ET

' auel$es u?edoJng aculs fpeerE pesroJcrrr l\lrunttrluoc ssorcB A"(tr ecu"qjqslp slc€JJe 'slc"dur Pualxe Jo eABg'EseJoJ lse^\-rDnos eqt ul dlI"lncqJ8d eq1 pur sed,{1 flpnruuoc fww ur srncco uny u?umq 'el"rlsuoruep (686I) slln pu? (686I) sv Ia^?H 'sryvd 'saDl^rlcB uuunq ,(q pecuenulrl 1 ou elB ecu"qJqsrp uorparesuoc 'ecuBqrnFrp puB sryad 'se^reseJ erru"u 'Ese.roJ Jo suJoJ 11u ,(Wngr,,l Pu? p[]"u I€uorlsu 'ecrreJeJrelul elqg su (1411y3) purl pue uorlelJesuoJ Jo seuepunoq eql peJmlq e^ur{ susurnH lueue8eue;,q uBunq ol Euraao ro 'l8Jru"u eq uBc ecu"qJqsr(I go luerugedeq eql ,(q pejalsrururpa sr uJ8)l 's1eed,{wy,rq sepnlcrrr A\ou lurn (sq OOO69I) puzl 1so1n1 '(eun1o,r '7o qqr) o nddo11 .reau pue eSuug drun8uo.ro4 ?qt rtt srernno qlL$ (I peurllno puz (OgOt) pr"ag peurgep '3rg) ,{q 1qep q ,(g are tcutspqng ueJrud\ eql m s! uJ"{ Jo eJueJmaco 'e,r.rlcadsrad 'BrlEDsnV lculsrpqns ueJJsl\ eql Jo seusprmoq eq1 ledrcuud eq1 ruelsertA-rpnos u! (086I puorEer ur ururl peuguoc a lseloJ eW ol slueuoduroc prueg) lculslq luclsqog SuIrBO arp Jo slrulsrpqns €soql Jo tueuefild selqeua puu sed,{l ,{lrunuuoc sazuar! pu? uolr1\ eqt ul mcJo (.to1ot1slaa1p Surmoqq8reu sB s" "tsls prnl IIor lseroJ lp sn1dQocng) I!s{ Surw4uoc sed,& flnmururo3 sapnlcul rl esneceq a8ute,roc Jo RaJBJno su laulslFlns 'sed,$ I"cluBlog uaJJ"rt\ eql epnlcul e,vr acue11 NOIICn(IOUJNI

'1uaurce?uetu I"luau.uedxe pur Suuoluour IeJfoloce ur elol ?urseaJcur uB o1"l JJuls lworSeg 'fgo1oco actreq:nlsrp ur pepueurutocar sl qd?rser pe$euo ssarord ol qc"ordde ,ft"uldrcslpBlnu V 'sequouo oq? e:s ser:redsaseql;o ecuesud eql ur sessecord,{ltunu:utoc Jo aJueueluretueql uo pu" (xoJ pe1 pve ototlttldot{t14 3 a) serceds pszII€JnFu i(a13o lo:1uoc aq1 uo qr*eser p.nurluoC seraods lu"ld elqsraulnl Jo puB serlrumuuoc eprcpue^ul;o sesuodsa.re-l-; jo Surpu4srepun tre pup 8u![epour 'sel"rqalJa,\ur 'slBruur€ur elrprpud moge plno^\ l8ql selpn$ ul ulEruer sdeg q8noql pu€ sprrq 'sluqd Il€rus rBIncsBAuo ryo,n 3u1pn1cu18u€uur eprmueeq e^Eq err] Jo slr.JJe"iffJf;X

pue ?uqsed"q ol uogel.r uI sellJogd qcrsasar eI? so8u?qc r(lluntuuoc ;o ?ugopour e,uprpad 'serr.ds 's3er1 aql puE elqBlaqn^ Jo ecusualur?tu eql ur uorpuioJ r'oloq Jo ssecoid eqJ slsoJoJ asn eldqlnur rn uoq"^rdsuoJ euneJ roJ .relec ,{le^qcoJje aroru ol sauoz ru"olls pu? Je^g 'peor 'spJrq Jo uoitnqu$rper ? roJ suorl"puauu.rore.r ol Suqnqr4uor uo pel"quecuor sBq Surlse^.r"q Jrqun Jo slJeJJ, Jql uo qJ.rBaseioJllplr^|spusls pe)eJ.ur8!J ruo{ uorlJnpoJd JJquJn Jauirldo oi senbruqeel lerntFcr^lls uo srseqduo pe{4qureu e^"q uorpraue8er pue 8uqs"J^Jeq uo serpnls 'qcjseser clqdErSoeSorqur,{pogd e trlptuer sptrqeq rleql puE (spller upu€,^\puoCSurpnlcu0 sercods elqeiauln^ Jo uoqnqH$lp eql pue qorq .qt Jo u.!e "d [ele^o aql Jo Supuqs]epun ue Jo lueurdole,{ep eqJ segu"qc cq?utrlo e^eq ueql s.rceds elq"reuln^ Jo aullJep eql uI .cuecuru?rs 'Je^e,,t\oq 'suaunq Jel"er8 Jo uaeq e^"q ,{q sarlr^gJ€ luanbrsqns serJedsJo uoqnqu$rp eql ut se8ueqc o1 pel a,,r,uqse9ueqc cqelulc lsed l"ql elzrlpr4 serpnp ,{-reuor1n1o,lapue crqduSoo8olg 'uoq?FdeA

a^rlBu peurqar Jo sgara uI poraprsuoo er8 salpnls fjauorlnlo^c pus clqd8fooSorq lus^elar pua 'sorcods 'arg 'uorlereue8ar poztFrnl"u pu8 SurNo^r"q uo qr.r?JseU Irulsrpqns Fcruelog uel.r"/t\ oq1 ur sonlunuuoc raqlo pu" lseroJ l!s{ eql Jo euneJ pu? erou aq1 uo erueqin$rp Jo qJeJJe 'seqgogd 'qc:eeser aql olur qcleesar ernlnJ pue Suro8uo;o e8pel,toul luer.rnc s,rer,la::edvd srql

pBrlsqY

uasualsrrqJ Jad puB uosuqof-lepJB^,t luEJS

lserod lrruy aql Jo eJIIpIIll uo erusqrqslo Jo speJJfl arll Jo ^{oraeuv

z daJdvHJ particularly when land use inteusified in the 1960s. kari is a component, site-based community shrdies There have been major changes in the pattems of provide benchmarks for monitoring change in the dishrrbance, few of which can be attributed to community types investigated. This study provided a individual factors. Hobbs and Hopkins (1990) floristic classification of community t)?es in regrowth re.cognized four main calegories of land use and kari from 204 quadrats and 105 species. Thirleen resultant degre€s of impact followiug European community t,?es were defined by cluster aDalysisr modification of Australian vegetation. These include: orrlination and discriminant analysis of the 312-rr( quadrats. (1) complete removal of the vegetation and disruption of ecological processes such as mining and urban Inions et al. (9m) found that cornmrmity types development; varied substantially in productivity, as measured by age-standardized top height and that this in tum was (2) replacement of vegetation by inlensively managed related to climatic and edaphic factors. Variables agriculture and plantation systems such as relating to rabfall distribution, radiation levels, soil forestry; acidity and phosphorus levels were found to be ttre (3) utilization of existing vegetation with some most discriminatory between community types and consequent modification as occurs in forests each differed in stand productivity and in climatic and managed for multiple uses; and edaphic variables. The distribution of the cornmrmity types clefined, is broadly geographically based (Fig. (4) management for nature conservation with minimal 1), although overlap occurs within a single deliberate modifi cation. landforn/soils unit (as defined by Churchward €t al. 1988). Concern has been expressed about the adequacy of knowledge of the long ierm effects of disturbance on Climatic and edaphic influences on the distribution the composition of the flora and fauna of the karri of karri bave also been studied by Churchill (1968). forest (Aron. 1986; Christensen 1986; Anon. 1988). He concluded that the distribution of karri was Here we review the current state of knowledge and the primarily delermined by water availability expressed as existing research program on the effects of disturbance rainfall durirg the wettest and driest months of the on the wildlife of the karri forest. We consider only ycqr. He suggested that this distribution has fluctuated the third and fourth of the categories of land use markedly during the past 5000 years. Examination of recognized by Hobbs and Hopkins (1990). charcoal accumulation in cones taken from peat Disturbances included within these categories include swamps also enabled Churchill (1968) to present a fire, logging and regeneration, and the effects of 7000 year fire history of forest areas. introduced species. Griffrn (1985) provided a floristic survey of Smiths The long tern effects of disturbance on the Brook Nahrre Reserve; a small area near Manjimup composition of the flora and fauna will be intimately dominated by karri forest. This survey defined and tied to inleractions with climatic change and with mapped hve vegetation units including one artihcially effects on soils and nutrients. These subjects are created by disturbance. The area was found to be reviewed by Bartle (this volume), Shearer (this relatively undisturbed by Europeans despite a number volume) and Abbott (this volume), and by Christensen of tracks and the presence of many iatroduced species. and Abbott (1989) and we do not intend io address these issues here. Aquatic ecosystems are also FAUNA reviewed elsewhere (I{alse and Blyth, this volume). Vertebrate surveys of the Warren SuMistriet We therefore confine this review io the terrestrial completed by the Forests Department of Westem biota, but take a wide view of long term effects. We Australia are summarized by Christensen et ql. (1985). also provide recomnendations for future research. These authors list 19 surveys completed in the southem forests behveen 1970 and 1982, 15 of which CURRENT KNOWLEDGE were in the Warren Botanical SuMistrict. Lists of veriebrates and vascular plants are presented by survey Evolutionaryand biogeographicalstudies and by major vegetation type. The distribution and siahrs of each vertebrate species is discussed arld an FLORA analysis of faunal trends within the region, including Research on the effects of dishrrbance on the flora of relationships with adjacant fauna, is presented. the Warren SuMistrict has be€n concentrated in kari Christensen et ql- (1985) conclude that the vertebrate J forest in the Nornalup System. Inions et al- (1990) farma of the forested south-west occurs in a faunal ( provided an overview of community types in which continuum with a shong north-souttr, and lesser I east-west, influence that appears to be rela0ed to f

I 9E eql qll^r palsrcossr sarur8ar e:y pe8usqc Jo qceJJa eelp1 I eqt epnlcu lueuelles ueedorng Eur,trolog erll Jo uoqeulqruoc B ol selBJqeuel Ern11e,nppunor8 lcurlxe ,{[BcoI eluoyeq eABq r?ql spJlg .QtKo$oaB 'lo 'alllBc uI eu]Ic€p eql patnqglle (LB6D ra ,{loH roJ vtnKso1) qqlpnqC pue QlxaBn? s donDn) '(oloypluad '(snroDto! SunrE erro:drut o1 uorlele8e,r Iqsaor eql go Suramq Juuel o8uo11ag) e\fol aq1 o1 Sqarro 0Z6I r(q peqsrururp pzq suoqeyndod s11 ffilqo)auutw) lequrnN 'eldu"xe JoJ :sJaqurnu ,.Aol '206I 'punoJ ur re^rx uerr"l/\ egl Jo qtnou eql pua lsrFmpN ,{-re,r ur rncco ro A\ou lou eJa Bola lqspoc s(n 'slBrlluraur ede3 uee,tleq uolale8el 1vlsBoc arp rrr uouluocrm u1 luese.rd ecuo pus sp{q puno-rE elqareqn,r '(9761) 'lueuelles 'uollessn{ lou ss,{\ IA\od eell?I^l eql nyel ol tlnprocrl/ IBJaAoS uvedorng ecurs '1,{od aelpl4l aq1 ;o ecuereeddesrp eq1 ureldxe o1 pur fueqly uoelr1eq lseroJ eqg rnolpa qcr,q.$.spuBlpoo^\ 'ecualsut pallc sl (€Z6I).rage3 {q pelu"seJd ecueprle puB spuuglleeq lr1seoc eql rn slsrrru"ru pur sp.uq {ueu 'securrreddesrp rog aserp JoJ pJ€^\JoJ lnd suos"eJ eql Jo sJequnu q eulJcap B lueuncop prrB selaJqe|Je^ 'saare 'p Jo Imoccz IBJgotsFI poo8 e spese.rd ,{prqs srg.1 punoJ8 Jo ,{a,rms e lueserd (L86I) n tto1g1' ru4se/rl-gfnos eseql ul (multatad snraqzoplasd) 'tuagl ut e^Brl ol slueprsJJ llg]8ury uJqse \ prre (o\nead\nt sflflsotpltJ) Pe^lo^e qseJoJ uouuoC '(srt Ktloolq luepuedep JoJ aoJa rre ll€tus ool ,(dncco Iqqsruq rrolag) u11onf 'g '(oru.u esaqt l€ql q qsaroJ Qluosyco[ oltolpnS'g) mdonnytg) ,{qe1p11 qsnrg eql Jo srequmu A\oI En e13u4 pue eql q €unal eleJqErel go ,{lrsre,rrp ol eullrep e godar (1961) 'ID ta ^oH ,,{Fe1ryg5 lrral Jo IcBJ er11 JoJ uos"eJ eyqrssod u pql ge1sa38ns ' 'p 'slualparE (m t41o.t8 snu!q-n &) eeu{-{cnt t G86I) ,a uesuetsrrgC 1os pue uoSepEe,r 'srolca; qsntr puB (snsowolr s1utor[c1.tly) prrq-qn-rc5 fsro51 ssoJc" pelncco sercads lla q8noqlle 1ros puu 'QflaqpDorq'C') p{qellsug snoJnU'(s,asonSuol uogqeEe,r ,(q pecuengur eq o1 pereedde uounqrlsrp '(o1o17aco 'elers 'sJolcq nuoKsoq) p{qdH,,!\ uta1sa76 oodraT) lmog serceds lrnpr,rpur JellBus B uO cqBruqc

