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VKM Report 2016: 67 Risk assessment of marking and tracing methods with regards to the welfare of farmed salmonids Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety Report from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) 2016: 67 Risk assessment of marking and tracing methods with regards to the welfare of farmed salmonids Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 15.12.2016 ISBN: 978-82-8259-257-4 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) Po 4404 Nydalen N – 0403 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] www.vkm.no www.english.vkm.no Cover photo: Espen Bierud, Havforskningsinstituttet Suggested citation: VKM. (2016) Risk assessment of marking and tracing methods with regards to the welfare of farmed salmonids. Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, ISBN: 978-82-8259-257-4, Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2016: 67 Risk assessment of marking and tracing methods with regards to the welfare of farmed salmonids Authors preparing the draft opinion Stein Mortensen (chair), Tore Kristiansen, Cecilie Mejdell, Ingebrigt Uglem, Angelika Agdestein (VKM staff), Dean Basic (VKM staff) (Authors in alphabetical order after chair of the working group) Assessed and approved The opinion has been assessed and approved by Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. Members of the panel are: Brit Hjeltnes (chair), Øivind Bergh, Edgar Brun, Knut Egil Bøe, Carlos Goncalo Afonso Rolhas Fernandes das Neves, Jacques Godfroid, Roar Gudding, Kristian Hoel, Cecilie Mejdell, Stein Mortensen, and Espen Rimstad (Panel members in alphabetical order after chair of the panel) Acknowledgment The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has appointed a working group consisting of both VKM members and external experts to answer the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. Project leaders from the VKM secretariat has been Angelika Agdestein, Dean Basic and Tron Gifstad. The members of the working group Stein Mortensen (Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), Tore Kristiansen (Institute of Marine Research, Havforskningsinstituttet), Cecilie Mejdell (Panel on Animal Health and Welfare) and Ingebrigt Uglem (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NINA) are acknowledged for their valuable work on this opinion. The Panel on Animal Health and Welfare is acknowledged for comments and views on this opinion. VKM would like to thank the hearing experts Kevin Glover, Per Gunnar Fjelldal, and Vidar Wennevik (all from the Institute of Marine Research, Havforskningsinstituttet) for their contributions to sections 1.6.2, 1.5.6 and 1.4, respectively. VKM would also like to thank Lucy Robertson for proofreading the manuscript. Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. VKM Report 2016: 67 Table of Contents Summary ................................................................................................................ 6 Sammendrag på norsk ........................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations and glossary .................................................................................. 10 Background as provided by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority ...................... 12 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority ........... 14 Assessment .......................................................................................................... 15 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 15 1.1 Literature ............................................................................................................ 15 1.2 Fish welfare ......................................................................................................... 15 1.2.1 Welfare indicators ..................................................................................... 17 1.3 Production of salmonid fish in Norwegian aquaculture ............................................. 18 1.4 Escapes .............................................................................................................. 19 1.5 Methods for marking fish ...................................................................................... 19 1.5.1 Adipose fin removal ................................................................................... 20 1.5.2 Freeze branding ........................................................................................ 22 1.5.3 Externally attached visible tags ................................................................... 23 1.5.4 Visible internal tags ................................................................................... 23 1.5.5 Remotely detectable internal tags ............................................................... 24 1.5.6 Chemical marking ...................................................................................... 26 1.6 Methods for tracing fish origin based on natural marks............................................ 27 1.6.1 Tracing based on structures indicating growth pattern .................................. 28 1.6.2 Tracing based on genetic composition and variation ..................................... 29 1.6.3 Tracing based on biochemical variation in tissue and internal structures ......... 30 2 Hazard identification and characterization .................................................. 32 2.1 Methods for marking fish ...................................................................................... 32 2.1.1 Adipose fin removal ................................................................................... 32 2.1.2 Freeze branding ........................................................................................ 34 2.1.3 Externally attached visible tags ................................................................... 35 2.1.4 Visible internal tags ................................................................................... 37 2.1.4.1 Visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags ......................................................... 37 2.1.4.2 Pigment tags .......................................................................................... 39 2.1.4.3 Visible implant alphanumerical (VIA) tags ................................................. 41 2.1.5 Remotely detectable internal tags - CWT and PIT tags ................................. 42 VKM Report 2016: 67 2.1.5.1 CWT ...................................................................................................... 42 2.1.5.2 PIT tags ................................................................................................. 43 2.1.6 Chemical marking ...................................................................................... 44 2.2 Methods for tracing fish origin based on natural marks............................................ 46 2.2.1 Release of salmonids captured alive for tracing based on natural marks ......... 47 2.2.2 Collection of scales for tracing origin based on natural markers ..................... 49 3 Risk characterization ................................................................................... 51 4 Uncertainties and data gaps......................................................................... 54 5 Answers to the terms of reference ............................................................... 55 6 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 61 7 References ................................................................................................... 63 VKM Report 2016: 67 Summary The Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) asked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) for an opinion of risks of reduced welfare implications associated with the different marking and tracing methods, and combinations thereof, for farmed salmonid fish, restricted to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Norway. A working group was established comprising members from the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare and external experts from the Institute of Marine Research, the Norwegian Institute of Nature Research, and VKM staff. The Panel on Animal Health and Welfare has reviewed and revised the draft prepared by the working group and has approved the opinion. There are environmental concerns of escaped farmed salmon interbreeding with wild fish, potentially threatening genetic integrity, and transmission of diseases. The Norwegian government intends to prevent or reduce escapes of farmed salmonids from occurring, and wishes to have those farmed fish that have escaped removed from the environment. In order to facilitate these actions, it is essential to be able to identify escaped fish. In addition, reliable methods for tracing the origin of the escaped fish are also crucial. Mandatory marking of all farmed fish in Norwegian aquaculture has therefore been suggested. On this basis, this VKM report will be used by the NFSA to evaluate which marking methods are most suitable, from both short- and long-term perspectives, in relation to the Animal Welfare Act. In order
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