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Home , Aneurysmal bone cyst, Carpenter syndrome, Chondrolysis, Coxa vara, Discoid meniscus, Fibular hemimelia

Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations

A B muscle transfer/lengthening, 120 Accessory navicular , 120–121 , 26 , 120 Accessory ossicle, 143 Baclofen, 224 physical examination, 119 , 180 Cellulitis, 20 false profile, 64 Beals syndrome, 242 Cerebral palsy, 14, 14 pathoanatomy, 60, 61 Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, 242 baclofen, 224 pedis, 113, 113 Bisphosphonates, 80 botulinum toxin, 223–224 version of, 64, 64 Blount causes of, 222, 222 Achondroplasia, 54, 238 cause, 97 classification Acid-fast bacteria, 186 evaluation, 97–98 geographic, 222–223, 222–223 Acrocephalopolysyndactyly, 243 infantile vara, 97 gross motor function classification Acrocephalosyndactyly, 241 Langenskiöld classification, 97 ­system, 223, 223 Acrodysostosis, 241 management, 98–99 tonal, 222, 222 Amniotic band syndrome, 13, 13, 241 Botulinum toxin, 223–224 diagnosis, 223 Amyoplasia. See Bowing. See Lower limb, deficiency hip, 225–227, 226 Angio-osteohypertrophy syndrome, 247 Brachial plexus birth , 18–19, 19 lower limb, 227, 227 , 242 medical considerations, 223 ball and socket, 129, 129 Brachymetatarsia, 118, 118 phenol, 224 fracture. See Fracture Brachyolmia, 242 rhizotomy, 224 -related Brachyrhachia, 242 , 224 osteochondral lesion of talus, Bracket epiphysis, 115 spine, 224–225, 225 175, 175 Broad thumb–Hallux syndrome, 257 Cervical calcification, , 174, 174 Bruck syndrome, 242 48, 48 tarsal tunnel syndrome, 129–130, 130 , 116–117 Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, 233 traumatic dislocation, 167 Bunionette, 117 Cheilectomy, 85 Antibiotics Butler procedure, 116, 116 Chondrification, 24 clinical assessment, 189 Chondrodysplasia punctata, 243 dosage, 190 C Chondroectodermal , 243 duration, 190, 190 Caffey disease, 242 , 82 indication, 190 Calcaneovalgus, 123 , 209, 209 prophylactic, 196 Camptodactyly, 10–11 Chromosomal defect, definition, 4 selection, 190 Camptomelic dysplasia, 243 Chronic nonbacterial (CNO), treatment, 190 Capitellum. See Capitulum 193, 193 Antley–Bixler syndrome, 241 Capitulum, 155 Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis , 241 Care of the child, 4–5 (CRMO), 193, 193 Aplasia, anomaly of the Dens axis, Carpal tunnel syndrome, 251 Classification 48, 48 , 243 Caterall, 78 , 248 Herring, 78 , juvenile idiopathic, 261, 261 imaging, 69 House, 13 Arthrocentesis, 189 hip pathoanatomy, 60 Langenskiöld, 97 Arthrography, 139, 139, 155 Cast Salter–Harris. See Fracture hip, 65, 65 fracture, 140, 140 Salter–Thompson, 78 Arthrogryposis, 13, 13, 242 spica, 71, 71 Zancolli, 14 Atlantoaxial Caudal dysgenesis, 56 Cleidocranial dysplasia, 243 instability (AAI), 54, 55 Cavus , 11, 11 rotatory displacement (AARD), arthrodesis, 120 , 123–124 51, 51 classification, 118, 118 algorithm for treatment, 123, 125 Atriodigital dysplasia, 247 evaluation, 119 bracing, 125 Auriculo–osteodysplasia syndrome, 242 management, 119 casting, 124–125

265 266 Index

