manuscript on astronomy (Latin). Table of Coordinates. Vienna, around 1433/40. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5151, fol. 62v/63r

According to the numerous dated notes entered in this anthology manuscript on astronomy that consists largely of works by Johann of Gmunden (c. 1384–1442), it was written largely by the author himself. It contains among others the first version of his tables, a collection of tables with the calculated positions of the planets and fixed stars. Together with the calen- ders, these established the author’s excellent renown as a mathematician and astronomer. The codex is one of the approximately thirty manuscripts that Johann of Gmunden left to the faculty of arts library together with a number of astronomy instruments in 1442; in his last will and testament, he decreed fees for certain loan periods. The monies thus taken in were to be used for the preservation of the books. The exhibit shows a table of coordinates on nineteen regions and cities, whose position is defined at hand of longitudes and latitudes. The list includes Egypt, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Damascus, Antioch, Armenia, Constantinople, Rome, Paris, Toledo, Cremona, Cologne, Mainz, Würzburg, Magdeburg, Brunswick, Erfurt, Prague and Vienna.

82 45 Johannes Camers, Gaius Iulius Solinus. [Polyhisto-ra] Enarrationes. Title sheet (woodcut). With handwritten annotations by Johann Alexander Brassicanus. Vienna, Johannes Singriener 1520. Vienna, ÖNB, 72.B.102.Alt-Prunk, title sheet

This volume is one of the most beautiful products of the early Viennese printer Johannes Singriener. The work is an edition of the Latin mid-fourth century compiler and grammarian Gaius Julius Solinus’ Collectanea rerum memorabilium (Collected Memorabilities), edited and commented on by the philosopher and theologian Johannes Camers (1447–1546), who taught at the faculty of arts for more than twenty years. The author largely extracted this compilation of memorabilities and curiosities from Pliny’s Natural His- tory and Pomponius Mela’s Description of the Earth. The hand-written entry on the title page (dated 1520) as well as the annotations in the text were made by the Viennese humanist Johann Alexander Brassicanus (1500–1539), who taught in Vienna from 1518 as a university professor in rhetoric and issued among others the writings of the church fathers. His own poetry included eulogies of the Habsburg ruling house as well especially ironic and satirical poetry. Most of Brassicanus’ library was purchased by the Viennese bishop Johannes Fabri (1478–1541) after his death. Fabri bequeathed his private library to the College St. Nikolaus, which he had founded. The books of that college soon entered the stocks of the university library, which were adopted into the imperial library collection in 1756.

83 MobilitY

46 Sebastian Münster. Tabula Nova. Basel, Henricus Petri 1541–1542. Vienna, ÖNB, Collection of Maps, 395.042-C.K.2

This map is what was known as a tabula moderna. These maps reflected contemporary knowledge of geography and were often included as an appendix to Ptolemy’s classical tables of geography. This map is south-oriented and coloured particularly beautifully.

47 Prague

Gregory of Rimini. Lectura super primum Sententiarum (Latin). Begin- ning of the text with initial. Prague, around 1385/90. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 1515, fol. 1r

Peter Lombard from Italy (c. 1095–1160) first studied in his home country before he moved to France, where he settled in Paris and was a deacon at No- tre Dame. This is where he wrote his four books of Sentences, which collected selected statements of the church fathers and teachers in systematic order. The first two books address the doctrines of God and the Trinity as well as Creator and Creation. The third and fourth books treat christology and the doctrine of salvation, the sacraments and eschatology. The Sentences became the most important theological textbook of the middle ages. Its commentary was a firm part of the study of theology. This manuscript contains the commentary on the first book by the Italian Augustine hermit Gregory of Rimini (c. 1300–1358). The initial at the beginning shows Pope Gregory the Great on his throne with a codex and two kneeling monks, one of whom is presumably the author who dedicated the work to his titular saint. An ownership note that is now lost shows that the manuscript was purchased by Johannes Röchel from Strassbourg in 1411. He read from the third book of the Sen- tences at the Collegium ducale in the winter semester of 1415/1416.

84 47 Anthology manuscript with tracts on logic (Latin). Scribe’s note. Prague, 1369. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5461, fol. 65v/66r

Petrus of Trysa belonged to the oldest generation of professors as the Univer- sity of Vienna after its re-foundation in 1384, who inscribed in the winter semester of the following year and held lectures on a range of writings on logic by Aristotle at the faculty of arts in the 1390s. He took up the study of theology around 1394, which he completed before 1403. After he had held the position of rector in Vienna for a semester, he temporarily moved to the university of Würzburg, which had been founded in 1402 and where he was a rector in 1406. He was back in Vienna the following year, where he probably died in around 1409. The manuscript on display is from his early years. It contains treatises on logic. The scribe’s note shows that he had taken part in the creation of the codex at the University of Prague in 1369: “Expliciunt veteris questiones artis reportata per petrum pragis de treysa sub anno domini M°CCC° sexagesimo nono […]”.