'ru^oqs .lsatoJ oslEeI? sruAolJotBJ I rlB)l 'tD Jo uoqnqulsrp rrrzrtreqf ulql!^\ @661') ,a suoruI ,(q pemJepseddl ,{lrunuuroc Jo uoqnqulslq I aJnAf,

(rrD/ars) o (stauuV) t (aoo o/ ) (e llq,M) 0 (surDH) (ta^oH) (sroots) (|assa)) (ororlroN3n) z (3roo,r 6!Dr) (s66ae) ! (Lr/ior8 a,uPr) o

sed,(1,{lrunuruo3

acUa]]nr]o |,]'rD}

AIr'1VfO] development of pastoralism and clearance for further decline of these species than that of past agdculh[e, introduced predators and competitors cl.inatic changes(Smith 1977, f985). (chiefly the Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes and Donestic Cat, Likely effects of climatic change on the distribution Felis catus) and disease epidemics. of sp€cies have not been studied. It is clear that Kabay and Stafi (1976) reviewed the distributional climatic change over aeons has had a marked influence data on the Broad-faced Potarco (Potorout plqtypus) on spcias distributions and tbat interaction between and Gilbert's Potatcn (Potorous tridectylus BiberA dishrrbauce end ctmatic change may well have but found no evidence of the current occurrence of important influences in the future. either sp€cies in the Warren Botanical Subdistrict. Nevertheless. Gilbert's Potoroo was collecied in the Harvesting and regeneration vicinity of King George Sound during the 19th cenhrry timber Westem and is well represented as sub-fossil material in csve Harvesting for in Australia began soon after Buropean settlement. Since the passing of the deposits in Boranup. The habitat requirements of Forests Act in 1919 (Nunn 1957) there has been a Gilbert's Potoroo were thought to be more restricted continued evolution in forest management and than those of the Quokka, itself considerably reduced silviculhre (Bradshaw and Lush 1981; Abbott and since Europesn settlement (Kabay and Start 1976). The Loneragan 1986; Sloneman 1986; Havel 1989; continued exisience of Gilbert's Potoroo in the Warren Stonemanet al. 1989; and Breidahl and Botanical SuMistrict while considered unlikely was not Hewett 1992). discowrted. They consider its decline and Clearfelling, which bad been replaced by selection disappearance rray be associaoed with several factors cutting ir 1938, was reinstated as the main (disease, predation by foxes and cats, competition, silvicultural system in karri forest in 1967. It was al.ienation and subsequent clearing of habitat, reinsialed because it was no longer considered management practices such as loggrng, burning and necessary to retain groups of tre€s as a barrier to vegetotion changes associated with the presence of alienation of the kari forest. for silvicultural reasons Phytophthor a cinnamomi). aud becauseof economic efficiencies (Bradshaw and Lush 1981). The woodchip was Ba)mes €t al. (1975) and Balme et al. (1978) repon industry e,stablishedir 1975 to use non-millable tre€s from karri forest areas on mammal remains spanning about 30 00O years, being harvestedfor sawlogs. from excavation in Devil's I-air in Boranup. Both studies suggest that throughout the period studied, & Projected timber demands (Bradshaw and Lush nore varied mammal fauna persisted than is recorded 1981)and supply commitmentshave led to emphasis in historic time. At some laie Holocene period not being placed on the ability to optimize sawlog represenled in Devil's I-air, several species known not productionfrom regeneratedstands. Rotheram's (1983) to inhabit forest disappeared from the district. This findings tlat retained tr€es suppressthe growth rate of and the distribution of mammal species between adjacentregeneration has lent support to this direction. 35 000 and 50O0 years ago suggest ttrat a drier The requirement for thinning of regrowth stands of climatic regime in the lale Pleis0ocene gave way !o a karri is argued in Bradshaw and Lush (1981). wetter regime in the Holocene @alme * al, 1978). Silvicultural resesrch on karri bas been comprehensively Rich and Baird (1986) in presenting fossil evidence reviewed by Breidahl and Hewefi (1992) of birds from caves in the Boranup area suggest a and will not be discussedhere other than in the fllrctuating but currently wetter climst€ than during coniext of dish,rrbanceecology. priods of glaciation. Smith (1977) discussed the effect Occasionaldeath of karri saplings and understorey of etrvironmental ch&nge on six rare bids and species owing to Armilhria luteobubqlinar itfecl;Lon proposed that all species were more widely distributed occurs in virgin karri forest and in regrowth kari and abundant during the Tertiary Period and where it has been related to the presence of nearby Pleistocene Ep""h - Noisy Scrub-bird, Rufous infected stumps. There is a decreaseirr mortality with Scrub-bird (Atrichornis rufescens), Rufous Bristlebird, increasi.ngdistance from these stumps (Pearce a al. Western Brisdebird, Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis 1986). More zuppressedkrrri saplingswere killed than brachysterus), and Western Whipbird (Psophodes dominent saplings but some degree of natural nigrogularis) - four of which occurred in the Warren snppressionof A. luteobubaliza by other fungi has Botanical SuHistrict. Vegetational change fron the been observed @earce and Malajczuk 1990). The late Tertiary onwards reduced these species to small dishibution and impact of A. luteobubalina in jarrah remnant populations by the time Europeans arrived. forest bas been discussed by Shearer and Tippe$ However, the suhsequent activitie,s of Europeans (in (1988) who found that host mortality following particular buming and sgricultural clearing) are infection was greater in the intermediate and low suggested as being of even greater signifrcance !o the

36 LE

oqotp) nnuolale4s un8 puz (6961) ceuezulrl ;ea1 uet uqllr an1e,t peSSopn eql peqcceJ ra,loc ,(dourc ,(q p"!pnf" ueeq seq (odoqdQS Dplquad) rauru JE€r-I ,(erolsre,rg enp,l peSSopn eql elogu pezrlrqEs ueql '1se.ro; qerref ueqtnos eql ur paJJncco alsq Ecesw puu sree,( e^U Jeqlour JoJ esor 'uoqaJeueEar;o sree,{ Eur1e11o;ep qsarqno 'lseroy qarnf uaqlnos "rll Jo e^g uFlt!r't spues pe33o1un eql anlsl eql paqc"eJ go salrs e,rqcnpord ftq8lq uI esresrp eql ol eouEsrsaJ Jo lsaJoJ urBI rn re^oJ tsql punoJ pue lsero3 qeuef suodar (916I) uesuasrrgo q8noqlF '(886I uraleIls ["lol pu€ yJE{ m spu4s pa8u lueJeJJrpJo eAuJ B uJ ,qlsuep :886I IBBpua{u"Ig pu? luBrg) sed,{1 flrunuruoo fdouec lse.ro; peJnsaau (ggOf) l, ta rraruauols euros ur eJeles eq ,{ru aseesrp lceqarp 3o slcedur 'tseJoJ 'suoq}puoc 'lsaJoJ eqJ qarel u:eq1lou eql uBr{l IJJrI uI pEradxe eq oslB plnoc scllsgelceJurlc 'ecu"qmlsP Ios tsrotu Jo polrd raEuol ,{lpreue8 B pus (886I esaql Jo uoq?u?A qcns ecurs erurl u1e1a45 ees) ,{erolsrepun go e8uer esre,rrp erou '(886I q1r,t ,(lqu.teprsuoc ,{rs,\ 're,loc pua acueprmqe sarcads 'p 'ssauorq 'scrlsuelcBrsqc ,a pJ?^\qJJnqJ "€s) sed& uroJpu?I puE Iros Jo s€ qcns puqs luErodurr ,{lpqeye,r. .relrar8 Eupnlcur scqsrJelJsJaqJ e^lctnlsrp ,{us!u lsql sedfl lserog peqrnlslp Jeqlo uo qcJsaser ol 'JeAaA\oH 'uJellBd Jo Jaqunu B s"q lsa.roJ q€.uef uJJqlnos aqJ eJueJoJeJq8noJrlt lno pelurod ,(?ql cusrJou ErrBrrruJalep Jofflu eql eJe^[ ecuBq.rnlsrp '(996I ,! Bqsp"rg) slsarol qer:rf u:eqlnos eql roJ Jo ueqt reqler salqeuB^ JrlBurrlJ pue crqdepe tuql saurleprn8 elsFrruoJ ol pssn ueeq seq puu l€rqlnchps papnlcuoc faql 'q1,rro.r8er rn peszq sB,ti uollecgrssslc lseroy qer:ef u:eqpos eql ol elq"crldde sr srrn ryol\ Jo rraql qEnoqllu 'acueH 'suorlBredo eseql Eur,v'o11o; qcn4 (986I uu8ereuol pu€ lloqqv :196I uBEBreuo-I ed,(1 ,(lrmururoc eru"s ?ql se pemzurer qerpunb ees) lculsryqns epc aqt (n euop uaeq sBq qcnu ?tI eW Jo (3upuq 3o1 e uo lerprnb z) euo 1nq q8nogly lcr4spgns uerrert\ eW u (oflqdqoc'g) 'Suturnq lurn ppnlcuoc ,{aq; pur 3ur33o1 ?u1tro11og p[€ (nnu13tow srltdqoJng) q8!"[ uo IIB IJJSrI eu"s eql sulBuer 'seneds rclDarq ecuesqB qcr€eser prnlFrr^lrs ssel ,(le^rl€leJ ueeq ssq eJeqJ ZL Jo ro ecueserd agl uo{ peurJep s? 'ed,{l ,{lrunuuoc 'Eur33o13ur,no11oy leqleq^\ auluu{eP ol Pesn sP.^rr pue suoqurado uJell Jo ls^r^Jns ,{gre pue uorpunureE eq1 ro3 eql reg? sreef e,,rg JoJ p€nrryuoc luerussessv '(selrs selrs elqsmo^q lsou eqt aJ" sp€qqsB lBqt p€pnlcuoc 9€) SuqueJdpuuq ,(q pue (se1rs 8I) poqlau '('16I) '(selrs IV GL6i rqsnqcs puE uesuetsrrqo puB eeJl paes eql ,{q su,v' uorpreueS?d 9€) slorluoc elq.^A '(t96I) uu8erauo-1 pus u8EBreuq-I '(116I se ge1 :o (selrs moy) palu.reue8er puB pelleJJeelc '(salrs 'palleJr"alc '(satrs '196I) ueEureuol '(096I) qc1€H '(6961) ueqcrayq fq 99) pap.reua8er pu" luJnq tg) lurnq 'lPleP 'sryef setPrus ul Porynts uaaq 3A"q !!3)l Jo I"A!^Jns Jeqlre eJst\ selrs .(puenbesqnS 91 o1 , roJ lujnq ,(l.tze pu uolleqrure8 e$ Suqca;;u sJolcsJ eqJ uaeq lou peq qJtq^\ selrs papnlcrn 1eq1s1o1d uo Sururnq 'luatule€rl 'Q66r .lo Eur33o1 eJoJaq epzu s",lr lueussessv 3ur33o1 lsod pue erd ereduoc o1 repro ur Suuds prr" sruaf ertros rrr ReJa Jelolnc eql $earieH lquprerg) ur e1grsr,r.serceds luqd ru1ncsu,,lp Eurpanb lueuulred red ot dn roJ pesn era prre (1161 ue8ereuol 'p ;o luec 0g ttl l? ,{ll?nuu peprocer (666y) ta saol]dl ees) sOr6I ,{lrr€ eql ur peraeuord era,,n uoquraue8er Jo su"eru IEIJUT;JV sJ€rl paas Jo sq?eru ,{q spues SJIJSnIO.IC .re,lolnc SurlureueEer ur surelqo.rd lectlcerd elquraprsuoc '(q6461 sesod e1c,(c pees ururl eq1 go ,{1111qeper,erLL 'eJrusrour relsnqcg) uorlceduroc IIos Jo slcoJo eql pelEJorleur" IIB peqqsB u8 Jros /{rol Jo suortlpuoJ repun rr1n3a.ur PrrE ^\oJ prr" 'Surddrr Jo uoqsuJoJ eqt prrB sJezrlueJ yo uorlrclldde suorlrpuoc eJnJsrou lros q31q :epun rup8er pue q8rq pos deaq '3ut33o1 ,{q peqrrjsrp slos uoqErlrq€rler eq ol pelJedxa eq ,{eu uorlcnpor4 '(sJaef JnoJ,{Je^e Jo 'dorc Jo spogleu snorJBApeuruaxe sBq (€616I) Jelsnqcs ,{lepurxordd€) fpclpoged spees rJ.r"I paes '(816I ^\Bqsp"Jg) elqrsre^eJn lou eJa es?c ,{ue u1 1nq eql Jo lueudolelep eql uo secuanurn aql pur rrrtrl 'luerue8euEu pooS ,{q gapro.tu eq uec suelqord eseql Jo elt,{c IBroU aqt Euauncop (616I) uEE?Jeuo'I 'uoqrsoduoc .(lrunururoc 1ue1d snql pw ,{8o1orp,{q 'scrdol asaql 1ray;u ,{eu pue FJr:l yo ql,vror8 pue lueuqsrlqEse 'lseroJ '?roJoJeqJ 'uozuoq Jo qwe uo euop ueeq ssq qcJaaseJ alqBraprsuoc eql lceJJ" ,(eu uorlcrduoc ql,tlojSer eql Jo lueureEeurru aqt pu :uoqpJeue8eJ pu" ecBJJns eqt .,no1aqpadolea.ep peq ued preq u ereq,tr 'eyc,{c 'qco1s uoquurula8 lerog eql olrr qc.ruaseJIsm]Fcrllrs salrs pelceduoc fprg uo ,{pelncgnd palueld Jo aer^er neqt PaPr^rp (266I) $e^1eH pua Iq"prera Suowz ,(lrurogep loor Jo ecuepr^e euos punoJ (266I) '(t86I e,'! eH pu8 lqepr?Jg r4suorr11) uorlceduoc 'uoqa.reue8ar puu e.rg 3ur,no11o; rlq lseJoJ q8norq; sloor ee4 pnB elrs 's1os ro (7661 ga,ne11 u1 ,(11sueplseJoJ Jo ,{.ter'ooer prdvr eI0 elB4suouap pu8 Iqsprerg) suorl"Jedo Suruulgt ur saerl pelns|eJ o1 g sernSrg 'uollrreuaEer srre,{ ue1 o1 4 ;o raqlre e8zuep ,{yu ,fteu.rqczu asn pellorluocull e g ulqlr,al enlB^ EufEol-erd eqt ot esolJ ,{lquqord sr Jo uoqr4dsuarloderre l"rp sal"crpu lseJoJ uJerl u1 .(lrsuep .lseloJ 'sJee,{ ur.freloreJ prdrr aq1 1zq1 pepeSSns ,{eqJ qsr.ref eql Jo seuoz IlaJrrrsr q8!q usqf seuoz ll"Jur"r l'igur€ 2 Figur€ 5 Matureforest near Penberton Fourteenyear old regenerationnear ( Gr ant Wa r rleI l-J ohns o n ) Pernbcrton ( Grcnt Wa r deI I-Jo h nson )

