Celebrating 25 Years of Archaeological Research at the Danish Institute at Athens

Celebrating 25 years of archaeological research at the Danish Institute at Athens

KRISTINA WINTHERJACOBSEN, RUNE FREDERIKSEN & SØREN HANDBERG 1

A$er the Second World War it was no longer possible which schools are obliged to administer all archaeolog- for foreigners to get permission to do archaeological ical research conducted in Greece by scholars of their eldwork in Greece without the mediation of an o%cial native countries. e schools are privileged to conduct foreign archaeological school based in Greece. Danish archaeological eldwork on Greek soil under a number archaeologists such as Søren Dietz, ! Erik Hallager, & and of conditions, including the maintenance of a research Klavs Randsborg managed to work on permits generously library accessible to Greek scholars, and the publications provided by the Swedish Institute at Athens. However, in of the results of their work in a scientic journal. e !, the combined e'orts of representatives of several Nordic Library, a collaborative institution shared by the institutions and Bertel Haarder, then Minister of Educa- four Nordic institutes which opened in , responds to tion, succeeded in establishing a Danish Institute. On the the rst condition, and Proceedings of the Danish Institute birthday of the famous Danish writer Hans Christian An- at Athens and Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens dersen, the Danish Institute at Athens opened, on April to the second (see below). !, !, with Søren Dietz as its rst director. e privileged situation the institute nds itself in today – located in the Plaka, one of the old central neigh- years of eld projects bourhoods of Athens on top of the Archaic agora, in two Under the privilege of Greek law each international beautifully restored neoclassical buildings associated with school is allowed three synergasias , collaborative projects a large modern auditorium – is due to generous donations involving the school and one of the Greek ephorates, and from the Carlsberg Foundation in & and and the three autonomous projects at any given time. Archaeolog- Velux Foundation in !""". ically speaking, the Danish Institute at Athens has been According to Greek law, the foreign institutes or very active. Since its inauguration in !, DIA has me- schools are registered by the Greek Ministry of Cul - diated twelve eldwork permissions for Danish scholars, ture as archaeological schools, i.e. they are non-prot, including the Swedish–Greek–Danish collaboration at archaeological research institutions. e function of the Khania. Some projects have taken up previous Danish en- schools are dened in the Greek law on the protection of gagements in Greece, e.g. the excavations of Karl Frederik antiquities and cultural heritage from !""!, according to Kinch on Rhodes between "! and #, # the excavations

With contributions and insights from omas Roland, Pernille Foss, Søren Dietz, Bjørn Lovén, Niels Andreasen and Erik Hallager, for which we are very grateful. ! See Rathje & Lund , #"-. & See Rathje & Lund , #. # Blinkenberg &, #; Dietz 0#; Dietz & Trolle 1#; Dyggve 2"; Friis Johansen 1; Kinch #; Sørensen & Pentz !; see also Rathje & Lund , &. 7 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . Kefallénia, Circular alter at Palaiocastro (Photo: omas Roland).

of Frederik Poulsen, later Einar Dyggve and Konstanti- porter of Danish eldwork in Greece. We remain ever nos Romaios at Kalydon between and , and the grateful for this vital support to the work of the Danish In- work of Knud Friis Johansen on ʻSikyonean’” poery. stitute at Athens. However, many more foundations have e Danish archaeological projects are all commit- supported the eld projects and our gratitude is also owed ted to the education of students through participation to the Danish Ministry of Education, the Consul General in eldwork and publication preparations. In fact the Gösta Enboms Foundation, the New Carlsberg Founda- Kalydon Lower Acropolis Project acted as a seminar ex- tion, the Danish Council for Independent Research, the cavation for Danish students of classical archaeology in Institute of Aegean Prehistory, the Costopoulos Foun- -, and more recently also Norwegian students. We dation, Queen Margrethe II’s Archaeological Founda- owe a debt of gratitude to the Central Archaeological tion, the Augustinus Foundation, the Danish Research Council and the Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports Council, Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation, for granting us the permits and thereby supporting this the Eleni Nakou Foundation, the Velux Foundation, the important element in the education of Danish archaeolo- G.E.C. Gads Foundation, the Sonning Foundation, e gists and to the ephorates (mentioned individually below American Friends of the Zea Harbour Project, the RPM under the relevant projects) for their collaboration in this Nautical Foundation, the Leverhulme Trust, Interspiro important endeavour. AB, the Gunvor & Josef Anérs Stielse, the Kungl. Vier- roughout the history of the Danish Institute at hets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien and the Herbert Athens the Carlsberg Foundation has been the main sup- och Karin Jacobssons Stielse.

