DOCSLIB.ORG

Corals in a Stressful World: Life Histories, Synergies, and Resilience

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Corals in a Stressful World: Life Histories, Synergies, and Resilience Corals in a Stressful World: Life Histories, Synergies, and Resilience by Emily Scarlett Darling B.Sc. (Hons., Biology), Queen’s University, 2005 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Sciences © Emily Scarlett Darling 2012 Simon Fraser University Fall 2012 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for “Fair Dealing.” Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Approval Name: Emily Scarlett Darling Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Biological Sciences) Title of Thesis: Corals in a stressful world: life histories, synergies, and resilience Examining Committee: Chair: Michael Silverman, Associate Professor Isabelle M. Côté Senior Supervisor, ProfessorDept. of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Nicholas K. Dulvy Supervisor, Professor, Dept. of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Christopher D. G. Harley Supervisor, Professor, Dept. of Zoology University of British Columbia Timothy R. McClanahan Supervisor, Senior Conservation Scientist Wildlife Conservation Society Anne K. Salomon Internal Examiner Assistant Professor School of Resource and Environmental Management Rolf D. Vinebrooke External Examiner Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Date Defended/Approved: November 8, 2012 ii Partial Copyright Licence Abstract Diverse anthropogenic and natural disturbances affect ecosystems, with the potential to provoke synergies and other ‘ecological surprises’ that may impede our ability to predict and mitigate the impacts of multiple stressors. This thesis examines the impacts of stressors on populations and communities to establish the prevalence of synergies and identify ecological factors that influence interactions between stressors. First, I quantify the magnitude of multiple stressor interactions using a meta-analysis of published factorial studies, and find that synergies are as common as two other types of interactions, antagonisms and simple additive effects. Then, I turn my focus to coral reefs, an ecosystem that is expected to be particularly vulnerable to the impacts of synergies and stressor interactions. Using a long-term time-series of coral cover data in Kenya, I quantify the impacts of two common stressors, fishing and climate change- induced coral bleaching, and conclude that these stressors do not interact synergistically but instead have a weakly additive or antagonistic effect. The next two chapters investigate the impacts of multiple stressors on coral community dynamics in Kenya. I first propose a new approach to quantitatively classify the diversity of scleractinian corals into four life-history strategies based on species traits. I then apply these life-history groupings to Kenyan corals and show that the composition of life histories can, in part, explain the long-term impacts of fishing and coral bleaching, although life histories do overlook variability within coral communities. Finally, I discuss the implications of my results for our understanding of coral reef resilience to the cumulative impacts of stressors. Specifically, I consider how managing local impacts may have counterintuitive effects on the resilience of coral reefs to global climate change. This thesis highlights the importance of community dynamics for understanding the complex interactions among stressors and provides novel insights for conservation and management actions that attempt to mitigate the impacts of multiple stressors in an increasingly stressful world. Keywords: Multiple stressors, climate change, coral reefs, life-history strategies, community disassembly, ecosystem resilience, East Africa iii iv Acknowledgements It’s hard to imagine being here at the end of my thesis and not acknowledging Isabelle Côté, first and foremost. Isa, you have been a supportive, creative, and inspirational mentor to me. Thank you for a wonderful six years – I learned how to dive in a dry suit, parallel park a boat, and be a scientist. For this and much, much more, thank you. I am also extremely grateful to Tim McClanahan, Nick Dulvy, and Chris Harley for their above and beyond guidance and support on my supervisory committee. Thank you as well to Anne Salomon and Rolf Vinebrooke for agreeing to be the internal and external examiners, respectively, for this thesis. Thank you to the Earth to Ocean research group, and especially the Côté lab past and present – I am very lucky to have spent time with such unique, enthusiastic and collaborative people. I am indebted to Andy Cooper and the E2O Statz Beerz crew for helping Chapter 4 and many of the analyses in this thesis get off the ground. I also thank Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip and Tom Oliver for their contributions to Chapter 4. A particular shout out needs to go to good friends and founding members of the GTFO club: Doug Braun, Steph Green and Jenn Sunday. This crazy endeavour would have been impossible without you. An incredible community of friends around the world has kept me sane and happy. Thank you Jenn Barrett, Brett