Figure 3 A logging coupc in kani forest following a regenerationbum near Pernberton ( ant W a rtle I l- J o h nso n G r ) Figure6 Fifty-yearold regeneralionnear Pernberton ( Grant Wa r rleI l-J oh ns o n )

Figure tl Figur€ 7 The same area as in Fig. 3 four years after regeneration Crown in mature karri forest five years afer hiSh ( G r ant W arde I l- J o h nson ) intcnsity wildfire near Pemberton ( G rant W a r cieI l-J o hn son ) 6E

'sselaq eAaN'slceJJa Jeqlsa,|\ ^g Pasn"c secueJeJJrP 'o1sa7331q) perB3lcrm uo ,(po lueserd er?^\ roJ lunoccq ol s,{up lura,las raAo pesnsuac eq Ec€srrurl 'sdnor8 zreue8 aruos uorlnlosal Jeq8q lV .rolecpur lEql Puorutuoral ('86I) Ieqceu puB elrd saqlsueP pu3 'selrs pel8e4un uI espllqc€I pJrq elrl€leJ procer ,{ye,.'qceg;e o1 gog;e 3u11durus Iellueld lueserdar pu8 eEprrlcrv 'eeprdur8Jors"-I eql prr8 sErs peFeJl tuercgJnsrl pu8 :stceJJa lsrru ,(yru qclq \ secueJeJJrp ur ,{luo ptmoJ eJe,\\ e"prq"N pus espu$oJe8qds a1ls ,{1a111 gfrlA peruecuoc ,{ge1qc err suorle1rurl 'esurdolde'I 'ewq,{1oc5 eql '"xsl Jol"alpIn esaqJ 'enbluqcel Euqdrues rreql ,{q pasod sroqqtrml pooE eq ,{Bur sdnorE aseql EurlseSSns r.raldoprdel eql pezruSocer (tSOt) .(BBUJ pu? .{pBnJ 1uq1 pue ereldrq eql rpoq JoJ prmoJ sB,lr ecuBqJrgsrp '(teot ol .&l,rqlsues qEql '1ueurpe:1 eq1 {q pesruaep ,(e8ur1 pw fe8url) lsero; erqsur ut lueserd seqcru puB pesBeJc{rr serJrrrr"JJo uorl.rodord lseq8q eq1 qloq 3o dlrnurluoc eW enuq 1ou feu 1se:og p1o-reef-gg teqt Eunrq lueuleer eql fq pelJ€JJB lsou eJe,lt serlrrueJ 'elqqs pelse8Ens s"^\ lI eroru ere/A lseJoJ eJnlaru rn ue.reldrq ery',(1apl,n peuerr srepro urq1r,,nesuodser 'rEur,,tr esoql ur pesserdep sE,arrpu? suos?as uae/rleq eqt lnq ecuoqrnlsp eql trq PesBercrn uBql Pecnper pel"nlJng uorlereue8er p1o-rua,(-gg eql ut salreds ala^\ seqlnuJ eJo'^l lseroJ eJnlrru ur uyql uoDueoa8er 'reAeA\oH 'uorlareuaEer prrq Jo ecu"prmq" eAqEIeJ eql ur reluerE s,{u,,'rp su,n lng sEls II" ur e8rq eq o1 p1o-rue,{-gg Jo selts q lueseJd eq ol punoJ punoJ ss^\ selrs ,{e1e,r pua e8pu uee,rleq ,{lrrugurssrq 'lseloJ tJeA\ lseloJ elrustu ur rnJJo qJrql\ serceds 1so141 uJe{ ur,{lrumuruoc Itesu eql o1 seEuvqc:ofuru pu" elrrpeurun uJ pEInseJ uoqereue8at pw 3ur33o1 selrs pelrreue8a.tptre 1uq1 pepnlcuoc,(eq1'ssaleque^eN'uoqe:eue8at palleJruelJ ,{puaca: ur Jncco lseroJ Jeplo ur uoruuocun eJurs eluq qlrllr suoqelndod E€Jqeuelrrr 3o fra,lora.r Jo luesq? ere qoq^\ sercads ,,ne; a pue lsero; 8uno,( 'serpnls euruuelep ol penulluoc 1ou su,v' Sutldrues ur uourruoJunJo luesq€ ere^\ lsaloJ erquu u serleds eseql ul lsrll lc"J ew pu" EgsJJa lu?ul"a4 PrmoJuoc fuuyq 'lsarog ?r(qsru ur uzql uorl€.reua8eJ 8uno,{ lBrD sacuareJJrp elrs ,{1e41 pur uorleclldar ;o 1ce1 ur reErul erz uogqa8e.n esuep ',l\ol rrr uorurlro3 setsJds B pepnlcEr qcrqi\ u8rsep Swldru"s reql uI suorlelllrll suorlupdod 'petcedxe sV eEu qlr^\ p€seercu 3o 1sero3 eql pessncsp (9961) s,{erqdun11 pue ,(un3 eJusprmqe pup Jequnq serceds prrq 'rane^\oH 'serllunuluoc '8uumq 'lseJoJ p{g IraJJ€ fpwcgru8rs ol punoJ uoqducserd ecurs srse,( ueles ul€I e:ern seBuyqc eseqJ (9 o1 7 sErg aes) spru,n:age s.rref pe33o1un pue :uorl"Jeue8er p1o-wa(-yp lpalereue8er 'err|lcnJ]s Og luepr^e Ilqs ?rE l{ctq,^r\Jo auros uorlqa8e,l lou'plo-rRe,{-o,rl :uorlBJeue8arp1o-ra,{-olrl :frolsrq ur se8ueqc pa1r"ru sesntc u.lo1 go 3ur11e;:ee1c lueureSEuErtr tueJeJJIp Jo spuqs JnoJ rn sqluou xrs 'uoqducsap pql petu4suouep ,{eq1 lqlqsq Jo JoAO lno perJJEc sE,^rrlseloJ u:e1 ur Euqdu.re5 lsero; poqtaur aldurs € qlr,,rr pemsrertr sr,n uorlup8e,t e11q,n u.rur1pur qe.rref'eurd pelduEs ost? (/86I) s,{elqdurng 'suos"es JnoJJo qc€e ur slcesrr"Jlpexg Suop pelceyloc pue ,{-rm3 s8uqpaes IrJEI rll1,r\ p€luvlder pur lurnq 'sesodrnd 'palleJ$elc eJe^\ slep prtg uoqcnpeJ Ie(U JoJ lrrmq s"/( lseJoJ eql qcHl^ Euunp sJRa,{ rnoS lsq ecurs poFed eW ul peJeJJIp gc.rq,{ lsaJoJ eJrqrrtr .ro; peldues (886I) s,(erqdrung pue i(.un3 raururns ;o puu 3uq1e;ralc JoIJE uoq?Jeue8eJ 3ut,n'o11o;lsaro; puu Surrds uI lseJoJ rrJEI ur sau[mururoc lc€srrr ',{-rolsrq 'estelaru peEu elquuun Jo pelsrsuoc sels Surldueg eldues o1 Surddr4 qeyrd pua lq8rl pesn (896I '4961) lueure8eueru ;o eEuu e qtr,!.r lseJoJ rrJD[ rn snsuec s,(e.rqdurn11pue ,{:rn3 ,{q setpnts peqsgqndun 'lculslPqns :Be,{-euo e Jo sllnsor aqt pegodar puB lseJoJ rr"{ o,ihJ lBcluslo8 ueJrBr!\ eql IIr selBJqeUeAIn rqt ur srrlrunuuroJ prlq uo suo4e:edo lseJoJJo st$JJe uo ecrrEqJqsrP Jo EraJJo aB uo se-rPnlsA\eJ eJa ereql eql uo , pe,lrerlar (p961) ,(u8ur1 puu ,{s8urJ IroA\ sarvdsaJl{a.\Nl souls 'selrs pauEJP relleq '(166I '186I uI."I^{) uo rrrrp s"lrs pauerp ,{pood uo ,(1.^rro1seJoru pereloter 'JaAaA\oH 'enI"A pelqqrqpqeJ sr JaIBI erp gr uene Swreelc FrrqFcuBB Alsuep lseroj l"rD lB peulsueJ ,(q ro erg ro 3ur33o1 ,(q peqrnlslp s"ors ut qsflq4sa-aJ iegReJeql pue srea,( oz lnoqE ur anp,t pe33o1un 'uoqerauaSe.r ,(1pre.r lou ,(vtu uors:edsrp 3o sre,vrod rood qlt,lt. sreqlo eql ol rB[Iqns senl"A PeqcFi faql pue sraprds 3o sdnor8 lclleJ l"ql pEseSSns u"eq seq ;o sraf alg urqlrl\ en1e,t paSSopn eql 3o 'sBorB lI uorlrleueEer pue Euq1a3:ra1cEut,vrollo;,{lelrtpeuut luec red gg pepeacxe IIEJW?J(unu 0OII >) ,y'ol 're^oc (ecu€urtuop sarceds ur se8wqc Surpnlcur) ser1nmunuoJ pus (qlu OOII <) qEIq qloq ur Istol puB re^oc pruqJer€ Jo erruJruls eql ur seSoyqr p€IJsrq puu ,(doueJ ,{erolsre^o l8qt ^\oqs (886I) ?, ,a u"ueuols 'sJae,( sarnlduc payr8erSSBeroru ptmoJ rnoJ JeAo lseJoJ ,(q 6erog qy:.re[ ur ,firsuep lserog Jo slueruemsse] l ur")l ur selrs o,nq ,{prgs B q '(9g6I) 'lD ta KlJllLc 3o '(9961 qale;15) suogeredo .lsrJoJ uJvtl tn eJueqJnlsrpJo uoDBnlBAeprdu: aql .roj tufEol Eur,r'o11o; uollsraueEer Euruueld ueq,,(\ salceds rolucrpuq ept,rord feur sts,(1eue reqlmg 'se11s uoqBraplsuoc a osp sr setls FereJJrp ut luarudole,rep 'snquopo4) (otuosqo3 luaulBerl uo Jo (DJazoptatd reqnpufll go ,{qrqrurn ?qJ'(686I) utele4g ,(q (va3a1 Tingay and Tingay's (1984) results demonstrated the exclusion was introduced with the Forests Act in 1919 influence of stand structure on bird community and continued until 1954 when controlled buming for organization eadier demonstrated by Recher (1969, broadscale fuel reduction was developed. This latter 1971) in a range of vegetation tlpes on different policy has been modified to account for selected continents. They also demonstrated that bird animal speries (Cbristensen 1983), dieback disease populations recover in regenerating forests, with time. (Shea et ol. 1981i Burrows 1985), silvicultural requirements (Stoneman et al. 1989) and the Wardell-Johnson (1987) and Christensen (1988) recognition of fire exclusion areas (Christensen and have reviewed the use of hollows by wildlife in the Abbott 1989). karri forest. Twenty species which use hollows occur in the karri forest and all occur in the Warren Several authors have discussed the issue of fire Botanical Subdistrict. Wardell-Johnson (1984) formd periodicity in the karri forest (Christensen 1972; that 14 of 44 species observed in karri forest in spring Talbot 1973; White 1977; Underwood 1978; and 1982 used hollows in trees as nest siles including 34 Cbristensen and Annels 1985). Although a detailed per cent of all bird detections (4327 total). Thus, examination has yet to be undertaken, fire in the karri hollows are important for the total numbers in bird forest appears to have been less frequent than in the communities in the karri forest as well as the numbers jarrah forest and some areas may have escaped fires of species. for 30 years or more (Christensenand Abbott 1989).