Clubfoot (Continued ) incidence, 66 ­capital (upper) femoral epiphysis pathomechanics, 124 inheritance, 66 (SCFE, SUFE) surgical treatment, 125, 126 lower limb length discrepancy, 66, 67 torsion, version, 93, 94 Cognitive dissonance, 222, 222 , 67, 67 Fibrillin-1, 248 Compartment syndrome, 139, 139, 143 management, 70 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 exertional, 182, 182 maturity, 76 (FGFR3), 241 Computed tomography (CT), 68, 140, 155 natural history, 69, 69 Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, 245 hip, 65, 65, 72, 72 Ortolani sign, 66, 67 Fibroma, nonosteogenic. See Tumor of hip , 189 osteotomy, 73–76 Fibromatosis. See Tumor and , 44, 44 packaging signs, 67 Fibrous dysplasia. See Tumor torsion, operative correction, 94 pathoanatomy, 66 tumors, 202 physical examination, 66 avulsion, 144 Congenital dislocation, of radial head, 16, 16 Diaphysial aclasis, 251 deficiency, 107 Congenital . See Kyphosis Diastematomyelia, 52, 52 , 107–108 Congenital pseudarthrosis of , 18, 18 Diastrophic dysplasia, 54, 54, 244 osteotomy, 95, 95 Congenital radioulnar , 16, 16 , 27 Field defect, 3 Congenital scoliosis. See Scoliosis clinical features, 27 Fishtail deformity, 141 Conradi–Hünermann syndrome, 243 management, 27 Flatfoot, 121–123 Constriction, , 13, 13 prognosis, 27, 27 pathomechanics, 121 Cornelia de Lange syndrome, 243 Röntgenogrammes, 27 surgical treatment, 122–123 Disjunction, 23, 24 Flexor tenosynovitis, 20, 20 deformity, 258 Disruption, definition, 3 Floating-Harbor syndrome, 257 evaluation, 86 Distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia. management, 87 116–117 See Tumor pathoanatomy, 86 Down syndrome, 54, 55, 244 spondylo-epiphysial dysplasia, 258 Duplication, upper limb, 12, 12 acetabulum pedis, 113, 113 Coxopodopatellar syndrome, 257 , 55, 55 anatomy, 111–112 Craniodiaphysial dysplasia, 243 Dyggve–Melchior–Clausen syndrome, 244 compartment syndrome, 143 Craniofacial , 249 Dysrrhaphism, 24 evaluation, 113–114 Craniometaphysial dysplasia, 243 forefoot, 118 , 243 E hindfoot C-reactive protein (CRP), 189, 189 Ear–– syndrome, 249 clubfoot, 123–124 , 258 pathomechanics, 124–126 aneurysmal, 205–206, 205–206 Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, 244–245 tarsal coalition, 128 calcaneus, 205 Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, 243 vertical talus, 127 unicameral, 204–205, 204–205 Emanuel syndrome, 245 infection, 132 Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, 213 mechanics, 113 D Enchondroma. See Tumor metatarsal, 143, 143 DDH. See Developmental dysplasia of the Enthesitis, 261 midfoot hip (DDH) Eosinophilic . See Tumor accessory navicular bone, 120–121 de Barsy syndrome, 243 Epiphysial dysplasia, multiple, 245 calcaneovalgus, 123 Deformation, definition, 3 Epiphysial plate. See Physis cavus, 118–120 Delayed gadolinium enhancement MRI of , timing, 105 flatfoot, 121–123 cartilage (dGEMRIC), 69 Erlenmeyer flask deformity, 243 skewfoot, 123 Delta phalanx, 11, 11 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), soft tissue injury, 143 Dens axis, 47, 47 189, 189 tarsus, 143 aplasia, 48, 48 Escobar syndrome. See Pterygium tripod, 113, 113 hypoplasia, 48, 48 syndrome toe disorders, 115–117 , 47, 47 Ewing sarcoma. See Tumor tumor, 131 Denver developmental screening test, 92, 93 Exstrophy of bladder, 88 Foramen magnum, 54 Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) Fracture 18 months to 3 years, 73–74 F ankle, 144–145, 144 3 to 6 years, 74 Familial dysautonomia, 245 articular, 138 6 to 18 months, 70, 72 Fanconi anæmia, 245 brawler’s, 164 6 years to maturity, 74–75 Felon, 20, 20 buckle, 138 Barlow sign, 66, 67 Femoral–facial syndrome, 245 bunk bed, 143 bilateral, 67 cast, 140, 140 birth to 6 months, 70, 70 cyst, 204–205, 204–205 cervical, 152, 152 cause, 66 deficiency, 107 cervicotrochanteric, 152 cutaneous creases, 66 fracture. See Fracture classifications, 138, 138 gait, 67 osteomyelitis, 191 clavicle, 153, 153 