Poulsen & Rhomaios !; Dyggve, Poulsen & Rhomaios "; Dyggve & Poulsen "; Dyggve . See also Rathje & Lund , ". 8 Friis Johansen ; . KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN, RUNE FREDERIKSEN & SØREN HANDBERG ∙ CELEBRATING 25 YEARS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS

Kefallénia In the survey began in the western part of Kefallénia, the largest of the Ionian Islands, directed by Klavs Rands- borg from the University of Copenhagen and under the aegis of the Swedish Institute at Athens. With the estab- lishment of the Danish Institute the permit was transferred and eldwork continued in and funded by the Danish Ministry of Education. e projects applied a combination of topographical and extensive and intensive archaeological survey to the investigation of prehistoric and ancient/historical set- tlement paerns. Much eort was also put into mapping and describing architectural sites, for example a group of smaller Archaic forts and the ancient town of Sami. e archaeological survey revealed a total of more than ve hundred sites dating from the Middle Paleolithic to the early Modern period, with an emphasis, however, on the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods. As a novelty in the island’s history, it was established by the lithic inven- tories that occupation was present in the Late Neolithic period. e project has been instrumental in making the archaeology of the island available to an English-speaking audience through the two volumes published in the Danish journal Acta Archaeologica .! On several occasions, Klavs Randsborg expressed his strong interest in returning to Greek archaeology, but regreably he passed away in "#. Fig. . Rhodes, Ka!avia "##$ (Photo: Søren Dietz).

Rhodes Kaavia in southern Rhodes in collaboration with the Na- e eldwork of Karl Frederik Kinch and Christian Blink- tional Museum in Copenhagen and the Ephorate of the enberg on Rhodes is probably the largest Danish invest- Dodecanese, represented by Ey Karantzaly, with Mee ment in the archaeology of Greece to date. Publication Korsholm as eld director. e survey examined an area of of the results took " years, $ but the data continue to about & km and the collected material documented sele- generate interest, including two PhD projects in recent ments in the valley from the Neolithic Age into the mod- years. Two Danish aempts to return to Rhodes took ern period. e project succeeded in locating the centre place in !& and , both revisiting southern Rhodes of the ancient deme, Kaavia, a workshop for ! th -century where K.F. Kinch worked in "!-$. " In , former Di- BC relief-decorated amphorae and a large workshop pro - rector of the Danish Institute at Athens Søren Dietz di- ducing transport amphorae. e survey was funded by the rected a survey campaign in the valley around the village Consul General Gösta Enboms Foundation.

! Randsborg "". $ See n. . Cecilie Brøns, University of Copenhagen/National Museum, Copenhagen and Sanne Homann, University of Aarhus/National Museum, Copen- hagen. See also Kaninia & Schierup, this volume. " Rathje & Lund , . e project awaits publication. 9 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

e e&orts were concentrated partly on the locality of Pangali, on the eastern slope of Mount Varassova, and partly on the hill of Aghia Triadha, named a(er its large Early Byzantine Basilica. In !!", the two already known Classical forti#cation walls in Pangali were measured, and an intensive survey revealed that the area between the walls was probably never inhabited. A trial trench excavated in !! showed that a Final Neolithic se)lement existed in Pangali in the la)er half of the " th millennium BC. * In !!-+, the Byzantine, Archaic, Classical and Hel- Fig. . Chalkis, Aghia Triadha !""# (Photo: Søren lenistic forti#cation walls surrounding the hill of Aghia Dietz). Triadha were cleaned and measured, and foundations of Archaic/Classical and Hellenistic houses, primarily situated outside these walls, were excavated and measured. At the eastern terrace of the hill, layers of an EHI habitation Danish commitment to the archaeology of Rhodes with indications of an additional earlier mid % th -milleni- continues. In , the Carlsberg Foundation funded the um habitation were uncovered in a trial trench. % A small four-year ‘Rhodes Centennial Project’. In close collabora- excavation was carried out from !!+ onwards on the 0at tion with the Ephorate of Antiquities for the Dodecanese, land; the area west of the hill of Aghia Triada revealed this project will undertake the study and publication of both rich pre-historic layers (Middle to Late Bronze Age) six rescue excavations in the city and the necropolis of at a depth of *-% m, thick layers from the Archaic peri- Rhodes. e project is directed by Vincent Gabrielsen, ods and a rich Early Hellenistic tomb. Geological inves- with Stella Skaltsa acting as vice-director, both of the Saxo tigations made in !!3-+ in the Bay of Kato Vassiliki and Institute at the University of Copenhagen. geomagnetic surveys in % indicated that the ancient harbour was situated at the shore of the bay, just west of the hill of Aghia Triadha. Chalkis Between !!" and , the Danish Institute at Athens conducted surveys and excavations near the village of Kalydon Kato Vassiliki, on the northern coast of the Corinthian e Kalydon project has been the 0agship of the Danish gulf, in co-operation with the ephorate of Patras. e re- Institute at Athens since . e project takes up the search was directed by former Director of the Institute, baton of Frederik Poulsen and Einar Dyggve, who car- Søren Dietz, and former Ephor of Patras, Keeper of Na- ried out #eldwork at the site in the !s and *s. " Since tional Antiquities Lazaros Kolonas, with Iannis Moschos the inauguration of the Danish Institute at Athens, three and Sanne Houby-Nielsen as #eld directors. e project projects have taken place at Kalydon: the Kalydon urban was supported by the Consul General Gösta Enboms project, the Kalydon eatre project, and the Kalydon Foundation. In %, Søren Dietz returned to Chalkis Lower Acropolis project. In Signe Barfoed received with Tatiana Smekalova and Bruce Bevan in order to carry permission from the Ministry of Culture and Sports to out geomagnetic investigations to identify more precisely study and publish the unpublished po)ery and terraco)a the port and the residential and industrial facilities asso- #gurines from Poulsen and Rhomaios’ excavations in the ciated with it. Sanctuary of Artemis Laphria.