MAMMALS About 70 per cent of south-west forests are prescription bumt on rotation for fuel reduction. Hollows are also important for mammals, Some 67 per Sections of the nortlern and central parts of the (20 cent species) of the speciesof mammals occurring Da ing District have been bumt regularly for about 30 in the forest of the south-west use hollows. Nine years and the southern areas for about 20 years. The species (30 per cent of the total forest mammal fauna) length of time betwe€n bums where fuel is to be require hollows in trees in karri forest. However, not reduced is based on accumulation rates and averages all available hollows are used and the study of the use five to six years for jarrah and seven !o nine years for of hollows in karri forest is, in practice, very difficult. karri forests (Christensen and Abbott 1989). Other Thus, Christensen (1988) found very little evidence of areas are burnt less frequently and Christensen and the use of tree hollows by wildlife in karri forest. Abbott (1989) listed 42 areas from which fire is Wardell-Johnson (1986) demonstmted the pattern of excluded as a deliberate policy. National parks and use of nest boxes by Mardos (Antechinus flavipes nafure resgrygs include areas of no planned bum, leucoqwter) in l4-year-old regenerating karri forest htermediate frequency and fuel reduction (see for and suggested that hollows may be limiting for this example, Smith et al. 1990). More than 50 per cent of speciesin regrowth karri forest. the public land in the Dading District has not been Mammals that use hollows in trees as nest sites burnt for more than six years (Mullert personal have received little study in the Warren Botanical communication 1990). Subdistrict. The interactions between the Common The high fuel accumulation in karri regrowth Brushtail and Westem Ringtail Possums, habitat trees (Sneeuwjagtand Peet 1979) prompted the development jarrah and fire, however, have been studied in forest of techniques for conducting the hrst fuel reduction in the Pe.up Nature Reserve iu the adjacent Menzies burns in young karri regrowth. McCaw (1986) found (Inions Subdistrict 1985; Inions er al. 1989). that such bums could be initiated after 14 to 20 years, depending on site quality, with minimal damage to Fire regrowth. Research on fire behaviour was started in the VEGETATION AND FLORISTICS soutl-west jarrah forest by Peet (1965) and is now well rmderstood in jarrah and karri forest (see Short-lived species that regenerale from soil-stored Sneeuwjagt 1971; McCaw and Burrows 1989). seed have been studied in detail, owing to their Predictive models of fire behaviour in jarrah and karri dominance in the understorey of the karri and adjacent forest have now been developed(Beck 1989). forest. Christensen and Kimber (1975) found that certain species were prolific seeders witl large seed McCaw and Burrows (1989) have reviewed the reserves in the soil. They also found that heat hisiorical patterns of fire use in jarrah forest and stimulaled germination of seed of some legumes and report a change from frequent low inlensity fires before European settlement, !o inteDse fires following agricultural development and early rmcontrolled I C. Muller, Department of Conservation and I-and Management, exploitation of the forest for timber. A policy of fire Bunbury.

40

I IT duuunq Jo orull eql sselm lueruuoJr^ue Jreql ul aJg ut su.mq Suuds crporred go aurr8ar Sururnq peqrJrseJd Jo eJuesnrco luenbar; agl ,(q gareSuapue erogoeql B lBql pelseSSns (9161) reuugg pus uesuelsuqC eJ" pu? lueuruoJr^ue $eJoJur?J € ln peAIoAe slcrJeJ 'serceds srql go ,{3o1oce eql olul uorle8qse.lur reprds ueuu,trpuog urepec lvrp pelseSSns uaaq sBq lI frrurqrrJerd " p€lduord ,01snpur J€rrogpl^\ 'eclreqrnlsrp ol elq"Jeuln eq fwu ,{1qrqu uoquluoloc eq1 ur owSrlw8aw Dluo.tog go ,{lrrelndod eq; Jood qlr^\ seraads go sdnor8 esoql pelseSSns luql 'qserog pue e8pra elsrlarqEN ul^\nsl eql uro{ spuus g,(qdolelcs p,n purSruu pur erul ur eJrJ JoUE pes"eJcrn sreqrunu serceds puu lcurlxa pu" lu4xe Jo sarceds,y'eu peqlJcsep (286I) 1eq1 '1l2 'DxRt s?qrmuruoc Sugsrxe uopanled:ed eql semsue ra ruelos pu€ (316I) {cupuex'eldu?xe rod luqd ;o Sururnq pequcse.rd 'lseJoJ alerqauolur lcqer go serceds ,(uuru ro3 lelrqrq sepr,rord Jo lceJJa cr"so(tr eql uJq tq pepnlcuoc (sr6l) req(uD{ prl" uesuelsrrqS lJulslpqns uaJrei6 rr.ll Jo ouqz llEJur€J q3!q eqJ lsql 'feJolsJepun 'senbruqcel eq1Sursuduoc seraadslueuruop eq1uo pesyq seddl pauruuetep puB (€€6I uapp"W uorlcuJlxe pue Eurldrues :ood ;o sprmor8 eql uo {to^\ Ier$cruts pue f,r.a1) enbruqcal ,{rrr1 eq1 Sursn urr{ (916I) s,ne8mrds Jo IBcDuc ere^\ (Ig6I) uolrrvJ prrB 1ur.od lsaJoJ 'posn ut slerg ,{erolsrepunpaqrrcsap (116y) erg laqdue3 spoqleu Suqdrues eq1 ;o ecuenbasuoc lEef,trneau5 a eq oslu ,{eur suorsnlcuoc 8upc1guo3 serlrunuluoc Suynolyo; rre,{ prql aql ur fpo uollnqr4uoc reloo w reuroJ peurr8er pees tlo{ Surlereue8er el"rqoua^rn uo secusqrnlsrP Jo EreJJe eql Jo so{,nls lelel 4eql elq^\',{lprd8J peJe^oJ3r'{cqs-loor rn l"JrluJ sr uorlnlosol Jrurouoxzl go aruvpodu:r .spta^\erg, aqJ 'eru 3uv'ro11o3sne,( aerql urrpr,r ,{1rsuep ur snoJaqnlou8rTruo4 Surlu.raue8er'serceds lualsrsre4 'enJ s1JeJJeeqt uo{ peJenoJel serrads eql se Peje^o"er BXsl eerD lnq II8 prmoJ (t86I) $oqqv elq./r\ Jo 'EuertrlaeJl ernlcruls ur sa8ueqc paryeu pe1ee,,r.er,(eqa 'dnurfuu141 Sururnq pequcserd uaa,trleq Is.rrelur rre,( Jsau ,{ero1s:eprm, uo Sururnq pequcse:d ue^es ol eAU eql w peJa^o3eJ lou paq sle^al ErmBJIros .squrls '9161) 'lseroJ aql pelpqs (€16I) ueppl( us1 puB lBql prmoJ GL6I I.SuudS qBuECuI 3o lcedurr laad 'srsad 'srue1s,{sresoduroaap elg u"ql eJorr sp,t\ uollrloJ runq aql Ermnsue uo Ewurnq pequcserd go lcedur ar4 Jo serpqs rn JoJ lBlJeltrt ,{q :o selrs asoq ruo{ serg Supnlcxa {q reqlre pelrmorcs eq q sp"eu qcq,y, (696I oqqv pu" refB1 I :986I refsnl) ecu8qJnlsrp 3ur,ro11o3fre,rocer erme4 p€cnp€r eq serceds eql Jo lqlq"q esmocrepl\ eql 'llBJurEJ rn seJg Je rl Je^\ols lsaq8q sBera eql ruo4 Jo ,{ruenbe4 erI lsql pepueuuo3eJ pua sDa,( Jo Jo 'g spra,,rrlsue 'pueJl " sr elerll 'JElrI go uorlrsodruorep u"eurp prrv elg u"a^!eq setue^ Dpnuutas ;o porred epue.rnf eql punoJ eH 'pogd aql elsln8eJ dleq ,{ueru esnuceq Eur1c,{c lueulnu tpql elrue,tnf 3uo1 r q1r.r roleraue8er pees ele8rlqo a^rlrsues eJU E 'opnuluas Jo el"J aql rog suoqaclldrur luepodurr sBq sleurrup oseql 'lueurea:8u 'dss oparwas pffiprrg (886I) prlBg uo Swurnq 3o lcedrur eqa ur uaeq s,(e,nye Vaprgs el"q peqJReJ 'poolsrepsn lou suorsnlJrroc q8noqt 'o1ls r0r^\ pelou a.ramuorlrnpo:d p"as ur seJueJeJUtp I[3^\ eJe,t\ ,(eql leqt peJeplsuoo pue lsero; qe.urf ,neg lq8ra e8e ,{q uorlcnpord pees 1ry qcrar eql sEsJqelJe^ur JElll ar uo ecuBqJnlsp 'umrynquog[ Jo Pu8 lros lou prp wn4otuK,tl 'serJeds eeacsuul?qU acuanuln eql pe.{\er^er(696I) puu:efery Jo noqqv luuunuop eql pve Dvv!/trDlplol aanrssog suralled 'lua(ulsaJl crurouox4 pellBlaP uollcnpoJd p€es J"[rxrs peq opKt|douq oaotssog pue oruapnluad olcocV sertads eun6el pe,rq-:e8uo1 {c"l prr" Jerrq ,(1e,lge1ar ueeq elprl lnq lseJoJ IJJDI '(586I) 'p eql (?86I JeuuDtS) pecseues ,t11cmb ueql pue sree,{ ur ueeq IIB eleq setprgs eseqJ p Kuna pu" (286I) qcox pu" relrlrl '(OgOf) rafuw puu qco;4 eeJrll rnqlllr uollcnpord psas pacuaurnoc pu€ ,(lun1ru 'GL6I 'BL6I '916y) peqceel sarun8el go sarreds pe^rl-Jegoqs le8uudg ,{q 1:o,n apnlcur esery IpJeAeS 'eJg Jo slceJJa eqt uo palp4uecuoc e^Brl lcrJlsrpqns 'queyd pelu:eue?e.r uelu1\ eql ur serlrunruuroJelerq4rJ,\ur uo securerd eql ;o Swpaas lue.terd o1 slu,rrEur q8noue penberg erp uo serpnls luerue8euru lsaJoJ Jo EceJJe lsohl l" serg p4Beder 3q,ro11o3 (oIDtuap 'lr,^ nllojrn8uo '3'e) saJ,vuagruaANI oato.tC pua DuDtlr.tDlpttl zanl,ssog serceds elqrsuas-eJg ;o uo4vurure8 lualsts.rad eql uteldxa 'Eu"ld (4 pesn s"a\ el8cs tqrqBq orcrtr ? uo ,{111rqurre,tsrql 'se4eruquec "Iuojog Jo IpArAJnserD ol Iqueuulep sBr' Surlrrd l/\eJ a urqtrxr,{llaeJ8 peu"A serrgereduel leql pue srRe,{ SI ol OI JoJ lrunqrm uwuer pFoqs s"lrs Ios lnq suoulpuoc 1os ,{rp tepun Eururnq ,{q pruoJog let1; pepnlcuoc (9161) reuq{g pur uesuolsuqC pe,rordrur se,t uogeuru.re8 'pleg eB u1 uorluurure8 'suorlelor eJoru Jo euo JoJ lurnqrm sururuo.r,{lereue8 snqt pu" uorp.rleuad lveq secnper qcrq,,rr lcgJe 'eurEer 'uoqrppu ?ruoJog Jo lsllg?,q flFE lsrou eql Eurumq Suqeynsur rr€ s"q pos Jo leru "ql ur eJnlsrou 'osnEcaq 'uorlstoj '4dep 'deep Euuds r Jepun sr sFLl aruBs eql uo uI .r\olleqs l" paas pue sur.r Jell{ eJeq,r 'JeAer\oH 'tu?Iulaa.q stunq sIurune esuelu aroru pFo^\ ue$ rural 8uo; eqt pe[I{ s" \ pees lEeq lnoqtlt\ ur selcads sql ol lgeueq .raluarE ;o eq p1no,y' lseroJ eql pormcco seroeds esoql Jo uoqBuruueE ep1r1 ,{.re,r.1zq1 coiacides with their dormancy (Main 1987, 1991). are restricted to permanently damp siies in the lower Although fue rray be a rare event in such sites, south-west of Western Australia (Roberts et al . l9m; occasional high intensity fues are likely in areas of Wardell-Johnson and Roberts 1991). Two of these high fuel accumulations such as the karri/tingle forests have been described only recently (Wardell-Johnson where many of these Gondwanan relicts occur. Relict and Roberts 1989; Roberts et ql. 19m). spider species srch as Chasmocephalnn sp., Dardarnut Wardell-Johnson and Roberts (1991) suggest that the sp., Baalebulb sp. ard Moggridgea tingle (Fig. 8) rarity of their habitat requires conservative have persisled in the relatively non-seasonal climate management practices in riparian habitat on private and moist protected habitat of the red tingle and pubtc land alike and tbat protected riparian strips (Eucalyptw jacksoni) forest, restricted to a small area of native vegetation will be necessary to ensure their (<6000 ha) near Walpole (Smith et al. 1990). survival in the agricultural landscape(Fig. 9).