hip abduction, 66 osteotomy, 95 compartment syndrome, 139, 139 hip click, 66 shortening, closed, 105 condylar, 165 imaging, 68–69 slipped capital epiphysis. See Slipped corner, 142, 142 Index 267 diaphysial open, 143, 143 regulatory, 3 clavicle, 153, 153 calcaneus, 143 structural gene, 3 femur, 150–151, 150, 151 types, 139, 139 Genu. See humerus, 154 patella, 148, 148 Glycosaminoglycan, 250 tibia, 146, 146 , 166, 166 , 246 distribution of, 136 physial, 138 Gonadal dysgenesis, 243 periosteum, 138 Gram anatomy, 155 physiology negative bacteria, 186 evaluation, 154–155 bone, 138 positive bacteria, 186 imaging, 154–155 chondral model, 138, 138 stain technique, 186 lateral , 159, 159 growth plate, 136–137 Growth medial condyle, 160 ligaments, 138, 138 arrest line, 137, 137 medial epicondyle, 158–159, 158 periosteum, 138 bone, 1–2 nursemaid’s elbow, 155–156, 155 physis, 136–137 , 1 olecranon, 161 plastic deformation, 138 physis, 2, 2 proximal radius, 160, 160 Salter–Harris classification, 144, 145, 149, 152 plate. See Physis radiographic alignment, 154, 154 type I, 144, 149, 149, 152, 164, 165, 166 rate of, 3, 3 supracondylar humerus, 156–158 type II, 141, 144, 145, 149, 149, 164, stages of, 1 evaluation 165, 166 Guillain–Barré syndrome, 246 history, 139 type III, 142, 144, 149, 149, 164 imaging, 139–140 type IV, 143, 143, 144, 144, 149, 149 H physical examination, 139 , 230 Hallux femur spine, 166 fracture, 143 cervical, 152, 152 sports-related injuries, 172 rigidus, 117 cervicotrochanteric, 152 stress, 146, 172 varus, 117 complications, 152 tibia, 137 Hæmangioma, 212, 212 diaphysial, 150–151 diaphysial, 146, 146 Hand distal metaphysial, 149 intercondylar eminence, 147, 147 fracture. See Fracture distal physial, 136, 149 proximal metaphysial, 146, 146 infection healing of, 150 proximal physial, 147 cellulitis, 20 intertrochanteric, 152 stress, 146 deep space infection, 20 management of, 150 toddler, 146, 146 felon, 20, 20 ossification of, 150 tubercle, 147, 147, 148 flexor tenosynovitis, 20, 20 physial, 152 torus, 149, 149 herpetic whitlow, 20 proximal, 152 transitional (of ankle) paronychia, 20, 20 foot Tillaux, 145, 145 Hand–foot–genital syndrome, 246 calcaneus, occult, 143 triplane, 145, 145 Heart–hand syndrome, 247 categories, 144 wrist, 163–165 Hæmophilia, 246 metatarsal stress, 143, 143 Freeman–Sheldon syndrome, 246 Hereditary ataxia, 234 hallux, 143 Freiberg infraction, 130, 131 Herpetic whitlow. See Hand Jones, 143, 143 Friedreich ataxia, 234, 246 Hip physial, 144 arthrodesis, 75, 75 , 161–163 G cerebral palsy, 225–227, 226 Monteggia, 161 Gait, 92, 92, 178, 219–220, 219 coxa vara, 86–87 both bone, 162 antalgic, 92, 92 development, 59–60 Galeazzi, 163 ataxic, 220 developmental dysplasia, 66–76 radius distal, 162–163 circumduction, 92, 92, 219 distinguishing features, 61–62 greenstick, 146 equinus, 92, 92, 220 dysplasia, spectrum, 66 hand hip extensor weakness, 219 evaluation Bennett, 164 scissoring, 219 history, 62 metacarpal, 164 steppage, 219 imaging, 64–65 mallet, 165 Trendelenburg, 92, 92, 219 physical examination, 62–63 phalangeal, 164–165 Galeazzi exstrophy of bladder, 88 Seymour, 165 fracture, 163, 163 femoroacetabular impingement, 89 humerus sign, 67 labrum, 69 diaphysial, 154 Gamekeeper’s thumb, 164 Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease, 77–80 proximal, 153–154, 153 Gardner syndrome, 207 osteonecrosis, 72, 72 management , 23 pathoanatomy, 60–61 algorithm, 140 Gaucher disease, 246 , 88 cast, 140, 140 Gene reduction, closed vs. open, 70–72 fixation, 141 developmental, 3 slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 81–86 metaphysial–diaphysial, 143 , classification, 4 snapping hip, 87 nonaccidental trauma. See Nonaccidental nerve and muscle function, 3 spina bifida, 230 trauma protein processing, 3 vascularity, 60 268 Index

