INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations A B muscle transfer/lengthening, 120 Accessory navicular bone, 120–121 Back pain, 26 osteotomy, 120 Accessory ossicle, 143 Baclofen, 224 physical examination, 119 Acetabulum Bankart lesion, 180 Cellulitis, 20 false profile, 64 Beals syndrome, 242 Cerebral palsy, 14, 14 hip pathoanatomy, 60, 61 Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, 242 baclofen, 224 pedis, 113, 113 Bisphosphonates, 80 botulinum toxin, 223–224 version of, 64, 64 Blount disease causes of, 222, 222 Achondroplasia, 54, 238 cause, 97 classification Acid-fast bacteria, 186 evaluation, 97–98 geographic, 222–223, 222–223 Acrocephalopolysyndactyly, 243 infantile tibia vara, 97 gross motor function classification Acrocephalosyndactyly, 241 Langenskiöld classification, 97 system, 223, 223 Acrodysostosis, 241 management, 98–99 tonal, 222, 222 Amniotic band syndrome, 13, 13, 241 Botulinum toxin, 223–224 diagnosis, 223 Amyoplasia. See Arthrogryposis Bowing. See Lower limb, deficiency hip, 225–227, 226 Angio-osteohypertrophy syndrome, 247 Brachial plexus birth injury, 18–19, 19 lower limb, 227, 227 Ankle Brachydactyly, 242 medical considerations, 223 ball and socket, 129, 129 Brachymetatarsia, 118, 118 phenol, 224 fracture. See Fracture Brachyolmia, 242 rhizotomy, 224 sports-related injuries Brachyrhachia, 242 scoliosis, 224 osteochondral lesion of talus, Bracket epiphysis, 115 spine, 224–225, 225 175, 175 Broad thumb–Hallux syndrome, 257 Cervical intervertebral disc calcification, sprain, 174, 174 Bruck syndrome, 242 48, 48 tarsal tunnel syndrome, 129–130, 130 Bunion, 116–117 Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, 233 traumatic dislocation, 167 Bunionette, 117 Cheilectomy, 85 Antibiotics Butler procedure, 116, 116 Chondrification, 24 clinical assessment, 189 Chondrodysplasia punctata, 243 dosage, 190 C Chondroectodermal dysplasia, 243 duration, 190, 190 Caffey disease, 242 Chondrolysis, 82 indication, 190 Calcaneovalgus, 123 Chondromyxoid fibroma, 209, 209 prophylactic, 196 Camptodactyly, 10–11 Chromosomal defect, definition, 4 selection, 190 Camptomelic dysplasia, 243 Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), treatment, 190 Capitellum. See Capitulum 193, 193 Antley–Bixler syndrome, 241 Capitulum, 155 Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis Apert syndrome, 241 Care of the child, 4–5 (CRMO), 193, 193 Aplasia, anomaly of the Dens axis, Carpal tunnel syndrome, 251 Classification 48, 48 Carpenter syndrome, 243 Caterall, 78 Arachnodactyly, 248 Cartilage Herring, 78 Arthritis, juvenile idiopathic, 261, 261 imaging, 69 House, 13 Arthrocentesis, 189 hip pathoanatomy, 60 Langenskiöld, 97 Arthrography, 139, 139, 155 Cast Salter–Harris. See Fracture hip, 65, 65 fracture, 140, 140 Salter–Thompson, 78 Arthrogryposis, 13, 13, 242 spica, 71, 71 Zancolli, 14 Atlantoaxial Caudal dysgenesis, 56 Cleidocranial dysplasia, 243 instability (AAI), 54, 55 Cavus Clinodactyly, 11, 11 rotatory displacement (AARD), arthrodesis, 120 Clubfoot, 123–124 51, 51 classification, 118, 118 algorithm for treatment, 123, 125 Atriodigital dysplasia, 247 evaluation, 119 bracing, 125 Auriculo–osteodysplasia syndrome, 242 management, 119 casting, 124–125 265 266 Index Clubfoot (Continued ) incidence, 66 capital (upper) femoral epiphysis pathomechanics, 124 inheritance, 66 (SCFE, SUFE) surgical treatment, 125, 126 lower limb length discrepancy, 66, 67 torsion, version, 93, 94 Cognitive dissonance, 222, 222 lumbar lordosis, 67, 67 Fibrillin-1, 248 Compartment syndrome, 139, 139, 143 management, 70 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 exertional, 182, 182 maturity, 76 (FGFR3), 241 Computed tomography (CT), 68, 140, 155 natural history, 69, 69 Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, 245 hip, 65, 65, 72, 72 Ortolani sign, 66, 67 Fibroma, nonosteogenic. See Tumor of hip infection, 189 osteotomy, 73–76 Fibromatosis. See Tumor spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, 44, 44 packaging signs, 67 Fibrous dysplasia. See Tumor torsion, operative correction, 94 pathoanatomy, 66 Fibula tumors, 202 physical examination, 66 avulsion, 144 Congenital dislocation, of radial head, 16, 16 Diaphysial aclasis, 251 deficiency, 107 Congenital kyphosis. See Kyphosis Diastematomyelia, 52, 52 hemimelia, 107–108 Congenital pseudarthrosis of clavicle, 18, 18 Diastrophic dysplasia, 54, 54, 244 osteotomy, 95, 95 Congenital radioulnar synostosis, 16, 16 Discitis, 27 Field defect, 3 Congenital scoliosis. See Scoliosis clinical features, 27 Fishtail deformity, 141 Conradi–Hünermann syndrome, 243 management, 27 Flatfoot, 121–123 Constriction, upper limb, 13, 13 prognosis, 27, 27 pathomechanics, 121 Cornelia de Lange syndrome, 243 Röntgenogrammes, 27 surgical treatment, 122–123 Coxa vara Disjunction, 23, 24 Flexor tenosynovitis, 20, 20 deformity, 258 Disruption, definition, 3 Floating-Harbor syndrome, 257 evaluation, 86 Distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia. management, 87 116–117 See Tumor pathoanatomy, 86 Down syndrome, 54, 55, 244 Foot spondylo-epiphysial dysplasia, 258 Duplication, upper limb, 12, 12 acetabulum pedis, 113, 113 Coxopodopatellar syndrome, 257 Dural ectasia, 55, 55 anatomy, 111–112 Craniodiaphysial dysplasia, 243 Dyggve–Melchior–Clausen syndrome, 244 compartment syndrome, 143 Craniofacial hyperostosis, 249 Dysrrhaphism, 24 evaluation, 113–114 Craniometaphysial dysplasia, 243 forefoot, 118 Craniosynostosis, 243 E hindfoot C-reactive protein (CRP), 189, 189 Ear–patella–short stature syndrome, 249 clubfoot, 123–124 Cyst Ectrodactyly, 258 pathomechanics, 124–126 aneurysmal, 205–206, 205–206 Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, 244–245 tarsal coalition, 128 calcaneus, 205 Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, 243 vertical talus, 127 unicameral, 204–205, 204–205 Emanuel syndrome, 245 infection, 132 Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, 213 mechanics, 113 D Enchondroma. See Tumor metatarsal, 143, 143 DDH. See Developmental dysplasia of the Enthesitis, 261 midfoot hip (DDH) Eosinophilic granuloma. See Tumor accessory navicular bone, 120–121 de Barsy syndrome, 243 Epiphysial dysplasia, multiple, 245 calcaneovalgus, 123 Deformation, definition, 3 Epiphysial plate. See Physis cavus, 118–120 Delayed gadolinium enhancement MRI of Epiphysiodesis, timing, 105 flatfoot, 121–123 cartilage (dGEMRIC), 69 Erlenmeyer flask deformity, 243 skewfoot, 123 Delta phalanx, 11, 11 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), soft