HERPETOFAUNA BIRDS

The level of trnderstanding of the herpetofauna in Chrislensen and Kimber (1975) studied the effects of a Westem Australia has increased signihcantly i-n the high intensity fire in sumrner, on birds (and mammals) past 20 years. There bas been an increase in occupying a ,10 ha stand of karri regrowth which had collections and surveys, a doubling of the species not been burnt for 20 years and an adjacent control described or recognized (How et al. 1987) and a large block. They reported that their results were difficult to increase in the nunber of publications (Daze 1984). interpret owing to large seasonal fluchrations of Most early collectors avoided the subject and there is a itinerants. Nevertleless, sightings declined in all strata poorly documented and recorded sub-fossil fauna, imrnediately after the fire but recovered to above Hence it is diffrcult to evaluate hisiorical changes in pre-flue levels in the lower three levels (four levels the herpetofarma. Apart from tlj€ Geocrinia rosea were studied) within five months. Christensen el al. complex, there is little documented evidence on the (1985) concluded that the effect of fire on individual effects of disturbance on reptiles and amphibians in the species was in general inversely proportional to their Warren Subdistrict. main foraging height in the foliage profile and is largely dependenton the intensity of the fire. T-be Geocrinia rosea complex includes four species of frogs exhibiting direct development of the eggs that The two main layers forming the karri forest (understoreyand overstorey, Fig. 10) support different componentsof the avifauna. High populations of a few species of residents occur in the homogenous and insulating structure of the understorey (Wooller and Brooker 1980; Wooller and Milewski 1981; Wardell-Johnson 1984, 1985). Four species (Golden

Figure 8 Figure9 Moggridgea tingle , t rclictual species of spider Renrnant habitat of the endangered frog Geocrinia aha occurring only in the tingle forest near Walpole near Witchcliff. Over 70 per cant of the populations of (Barbara York Main). this locally endemic speciesoccur on private land

t2

I L '(uosuqofllopJE^\ luro) uouaqued rcu IcoJg 1sarod.{erg rn erq"rtr uer8erp e1gor4 SqmoqqSreu eql q enJ ol uorluleJ ur Jzrrrrucl $eJoJ lrrol Jo 0I ern8ld puu ag,to16 egl 3o ,(3o1oce eq1 ;o i(prgs pegrlep e papr,ro:d ("086I) uosuelsuqC'(eap peqqlqndun uesualsuq3) sreaf 97 lsBel 1r roJ lunq ueeq lou e^sq qcrq^\ lseJoJ rrJell eql ut sec€ld lBJeAes rn punoJ 'JaAe^\oH 'ejg eJB sDplonb JagE srref g1 selrs 3o uorUeseppuB selrs p1o-rue,{-7ylE aurltep uoqepdod u JoJ ecueprneeruos sr ereql 1eq11se33ns (9t61) raqu11 'erg pue uesuetsuqC 3o srre,{ eAU ulqlr/(r paqsrlqqse 'tva,( se.v' uorlelndod lueprser eSrq y e 1we1 'luJnq lB JoJ prmor8 Supaa; a sr ,{po 1r pesn lnq uaeq -'*-*'i'$! ssrl lt JeU" 14rqeq duru,vrs o1 ,{lprdur suJqeJ r>pton| eql t€qt uoder (sr6l) requu puv uasuelsuqc 1 at\ a p]t . -.b-a '(aeeczpucedg'e"ecEl{I ! r 100 d. ro d l :snTjnals lrorluvr:a=l 'eRacEEoJd 'eldruexe r 6, serJrrrreJ eql Jo serJeds ro3) a- a;€--d"F uxel Surcnpord rEceu fe1 Jno^EJsrp1uq1 sarur8er erg Kq n lwoumuula o.nqdo$t14 sn8wg eql ,{q pesnec esresrp lcBqerp ,{q lnoqr lq8norq a8ueqc lrllq€q ot Jlq?Jeuln^ peJaprsuoJsr runssod ,(auog aq1 ,{oeqJy pe8um-pag eq go ,(Eolorq Eurpae.rq puu fSoloce eql rreu ,(111rqe1e,lr Jqceu pus uos"as ol uoll"Iar uI jxe oqr' (886I) ta K"ltt\ol prn 'ow\osdog '(mnttsot Permir lD sadrs.ru";) urnsso4 ,(euog eql pe1p$s e^eq suue8 eql surqoJ ur Stnpaa.rq a,rqe.redo-oc 'lD 'lp Jo ftB6l) ra rallooiA puB (186I) ,a ralloo^\ p€rrluexe oq^\ '(086I) nd\org pua ur'Aorg epnlcu uaJrrl\ eqt q sp4q go serceds '(166I sioqcrN prrs lJrJlstpqns J€Jrur;oq e13uts uo ecupqmlstp Jo slceJJe aql uo sarpnls uosuqofllapJB^0 uolalnuncca ss"ruorq Jo ssalpJ88er 'lseloJ lserog e13ur17trre1 rrt or"J prrB lse.rog upur,{.rq ur lurqm-8uol uI 'J€Aer\oH 'Ja^e^\oH prr?lpoo \ uedo ur uoururoc osl? er" sopJBJAI uoruruoc eJoru arear' sarceds etuos Peurl€p '1yuelvu 1ue1d p"ep pu" Ja rl Jo suouelnrunccB aauspunq" prru Jeqrunu serceds'JalJBeJaqJ',{1snor,,Lerd q8rq e,trq pur aloru ro eperep B roJ lrunq ueeq sree,{ xrs 1u.rnq gsero; ur lse8rrl eJel\ ecuaprmqo puu lou e^€q qcq^\ sueru ur uoulruoJ uoru eq {rru oprrlAl requrnu serceds llun eJusprmqa ur osueJcur ol punoJ aqt lurll lseSSns ol eoueprle Surddt4 Jeqlo luaserd ere,,{ ser"eds .req1g 'selereua8eJ ru$€Jls qnrqs eql 'erg (946y) raquq4 prru uasuelsuqC eql Eur,ro11o; s? ernlcep ol punoJ eJa,lr sercads eseql 3o suorlulndo4 squou It eql Euunp utr8u lq8nec lou ere \ erg eql 'uoq4eEe,r esuep ',y'ol re3a.rd qcll/yr serceds 'srDuoru eroJeq ,{ll€uorsBJcolq8n€J soprBj I g'ZZ Jeg? snoJo^qJesln lFurs Jo uorsE^rn w ,(q pe.roqo; sprrq ,(erolsrepun uedo erou rn prru sr{luortr g II JEJ" sErs Jo eru€prmq" Islol uI esReJc€p rruel-uorls B sesnac 'erg lsrou eql q pqJqs lrJqsnq erp ,{q uorlrzruoloceg ,{ypgrur lsero; elnlBru rrr Suuds ur Sururnq pequcsa:d 'erg eql JEJv srlluou 8Z pEJodeJ ere,,'r serqdec o1q lBql pepnlcuoc (tgOt) ,(e8u1; prr€ {e8ur; eqt JoUBrBe,{ erp uI slalel q8q Suqcear'srpuoru elg 'erg " qcns Jeu" serB eql In pelns(treJ u.rqlr^\ EoId [Jnq eql p"zruoloc ecrur esnoH oPrB]Al '(sa&rst{ sl"nprlrprn ,{uuu puu Eururnq pequcse:d ,{q pw sadosnl snuoy) lsrqsng ueqlnos 1zq1 '(sryncsnw '3urddur1 pelreJJeun ,(1e3:e1 se,,ir ,(erolsreprm erp ur ,{lrunuuroc .rr74) esnoru esnoH eql 3o prlq eB uorlrsoduoc erp pepnlcuoc feq; '1co1g sqluoru gg ur lq8nec ,{peln8er erear spurrusru llvurs Jo Jo lrrlt ueeJl ur tuuds m peu]Ec runq sarceds eerqa uolraqured JReu {colg lseJog uerrur!\ lserod looJ[J $o pequcse.rd ,(1rsue1ur.ro1 y Suvrrollog suopelndod prrq u! lseroJ Ix"{ q (sp4q pue) sluuueu IIBrtrs uo ',{11sue1ur 'erg (9961) reloorg pu" relloo1\ engppr go pequcsard ? Jo EJqJe eql ;o,{.rer'ocer lroder '(9461) uo sgoder ,{prus .ueq; requly puu uesuelsugC '(SgOt 'lgOt uosuqol-11epry1g ,(dou"c eql ur ,(q paruur sBrA lculsrpqns uerte1\ lBJluu1oq lsaluer8 era,n suoqqndod pJrq rn serueJaJJrp lauos€es eql uI sel8JqeIa^ uo eJU slcoga arD uo qcr"osoll Jo pue lueserd (sepads go Jeqrunu eql lou mq) sl"npl^Ipm Jo srequnu arp pecuenuu! ,(dou"c egl ;o Suua,rog eql STVhII^IVW '(OAA1 'p u1 ,{1ryqrgr1 ra u \org) sprq tFps Jo seler ',(g1pqe Suzruoloc I"Ar Jns I"nuus q8!q $yA ,{erolsrepun erll Jo Eueprsel 'ueJ,lr-,ftr"C rood slr ;o esnu3eq pu" eurrl Euol " JoJ lrunq lou seeJe pe,r11-3uoyuourrror ere (ruo8a1a sw.n1oy'1 tn lu?prrnq€aJotu sr lr esnereq uer,n-,(leg peEq^\-pe1 pa8utrn-geg puu ipup!3.oat ouqosdog 'u1qo{ aql lceJJE ,(eru Suuds Surmp Suru.mq peqr.rcserd p'etseaJtEfrlr\\ lsllDluoq stu.toouas'ueJlrt-qucs 'ua.r,r-,{.rreg 1eq1 1se33ns (gSOf) lz ,a .{el^\od pe^\oJq-elrq4,\ lstlotolcad o1vqdac{4co4'JeIlsIrIA\ Menzies Subdistrict. Neither species occur in the expansion of the range of the Marine nad (Bt{o Warren Subdistrict. marinus) (Sablh et al. l98l) and several species of birds (e.g. Common Stadirg, Sturnus vulgaris), ar:,d The number of sightings of Westem Grey insects (e.g. European wasp) includes the south-west Kaugaroo(Mac'ropus and Brush Wallaby fuliginosut) of Westem Australia. None of these species is in relation to period since previous fire are presented consideredto be an ecological specialist and all except by Christensenand Kimber (1975). Increasednumbers the Marine toad originate in climatic regimes similar of both species were evident in more recently bumt to that in south-wesiernAustralia. Some species, such habitats. The Brush Wallaby was at the time as the House mouse, are most conmon in comnunities consideredcommon and atnost half as many sightings subject to disturbance although this species is well of this species iue reported as for the Westem Grey establishedthroughout south-westemAustralia. Kangaroo, The demiseof many ground dwelling veriebratesin Christensenand Kimber (1975) concluded that no native vegetation has been largely attributed to the one prescribed bumiag regime will encourage introduced Red fox which has also had considerable maximun population levels of all the mammal species influence on the recovery of native fauna following in an ecosystem.They argued that prescribed buming disturbance (Christeusetr 1980b; Kirurear 1989; should a mosaic effect if it is to simulate the result in Kinnear el al. 1989; Friend 1990). The conkol or uncontrolled fires and aboriginal buming of the period eradication of this species is considered the highest before colonization by Europeans. Infiequent high priority in fauna management in souttr-westem intensity fires and very frequent fires were considered Australia, along with the prevention of further factorsunlikely to favoura burningmosaic. introductions and expansions in the ranges of other iahoduced species,such as the Common Starling. Naturalized species About 10 per cent of Australia'stotal of 15 000 to The present landscapein Australia is thought to have 20 000 species of vascular plants are introduced resuhed from at least 40 000 years of human (Michael 1981).Although less taxa of weodsoccur ir irrteraction(Sngh et al. 1981).European settlement of the Warren SuMistrict than the Perth region (547 of Australia over the past 200 years has resulted in 2057 (26 per cent) for Perth compared with 319 of widespreadand rapid modification of the environment, 1947 (I7 pet cent) for Warren, Hopper et al. this even in areas of retaired native vegetation subject to volume), some of them pose major problems to minimal management.These changes are at least in conseryation nranagers (Anon. 1987; Smith e, 4r. part a result of the introduction, colonization and l99O). For example, granite oulcrop commlmities of naturalization (Groves 1985) of a much greater range the Porongwup Range, rich in endenic species, have of species than before this period. The resultant been zuccessfully invaded by Plantago lanceolata, nixture of native and introduced plant species that Cirsiwn vulgare, Biza spp. afr Trifolium spp. may exist in I metastable state bas been termed following disturbancessuch as grazing (Hopper et al. synthetic vegetation(Bridgewaler 1990). The term may this volume). Similarly, Rubus discokr, Rubussehneri be usefully spplied to the biota in general and we may and Sohnum nignrn are dominant speciesalong some consider synthetic comnunities. Hence we include all creeklinesin the karri forest (Fig. 11). introduced species that have become successfully established. Major sources of weeds inclucle rubbish tip sites (e.g. kntedeschia octhiopica, Ricinus communis and Though the Warren Subdistrict includes a more Solanwn nigrum), settlements (e.9. Leptospermum veriebrate fauna than possibly any other district intact laeviguum, Boralea pinnata afr Eucalyptus sieberi) or region in Westem Australia, excepting the adjacent agricultural land (".g. Pemisetwn (Burbidge and McKenzie 1989), north-west Kimbedey clandzstinum, Ehrhana catycina er,d Tiifolium sW.) significant changes have occurred in species and and revegetationschemes (e.9. Acacia dealbua, Pinus community composition. Several animal inhoductions radiata). Griffln (1985) related the presenceof weeds of the terrestrial fauna are now dominant components to the proximity of farmland and frequent fires in of the Subdistrict, for example, the Red fox, Domestic Smiths Brook Nature Reserve. However, the role of (Oryctolagus cat, European rabbit cuniculus), Black rat fire in either enlancing or minimizing invasions in (Ratt6 House mouse, I-aughing Kookaburra rattus), native plant communities will depend on the (Daclo (,4pis novaeguineae)and European honey bee physiological properties of both the native community mellifera), and the i.nvaditrg organisms, and the fire regime Other introductions are not yet well establishedbut (Christensenand Burrows 1986). Generally, frequent may b€come dominant componentsin the SuMistrict, fire favours resprouting perennials over for example, feral pig (Sus stofa), The predicted non-resprouting species, disadvantagesspecies which