See list of MoDIA volumes below: Dietz & Moschos (eds) ; Dietz & Kolonas (eds) ; Houby-Nielsen forthcoming. * F. Mavridis & L. Sørensen in Dietz & Moschos (eds) . % Dietz & Kolonas (eds) . 10 " See n. %. KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN, RUNE FREDERIKSEN & SØREN HANDBERG ∙ CELEBRATING 25 YEARS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS

Fig. . Kalydon, East Gate (Photo: Søren Dietz).

e Kalydon urban project overall view of the town plan – estimating the economic In the Danish Institute commenced large-scale and social divisions of the town; topographical surveys archaeological eldwork in ancient Kalydon in Aitolia. aiming towards a total topographic registration of visible Kalydon is located around km as the crow ies from remains on the surface (including the remaining parts of Chalkis, on the west side of Mount Varassova and km the fortication walls, tombs etc.) and the town in the from Messolonghi further to the west. e project was landscape; geological surveys mapping the geology of the directed by the Institute’s rst director, Søren Dietz, in landscape between the town and the sea and estimating collaboration with Maria Stavropoulou-Gatsi and Ioannis the uctuations of the coastline/coastal morphology and Moschos from the ephorate in Patras. e project was lat- the changing course of the river Evinos; and nally, larger er transferred to the new administration in Messolonghi parts of the areas underwent archaeological survey. with Maria Stavropoulou-Gatsi as ephor. e excavations Excavations were carried out on strategic topics. An were sponsored by the Consul General Gösta Enboms examination of the so-called ʻbouleuterion’ was initiated Foundation and the New Carlsberg Foundation. in in order to clarify the function of the instal- While the old excavations in Kalydon between the lation – if a ʻbouleuterion’, it would have tremendous two world wars concentrated on the Sanctuary of Ar- consequences for the estimation of the town planning. temis Laphria (illuminating the Homeric epics) and a In the end it was shown to be a theatre of a rather un - palaestra, the so-called Heroon of Leon, outside the city conventional layout (see below). Based on the results walls, the eldwork focused on the city itself, and of the geomagnetic surveys, excavation was carried out on Kalydonian urbanism – the economic and social life from the beginning on the Acropolis in order to under - of an ancient city state. stand the chronology and function of installations in From the beginning several types of survey were con- this important part of the town. Excavations were also ducted: geomagnetic surveys – in an aempt to get an carried out in the area near the large West Gate leading 11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . Kalydon, eatre (Photo: Rune Frederiksen).

