Bioética Y Multiculturalismo: Políticas Públicas En España (1978-2013)

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Bioética Y Multiculturalismo: Políticas Públicas En España (1978-2013) Bioética y multiculturalismo: políticas públicas en España (1978-2013) El hecho cultural ante la revolución biotecnológica Manuel Jesús López Baroni ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA FACULTA T DE DRE T PROGRAMA DE DOCTORAT EN DRET I CIÈNCIA POLÍTICA LÍNIA D´INVESTIGACIÓ: BIOÈTICA I DRET BIOÉTICA Y MULTICULTURALISMO: POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS EN ESPAÑA (1978-2013) El hecho cultural ante la revolución biotecnológica Tesis presentada por don Manuel Jesús López Baroni para optar al título de doctor por la Universidad de Barc elona Directora: doña María Casado González Codirectora: doña Itziar de Lecuona Ramírez A mi mujer, Isabel A Inés y Manuel 4 RESUMEN La bioética nació en los años setenta del siglo pasado en Estados Unidos. Aunque es un hecho que requiere numerosas matizaciones, nos sirve de punto de partida para contraponer dicotomías sustanciales, como el enfrentamiento por la primacía entablado entre Potter y los jesuitas de Georgetown, la consideración de la bioética como ecología o como ética clínica, la batalla doctrinal entre protestantes y católicos, y la contienda por el predominio cultural entre Estados Unidos, cuna de esta disciplina, y Europa, enardecida por el inesperado renacimiento de Fritz Jahr. En esencia, los conceptos, preocupaciones y programas de la bioética durante las dos primeras décadas de su historia son de naturaleza religiosa, producto del sesgo teológico que domina y monopoliza este campo del conocimiento. A finales de los ochenta y principios de los noventa irrumpieron en la bioética las corrientes feministas, laicistas y multiculturales. Aunque la interrelación entre estos tres grupos de paradigmas es compleja, su incorporación a nuestra disciplina aportó una pléyade de ópticas novedosas, obligando a ajustar la agenda y redefinir los objetivos. A principios de los años noventa la biotecnología aceleró su curso. Los debates clásicos de la bioética cedieron el paso a cuestiones de ámbito global, como las consecuencias de la modificación del genoma de los seres vivos, incluida nuestra especie, y su incidencia en la naturaleza simbólica que nos vertebra. El multiculturalismo se situó en la disyuntiva de profundizar en lo que nos diferencia o por el contrario atender a los requerimientos de la biotecnología, que nos impelen a una homogeneización axiológica a escala planetaria antes de que sea demasiado tarde. En 1997 Europa recepta la bioética norteamericana a través del Convenio europeo de bioética. Desde el año 2000 inspira la legislación española, tanto estatal como autonómica. De esta manera, el principialismo de corte anglosajón norteamericano, bajo la égida del individualismo, se ha incorporado a nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, solapándose con conflictos endógenos e históricamente enquistados. Así, en un extremo se sitúan los residuos del nacionalcatolicismo, parapetados tras una concepción paternalista del principio de beneficencia; en el otro, el laicismo como utopía inalcanzable, no menos atrincherado, sólo que tras el paradigma protestante del principio de autonomía. Entre ambas posiciones se sitúa nuestra inveterada incapacidad para lidiar con las cosmovisiones situadas allende nuestras fronteras tribales y morales. Pues bien, teniendo en cuenta estos hechos y cuestiones, analizaremos en la presente tesis las políticas públicas seguidas en España en la bioética en lo referente al multicuturalismo. 5 6 ÍNDICE ASPECTOS FORMALES 11 1º) Introducción 13 2º) Objetivos 17 3º) Metodología 18 4º) Estructura 24 CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: LA INTERSECCIÓN 27 DEL MULTICULTURALISMO EN LA BIOÉTICA Introducción 29 PRIMER MODELO: “ORIGEN DE LA BIOÉTICA (1)”; 35 “ORIGEN DEL NEOLOGISMO (1)” 1º) Introducción 37 2º) El renacimiento de Jahr 39 3º) Potter: la bioética como biocentrismo panteísta 57 3.1.