44 sv

'suerSord qcrYesererolg {c"qerp ot ,(tluqldecsns euos e^sq (sruEol peut€Jp prrB "rmsC 'eJrC ',{Soloruotua cluouocA 'eJnllncIAIIS IIe^1 elureJ uo lseroJ &1vnb qEtq - | eddl) ed,t1 '.(qdurSoaSorg 'lseJoJ lserod e^!BN s.W1VC ulny'\ olrs auo lnq IIV qe.uef ureqlnos ur sad,(l elts ua{sueprm Suraq ,(nuerJnc sI lculsrpqns uerr"iA 11 3o lueuaEeuaur eqt u] (886I) ueler1g,(q pessncstp 'uollBreue8eu eq1 ur ,{8o1oce ocu€qrnlslP ot lrrB^eleJ qcJEeseu ererrr ,{11,rqcnpordetrs PrrB {cBqarp 'QI '?ld :266I sllt1,$ mcco HJUYSSSU INf,UUNJ wc sa8ueqc prnlcnrls rofeu puz pe8est,rue ,(lmolrod rrBql snorJas ejolu eq ,{su sellrunuuoc qlsel{ . 'JeAe 'lcplqpqns (uosuqo111epre76tuer g) ur esrasrp lu?ld Jo lc"drur eql \oH e1odp11rueu ,(lrumuuroc urqdpurs e u\ tuloualua lEc'ucto8 .l?c aql Jo euoz lleJmEl qStq eql m qJJ€eser 'rfi-roc o.rot7n1do1Kt74,(q pemec esr.s:p lcuqatp ;o lctdu:1 ruorJ szq luaurdolelep esrcslp orl lueuruoJr^ua '(rrret.ta.l zI ern4f, ?uqqer uorleru:o3u! erp Jo 1soy41 e ro3 6g6I nddll prr€ rereegs aes) s0Z6I elp eculs lseJoJ qerruf eq1 uJ lueseJd ueq saq lwounuuo onqrydofi44 ueSoqled euoq-Ios eql ,{q pesnBc esResrp IJEqerC lsal\-qlnos aql w uongla8e,\ elrlsu ltrBtruel ol secu"qrnlsrp snorJes lsoru eq1 sdeqred err suaSoqlud (a,rqru puu) peJnpoJlrl{q pesnrc es"eslP luEld 'puu1 larnlpctrSr uorl glrp re4lFreJ , q lueuqsrTqqse pua pEards rleql uI peprB oslB erB'sassYJ8fgqnctged 'sarc€dspecnpo4ul ,{u€IAI (986I s^\ormg pu" uesualsuq3) seul8er '$lcolEooJ erg 3o aEwr epl,!, " eArAJns ,(qareql puu uor; lnordsel q olqe eJs serceds pecnpoqut ,{ua1n1 'l€,rratur r€e,(-elg B u?ql ssel sueeur ,luenbery, pro,v' eql 'lxeluoc sl(n uI 'gsrgylse ol serceds pesredstpput,rr sa\oll? puE serceds PacnPoJlrn e^rsseJSSa srnoAEJ oslB scupqmlsrP raqlo Jo erg luanberg 'OtOt t3or0 ,{Isualur erg luanbasqns sacnper pcB spusts arnd saluerc 'suopelflocrp Je o sqJoJ pua sessurE selouoJd 'Eu"Id ,(poo,^rrra,no snoec"qJeq 'pees setouorC 3o e8e.rols lw1d-uo uo ,([elos ,(leJ

'lseJoJ ' ruD)l eql eprEno JIe/{\ (uosuqol-geprt11 1urr9) '3rg) (91 serlrunujurocurqdpuas q lc"dr eJe^eseABq lsejoJ IJJ?I erB rrr seuoz uBUBdu euos ul ?Jou '(65,6I 'tD 'I8urU n p16) qqlt or.ooqdsotttog sB qcns eq1yo lueuodruoc l"rnlculs lEaunuoP a Euruocaq 'uoueqruad Sursnec-re{u"o pasredstp rryEueruuoJrlue Jerpo Jo elq€d8r sr &raqlc"lg Jeeu JoAJU '(686I ur sueSoqlud snorJes eq feu serceds Jer{lo uer"A\ orp Euole uorlqsa3ul ('ds srqry) f-ueq1cu1g 1eddr1 puv rereeq5) lsero; qaref eql v luoupuula d 11 am8lg fq pesnac esR€srp 1c"qerp ;o urelqo:d eq1 prmod.-roc ol Iupuelod lseper8 eql seg Klqeqotd olocuw 'seqrunuruoc 'd otot1lt1dot,tt14 Jaqlo ,{u" v luotuvuulc 'sercads lnoqe ro o.torltrldot&14 Jeqlo eql Jo lsou moqa '1sero; rrA\orDI sr aplq ,(1errr1y1er qrrref sr lwoun uut:) ototptldotKrq4 lnoq" ul\orDl sr qcntu qEnoqlly 'Grcr uesuelsgq3) snEtm; eq1 go ,(1t,u1ca JoJ ,(rRssetau eJ" qJrq/{r sle^Jl eJqsrour Jros poe sam;eredrual Ios elqqms ;o spoued Jeuoqs ur llnser s"eJE ueqlnos PrrB ruequou uee,,!\leq secuareJJlp cD8rullc 'JeAeA\oH 'suorllpuoc IIos lsrour Jo poued Ja8uol " pur solq",'l rele,n q8rq go ecuaserd eql ol 8u!,,ro lseroy grrruf uequou eqt uI uBrD cqsuelqoJd €Joru 'esseslp eq ppoc suoqyredo tur8Eoy 1eq1 Surfse8Sns communication f990). The impact of wood-rotting fungi on kari regrowtl in a variety of comrmrnity types is curretrtly being investigated by Davisono fu ersonal communication 1990). Current studies on economic entomology in the jarrah forest of the Warren Subdistrict include research on the impacts of jarrah leafrniner and gum leaf skeletonizer on the growth of jarrah (Abbott, personal coinmunication 1990). Abbott is also comparing effects between the northern and southern jarrah forest and examining the effects of fire on these insects. Farr/ (personal comnunication) is examining fecundity and spatial distribution of gum leaf skelelonizer in relation to jarrab in tbe Warreo Subdistrict. Figure 13 Wardell-Jobmon is examining floristics within an Impactof air-bornecanker disease on a sandplain age series in a single comnunity type to determine communityat Black Point (Ray Wills). whetler plant species composition and cover in the karri forest is related to age since disturbance. A complete list of vascular plant species has been gathered from 95 permanently located 400-m/ quadrats, within a single comrnunity t}?e (Shea) Curent disturbance research continues to (Inions et al- l99O\- concentrate on karri and jarrah. The effects of thinning Current research on birds in the Warren Botanical and fertilizing on stem diameter, height, crown and Subdistrict includes an eight-year study in permalent branch development in karri regrowth forest in sites in karri forest in Gray Forest Block. Following a community types Stoaie, Shea and Annels (Inions a.l two-year period of calibration (see Wardell-Johnson al. l99O) is currently being examined by Hewett/ 1985), sites were either bumt, small gap (3 ha) felled, (rersonal communication 1990). She is recording the clearfelled or left as controls. Mistnetting, censusing cover-abundance of al.[ vascular plant species in and foraging observations were used to study the birds thinaing experiments. Experiments to examine aspects for five years after the operations. The structure and of establishment, scrub control, siie factors and floristics of tle vegetation are also assessedannually. fertilizing, spacing and establishment in disturbed Bird community composition is similar ilr small (3 ha) jarrah sites are also currently in progress (Strelein', and large areas of retained mature forest and these personal communication 1990). areas have an important in{luence on the species Growth rate, crown recovery, bark thickness composition of adjacent regrowth (Wardell-Johnson, changes, and siem damage in response to fire in karri unpublished data). Understorey bird species rapidly regrowth is currently being snrdied by McCaw- colonize regrowth as its structure develops. (personal communication 1990). Hewett (personal The same methods of cersusing birds employed il communication 1990) is examining similar responses Gray Forest Block were used fur a survey of the in commrmity type Sioate. Walpole-Nornalup National Park. Survey sites were The irrcidence of borer (Tryphocaria acanthocera) chosen according !o different bum ages in all major infestation in karri forest is also being examined. The vegetation structural t)?es in the area. Since starting external symptoms of infestation of kani by borer and the work in December 1985, a wildhre burnt 34 of the the incidence of infestation of borer in even-agedkarri 67 survey points in the Hilltop section of the Park, are currently being examined by Abbott) (personal allowing the response of the bird community and terestrial vertebraie fauna following wildfire 0o be assessedin compa.risonwitl sites that were not bumt.

