Trend Analysis of Air Pollutants in the Medchal- Malkajgiri-District, Telangana State
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 Trend Analysis Of Air Pollutants In The Medchal- Malkajgiri-District, Telangana State Varalakshmi Vajja, Sunil Kumar Kadiri Abstract: Hyderabad city is one of the fast growing city in its population, infrastructure and development of industries in India. This rapid growth and related activities affected the air, water and land quality in and surrounding the city. This was adversely affecting the human health and environment. The objective of this study is to identify air pollution trend in Medchal-Malkajgiri District which is just 10km from Hyderabad city and investigate the factors contributing towards it. Data for analysis is collected from state pollution control board website for the Mandals Balanagar, Uppal, Jeedimetla, Shamitpet and Kukatpally. particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3) have been investigated for air quality analysis. Index Terms: Airpollution, Medchal-Malkajgiri, Trend analysis, urbanization, Industrialisation, Climate, —————————— —————————— 1. INTRODUCTION particularly Particulate matter of 10 and 2.5 microns size In 2016, world health organization [1] found that fourteen of (PM10,PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen oxides (NOx) the twenty worlds most polluted cities belonged to India. and Ammonia (NH3). Since these pollutants are more Large-scale industrialization and urbanization are reason for responsible human health effect causing respiratory cities expansion and pollution in the country. The ill effects of disorders,Asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. these activities are reflected in the form of various environmental problems. One of such problem is the deterioration of air quality in India particularly in metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, and Hyderabad[2],[3],[4],[5],[6]. The overcrowded population and large vehicular density and infrastructure (like Air conditioners) are responsible for emitting green houses and air quality deterioration. Many studies reveal that there is significant association between the concentrations of air pollutants and adverse effects on human health, soils and ecosystem[7]. The presence of high-level particulate matter in the ambient air is a major problem for the megacities. The major sources of air pollution are industrial emissions and automobile emissions, paved road dust followed by vehicles and open burning [ 8][9]. Fig. 1. Location of the study area The major contributing air pollutants for health are Transportation is play the major role in contribution of the SO2 2.1 Description of Air quality Monitoring sites and NOx [10][11][12]. The concentration of air pollutants varies with geographical location and sources of the emissions. This resulting the 2 STUDY AREA variation of size, shape, surface area and chemical Medchal-Malkajgiri district is formed on 11 October 2016 under composition, while both particles and gases may vary in Telangana state reorganisation of district act. The district has solubility and toxicity. Therefore ten years (2008 to 2018) of air 14 mandals and 2 revenue divisions. It is very nearer to pollutants concentration data is collected from the Telangana Hyderabad metropolitan city with 40 lakh population. It is the State Pollution Control Board for the mandals Balanagar, second largest district in the state. 3 national highways, 2 Uppal, Jeedimetla, shamirpeta and Kukatpally. Balanagar: state highways, Nehru Outer Ring Road, metro rail and many Balanagr mandal comes under urban area. The mandal has local area connected roads are passing through the district. no villages. Total mandal is coming under Greater Hyderabad The district is spread over an area of 1,084km2. With Municipal Corporation (GHMC) substantial development of the district, the nearby Uppal: Uppal comes under sub urban area of GHMC. The communities exposed to the adverse environmental and health famous cricket stadium, osmania university is situated in this impacts from local air pollution. Air pollution results from a mandal. complex mixure of thousands of pollutants. The mixure may Jeedimetla: Jeedimetla mandal comes under sub urban. Many include solid, liquid and gaseous particles suspended in the small and large industries (Pharmaceuticals, electrics, textiles air. Hence this paper was designed to assess the air pollutants and machine tools manufacturing) are situated in this mandal. ———————————————— Shamirpet: Shamirpet is also belong to sub urban area and Dr. Varalakshmi Vajja is Associate professor in Department of Civil head quarter of the Medchal-Malkajgiri district. Many clubs engineering in Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and and resorts are located here. Management, Hyderabad, India, PH-+91-9676607619. E-mail: Kukatpally: Kukatpally mandal comes under sub urban area of [email protected] GHMC. The mandal having the largest residential colony Dr. Sunil Kumar Kadiri is Associate Professor in Department of named KPHB in