Holt–Oram syndrome, 247 congenital dislocation, 100, 100 bipartite patella, 102 Homocystinuria, 247 dislocation, 100–101 Blount disease, 97–99 Hurler syndrome, 251 extension, 220 causes by age, 91 flexion, 220 cerebral palsy, 227, 227 I fracture deficiency , 220 traumatic dislocation, 167 classification, 106 Immobilization, spica cast, 71, 71 , 220 , 107–108 Impingement and varum proximal femoral focal, 107 femoro-acetabular, 86, 89 evaluation, 95–96 tibial bowing, 108–109, 109 hip imaging, 69 management, 96 tibial hemimelia, 108 , 181 screw physiodesis, 96 genu valgum and . See Knee Implantography, 83 osteochondroses, 100 leg aches, 93, 93 Infantile cortical hyperostosis, 242 popliteal cyst, 101–102 Infection sports-related injuries cause, 92 bone. See Osteomyelitis discoid , 176, 176 Denver developmental screening test, deep space, 20 tear, 179, 179 92, 93 evaluation , 176, 176 evaluation, 92 history, 188 dissecans, 178, 178 gait, 92, 92 imaging, 188–189 patellar instability, 177–178, 177–178 management, 92–93 laboratory studies, 189 Kniest dysplasia, 247 painless, 92 physical examination, 188 Köhler disease, 130–131 length discrepancy (LLLD) foot and ankle, 132 Kyphosis, 195, 229 algorithm, 103 glycocalyx, 185 achondroplasia, 54 causes, 103 hand. See Hand infection congenital clinical assessment, 103 management evaluation, 40, 40 evaluation, 103 antibiotics, 189, 190, 190 management, 40 management, 104–106 complications, 192–193 posterior fusion, 40 natural history, 103 osteomyelitis, 191–192, 192 neurofibromatosis, 55–56 popliteal cyst. See Knee pyarthritis, 190–191, 191 Scheuermann, 41 spina bifida, 230, 230 necrotizing fasciitis, 194–195, 194 spina bifida, 229 torsion organism versus host, 187 development, 94 organisms, 186–187 L evaluation, 94 osteomyelitis, 185 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 210, 211 femoral osteotomy, 95 paronychia, 20, 20, 132, 132 , 247 femoral version, 93, 94 pathophysiology, 185–186 Latex allergy, 229, 229 fibula osteotomy, 95, 95 pelvis, 193–194, 193 Leg aches, 93, 93 foot, 94 portals of entry, 185 Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCP), 245 foot progression angle, 93, 94 Pseudomonas, 132, 132 distinguish from multiple epiphysial nomenclature, 93–94 pyarthritis, 185, 189 ­dysplasia, 245 tibial osteotomy, 95, 95 pyomyositis, 194 evaluation, 77–78 tibial rotation angle, 94, 94 salmonella osteomyelitis, 187 management, 79–80 Lyme disease, 187 spina bifida, 229 natural history, 78 surgical site, 196, 196 pathoanatomy, 77 M transphysial extension, 186 Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis, 247 Macrodactyly , 195, 195 Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, 247 foot, 117, 117 vascular anatomy, 186 Leukæmia, acute lymphoblastic, 215 hand, 12 Innominate osteotomy. See Developmental Ligaments Madelung deformity, 15, 15, 247 dysplasia of the hip (DDH) ankle, injuries of, 174 Mafucci syndrome, 209 Intoeing, 94, 94 fracture, 138, 138 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 140, 155 Intramembranous ossification, 2 knee, injuries of, 179, 179 Blount disease, 98 Iridocyclitis, 261, 261 sports-related injuries, 172 developmental dysplasia of the hip, 68 Ischiopatellar dysplasia, 257 Lipomyelomeningocœle, 