Favaro, Evan Henderson, Christina Hicks, Morgan Hocking, Britt Keeling, Kirsten Martin, Megan McCann, Tom Money, Holly Nesbitt, Kate Neville, Kerrie O’Donnell, Michelle Paddack, Kat Robideau, Jennifer Selgrath, Alyssa Titus, and the Happy Stripes and Little Lebowski Urban Achievers ultimate frisbee teams. Over the last six years, I have spent a lot of time in Mombasa, Kenya, which would not have been possible without the support of Tim McClanahan and Nyawira Muthiga. Thank you for taking a chance on me as a rookie intern way back when, and for letting me tag along on some remarkable adventures counting corals throughout Kenya and the Western Indian Ocean. Twenty years of data have contributed to this thesis, which is no small feat; I am grateful to Tim, Nyawira, James Mariara and the dozens of CRCP staff and interns who have collected this data, and the organizations that have funded their v work. I am truly honoured to work with the extraordinary people associated with the Wildlife Conservation Society’s Coral Reef Conservation Project, including Carol Abunge, Rodgers Charo, Josh Cinner, Nick Graham, Christina Hicks, Austin Humphries, Justin (Collins) Katana, Angelica Klaussén, Jennifer O’Leary, Joseph Maina, and Macdonald Muramba. I wear my field warrior hat with honour and will try to be as radical as possible (even from my desk). I thank the Kenya Office for Science and Technology and the Kenya Wildlife Service for permission to conduct research in Kenya and in the National Marine Parks. I am grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Simon Fraser University, the PADI Foundation, and fellowships from the International Development Research Centre and the World Wildlife Fund’s Kathryn Fuller Science for Nature Fund. Lately, this thesis has been written in a lot of different places, from Vancouver, Mombasa, Kigali, an airport in Dubai, Townsville, Brisbane, the Dubai airport again, Kingston, my parents’ kitchen in Toronto, and finally back to Vancouver. I have been very lucky to have friends and family who have put a roof over my head and reminded me of what’s truly important. I couldn’t have done it without you. And finally, this thesis is dedicated to my parents, Chris and Roslyn Darling, who have always supported and inspired me with their enthusiasm for natural history and sense of adventure. Thank you. vi Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iii Thesis Wordle ................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1. General Introduction ............................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Quantifying the evidence for ecological synergies ............................. 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 7 Study selection and data criteria .............................................................................. 7 Data analysis ........................................................................................................... 8 Results
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Petition to List the Black Teatfish, Holothuria Nobilis, Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act
    Before the Secretary of Commerce Petition to List the Black Teatfish, Holothuria nobilis, under the U.S. Endangered Species Act Photo Credit: © Philippe Bourjon (with permission) Center for Biological Diversity 14 May 2020 Notice of Petition Wilbur Ross, Secretary of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce 1401 Constitution Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20230 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Dr. Neil Jacobs, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere U.S. Department of Commerce 1401 Constitution Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20230 Email: [email protected] Petitioner: Kristin Carden, Oceans Program Scientist Sarah Uhlemann, Senior Att’y & Int’l Program Director Center for Biological Diversity Center for Biological Diversity 1212 Broadway #800 2400 NW 80th Street, #146 Oakland, CA 94612 Seattle,WA98117 Phone: (510) 844‐7100 x327 Phone: (206) 324‐2344 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] The Center for Biological Diversity (Center, Petitioner) submits to the Secretary of Commerce and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) a petition to list the black teatfish, Holothuria nobilis, as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. Alternatively, the Service should list the black teatfish as threatened or endangered throughout a significant portion of its range. This species is found exclusively in foreign waters, thus 30‐days’ notice to affected U.S. states and/or territories was not required. The Center is a non‐profit, public interest environmental organization dedicated to the protection of native species and their habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2016