Asia. It is the one of the busiest business area Pharmacology in Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, having shopping malls, cinema theaters, Hitech city etc. Hyderabad,India PH-01123456789. E-mail: [email protected] 3956 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS activities like T Junction flyover, hospitals, commercial complexes and residential apartments. The lowest values are 3 observed in shamirpet mandal ranging from 44.6 to 78.7 3.1 PM10 µg/m PM10 is particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter. µg/m3. Shamirpet is situated at an aerial distance of approximately 34 km from Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at The main source for the PM10 air pollutant is construction sites, unpaved roads, fields, vehicles smoke etc. children and old Shamshabad. The construction activities are very less in this age people are affected by this type of pollution. The particles area. Shamirpet lake is famous for bird watching centre. 50 % get deep into lungs and blood stream causing low breathing, of the area is covered with green due to development of resort reduced lung function. Therefore it is important to monitor the and parks. particulate matter pollutant. 3 3.2 PM2.5 µg/m PM2.5 refers to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) that have a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers, which is about 3% the diameter of a human hair.The source of PM2.5 is motor vehicles emissions, residential wood burning, agricultural burning and dust storms. since they are so small and light, fine particles tend to stay longer in the air than heavier particles. This increases the chances of humans and animals inhaling them into the bodies. Owing to their minute size, they are able to bypass the nose and throat and penetrate deep into the lungs and the circulatory system causing runny nose and shortness of breath. From the above figure it is observed that there is a rapid increase in PM2.5 concentration in Jeedimetla monitoring station and increase trend in Kukatpally mandal due to the traffic and energy consumption. Lower levels of PM2.5 concentration is observed in the months july, august and September in all mandals. In these monsoon months the aerosol particles are washedout due to rainfall. Higher concentrations are observed in the months December, January and February. this is due to after the monsoon, scenario reverses as air-mass shifts to continental followed by reduction in and PM2.5 concentration gradually increases. The winter peak is attributed to aerosols in the PM2.5 levels due to mixing of continental aerosols with background local particles. 3 3.2 SO2 µg/m 3 Fig. 2. Trend analysis of PM10 µg/m concentration in the Combustion of fossil fuels in industries and motor vehicle study area emissions are the main source of sulphur dioxide in the air. The presence of sulphur dioxide can cause respiratory From the figure it is observed that there is a rapid increase in problems such as bronchitis and irritate the nose, throat and PM10 concentration in all the monitoring areas. It is due to the lungs. This can cause . coughing wheezing, phlegm and development of construction activities in Hyderabad and asthma attacks. surrounding areas. It is also observed that the PM10 concentration are more in the area Balanagr since last decade ranging from 94.1 to 146 µg/m3. It is due the massive 3 3 Fig. 3. Trend analysis of PM2.5 µg/m concentration in the Fig.4. Trend analysis of SO2 µg/m concentration in the study study area area industrialization (IDPL, BHEL, NRSA etc.) and construction 3957 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 3 Fig. 6. Trend analysis of NH3 µg/m concentration in the study area Ammonia is a colourless gas released when organic matter is broken down in agricultural lands, waste disposal sites and 3 Fig. 5. Trend analysis of NOX µg/m concentration in the study industrial activities. It has significant effect on both human area health and natural environment. It destroys the cardiovascular and respiratory health systems of humans and cause direct From the above figure it is observed that the concentrations of toxic effect on vegetation. The highest value of NH3 Balanagar and Uppal mandal is decreasing trend and the concentration is observed in Uppal Mandal due to developing remaining three mandals showing almost constant industrial activities ranging between 30 to 128 µg/m3. The concentrations. This is possible due to the policies and lowest concentration of NH3 is Kukatpally ranging between 21 precautions taken by the Telangana Government. Like vehicle to 105 µg/m3. This is due to development of city is converting pollution check, haritha haram(planting trees etc.) The the agricultural land to the residential apartments. concentration of sulphur dioxide in between 4.0 to 5.6 µg/m3 in all mandals. 3 CONCLUSIONS The particulate matter (PM and PM ) concentrations are 3 10 2.5 3.3 NOX µg/m showing increasing trend in the study area due to construction Nitrogen Dioxide (NO ) is one of a group of highly reactive 2 activities in the area.