228 hip, 65, 65 Lisch nodules, neurofibromatosis, 252 hip infection, 189, 189 J Little disease, 222 knee, 179 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 26, 261, 261 Little leaguer’s slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 82 elbow, lateral, 182 spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, 44, 44 K elbow, medial, 181, 181 tumors, 202 Kienböck disease, 15, 15 shoulder, 180–181, 180 Malformation Kirner deformity, 11, 11 LLLD. See Lower limb length discrepancy definition, 3 Klippel–Feil syndrome, 48, 48 (LLLD) types, 3 Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome, 247 L’Orthopedie (1741), 1, 1 Marble , 254–255 Knee Lower limb , 55, 55, 248 angle, 91 anatomy, 91 Marshall–Smith syndrome, 249 anterior pain, 99 anterior , 99 McCune–Albright syndrome, 206, 249, 252 Index 269

Meier–Gorlin syndrome, 249 motor function, 219 Pelvis. See also Hip; Spine Melnick–Needles syndrome. See reflexes, 221, 221 aneurysmal , 206 Otopalatodigital syndromes sensory function, 219 fracture, 166, 166 , 249 Friedreich ataxia, 234 incidence (PI), 43, 43 Meningocœle, 228 level of disease, 218 , 193–194, 193 Meniscus management, 222 obliquity, 220, 221, 225 anatomy, 172, 176 muscular dystrophy. See Muscular tilt (PT), 43, 43 discoid, 176, 176 ­dystrophy Positron emission tomography (PET) tear, 176, 176 poliomyelitis, 234 hip infection, 189 Merchant view, 177 prevalence of, 217, 218 tumors, 202, 214 Mesomelic dysplasia, 249 scoliosis, 225 , 10, 10 , 249 spina bifida. See Spina bifida Physial separation, distal humerus, 156, 156 Metaphysial chondrodysplasia, 249–250 , 234, 234 Physis Metaphysial dysplasia. See Pyle disease Neurulation, 23 blind spot, SCFE, 83 Metastasis, 215 Nonaccidental trauma bridge, 141–142, 141–142 Metatarsus adductus, 118, 118 corner fracture, 142, 142 physiodesis Metatropic dysplasia, 250 evaluation, 142 lower limb length discrepancy, 104 Möbius syndrome, 250 imaging, 142 percutaneous, 105 Monteggia fracture, 161, 161 management, 142 screw, 96 Morquio syndrome, 251 skin stigma, 142, 142 reduction and stabilization, 84 Mucopolysaccharidosis, 250–251, 250 sports-related injuries, 172 Multiple O stabilization, SCFE, 83 enchondromatosis, 251 Oculoauriculovertebral syndrome, 246 , 50, 50 exostoses, 251 Oculodentodigital dysplasia, 253 Plica synovialis, 183, 183 osteochondromata, 251 Ollier disease, 105 , 13, 13, 255 synostosis syndrome, 251 Orthotics, 104 Poliomyelitis, 234 Muscular dystrophy Os , 12, 12, 115 Becker, 231 odontoideum, 48, 48 Polymerase chain reaction, 189 Duchenne trigonum, 130, 130 Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, 206 deflazacort, 231 Osgood–Schlatter condition, 99, 100 Popliteal cyst. See Knee evaluation, 231 Ossification, 24 , 195 foot and ankle, 232 endochondral, 2, 2 Prader–Willi syndrome, 239, 255 Gower sign, 231, 231 intramembranous, 2 Propionibacterium acnes, 187 imaging, 231 Osteochondritis dissecans , 256 laboratory analysis, 231 knee, 178, 178 Protrusio acetabuli, 64, 88 lumbar hyperlordosis, 231 sports-related injuries, 172, 173, 175, 178 Proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD), 107 spine, 231–232 talus, 175 Prune Belly syndrome, 256 Emery-Dreifuss, 232 dysfunction, 254 Pseudarthrosis, 229, 252, 252 facioscapulohumeral, 232, 232 , 54, 54, 253–254, neurofibromatosis, 56 myotonic, 232 253–254 spine, 37 Mycoplasma, 186 Osteomyelitis, 185, 188 tibia, 109 Myelomeningocœle, 228, 228 chronic recurrent multifocal, 193, 193 Pseudoachondroplasia, 256 Myositis ossificans, 245 