    N INDIAN ER O T C S E E A W N N O I T A I M C Coasts Ocean and People O A S R S I A N E E SCIENC ANNUAL REPORT 2016 WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN MARINE SCIENCE ASSOCIATION WIOMSA would like to thank the following people for their contribution to the Annual report PHOTOS Jennifer O’Leary, California Polytechnic University, USA Rahim Saggaf, Vanora Zanzibar, Instagram handle “rahimsaggaf_photography” Tanzania Peter Chadwick, Conservationist and Conservation Photographer, South Africa CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Allen Cedras, Seychelles National Parks Authority, Seychelles Emmanuel Japhet, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam Flavien Joubert, Seychelles National Parks Authority, Seychelles Florian Jouval, University of Reunion Island Maxwell Azali Kodia, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kenya Shigalla Mahongo, Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute Mwita M. Mangora, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam Nyawira Muthiga, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kenya Jennifer O’Leary, California Polytechnic University, USA Serge Raemaekers, University of Cape Town, International Collective in Support of Fish workers (ICSF) member and founder of the ABALOBI Isabelle Ravinia, Seychelles National Parks Authority Jackie Sunde, University of Cape Town, South Africa Rita Adele Steyn, South Africa Arthur Tuda, Kenya Wildlife Service, Kenya COVER PHOTO Hoolahoop competition at the Jambiani Watersports Festival, Zanzibar, Tanzania. © rahimsaggaf_photography PRINTING Printed By: Jamana Printers, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Editing: Lilian Omolo LAYOUT & DESIGN Designed by: Cohoots in Design Cape Town N INDIAN ER O T C ANNUAL S E E A W N REPORT N O I T A I 2016 M C Coasts Ocean and People O A S R S I A N E E SCIENC In the 2017 Annual report we introduce the new WIOMSA logo which reflects the colour and vitality of the marine and coastal ecosystems of the Western Indian Ocean region and its people.
    [Show full text]
  • MDODO RENNATUS MAGINA (B.Sc.)
    Environmental Factors and Coral Bleaching in Kenya. Item Type Thesis/Dissertation Authors Mdodo, Rennatus Magina Publisher Moi University Download date 09/10/2021 08:50:19 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/7779 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND CORAL BLEACHING IN KENYA MDODO RENNATUS MAGINA (B.Sc.) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES) MOl UNIVERSITY 1999 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Signature _ Mdodo R. Magina. This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as supervisors. Signature-------------------- Prof M. P. Tole Supervisor and Professor ofEnvironmental Geochemistry School ofEnvironmental Studies Moi University. Signature _ Dr. David Obura Supervisor and Research Fellow Coral Reef Conservation Project, Mombasa. Signature _ Dr. Nyawira Muthiga Supervisor and Senior Marine Scientist Kenya Wildlife Service, Mombasa II DEDICATION To my late sisters, Mariam and Zakia, My parents, Raphael and Bilkiss, And my brother FeisaL This work is especially for you. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I got the interest to venture into coral reef studies from Dr. Nyawira Muthiga and I thank her for her guidance and encouragement throughout the study. I am grateful to Dr. David Obura for his tireless efforts to see me through the work. He has been my role model in the study of coral reefs. The critical comments, criticism and suggestions from Professor M. P. Tole are highly appreciated. He has always been there for me throughout the study period and for this I say, Thank you.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Coral Bleaching on Coral Reef Fish Assemblages
    Effects of Coral Bleaching on Coral Reef Fish Assemblages Nicholas A J Graham A Thesis submitted to Newcastle University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Marine Science and Technology Supervisors: Professor Nicholas V C Polunin Professor John C Bythell Examiners: Professor Matthew G Bentley Dr Magnus Nyström First submitted: 1st July 2008 Viva-Voce: 1st September 2008 Abstract Coral reefs have emerged as one of the ecosystems most vulnerable to climate variation and change. While the contribution of climate warming to the loss of live coral cover has been well documented, the associated effects on fish have not. Such information is important as coral reef fish assemblages provide critical contributions to ecosystem function and services. This thesis assesses the medium to long term impacts of coral loss on fish assemblages in the western Indian Ocean. Feeding observations of corallivorous butterflyfish demonstrates that considerable feeding plasticity occurs among habitat types, but strong relationships exist between degree of specialisation and declines in abundance following coral loss. Furthermore, obligate corallivores are lost fairly rapidly following decline in coral cover, whereas facultative corallivores are sustained until the structure of the dead coral begins to erode. Surveys of benthic and fish assemblages in Mauritius spanning 11 years highlight small changes in both benthos and fish through time, but strong spatial trends associated with dredging and inter-specific competition. In Seychelles, although there was little change in biomass of fishery target species above size of first capture, size spectra analysis of the entire assemblage revealed a loss of smaller individuals (<30cm) and an increase in the larger individuals (>45cm).