P.J. Hewett, Department of Conservaiion and hnd This work also addressesedge effects and structural ManaSement, Manjimup. changes to the vegetation. Measures of the vegetation G.J. Strelein, Departmeni of Conse ation and I-and Managemern, Bunbury. W.L. Mccaw, Departmerl of Conservation and l-and E. Davison, Department of Consewalion and l-and Managemed, Manjimup. Manrgement, Como. L Abbou, Dcpartmcnt of Conservation and l-and Management, J. Farr, Deparhcnt of Conservarion and Land Management, Como, Manjimup.

46 t LV

'et8^poo^{ tueure8BuBl^I 'clB^pool 's^\orrng luluroSeuBl^l pusl psB uols^raflroJ Jo rueuruBde( O N ZI 'r6ddoH ('S 'atB^poo^.\ pu8-l Ft8 uo|lB^leduoc luauruBdec 'd 'uetllaSsuBl 'TBBIV urfJlsw l lu.uro8suBl I puBl puB uollB^rcsuoC Jo luo(uuBdeq C II p(lf-I rssuoJ 'fue^Jrs 'dntutfust2.I Frs uo9r Neruusde( f luouraSnlBl I 'sll!,{\ 'J purl pus uorrs^resuoJ Jo ru:uruedac d Ol

ua :uasoqc eJerA suoq"Jol ,(p$s urru :nog 'serurSer 'lseroJ uI Yrqonb eq1 ,{pqs ,fuuunl11erd IrrDI ;o eJg puB suollBlcoss" Jo ?8usr B relo "l"p 1ern1cruls 'a{srlsnv ut fgu.raue8 a pelcnpuoc uasualsrrqC puu s1s11serceds elelduoc'sal"J uollulnumcc" ss"uolq eJnlru s4"Jqeua^ 3ur1e,np puno.rS Jo lueureS€u"u epr.tord o1 rurt serpnls eseqJ 'suollecol Fpnls JnoJ eql roJ ,{JBssecau eq ,t\ xoJ eql e^uTaJJe '"eJql Jo loluoc ul suolelor IRef-7I puz xrs 3o Sururnq reununs ol p€n8lsep u:el-3uol Jo uorlecrpuJe eql elqEue pu? epnlcur sA\oJJng,{q selpnls 'uorrB Euuds lueteU sarprqs A erp lou lnq (066I uo!"crunuuoc '.,s,tror:ng 'que1d luuos.red :uo11e1ndod alfor11 go sercads ;o Jequtnu lseq8rq €ql e^Bg eql Jo Suuolni6ru rurel-Euo1 eql qlriy\ pslBlcossu sI ol prmoJ oslB eJeA\ Euerul"eJl (qea-ra1ur .rueK-aarq1) 'E'e) '(6861 t! ereq^r e^Jeso1 arqelq drue4 lculstq Suqreq lumq ,{;luanbe.rj?qI lloqqv puu uesuelsrrqJ) 'lo4uoc eql u! salF sepnlcw ryo,^rr sIH Jo poqleul luBuruop eq ol PunoJ lllls ?Ja^\ ouDlttrolplol'g '986I lueragJe uB pug o1 ,(3o1org pue ,(3o1oca qr Surqc.traser pue orloJitm8uo ? qtoq mq ,(q slB^rEuI sr (686I uorpcrunuuoo leuosred) ,,re31y rune; Jaef-eJJql l" lunq Euerulserl erD u! Pelelduoc 'i(Juenbe{ elqru uo xoJ eqt Jo liadrur eJeles elt sazlseqdure erer{r s(unq xrs Jo lBlol v Su rerr 3o sJolspejd pecnpoJluJ uo qsJgesel lua.rJnc erg Eursn dnulluenl Jpeu lseJoJ rrJDI puB q€rruf pexru 'lr,t' Jo eera ua urc4 pmtuaP o1\olltmtuo oauot3 .srseqserceds pue ouD!$t4Ptol oaDlssog e^ouj€t ol PeIInB oq,i(r i(q sercads " uo pessosse Eutaq st ,!11qrreqn^ Icsqery 116I Ur UeSUSlsLrqC,(q ryO,n q1r,nrpecueunuoc seullSer pu? peqsJlq4sa Suraq eru qold Euuolruou urel eJg ol Eu?ld Jo sesuodser uuE-Euol Jo Su.uolr-uo1ll 8uo'I (066I uorl"crununuot luuosred sserEord ors1pr11) '(686I ur ^\ou sr arl€.rlsnv uelsa^\ Jo s€eJa lqs8oc prrs uorlacrunuruoc lvuosred o1 serceds lsaJoJ rueqlnos eql uI esreslp lupld uo qJtResa1 6'JaddoH) uopvlloldxe lBrcJ?unuoc lcefqns 'sarceds io; ure.r3ord luaueEeuzu eJllpll^l ? ;o luaudole.nep eql elq"ua I[^\ sar3€ds BruoJog Jo uoqszrFin srqt uo ejg elEqs 8 EceJJe BJ4-Euol eql aPure^o Jo lDrJreunuoJPUB uorlnqulsrP etl| 1o ,{pn1sPelrRlep v ol prmoJ eJe,^Al8qsng uJelDnos eI0 Jo suoqsqcnu 'sluurusu 'sarceds uo$"Fdod 11uurs 3o suogulndod uo el; euos fq pe.unber aru sells lseu eBJ?l ,fue^ ',(Fe[Iturg Jo EceJJe oqt uo alup Eurdderl go srre,{ 71 Eutpt.tord pE8col eq ,{lqrsre; uec sexoq lseu ejeqlA '986I '1161 IFun panuquoc 3urdde.r1 rn uesuelsuqJ lq8raq aql eloq" lsou serJeds ,{uau s" lseJoJ IIst ur esn 'sexoq ,{q peqsrTqqse s"1{\ lseJoJ u.rg)l IIl erg esuelw pelTurll Jo eJB serpnls xoq tseN agl Pasn JEJ os rr€ Jo slceJJa lucrSoloce eqt aurruvxe ol qcJResel1 eleq selceds xrs fluo fpnls J"llBI eql uI q3noql sepqs qtoq w pesn aJB sexoq lsaN slEtulrrr Euqsau-,,tro1oq 'eere dnurfuelAl uo senbruqcel luaua8uuzu tseJoJ rJJrll Jo EtaJJe eql eqt u! (066I 'llr,ra suorq) req5 ed,fi,{11unuuoc elu8qsa,rur ol puu sopJpI [ ,{q sednoc FJeI 8ml?Jeue8el uo qcrRes€r sr uere elodpTq ern uI (066I p 7a suorul) Jo uoquzruolo3er eql q Supl[rll srB srAolloq ecqp11 ed,(1 ,(lrrmuuoc w anJ uo uoq8rruoJn JElrIms rn sr qcJ"es€l{ 'acrrEqJrgslP Jeqleql\ eurruepp o1 sserSord apr,rord III,nr fpnls qqa o1 seroads gcee -sarpnls go esuodsar eql Jo EupuqsJepun rrB prrr pe.r?lunotua Jerlto roJ qeP sarceds 1w1d .rt1ntsel llt Jo sn1qs 8uu?rAou errgeredurocs" pasn eq fuur,{erp qEnoqll"'peulqqo ;o Surprocer eql'E"JpBnb er0 JoJ lsll sor"eds stelduoc Elnser erll Jo flqrq"cllddB eql p4IruII lo4uoc pepe4rm 'pas"ajJur eJoru " Jo uorsrloJd eql pelqBue seq EBJpRnb eql u3 Jo IcsI eqJ Jefsl quqs eqt Smlrqsqur 'pelce11oo 'Z86I ol ErsrAeJ f1q1uo141 ueeq reJ os enzq sarceds spJrq elg,!\ fq Je^\ol peulBueJ ,{erols.repun '{r"d 'eEBrloJ 0r, Jo Islol v I"uoF"N dnpurop-e1od1a16 eqt put ,{elop-pr,u relno aq1 Eursn sercadg '(ZgOt) uI peurunxe Ewaq sr Eold lueuzu.red gtl ur peplocaJ ratel sJ?e,{moJ s1e,m13uglnc-ard peute8er lnq serrads luqd JBIncsaA llB Jo eJg ol asuodse.r eq; tur8Eol Eulnollog gaurlc-ap serceds pue sl"np!^Ipul Jo '8161 puvls 'lcl4sIFlns srequmu p|oJ ol tn" uoqJeles ,(lt^ReqsB \ '286I aql WE 9L6I uaa^qaq uolequed raeu lseroJ eql lEcrsutog serzuel l eql ur eJa se|ls o^\l Jell"l dnoc eq-96y r ur elrs i(pqs Bq-? B 'ruE?ld r.ueu-qrlref ;o OI poo qcslg eql rn lseJoJ qBJJBfJo Ber" uE puB 't, pesnsuec(€86I uo!"crmuruoc puosred; :drued ls lseroJ qeusf uedo :(886I ta pr8 \qcrnqC) r,(lue,ues 'sraad lrun nrJoJpuEl dnreSur4 eqt 3o selrs puelaSpes pu? qrurs ,l\ol :p"od pu?plcgls tB tsaroJ uJ?I Jo reJB o,n1 ro; rue,( qcse epPu eJeA\ sclsgou pIrE ?Jrutuls Predation by foxes and the scarcity of study animals relictual taxa of poor colonization ability are in led to the termination of this work. The possible particular need of shrdy. Siles in high rainfall zones in influence of disturbance (e.9. roadworks and felling karri-tingle forest may be expected to harbour such operations) on predation of nrlnerable species like the species. Quokka requires investigation. Rqsearch on the growth of karri should now be Collections of the Warren Subdistrict flora are directed to regeneration in areas where it grows in ougoing and continue to contribuie to the knowledge of association with marri and jarrah (e.g. community-type the naturalized flora of the area. Stewart, Inions et al- 1990\- Some of the sites curreotly logged for jarrab, are difficult to regeneraie (Strelein 1988; Bradshaw'-. personal communicatioo HIGH PRIORITY ADDITIONAL 1989). The most urgent silviculhrral researchon jarrah RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS in the Warren SuMistrict is concemed with regeneration and establishment techniques on these Most ecological research on the effects of disturbance sites. The identification and mapping of these sites on witdlife of the Warren Botanical Subdistrict has may require further commrmity study. been irr karri forest in the Nomalup system. Exceptions iaclude shrdies in the Walpole-Nomalup The opening of the catropy in thinnhg operations and Mt. Frankland National Parks by Wardell-Johnson may extend the bumhg season in karri regrowth and aloog lhe sou,th-coast between Albany and stands (McCaw, personal comrnunication 1990). Busselton by Cibson'' (personal communicatioo 1990). However, accumulations of logging debris may pose a We believe an expansion of such research into considerable fue hazard. Fire behaviour is well surrounding community types is needed, both in terms understood in young unthinned stands and should now of single species studies and site-based ecological be direcled to thinned stands. surveys. It is essential to understand the kari forest in While it is well established that stand structure is the context of the Warren Botanical Subdistrict as a critical to the organization of species and communities whole. Hence an understanding of the overall pattem at any one place or tirne (Recher 1969, l9'1t), of the biota for the Subdistrict is required. temporal and spatial scales must be considered in Siie-based ecological research should be expauded examining the effects of broadscale management iadependently !o the siting of specific coupes to oper&tions on wildlife (Recher el al. 1987). Rotation provide a baseline understanding of the pattern of karri length and conservation strategies with respect to forest biota. A 'pre-logging suwey' approach to retention of mature forest are important in this context ecological research is not considered to tre a profitable (see Fig. 14). For example, two forms of conservation use of limited resources. Rather, an iavestigation strategy exist in the karri forest; discrete areas of should be made which emphasizes particular groups or forest reserved from logging such as national parks taxa. and nature reserves; and unlogged areas in any forest block ftlocks average about 5000 ha). A series of The poor taxonomic base of invertebrate work corridors of forest are left uulogged on a block by urges that high priority be given to such work in the block basis forrning a network of corridors of road, Warren Botanical SuMistrict in general and the karri river and stream zones which connect with National forest in particular. Experimental work to examine the Parks and Nahre Reserves. Continuing research into effects of dishrrbance on invertebrates will establish the optimal distribution of these and their long term those vulnerable taxa and siies in need of special management (Wardell-Jobnson er al. 1991) is consideration in management operations and allow desirable. operations to be designed accordingly. Curry and Humpbreys (1988) provide some insight inio this Research is also required on the influence of problem for taxa caught in malaise and light traps but individual mature trees (e.9. habitat trees) on they did not study recovery after regeneration. particular species or communites itr the context of Considerable additional work is required, including clearfelling and other logging nethods. Detailed studies on ground dwelling invertebrates. Further studies to determirc an age series of vertebrate and experimental work should be accompanied by invertebrate (particularly those species of poor considerable taxonomic work. Grouos that includ,e colonization ability) fauna in areas of intensive harvesting remain a high priority. The study of bird