classification, 191 Pseudoparalysis, 62, 139, 188 Myotome, 24 femur, 191 Pseudosubluxation, 47, 47 geographic distribution, 192 Pterygium syndrome, 256 N imaging, 192 Puncture wound, 132, 132 Nail–patella syndrome, 252 pelvis, 191 Pyarthritis, 185, 189, 190–191, 191 Necrotizing fasciitis. See Infection subacute, 192, 192 , 256 Neurapraxia, 157 treatment, 192, 192 Pyle disease, 256 Neurectomy, 226 , 254–255 Pyomyositis, 194 Neurofibromatosis, 55–56, 252 Otopalatodigital syndromes, 255 kyphosis, 55–56 Overuse injuries, 171 Q pseudarthrosis, 56 Q-angle, 91 Neuromuscular disorders P Quad test, 244 central nervous injury, 217 Pædiatric orthopædic , 4 cerebral palsy. See Cerebral palsy Paronychia. See Infection R Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, 233 Patella Reflex neurovascular dystrophy, 183, 183 evaluation bipartite, 102 Reflexes, 221 cognitive function, 219 dislocation, 101 Remodeling, 136, 137 deformity, 220–221, 220 fracture Rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar, 213 gait, 219–220, 219 marginal, 148, 148 Rhizotomy, 224 history, 217 transverse, 148, 148 , 257 imaging, 221 instability, knee injury, 177–178, 177–178 Riley–Day syndrome, 245. See also Familial laboratory analysis, 221, 221 Pavlik harness, 70, 72 dysautonomia 270 Index

Röntgenography, 139, 139, 142, 154 Silver–Russell syndrome, 257 deformity, 221, 258 bone cyst, 204 Sinding–Larsen–Johansson condition, 100 diastrophic dysplasia, 54 DDH, 68 Single photon emission computed discitis, 27 discitis, 27 ­tomography (SPECT) clinical features, 27 foot, 114, 114 spine, 25, 25, 53 management, 27 hip infection, 188, 188 spondylolysis, 43, 43 prognosis, 27, 27 knee, 179 Skewfoot, 123 embryology and development, 23–24 lower limb length discrepancy, 104 Skier’s thumb, 164 evaluation syndromes, 239 Slipped capital femoral (upper) epiphysis history and physical examination, 25, 25 tumors, 200, 201 (SCFE, SUFE) imaging, 25, 25 Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome, 257 cheilectomy, 85 kyphosis. See Kyphosis deformity, 81 lordosis, 219, 231 S evaluation, 81–82 lumbar, 54 Sacral femoroacetabular impingement, 86 Marfan syndrome, 55, 55 agenesis, 56, 56 flexion intertrochanteric osteotomy, 85 metastasis, 215 dimple, 56, 56 vs. fracture, 81 muscular disease, 231–232, 234, 234 Salter–Harris fracture. See Fracture management, 83–86 neural lesion Sarcoma. See Tumor natural history, 82 Chiari malformation, 52 SCFE. See Slipped capital (upper) femoral open reduction and internal fixation, 84 diastematomyelia, 52, 52 epiphysis (SCFE, SUFE) pathoanatomy, 81 syrinx, 52 Scheuermann kyphosis. See Spine prophylactic stabilization of contralateral, 86 tethered cord, 52, 229 Schisis, 24 SCFE treatment complications, 86 neurofibromatosis, 55–56 Schmorl nodes. See Spine temporal classification, 81 osteogenesis imperfect, 54 Scintigraphy, 139, 142 treatment complications, 86 sacral dimple, 56 hip, 65, 65 Slipped vertebral epiphysis, 166 Schmorl node, 41, 41 of hip infection, 188, 188 Small patella syndrome, 257 SCIWORA, 166 SCFE, 82 Spina bifida, 24 scoliosis. See Scoliosis spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, 43, 43 aperta, 24 slipped vertebral epiphysis, 166, 166 tumors, 202 causes of, 228 spina bifida, 229, 229 SCIWORA. See Spine clinical presentation, 228–229 spinal cord injury, 56 Sclerotome, 24 diagnosis, 228 spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. See Scoliosis, 28, 28, 229, 252 , 230 Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis congenital hip, 230 