to the Artemis Laphria sanctuary. Here a large peristyle to carry out a complete excavation, study and publica- building, older than the Heroon, was partly uncovered. tion of the theatre. is project was conducted as a new e nd of a shrine to the Anatolian mother goddess Danish–Greek collaborative project, under the direction Kybele was rather exceptional; it was well-preserved since of Frederiksen and the Ephor of Aitolia and Akarnania, the roof collapsed around AD, preserving the context Olympia Vikatou. e theatre is a structure of great sig- almost in situ. e sloping, terraced area inside the West nicance, rst because of its idiosyncratic form: almost Gate was called the Lower Town, where industrial activ- all of the some ancient Greek theatre ruins known are ities took place, in contrast to the habitation area in the of semicircular design, whereas this theatre is rectangular, centre of the town. e commercial agora was placed and perfectly designed to be so. In addition to posing near the ancient East Gate, leading to the agricultural important questions relating to ancient architecture, this areas close to the river Evinos and the harbour area near unusual form questions the role of the circular form as a present day Krioneri, at the foot of Mount Varassova. A central physical frame of the ancient Greek drama. e well-preserved kiln was excavated in a building further scene-building with proskenion of the Ionic order is well– up the main street from the peristyle building. e lay - preserved and its meticulous excavation will answer basic out of the excavation was based on the results from the questions on the development of this element of ancient geomagnetic surveys. dramatic architecture. Frederiksen, Vikatou and some e results are published in Monographs of the Dan- other Greek and Danish archaeologists, architects and ish Institute at Athens (MoDIA) (see below). university students are currently amassing vast amounts of excavation data into chapters for a monograph which will present this exciting monument to the international e Kalydon theatre project scholarly community. e theatre at Kalydon was found during rescue excavations in the !"s, and in the Danish–Greek project directed by Maria Stavropoulou-Gatzi and Søren Dietz Kalydon Lower Acropolis project identied the structure as a theatre following partial an- A new research project which includes eldwork on the alytic excavations. Rune Frederiksen – then director of Lower Acropolis of Kalydon was, with the support of the Danish Institute at Athens – was given four subse- the Carlsberg Foundation, initiated in %. e project 12 quent grants from the Carlsberg Foundation (-$) is a collaboration between the Danish Institute and the KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN, RUNE FREDERIKSEN & SØREN HANDBERG ∙ CELEBRATING 25 YEARS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS

Fig. . View over the excavations on the Lower Acropolis of Kalydon. !e Hellenistic house is seen in the foreground, the test trenches at the forti"cation wall are visible further down the hill. !e South Hill, the plateau with the extra-urban sanctuary of Artemis Laphria and the Gulf of Patra are visible in the back ground (Photo: Søren Handberg).

Ephorate of Antiquities of Aitolia-Acarnania and Leada, through to the Classical period was observed. ese nds under the direction of Søren Handberg and the ephor suggest that the acropolis was occupied in the early period Olympia Vikatou. e main aim of the project is to en- of the city’s history. e new nds increase the knowledge hance our understanding of the early period of the city’s of the topography of the early city, and show that, in terms history, of which we have very lile knowledge. of size, it was comparable to other ancient Greek cities. During four years of excavations in -, the project e excavations have also produced a substantial amount has fully excavated a private house dating to the Hellenis- of Roman poery that can be dated from the late st cen- tic period and investigated part of an earlier fortication tury BC to the early st century AD, which reveals that wall that surrounds the acropolis. e investigations the city was not completely abandoned when the later showed that the house was most likely destroyed around Roman Emperor Augustus founded the city of Nikopolis the middle of the nd century BC and that many of the in BC, as the ancient literary sources suggest. objects in it had been preserved in their original culture-historical context. Test trenches at the fortication wall revealed a . m-thick double-faced wall, which is Piraeus likely to date to the Early Classical period. Across most From to the Zea Harbour Project conducted of the excavated area, but especially associated with the eldwork on land and under water in and around two na- fortication wall, poery dating to the Late Geometric val harbours in the Piraeus, Mounichia and Zea. Working

For a preliminary report on the project see Vikatou & Handberg, this volume. 13 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . An archaeologist excavates the early shipsheds at Mounichia Harbour in the Piraeus on one of the very rare days of good visibility (Photo: V. Tsiairis © ZHP #$%#).