    [Show full text]
  • National Report Marine Biodiversity in Kenya - the Known and the Unknown
    National Report Marine biodiversity in Kenya - the known and the unknown Esther Fondo, Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 81651, GPO 80100, Mombasa, Kenya INTRODUCTION The Kenyan coastline is about 600 km in length and forms part of the western border of the Indian Ocean. It has an almost continuous fringing coral reef usually running parallel to the coast. Kenya’s territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone extend 12 nm and 200 nm respectively, with the total area of EEZ being 118 km2. The Kenyan coast runs in a southwesterly direction from the Somalian border in the north 1°41’S to 4°40’S at the border with Tanzania. Climate and weather systems on the Kenyan coast are dominated by the two distinct monsoon periods. From November to March, the north-east monsoon dominates and is comparatively dry. End of March to September the south-east monsoon dominates bringing heavy rains. Mean annual total rainfall ranges from 508 mm tol016 mm. Relative humidity is comparatively high all year round reaching its peak during the wet months of April and July. Living coral reefs occur all along the length of the Kenyan coast. A fringing reef colonizes the shallow parts of the continental shelf along most of the Kenyan coastline to a depth of around 45 km and at a distance of between 500 m to 2 km offshore, except where river systems create conditions of low salinity and high turbidity which limit coral growth. The estimated continental shelf area is about 19,210 km2. Two main rivers drain into the Indian Ocean: the Tana River (850 km) and Sabaki River (650 km).
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Cucumbers in the Western Indian Ocean Improving Management of an Important but Poorly Understood Resource
    Sea cucumbers in the western Indian Ocean Improving management of an important but poorly understood resource Sea cucumbers in the western Indian Ocean Improving management of an important but poorly understood resource Principal Investigators: Chantal CONAND Ecomar Laboratory Reunion University 97715 Saint Denis, Reunion, France Email: [email protected] Nyawira MUTHIGA, Wildlife Conservation Society Kibaki Flats No. 12 P.O. Box 99470 Mombasa, Kenya Email: [email protected] Co-Investigators: Kenya - Jacob OCHIEWO, Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research Institute Madagascar - Richard RASOLOFONIRINA, IH-SM and Aqua-lab Reunion - Patrick FROUIN, ECOMAR, Reunion University Seychelles - Riaz AUMEERUDDY, Seychelles Fisheries Authority Sweden - Maricela DE LA TORRE-CASTRO, Stockholm University Tanzania - Yunis MGAYA, University of Dar-es-salaam i Sea cucumbers in the western Indian Ocean Improving management of an important but poorly understood resource This publication is the fi nal output of the Marine Science for Management Program Project No. MASMA/AG/2005/01. This publication is available electronically at the following website: http://www.wiomsa.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher and contact with the author. © Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) Published by: The Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) Mizingani St, House No. 13644/10 P.O. Box 3298, Zanzibar United Republic of Tanzania Tel:+255 24 2233472/2234597 Fax:+255 24 2233852 Email: [email protected] Citation: Muthiga NA, Conand C (ed) 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Teatfish Listing Petition
    Before the Secretary of Commerce Petition to List the Black Teatfish, Holothuria nobilis, under the U.S. Endangered Species Act Photo Credit: © Philippe Bourjon (with permission) Center for Biological Diversity 14 May 2020 Notice of Petition Wilbur Ross, Secretary of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce 1401 Constitution Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20230 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Dr. Neil Jacobs, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere U.S. Department of Commerce 1401 Constitution Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20230 Email: [email protected] Petitioner: Kristin Carden, Oceans Program Scientist Sarah Uhlemann, Senior Att’y & Int’l Program Director Center for Biological Diversity Center for Biological Diversity 1212 Broadway #800 2400 NW 80th Street, #146 Oakland, CA 94612 Seattle, WA 98117 Phone: (510) 844‐7100 x327 Phone: (206) 324‐2344 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] The