thoracic insufficiency syndrome, 39 evaluation, 38, 38 history, 228 . See Torticollis management, 38 infection, 229 tuberculosis, 195 idiopathic kyphectomy, 229 tumor. See Tumor classification, 28, 31–32 lower limb, 230, 230 Split hand/split foot malformation, 258 complications, 36–37 pathophysiology, 228, 228 Spondyloepimetaphysial dysplasia, 258 evaluation , 28–30 Spine Spondyloepiphysial dysplasia, 258 management, 32–35 achondroplasia, 54 Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis natural history, 32, 32 , 205 brace for, 44 neural disease, 224–225, 225, 229, 229 associated neural disorders evaluation, 42–44 muscular disease, 231–232, 234, 234 chiari malformation, 52 Ferguson view, 42 , 257 diastematomyelia, 52, 52 L5-S1 circumferential fusion, 46 Sequence, definition, 3 syrinx, 52 L4-S1 posterior fusion, 46 Sever condition, 130 tethered cord, 52 management, 44–46 Shoulder back pain nonhealing, 44 brachial plexus birth injury, 18–19, 19, 19 CANDIF, 26 pathogenesis, 42 congenital pseudarthrosis, clavicle, 18, 18 causes, 26 pelvic incidence (PI), 43, 43 sports-related injuries evaluation, 26 pelvic tilt (PT), 43, 43 impingement, 181 juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 26 repair of, 105 instability, 180 lordosis, 26, 26 Scotty dog, 42 little leaguer’s, 180–181, 180 management, 26 surgical approach, 105 Sprengel anomaly, 17, 17 prevalence, 26 Spondylometaphysial dysplasia, 259 Shprintzen syndrome, 260 caudal dysgenesis, 56 Sports Sickle cell disease, 187 cerebral palsy. See Cerebral palsy acute injury, 171, 172 Sign cervical age, 169 Allis, 67 anomaly of dens axis, 48, 48 ankle Barlow, 66, 67 atlantoaxial instability, 47, 47 osteochondral lesion of talus, 175, 175 Galeazzi, 67 cervical intervertebral disc calcification, sprain, 174, 174 Gower, 231, 231 48, 48 childhood , 170, 170 packaging, 67 Klippel–Feil syndrome, 48, 48 compartment syndrome, exertional, Ortolani, 66, 67 pseudosubluxation, 47, 47 182, 182 Scotty dog, 42 relational lines, 47, 47 concussion, 173, 173 Index 271

differential maturation, 169, 170 polydactyly, 12, 12 leukæmia, 215 disabled child, 171 trigger, 11, 11 osteoid osteoma vs. , 210, Down syndrome, 171 Tibia 210 elbow bowing, 108–109, 109 , 214, 214 lateral little leaguer’s, 182 fracture. See Fracture malignant, 214–215, 214–215 medial little leaguer’s, 181, 181 osteotomy, 95, 95 bone cyst epidemiology, 171, 171 pseudarthrosis, 109 aneurysmal, 205–206, 205–206 gender, 170 Tibia vara. See Blount disease unicameral, 204–205, 204–205 genetics, 170 Toe disorders cartilage injury prevention, 171, 171 bracket epiphysis, 115 , 209, 209 knee bunion, 116–117 chondromyxoid fibroma, 209, 209 , 176, 176 bunionette, 117 enchondroma, 209, 209 ligament tear, 179, 179 claw, 115, 116 osteochondroma, 208, 208 meniscus tear, 176, 176 curly, 115 Codman, 209 osteochondritis dissecans, 178, 178 , 117 evaluation patellar instability, 177–178, 177–178 , 117 age distribution of, 200 overuse injuries, 171 hammer, 116 biopsy, 203, 203 physis, 169 injury, 143 differential diagnosis, 203–204, 203 plica synovialis, 183, 183 macrodactyly, 117, 117 history, 199 reflex neurovascular dystrophy, 183, 183 mallet, 116 imaging, 200, 201, 202 shoulder overlapping toe, 116, 116 laboratory analysis, 202 atraumatic instability, 180 polydactyly, 115 location, 201, 202 impingement, 181 , 115 physical examination, 200 little leaguer’s, 180–181, 180 walking, 129 presentation of pain, 199, 200 traumatic instability, 180 Torsion staging, 202–203, 203 strength training, 173 