under the auspices of the Danish Institute at Athens, the the Koumoundourou Hill and in the Piraiki, the harbour project was directed by Bjørn Lovén in close collabora- fortications of Zea and Mounichia, thereby producing tion with the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities and important knowledge of the fortications of the Piraeus. the Ephorate of West Aica, Piraeus and Islands. e e project has been a model of modern, careful and project was mainly funded by the Carlsberg Founda- meticulous eldwork under challenging conditions in the tion, but it also received support from the Eleni Nakou polluted waters of modern Piraeus. e methods included Foundation, the Velux Foundation, the G.E.C. Gads digital and geophysical survey as well as excavation. Foundation, the Sonning Foundation, the Augustinus e results of the Zea Harbour Project are published in Foundation, e American Friends of the Zea Harbour Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens (MoDIA) Project, the RPM Nautical Foundation, the Leverhulme (see below). e rst volume was published in , and Trust and Interspiro AB. two additional volumes are being prepared for publication. e Zea Harbour Project made a number of signif- icant discoveries within Zea, the largest and most important naval harbour of antiquity, and the smaller naval Mount Pelion base of Mounichia. ese included the identication of e three-year Pelion Cave Project in essaly, directed so-called double-shipsheds at Zea and the discovery that by Niels H. Andreasen, was initiated in ! by the Dan- two shipsheds in Mounichia date to - BC, thus ish Institute at Athens in co-operation with the Ephor- showing that Athens stored its warships in shipsheds ate of Palaeoanthropology and Speleology of Northern in the Piraeus before or just aer the Persian Wars. e Greece. While the use of caves goes back to the earliest 14 project also dened and mapped coastal fortications on humans, the original and innovative purpose of the Pelion KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN, RUNE FREDERIKSEN & SØREN HANDBERG ∙ CELEBRATING 25 YEARS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS

Fig. . Survey of cave with WWII remains on North Pelion (Photo: Markos Vaxevanopoulos).

Cave Project was to understand the diversity, complexity records, oral history and folklore, the project has raised and development of cave-use on the mountain, mainly interesting issues about cave-use prior to and following from – the end of the Ooman period in that re- the onset of the industrialized period. e rich dataset gion – until today. demonstrates complexities beyond the picture usually Husbandry, local history and folklore related to caves perceived by archaeologists and provides a fascinating have rarely been documented systematically in this re- glimpse of a humanized landscape existing outside the gion. e physical traces and knowledge of cave-use are cultural landscape of villages and elds. rapidly disappearing, but caves remain a valuable source e Pelion Cave Project was supported by the Dan- of information concerning local history and regional ish Council for Independent Research, the Institute of economy. e conditions on Mount Pelion in south - Aegean Prehistory, the Costopoulos Foundation, Queen east essaly provided a unique opportunity to ask key Margrethe II’s Archaeological Foundation and the Au- questions of both ethnographic and historical interest, gustinus Foundation. Scientic adaptation of the data for as well as demonstrating nuances in cave-use that would publication in the Institutes monograph series volume , otherwise have remained undetected. e methodology expected in (see below), has been made possible due included archaeological survey, systematic collection of to a grant from the Danish Research Council, Agency for objects from the cave oors, local historical research and Science, Technology and Innovation. interviews with local informants. e - survey on Mount Pelion documented caves and rock shelters, and compiled a rich collection of Khania ethnographic material. Drawing on archaeological and In the Danish Institute at Athens joined the long- topographical data from the caves as well as documentary term Greek–Swedish excavations at Kastelli, Khania, in 15 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

sensational nd of Linear B tablets came to light, in Crete otherwise only known from the Palace at Knossos. e tablets are dated from context to the LM IIIB: period (c. BC) and prove that Dionysos was considered a god as early as the Bronze Age. e way the tablets were made is exactly the same as that of the Knossos tablets, the date of which is still uncertain: an observation which may allow for the dating of the Knossos tablets. e aim of the Greek–Swedish–Danish Excavations was to excavate as far as the modern habitation permit- ted the building where the Linear B tablets were found. e excavations stopped in , and as discussed in the two reports, they revealed one of the largest and most impressive non-palatial buildings yet discovered in LM III Crete. e sponsors for the project have been the Institute for Aegean Prehistory, the Carlsberg Foundation, Gunvor & Josef Anérs Stielse. Kungl. Vierhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, Herbert och Karin Jacobssons Stielse and the Augustinus Foundation.