- La disputa con los jesuitas 61 3.2.- La bioética como ecología 66 3.3.- La bioética profunda 72 4º) André Hellegers: la bioética como movimiento pro-vida 81 5º) Bioética como primado de la Iglesia católica 105 SEGUNDO MODELO: “ORIGEN DE LA BIOÉTICA (1)”; 121 “ORIGEN DEL NEOLOGISMO (0)” 1º) Introducción 123 2º) La bioética multicultural como bioética mediterránea 124 3º) La bioética multicultural como bioética integradora o europea 132 TERCER MODELO: “ORIGEN DE LA BIOÉTICA (0)”; 137 “ORIGEN DEL NEOLOGISMO (1)” 1º) Introducción 139 2º) La bioética multicultural como defensa de los particularismos 143 3º) La bioética multicultural como universalismo 158 4º) La bioética multicultural como regionalismo 168 4.1.- Bioética latinoamericana como bioética continental- 169 marxista 4.2.- Bioética latinoamericana como campo del conocimiento 178 neutral 5º) El multiculturalismo en la bioética como memoria histórica 183 CUARTO MODELO: “ORIGEN DE LA BIOÉTICA (0)”; 189 “ORIGEN DEL NEOLOGISMO (0)” 1º) Introducción 191 2º) Bioética como colonialismo 191 3º) Bioética como latrocinio 194 4º) Bioética como impostura 197 CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO: PARADIGMAS CULTURALES 203 EN ESPAÑA Introducción 205 PRIMER MODELO: ETNOCENTRISMO DÉBIL 209 1º) Introducción 211 2º) La ética laica 214 3º) La autonomía ante la muerte y los modelos culturales 228 3.1.- La conceptografía ante la muerte 237 3.2.- La función del personal sanitario 230 SEGUNDO MODELO: RELATIVISMO DÉBIL 267 1º) Introducción 269 2º) Modelos de ética y moral 271 2.1.- Modelo “ética (1); moral (0)” 272 2.2.- Modelo “ética (1); moral (1)” 281 3º) La Alianza de Civilizaciones 287 4º) Pensamiento de Género 292 5º) La transexualidad 309 6º) Género y Alianza de Civilizaciones 323 TERCER MODELO: RELATIVISMO FUERTE 329 1º) Introducción 331 2º) ¿Qué entendemos por relativismo fuerte? 334 3º) Aportaciones del relativismo fuerte 348 CUARTO MODELO: ETNOCENTRISMO FUERTE 351 1º) Introducción 353 2º) Modelo “ética (0); moral (1)” 355 3º) El etnocentrismo fuerte en España 364 CAPÍTULO TERCERO: MINORÍAS ÉTNICAS, 379 NATURALEZA SIMBÓLICA E INGENIERÍA GENÉTICA Introducción 381 PRIMERA PARTE: EL PUEBLO GITANO 383 1º) Introducción 385 2º) La estigmatización en el ordenamiento jurídico 387 3º) La representación política gitana 399 4º) La discriminación étnica y de género 402 4.1.- Las cuotas en la educación formal 402 4.2.- El rito gitano del matrimonio y la pensión de viudedad 411 4.3.- La situación de la mujer dentro de la etnia gitana 419 4.4.- El derecho foral gitano 422 5º) Ética en la investigación científica 426 5.1.- Raza como especie 430 5.2.- Etnia como población 439 5.3.- Raza como subespecie 442 5.4.- Raza y etnia como constructos sociales 444 5.5.- Raza como etnia en sentido biológico 453 5.6.- Raza como etnia en sentido cultural 462 5.7.- Cultura como expresión del fenotipo 464 5.8.- Fenotipo como expresión epigenética 482 SEGUNDA PARTE: EL PUEBLO SAHARAUI 491 1º) Introducción 493 2º) Breve historia del pueblo saharaui 494 3º) La imbricación entre bioética y política 498 4º) La cuestión sanitaria 499 5º) Las mujeres saharauis 507 6º) Ética en la investigación científica 515 TERCERA PARTE: NATURALEZA SIMBÓLICA HUMANA 525 E INGENIERÍA GENÉTICA 1º) Introducción 527 2º) La suspensión cultural del darwinismo 532 3º) La regulación en España de la ingeniería genética 538 CONCLUSIONES 557 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 589 ASPECTOS FORMALES 1º) INTRODUCCIÓN Con objeto de poder analizar las políticas públicas multiculturales seguidas en nuestra disciplina durante la democracia, vamos a correlacionar tres campos con sustantividad propia, la biotecnología, la bioética y el ordenamiento jurídico español. 1º) La revolución biotecnológica Con la expresión revolución biotecnológica designamos la aceleración de los progresos en este campo del conocimiento desde los años noventa del siglo pasado.
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