development, 94 Ewing sarcoma, 214–215, 215 thermoregulation, 170 evaluation, 94 fibrous types of, 172 femur desmoid, 207 wheelchair injuries, 171 osteotomy, 95 fibrous dysplasia, 206–207, 206 Sprengel anomaly, 17, 17 version, 93, 94 focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia, Stickler syndrome, 259 foot, 93, 94 208, 208 Streeter dysplasia. See Amniotic band nomenclature, 93–94 nonosteogenic fibroma, 206, 206 ­syndrome tibia and fibula malignant, 214–215, 214–215 Symbrachydactyly, 8–9, 9 osteotomy, 95, 95 metastasis, 215, 215 Symphalangism, 10 rotation angle, 94, 94 soft tissue Syndactyly, 10, 10, 115 Torticollis hæmangioma, 212, 212 classification, 10 atlantoaxial rotatory displacement, pigmented villonodular synovitis, treatment, 10 51, 51 212 Syndromes. See also specific syndromes gastrointestinal, 49 rhabdomyosarcoma, 213, 213 algorithm, 240, 240 muscular, 50, 50 synovial sarcoma, 213, 213 classification, 238–239 neural, 49 spine, 53–56, 53, 54, 55 definition, 3 ocular, 49 staging, 202–203, 203 evaluation osseous, 49 , 259 history, 239 paroxysmal type, 49 imaging, 239–240 tumor, 49, 49 U laboratory analysis, 240 types of, 49, 49 Ultrasonography, 140, 155 pathognomonic features, 239, 240 Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), 248 hip, 65, 65 stature, 239 Trapezoidocephaly, 241 developmental dysplasia, 68 facies, 238, 238 Traumatic brain injury, 173 infection, 188, 188 geographical distribution, 239 Trevor disease, 244 lower limb length discrepancy, 104 micromelia, 238, 238 Trichorhinophalangeal dysplasia, 259 SCFE, 82 short stature, 238, 238 Triplane fracture, 145, 145 syndromes, 240 Tripod, 113, 113 tumors, 202 T Trisomy, 244, 248 Upper limb Tarsal coalition, 128 Trochlea amniotic band syndrome, 13, 13 Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 129–130, 130 dysplasia, 177 constriction, 13, 13 Tethered spinal cord. See Spine humeri, 155 deficiency Thanatophoric dysplasia, 259 Tuberculosis. See Infection phocomelia, 10, 10 Thoracic insufficiency syndrome, 39, 39 Tumor postaxial, 10 Thoraco(s)tomy and expansion, 39 benign, 211–212 preaxial, 9–10, 10 Thrombocytopenia–absent radius (TAR) biopsy, 203, 203 symbrachydactyly, 8–9, 9 ­syndrome, 259 bone developmental anomaly, 7, 8 Thumb eosinophilic granuloma, 53, 53, 211, 211 duplication hypo-/aplasia, 12, 12 , 211, 211 polydactyly, 12, 12 272 Index

Upper limb (Continued ) felon, 20, 20 V evaluation flexor tenosynovitis, 20, 20 VACTERL, 38, 260 observation, 8, 9 herpetic whitlow, 20 van Nes rotationplasty, 107 physical examination, 8 paronychia, 20, 20 Velocardiofacial syndrome, 260 failure of differentiation macrodactyly, 12 plana, 211 camptodactyly, 10–11 neuromuscular disease Vertebra clinodactyly, 11, 11 arthrogryposis, 13, 13 development, 24 delta phalanx, 11, 11 cerebral palsy, 14, 14 resection, 38, 40 Kirner deformity, 11, 11 House classification, 13, 13 Vertical talus, 127 symphalangism, 10 Zancolli classification, 14 von Willebrand disease, 260 syndactyly, 10, 10 overgrowth, 12 trigger thumb, 11, 11 macrodactyly, 8, 12 W forearm laceration, 165, 165 Waardenburg syndrome, 260 congenital dislocation of radial head, undergrowth Whistling face syndrome. See Freeman– 16, 16 Poland syndrome, 13, 13 Sheldon syndrome congenital radio-ulnar synostosis, 16, 16 thumb hypo-/a-plasia, 12–13, 12 Whistling face–windmill vane hand hand infection wrist ­syndrome, 246 cellulitis, 20 Kienböck disease, 15, 15 Winograd operation, 132, 132 deep space, 20 Madelung deformity, 15, 15 Wound, puncture, 132, 132