Fig. . !e impressive walls of the LM IIIA:"/IIIB:# Lechaion Building " were very well preserved between the wall foun- e Lechaion Harbour Project was initiated in by dations of an Early Christian Basilica. Facing east. Exca- the Danish Institute at Athens in co-operation with the vation photo "$#$ (Photo: Erik Hallager). University of Copenhagen and the Ephorate of Underwa- ter Antiquities. e project is under the direction of Bjørn Lovén and Dimitris Kourkoumelis, aided by assistant Crete. e project was directed by Yannis Tzedakis (for- directors Paraskevi Micha and Panagiotis Athanasopou- mer General Director of Antiquities, Ministry of Culture), los. In ! it received a grant from Queen Margrethe II’s followed in by Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki (Gen- Archaeological Foundation. e Augustinus Foundation eral Secretary of the Ministry of Culture and Sports), and the Carlsberg Foundation have commied to funding Ann-Louise Schallin (the Swedish Institute) and Erik the project until ". Hallager (the Danish Institute). e previous excavations Lechaion, together with Kenchreai, served as a harbour at Minoan Kydonia revealed that Khania has existed for town of ancient Corinth. roughout antiquity Corinth years, and showed that the site was continuously took advantage of its position astride the Isthmus to con- inhabited with the exception of a -year period from trol land routes north and south and sea routes east and the end of the Bronze Age (c. ) till the end of the west. Lechaion, positioned north of the city on the Gulf Geometric period (c. ). of Corinth, o#ered convenient access to the central and e most important discoveries were those from western Mediterranean, and according to ancient sources, the end of the Bronze Age, the Late Minoan period (c. Corinth derived a great deal of its wealth from this trade. - BC), from which – uniquely for Crete – seven e aim of the project is to document the physical subsequent selements could be documented. In a remains of Lechaion’s harbours in light of Corinth’s

16 For reports on seasons ! and see Hallager & Andreadakis-Vlazakis as well as McGeorge, this volume. KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN, RUNE FREDERIKSEN & SØREN HANDBERG ∙ CELEBRATING 25 YEARS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS

Fig. . Archaeologist excavating wooden caisson in Area ! (Photo: V. Tsiairis © LHP !#$%). centuries of recorded history. e methods include digital Hansen. In !"# the Danish Institute at Athens received a and geophysical survey of the inner and outer harbours as permit under the direction of Rune Frederiksen for Erik well as the harbour canal, using innovative technologies Hansen and Gregers Algreen-Ussing to study the infra- such as a newly-developed D parametric sub-boom structure for the construction of the $ th -century temple of proler, and excavation. Apollo. e project received support from the Carlsberg e project will generate data pertaining to the de- Foundation and the Danish Institute at Athens. velopment of commercial harbours, and, by extension, e background for the project is the detailed study shed essential light on the nature and development of the of the $th -century BC phase of the temple of Apollo by ancient world. Its early discoveries are already yielding Pierre Amandry and Erik Hansen, published in !"#" in unique and critical archaeological information on the the Fouilles de Delphes series. #% is study revealed that use of wooden caissons in underwater construction tech- &'"" tons of blocks were transported from the St. Elias niques during the Byzantine era. quarry, located ( km to the west and "" m below the level of the sanctuary of Apollo in a mountain funnel. Some of the heaviest blocks visible in the temple foundation weigh Delphi approximately * tons. It has been estimated that the trans- e Danish contributions to the study of the Sanctuary of port of the blocks took #*"" trips, and for this purpose an Apollo at Delphi under the auspices of the French School extensive network of roads was constructed. e project have long been recognized, especially the work of Erik has identied the tracks and roads for the transportation

#% Amandry & Hansen !"#". 17 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . View of the plain of Pre-Hellenistic Sikyon towards the Corinthian Gulf (Photo: Silke Müth-Frederiksen).

of building material for the th -century temple. eir re- Sikyon’. e project is a synergasia between e National port on the results in this volume of Proceedings testi!es to Museum, Copenhagen, the Ephorate of Antiquities of a remarkably rectilinear infrastructure through the steep Corinth and the Danish Institute at Athens and is funded mountain funnels and the extraordinary skills of ancient by the Carlsberg Foundation. It was conceived by for- Greek engineers. "# mer director of the Danish Institute Rune Frederiksen, who also co-directed the project’s !rst season in '("+, the report of which is published in this volume. '" e Sikyon Greek co-director is Konstantinos Kissas, the Ephor of In "#"$, Knud Friis Johansen suggested that the widely Antiquities of Corinth. In '("/, the Danish directorship exported po%ery archaeologists have come to consider of of the project was taken over by Silke Müth-Frederiksen Corinthian origin since the American excavations there (National Museum). In two campaigns in April and June/ were actually produced at Sikyon, a famous centre for July '("/, geoarchaeological augering, geophysical inves- arts and cra&s in ancient times. '( e Danish Institute tigation, intensive survey, aerial photography and remote at Athens in collaboration with the National Museum of sensing were applied to great e4ect. It is now possible to Denmark was granted the permit to investigate the plain de!ne the limits of the old city in most directions and to of pre-Hellenistic Sikyon for the purpose of identifying characterize some of its quarters and buildings. Further- the site of the city and analyzing the material remains, the more, there are some !rst indications for the localization speci!c se%lement structures and urban fabric of ʻOld of the harbour of Sikyon.