tissue injury, 143 Dens axis, 47, 47 189, 189 tarsus, 143 aplasia, 48, 48 Escobar syndrome. See Pterygium tripod, 113, 113 hypoplasia, 48, 48 syndrome toe disorders, 115–117 ligaments, 47, 47 Ewing sarcoma. See Tumor tumor, 131 Denver developmental screening test, 92, 93 Exstrophy of bladder, 88 Foramen magnum, 54 Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) Fracture 18 months to 3 years, 73–74 F ankle, 144–145, 144 3 to 6 years, 74 Familial dysautonomia, 245 articular, 138 6 to 18 months, 70, 72 Fanconi anæmia, 245 brawler’s, 164 6 years to maturity, 74–75 Felon, 20, 20 buckle, 138 Barlow sign, 66, 67 Femoral–facial syndrome, 245 bunk bed, 143 bilateral, 67 Femur cast, 140, 140 birth to 6 months, 70, 70 cyst, 204–205, 204–205 cervical, 152, 152 cause, 66 deficiency, 107 cervicotrochanteric, 152 cutaneous creases, 66 fracture. See Fracture classifications, 138, 138 gait, 67 osteomyelitis, 191 clavicle, 153, 153 hip abduction, 66 osteotomy, 95 compartment syndrome, 139, 139 hip click, 66 shortening, closed, 105 condylar, 165 imaging, 68–69 slipped capital epiphysis. See Slipped corner, 142, 142 Index 267 diaphysial open, 143, 143 regulatory, 3 clavicle, 153, 153 calcaneus, 143 structural gene, 3 femur, 150–151, 150, 151 types, 139, 139 Genu. See Knee humerus, 154 patella, 148, 148 Glycosaminoglycan, 250 tibia, 146, 146 pelvis, 166, 166 Goldenhar syndrome, 246 distribution of, 136 physial, 138 Gonadal dysgenesis, 243 elbow periosteum, 138 Gram anatomy, 155 physiology negative bacteria, 186 evaluation, 154–155 bone, 138 positive bacteria, 186 imaging, 154–155 chondral model, 138, 138 stain technique, 186 lateral condyle, 159, 159 growth plate, 136–137 Growth medial condyle, 160 ligaments, 138, 138 arrest line, 137, 137 medial epicondyle, 158–159, 158 periosteum, 138 bone, 1–2 nursemaid’s elbow, 155–156, 155 physis, 136–137 joint, 1 olecranon, 161 plastic deformation, 138 physis, 2, 2 proximal radius, 160, 160 Salter–Harris classification, 144, 145, 149, 152 plate. See Physis radiographic alignment, 154, 154 type I, 144, 149, 149, 152, 164, 165, 166 rate of, 3, 3 supracondylar humerus, 156–158 type II, 141, 144, 145, 149, 149, 164, stages of, 1 evaluation 165, 166 Guillain–Barré syndrome, 246 history, 139 type III, 142, 144, 149, 149, 164 imaging, 139–140 type IV, 143, 143, 144, 144, 149, 149 H physical examination, 139 spina bifida, 230 Hallux femur spine, 166 fracture, 143 cervical, 152, 152 sports-related injuries, 172 rigidus, 117 cervicotrochanteric, 152 stress, 146, 172 varus, 117 complications, 152 tibia, 137 Hæmangioma, 212, 212 diaphysial, 150–151 diaphysial, 146, 146 Hand distal metaphysial, 149 intercondylar eminence, 147, 147 fracture. See Fracture distal physial, 136, 149 proximal metaphysial, 146, 146 infection healing of, 150 proximal physial, 147 cellulitis, 20 intertrochanteric, 152 stress, 146 deep space infection, 20 management of, 150 toddler, 146, 146 felon, 20, 20 ossification of, 150 tubercle, 147, 147, 148 flexor tenosynovitis, 20, 20 physial, 152 torus, 149, 149 herpetic whitlow, 20 proximal, 152 transitional (of ankle) paronychia, 20, 20 foot Tillaux, 145, 145 Hand–foot–genital syndrome, 246 calcaneus, occult, 143 triplane, 145, 145 Heart–hand syndrome, 247 categories, 144 wrist,