Center for Biological Diversity (Center, Petitioner) submits to the Secretary of Commerce and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) a petition to list the black teatfish, Holothuria nobilis, as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. Alternatively, the Service should list the black teatfish as threatened or endangered throughout a significant portion of its range. This species is found exclusively in foreign waters, thus 30‐days’ notice to affected U.S. states and/or territories was not required. The Center is a non‐profit, public interest environmental organization dedicated to the protection of native species and their habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL of Marine Science
    Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Volume 20 | Issue 1 | Jan – Jun 2021 | ISSN: 0856-860X Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Chief Editor José Paula | Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Portugal Copy Editor Timothy Andrew Editorial Board Lena GIPPERTH Aviti MMOCHI Sweden Tanzania Serge ANDREFOUËT Johan GROENEVELD Cosmas MUNGA France South Africa Kenya Ranjeet BHAGOOLI Issufo HALO Nyawira MUTHIGA Mauritius South Africa/Mozambique Kenya Salomão BANDEIRA Christina HICKS Ronel NEL Mozambique Australia/UK South Africa Betsy Anne BEYMER-FARRIS Johnson KITHEKA Brent NEWMAN USA/Norway Kenya South Africa Jared BOSIRE Kassim KULINDWA Jan ROBINSON Kenya Tanzania Seycheles Atanásio BRITO Thierry LAVITRA Sérgio ROSENDO Mozambique Madagascar Portugal Louis CELLIERS Blandina LUGENDO Melita SAMOILYS South Africa Tanzania Kenya Pascale CHABANET Joseph MAINA Max TROELL France Australia Sweden Published biannually Aims and scope: The Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science provides an avenue for the wide dissem- ination of high quality research generated in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, in particular on the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources. This is central to the goal of supporting and promoting sustainable coastal development in the region, as well as contributing to the global base of marine science. The journal publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of marine science and coastal manage- ment. Topics include, but are not limited to: theoretical studies, oceanography, marine biology and ecology, fisheries, recovery and restoration processes, legal and institutional frameworks, and interactions/relationships between humans and the coastal and marine environment. In addition, Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science features state-of-the-art review articles and short communications.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter of the International Society for Reef Studies
    January 2010 REEF No. 38 ENCOUNTER Newsletter of the International Society for Reef Studies Darwin’s Corals ISSN 0255-2787 www.fit.edu/isrs/ Reef Encounter No. 38, January 2010 Newsletter of the International Society for Reef Studies Editor: Sue Wells 95 Burnside, Cambridge CB1 3PA, UK Tel +44 1223 711017. Email: [email protected] Co-editors: SL Coles, A Heenan Contents President: Richard Aronson Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Editorial 3 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901 Florida, USA. Tel. +1 321 674 8034, Fax +1 321 674 7238 ISRS Comment Email: [email protected] From the President 3 ISRS Financial Report 2008 4 Vice President: Tim McClanahan Wildlife Conservation Society, Coral Reef Conservation ISRS News Project, P.O. Box 99470, Mombasa, Kenya. More than just ‘Best Paper’: Coral Reefs Vol 27 5 http://web.mac.com/trmcclanahan/iWeb/trmcclanahan/ 100 Questions of Importance for the Conservation 6 email: [email protected] of Global Biodiversity Corresponding Secretary: Isabelle Côté ISRS Fellowship Programme Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 2009 Fellowship Awards 7 Burnaby, BC V5A 1S5, Canada. Email: [email protected] Reports of the 2007 Fellowships 7 Recording Secretary: Morgan Pratchett Currents ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Letter to the Editor 9 James Cook University, Townsville QLD 47811 Australia. The need for a new peer review system in coral 10 Tel +61 7 47815747; Email: [email protected] reef science Pancake-seagrass formations in Florida Bay 11 Treasurer: Donald Potts Institute of Marine Sciences, A316 Earth & Marine Sciences News Building, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, Safeguarding temperature loggers on remote 12 USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Science
    Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Jan – Jun 2018 | ISSN: 0856-860X Chief Editor José Paula Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Chief Editor José Paula | Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Portugal Copy Editor Timothy Andrew Editorial Board Louis CELLIERS Blandina LUGENDO South Africa Tanzania Lena GIPPERTH Aviti MMOCHI Serge ANDREFOUËT Sweden Tanzania France Johan GROENEVELD Nyawira MUTHIGA Ranjeet BHAGOOLI South Africa Kenya Mauritius Issufo HALO Brent NEWMAN South Africa/Mozambique South Africa Salomão BANDEIRA Mozambique Christina HICKS Jan ROBINSON Australia/UK Seycheles Betsy Anne BEYMER-FARRIS Johnson KITHEKA Sérgio ROSENDO USA/Norway Kenya Portugal Jared BOSIRE Kassim KULINDWA Melita SAMOILYS Kenya Tanzania Kenya Atanásio BRITO Thierry LAVITRA Max TROELL Mozambique Madagascar Sweden Published biannually Aims and scope: The Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science provides an avenue for the wide dissem- ination of high quality research generated in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, in particular on the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources. This is central to the goal of supporting and promoting sustainable coastal development in the region, as well as contributing to the global base of marine science. The journal publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of marine science and coastal manage- ment. Topics include, but are not limited to: theoretical studies, oceanography, marine biology and ecology, fisheries, recovery and restoration processes, legal and institutional frameworks, and interactions/relationships between humans and the coastal and marine environment. In addition, Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science features state-of-the-art review articles and short communications.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Date 28/09/2021 22:58:15
    National Report: Marine biodiversity in Kenya – the known and the unknown Item Type Book Authors Fondo, E. Download date 28/09/2021 22:58:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/332 National Report Marine biodiversity in Kenya – the known and the unknown Esther Fondo, Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 81651, GPO 80100, Mombasa, Kenya INTRODUCTION The Kenyan coastline is about 600 km in length and forms part of the western border of the Indian Ocean. It has an almost continuous fringing coral reef usually running parallel to the coast. Kenya’s territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone extend 12 nm and 200 nm respectively, with the total area of EEZ being 118 km2. The Kenyan coast runs in a southwesterly direction from the Somalian border in the north 1o41’S to 4o40’S at the border with Tanzania. Climate and weather systems on the Kenyan coast are dominated by the two distinct monsoon periods. From November to March, the north-east monsoon dominates and is comparatively dry. End of March to September the south-east monsoon dominates bringing heavy rains. Mean annual total rainfall ranges from 508 mm to1016 mm. Relative humidity is comparatively high all year round reaching its peak during the wet months of April and July. Living coral reefs occur all along the length of the Kenyan coast. A fringing reef colonizes the shallow parts of the continental shelf along most of the Kenyan coastline to a depth of around 45 km and at a distance of between 500 m to 2 km offshore, except where river systems create conditions of low salinity and high turbidity which limit coral growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Social–Environmental Drivers Inform Strategic Management of Coral Reefs in the Anthropocene
    This is a repository copy of Social–environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/150339/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Darling, ES, McClanahan, TR, Maina, J et al. (77 more authors) (2019) Social–environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 3. pp. 1341-1350. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0953-8 © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. This is an author produced version of a paper published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Social-environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene Emily S. Darling1,2,3*, Tim R. McClanahan1, Joseph Maina4, Georgina G. Gurney5, Nicholas A.
    [Show full text]