"# Hansen et al., this volume. '( e French version came out in "#'5. 18 '" Frederiksen et al., this volume. KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN, RUNE FREDERIKSEN & SØREN HANDBERG ∙ CELEBRATING 25 YEARS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS

years of publications: PoDIA and !e monograph series, MoDIA , publishes Danish and MoDIA Danish-Greek "eldwork in Greece and Cyprus and well Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens ( PoDIA ) and as conference proceedings. !e generous gi3 from the Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens (MoDIA ) Velux Foundation in 4555 provided the Danish Institute form the infrastructural backbone of the institute’s pro- with a modern auditorium, which is a popular venue for motion of Danish research in Greece as well as interna- international conferences. Conferences continue to be tionally. an extremely important academic tool to gain access to !e "rst volume of the scienti"c journal PoDIA ap- the most current research. As we write this, #6 volumes peared in #$$%, and the series issue normally with an have appeared and an additional eight are in preparation interval of two to four years. PoDIA is a collection of (see list below). Ten of these volumes are dedicated to occasional papers wri&en primarily by scholars from the Danish and Danish-Greek "eld projects while the re- Danish scholarly environment, but also by foreign schol- maining volumes are conference proceedings. Many of ars working on topics thematically related to the activities these conferences are related to the "eld projects, and of the Institute. Although Greek archaeology and epigra- the Danish Institute at Athens remain grateful to all the phy dominates, the scope of Proceedings is geographical- institutions and foundations, Danish and Greek, that ly wide, encompassing the entire Greek world from the have made such rich opportunities and favourable con- *rd millennium BC to the present day. !e most recent ditions available to Danish Classical Archaeology. We, volumes include sections on ancient studies and art his- the authors and editors of this volume, can only look torical studies, as well as reports on Danish "eldwork in forward to the exploits of future generations. Greece. Articles other than "eld reports are peer-reviewed Proceedings volume + is published by Aarhus Univer- by at least one reviewer and with mutual anonymity. An sity Press, and the production has become possible only editorial board decides on titles to publish and control by the very generous support of a Danish foundation the review process. PoDIA is available online wishing to remain anonymous. !e Institute is grateful (h&p://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/pdia/issue/ for the help received without which this volume would archive). never have issued. !e present volume is number + in the series. An- cient Studies consist of "ve articles which re0ect well the KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN geographical width of Danish research interests in the !e Danish Institute at Athens eastern Mediterranean in recent years in Greece and the Herefondos #7, #5%%+ Athens islands (Barfoed; Kaninia & Schierup), in Turkey (Win- Greece ther-Jacobsen & Bekker-Nielsen and Sauer) and in Cyprus [email protected]/[email protected] (Sørensen). !is section also includes an evaluation of the research into ancient polychromy by one of its main pro- RUNE FREDERIKSEN ponents (Østergaard). !e section on Art Historical Stud- Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek ies and Modern Greece consists of an article on #$ th century Dantes Plads 6, #%%8 Copenhagen V reception of the Parthenon (Kragelund). Finally, there Denmark are six preliminary reports from four Danish and Dan - [email protected] ish-Swedish-Greek "eld projects in Greece: the excavations of the ancient City of Kalydon in Aitolia (Vikatou & SØREN HANDBERG Handberg), the architectural studies at Delphi (Hansen, University of Oslo Algreen-Ussing & Frederiksen), the Minoan excavations Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History in the center of the old town of Chania in Crete (Hallag- Blindernveien ##, 5*6# Oslo er & Andreadaki-Vlazaki; McGeorge), and the investiga- Norway tions at Ancient Sikyon in the Peloponnese (Frederiksen, [email protected]/[email protected] Kissas, Donati, Giannakopoulos, Müth, Papathanasiou, Rabbel Stümpel, Rusch & Winther- Jacobsen). 19 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

List of Monographs

E. Hallager & B. P. Hallager (eds), Late Minoan III Poery. S. Dietz & M. Stavropoulou-Gatsi (eds), Kalydon in Aitolia Chronology and Terminology. Acts of a Meeting held at the Dan- I – Reports and Studies. Danish/Greek Field Work $$-$$(; ish Institute at Athens, August - (MoDIA !), !""#. Kalydon in Aitolia ; II – Catalogues. Danish/Greek Field Work $$-$$( (MoDIA !$.!-$), $'!!. Chr. Troelsgaard (ed.), Byzantine Chant. Tradition and Re- form. Acts of a Meeting held at the Danish Institute at Athens E. Hallager & D. Mulliez (eds), "e French Connection – $$ ! (MoDIA $), !""#. years with the Danish architects at l’École +ançaise d’Athènes. Acts of a Symposium held in Athens and Copenhagen $$2 by J. Isager (ed.), Foundation and Destruction. Nikopolis and l’École +ançaise d’Athènes and "e Danish Institute at Athens Northwestern Greece."e archaeological evidence for the city (MoDIA !%), $'!'. destructions, the foundation of Nikopolis, and the synoecism. Acts of a Meeting held at the Danish Institute at Athens, March G. Vavouranakis (ed.), "e seascape in Aegean Prehistory (MoDIA %), $''!. (MoDIA !*), $'!!.