85 MobilitY

48 Italy

Raymond of Peñafort. Summa de poenitentia et matrimonio (Latin). Opaque colour initial. Bologna, mid-fourteenth century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 1452, fol. 144v/145r

The canonist Raymond of Peñafort (c. 1180–1275) from Spain taught at Bologna as doctor decretorum probably between 1218 and 1221. In 1222, he entered the Dominican Order. Pope Gregory IX commissioned him to rework the decretal rulings in 1230. His most widespread works included the book of cases (Summa de poenitentia), ordered into three books and written in the 1220s. It addresses the confessors among others and treats the application of general moral principles to the actions of people as a basis for decisions in order to differentiate between culpable and innocent behaviour. There follows the Summa de matrimonio which addresses all aspects of marriage. The open pages show the beginning of the third book of the Summa, introduced by the large opaque colour initial “E”. The codex was part of the old university library, there is no further information available on its mediaeval provenance.

86 48 Bonifacius VIII. Liber sextus decretalium (Latin). Pope Bonifacius VIII presents his work. Bologna, mid-fourteenth century. Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 2041, fol. 1r

Decretals are answer letters from the pope with regard to issues of canon law and discipline. They are usually directed at individuals. They were entered into canon law collections and served henceforth as a binding basis for rulings. Several great compilations were made especially in the twelfth and thirteenth century. These were eventually replaced by the five books of decretals by Pope Gregory IX (c. 1167–1241) and the subsequent sixth book by Pope Bonifacius VIII (c. 1235–1303). One of the most renowned legal scholars teaching the decretals at university included the theologian and canonist John Andreae (c. 1279–1348), who worked in Bologna from 1300. His commentary on the work of Bonifacius is also included here. The initial miniature shows the author enthroned in front of a pediment, passing three volumes of decretals to two members of the Dominican order. Further monks and a bishop serve as accompanying figures.

87 MobilitY

49 Johannes Regiomontanus. Epytoma Joa-nis de mo-te regio in almagestu- ptolomei. Title page, first page with dedication to Cardinal Bessarion, depiction of the scholars Ptolemy and Regiomontanus underneath an armillary sphere. Venice, 1496. Universitätsbibliothek Vienna, historischer Buchbestand der Fachbereichsbibliothek der Astronomie, HW 42

The Greek cardinal Bessarion visited Vienna in the course of an extensive diplomatic journey in 1460/61. Bessarion was the leading intellectual of the Greek humanists in the West. His exchange with Peuerbach and Regiomon- tanus resulted in an outstanding work on the theory of astronomy entitled Epitome in Almagestum. After Peuerbach’s sudden death at the age of 38, his pupil Regiomontanus completed the work. Peuerbach was the first of whose text there is not only a hand-written but also a printed version. Regiomonta- nus followed this and would later establish his own publishing company in Nuremberg.

49 Johannes Regiomontanus. Calendarium. AUreus hic liber est […]. Tables for the calculation of the positions of the sun and moon as well as the equinox in the years 1475 to 1530. Venice, 1476. Universitätsbiblio- thek Vienna, historischer Buchbestand der Fachbereichsbibliothek der Astronomie, HW 71, fol. 48

88 89 90 Imprint

Heidrun Rosenberg (ed.) with texts from the following authors:

Christian Gastgeber Thomas Maisel Meta Niederkorn Heidrun Rosenberg Friedrich Simader Susana Zapke Elisabeth Zeilinger

Editing: Andreas Deppe Translation: Nadezda Kinsky-Müngersdorff, Lisa Lawrence Graphics: Alexander Kada, Anna Grasenick Printing: Rema Print, Wien

Illustrations: p. 4: City Map of Albert (detail). Second half of the fifteenth century, original 1421/22. Coloured pen drawing on paper. Wien Museum, Inv.-Nr. HMW 31018. Fotocredit: Wien Museum p. 20: St. Catherine. Figure on top of the faculty of arts mace. Around 1385/1395. Silver, partly fire-gilded, wooden core, figure 8 cm. Vienna, Archive of the University. Fotocredit: University of Vienna, Institute of Art History p. 44: Filippo Beroaldo, Carmen in memoriam Sancti Jesu Christi. Human- ist poem with commentary from the Vienna “University Press” of Johannes Winterburger. Vienna around 1500. Austrian National Library, Ink. 8.G.63, fol. 2r. Fotocredit : Austrian National Library p. 62: Cycle on the Tractatus Albionis by Oxford scholar Richard of Walling- ford (1292–1336), recorded by Reinhardus Gensfelder around 1435, Vienna or Klosterneuburg, Austrian National Library, Cod. 5415, fol. 30r. Fotocred- it: Austrian National Library p. 76: Sebastian Münster. Europa Prima Nova Tabula. Coloured wood engraving. Basel, Henricus Petri 1541–1542. 33 x 27 cm. Vienna, Austrian National Library, Map Department, 395.042-C.K.2. Fotocredit: Austrian National Library