I. Nielsen (ed.), "e Royal Palace Institution in the First Mil- B. Lovén & M. Schaldemose with contributions by lennium BC. Regional Development and Cultural Interchange B. Klejn-Christensen & M.M. Nielsen, "e Ancient Harbours between East and West. Acts of a Meeting held at the Danish of the Piraeus I.! – "e Zea Shipsheds and Slipways: Architecture Institute at Athens, November (MoDIA *), $''!. and Topography ; I.$ – "e Zea Shipsheds and Slipways: Finds, Area Shipshed Roof Reconstructions and Feature Catalogue J. Eiring & J. Lund (eds), Transport Amphorae and Trade in (MoDIA !+.!-$), $'!$. the Eastern Mediterranean. Acts of the International Colloqui- um at the Danish Institute at Athens, September #- $$ B. Lovén & I. Sapountzis, "e Ancient Harbours of the Piraeus (MoDIA +), $''*. II – Zea Harbour: the Group and shipsheds and slipways – architecture, topography and 3nds (MoDIA !+.%), forthcoming. L. Wriedt Sørensen & K. Winther Jacobsen (eds), Panayia Ematousa I – A rural site in south-eastern Cyprus; II – Political, N.M. Nielsen, "e Ancient Harbours of the Piraeus , III.! – "e cultural, ethnic and social relations in Cyprus. Approches to re- Harbour and Coastal forti3cations of the Mounichia and Zea gional studies (MoDIA -.!-$), $''-. Harbours – architecture and topography (MoDIA !+.*), forthcoming. S. Dietz & Y. Moschos (eds.) Chalkis Aitolias I – "e prehistoric periods (MoDIA #.!), $''-. B. Lovén & I. Sapountzis, "e Ancient Harbours of Piraeus III.$ – Mounichia Harbour: the shipsheds – architecture, topog- S. Houby Nielsen, C halkis Aitolias II – "e Emporion. Archaic, raphy and 3nds and 3nds +om the forti3cations at Mounichia Classical and Early Hellenistic Habitations on the Hagia Triada and Zea Harbour (MoDIA !+.+), forthcoming. (MoDIA #.$), forthcoming. M. Tsipopoulou (ed.), Petras, Siteia. ( years of excavations S. Dietz & L. Kolonas (eds), Chalkis Aitolias III – "e Archaic and studies (MoDIA !-), $'!$. Period (MoDIA #.%), $'!-. R. Frederiksen, E. Gebhard and A. Sokolicek (eds), "e Ar- T. M. Brogan & E. Hallager (eds), LM IB poery – relative chitecture of the Ancient Greek "eatre: conference at the Danish chronology and regional di&erences. Acts of a workshop held at Institute at Athens January $ (MoDIA !#), $'!-. the Danish Institute in collaboration with the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete, '- June $$' (MoDIA !!.!-$), $'!!. 20 KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN, RUNE FREDERIKSEN & SØREN HANDBERG ∙ CELEBRATING 25 YEARS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS

R. Frederiksen, S. Müth, M. Schnelle & P. Schneider (eds), Fokus on Fortikation. Conference on the Research of Ancient Fortications, Athens - December (MoDIA !"), #$!%.

N. H. Andreasen, P. Pantzou & D. Papadopoulos, Unfolding a mountain. An ethno-archaeological investigation of modern cave use on Mount Pelion (-!) (MoDIA !'), forthcoming.

S. Dietz et al., Communities in Transition (MoDIA #$), forthcoming.

M. Tsipopoulou, Petras-Siteia. "e Pre- and Proto-Palatial ceme tery in Context (MoDIA #!), #$!*.

S. Handberg, A. Gadolo & C. Morgan (eds), Material Koinai in the Greek Early Iron Age and Archaic Period (MoDIA ##), forthcoming.

W. Friese, T. Myrup Kristensen & S. Handberg (eds), As- cending and Descending the Acropolis. Sacred Travel in Ancient A#ica and its Borders (MoDIA #+), forthcoming.

21 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

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