13. N. Cibson, Department of Conse.vation rnd llnd 14. J. Bradsttaw, Depanment of Conservation and Ilnd Management, Woodvsle. Managemenr, Manjimup.

48 6'

'seuoz 'paor rtr?e4s puB JeAu Jo uornqulsrp eql yo uregvd eq1 'uoUequed eloN J?eu BeJ? rrB ur uoqe.reueEerpus Euqse^rpr{ Jo ureged leqeds ery tI ern4d comnunities in areas of different managementhistory Research by Mackowski (1984) and Fauntr6 (rrsonal in the kani forest is & logical extensionof the studies commuuication 1990) would serve as I useful besis for in permanent plots described earlier, as the the detailed study of thase eucslypts. In view of the composition , of the comnunity occwring in the long term required for hollow formation in kari overstorey is affected by struchrral change for a (Wardell-Jobnson, unpublished data), marri considerabletime (tingay and Tingay 1984). (Wardell-Johnson, upublished data), and jarrah (Inions 1985) trees, the guild of birds and mammals The program appro&chadopted by the Department requiring hollows as nesting sites should be examined of Conservationsnd I-and Managementshould be used in detail and preferably as single species studies. in further re,searchin the Warren SuMistrict to allow the establishrnentof integrated studies on the most Dieback disease bas the po0ential to lead to major pressing areas remaining. For example, data on the long lerm skuctural and floristic changes in a wide distribution of most forest vertebrsiesare insdequateto range of vegetation comrnunities in the south-west define changes in strtus or be useful for predictive leading !o changes in animal communities. The modelling of the effects of dish.rrbance.Models of the monitoring of fauna ia association with the inpact of disturbance will follow from integrated establishme of quarlrats for floristic study will allow studiqs such as those on fire in the Evre District predictions of the fuhrre of dieback-infected (Friend,l5personal communication 1989). communities,

Considerable rqsearch is now available or in Changes in biomass and cover that may result progress on plant species known to regenerate following disturbance may also lead io changes in effectively from soil-stored seed or that resprout fron microbial communities (Shearer, this volume). The lignohrbers following dish.ubance.However, not all importance of microflora and farma in the fi.mctioning species regenerating by other means (e.9. canopy of ecosystems has not been studied in the Warren stored seed) have been studied. For example, little is SuMishict and will require urgent stlention. known of the responseio dishrrbanceor management ne€ds of most fue-sensitive obligate se€d regenerators There has been considerable research on the effects with a long juvenile period (e.9. Banksia seminuda of disirrbance on wilcllife of the karri forest. Priority asp. remaruns, B6nl6ia yerticilLsta (Fig. t5), Ba*sia aress for further research relevant to disturbance occidantqlis, Grevillea breicutpis, Hqkea ecology in the Warren Subdistrict include: hsianthoides, Hakea olzfolia, Dryardra sessilis, . development of an improved understanding of the Persoonia microcsrpa, Petrophile divercifolia zrrd overall pattern of the biota; Isopogonformosus). Sinilady, no work is currently in progrqss on the response of bulbous, cormous or o the impact of disturbance on invertebrate herbaceousspecies to dishrrbance, particularly spring commrmities and the identification of indicator burning, that occurs when many of these speciesare taxa; actively growing. o the development of predictive models of the Researchemphasis on fauna is required on species impacts of disturbance on verlebrate communitiesl consideredto be vr.rlnerableto disturbance.Species of o the growth, development and decline of key plant animals of poor dispersal ability (e.g. snails, some sp€cies (e.9. karri) including the process of hollow population (e.g. Arachnidae), of low densities Brush formation; Wallaby, Western Ringtail), requiring patchily dishibuted h.bitst (e.9. Quokka) or requiring habitat . the conhol of key naturalized species (e.g. componentsthat require a considerabletime to fofm Phytophthora, Red fox) and the maintenance of (e.g. hollow nesting species such as Baudins community processes; Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchusbaudinii, McKenzies Bat, . the role of microflora/fauna Fal.sistre/,is mckeruiei and the Barking Owl, Ninox communities; and connivens)must be studied in relation to the effects of . vulnerable species (including Gondwanan relicts) forest use and management. and their habitats.

The timing and cause of formation of hollows in A multidisciplinary approach to process oriented karri, marri snd jarrah trees requires further research. research is rerommended in disturbance ecology.

15. G. Friend, D€pa(ment of Conservation and Ilnd Management, 16. K. Faunf, formerly Depsrtment of Conservation and Ilnd Woodvde. MamgerEnt (now DepsrtmeDl of Conservation snd Envimnment,Victoria).

50 I9

'896I .qUod ,1uarueBBuBI^I Jo luern Eoeq ol qcJ"eset Jo A\erAaJ '(llanl 'l V I ropalsa{p s tdqoxnz) urE\ lo pur1 puB qorlEruesuoJ Jo luerupudaq 'I'd 'lI 'Iq"plarg 'I 'Brta4snv erqlncr^ls egJ (266I) lterAeH puB upelng IueNe^\ Jo lserog quuef 'qued '"rT?Jlsnv ureqUou eql t\ (otpu!8.tow sWdQocng) qeuel '(SgOt) 'f'O 'trEEeraus-I 'I 'ltoqqv Jo ,{Solocg pur u.rEsei[ Jo lueuryedeq ESeJod lseJoJrJJnJ eqt Jo uorla^JesuoC'(fgOf) 'U'V 'qsn'I puB 'J'd '^rur{sp"rg '69t-E9b :4, qJloasa{ p tmnD4snv 'erg ,(lrsuelu! '1 godeg UoS 1ou.no1' o"Iepolu " Jeus "llB4snv Iuelse1!\ Jo lseJoJ I"cFrlceJ lueueBBuaIAI purl pu8 uon?A.resuoC '1se.ro; qyrruf eq1 rn sunrJ Jellrl pue los uw1rec ;o ,{lr,rqce 3o luaurlredaq gur.rzf ureqlnos utn,r '(t86I) 'I 'noqqv '(SSOI) 'f'S '^\?qsp"rg pue eruuprmqa egt ur se8ueq3 ro; seurlapmEFmtJncr^IS .BJEd $IJNf,USJtrU 'pllu4snv '3ur33ol urelse \ Jo lueugudeq slserod '(gfOf) 'f'a 'A\pqsp"rg relrrr^\ pua aEsrusp JloS 'sluaunuot l8polrye JoJ sll{\e'I ' euuBual prrB se.roH EIoclEI osIB e ?B;-n Lt'dd'qga4 :uoqrrcossy snalsf5 l I {ueB \ uoqruroSul pue lauol8eX u"qrn rrBrl"Isnv 'tI ernSld 'etseleFoJ r11rl s8urpeecoJd 'slueplJul I"nuuv pephoJd sllA\ ,("f, pu O arnErg pepr,ro.rd ulelrl IroI ergPprh Jo luewaEeuaru aq1 ro3 uels,(s Suqlepou ErBqrBg '8 eJn8rd p€g€Jp wdJnJ qleuuv prrE ser^"( pne uorlurtrroJrn cqderEoeE '(686I) 'V'I '{ceg 'I V F"d erntld pelBrp eeJd alleqcrl4l ldlrcsnuru '89-r€ :e satoN tt)t0asav srql Jo SBJp e ped,{1 ,{eFa11 euurol ldrrcsnuzru srql 'sJ1l,q umlloqtaH uDlIp4E7tYraarrart'"rlsJlsnv ueNe^\ Jo Uulp reru"e u? uo $ueuluoJ ro; ,{vX puu 'r're3cry tsupldoH deur crqder8oa3ol,{qd,lrieu '(086I) 'S'I 'prrog poo^\repun reEog u"Iqcrl sBBuV ;o V ' 'JJEg 'Ooqqv aA\eH ruuod leu8l usl Iu"W eA ' 9ZI- L6 tb)89 ollorts-?tY 'arlBrlsnv uatsalyl lo {lapog loKoy aqt lo lrurnot SINSI^IflE(ItrAA|ON)ICY 'J!E-I uJAssA\ s.I!^e(I u] lrsodap euecolsrel4 EBI B Jo sla^el reddn eql ruo{ srrrerueJ lerrrut"J I 'erwgrrgslp 'GL6D 'X'I'Jotrod '( 'se€lureI ''V 'seufB{ 8q,qo,ru1 suoqaredoo1 puB I elqucqddesqn ecueJeJalpcrEoloce ;o Suuolruou puu . SyEE tQ)19 DlID4sny uD$atvr lueuqsrlqqseeql ur pe^lo^{n ^1ouera JJsls IBuolSeU 'Brlsrlsnv lo tpnos p{oy ary p lrrurof ruEse \ '{s-I 'sJEa,( sill^ao ur suoqa^Bcxe uo{ OOO0€ 'sutsueJ poqe Euruurds Isuusu ,Oau-relenb '(81,6I) 'rErod ErI pu" 'q 'saelurel^I ''I 'etllpg X'f '(uosuqofllspJ8 'qtred 'BrlEJlsnV \ Iuelsad\ Jo lusJC) eJg ol elqrsues sr puu e8rrols paas 1ua1d-uo ,(lrsra,tun 'srseql snouoH '(t86I) (e8roeC 'IJed e,{U'{ szg sarceds srq.L IEuorlBN dnlsuroN-ayod1e16 eq1 'S'y) tpnutwas sttuDg pue Jo lueue8eueu rrl eJg JJUe sre,{ .mo; Dtqn2lw^ tlrs{lrrg Jo purls V .{Eoloceuoqelndod aq1go s1cadsy '(386I) 'I 'C 'prl"g

'6€Z upeflng '"lls4snv uJelsed\ 'qUed ',Qgoqny uoqcqord l4uaruuoJr^ug ero Jo suoqapu uuocer puB 'pt'I uodeu ,{14 'o3 d1n4 pu8 dqC 'V'1t\ '[rsnpur drqcpoo,nr u€llEJlsnv ruEse^\ arf,L '(gg6l) 'uouv 'qua4 '1uaue3eua141 puq puu qorladesuoJ Jo luau4rvdaq 'II 'oN 'ue1d uBJd luetue8suel l lueuatruzu .(rg6l) .uoEV leuorEar uor8er lseroJ ureqlnos 'rDJed ''cq uorlspunog ecueJe( Esarod lsellt\-qlnos 'euop eq ot sgaeu l"g,1\ - NeJoJ IJJ"{ eql u! qcraeser yecrSolocepur pcrtolorq '(ggOt) 'uouV -

Conservation and I-and Manasement Research Christensen, P. (1988). Clearfelling in the karri forest Bulletin No 5. and hollow trees for wildlife. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth Bridgewater, P.B. (1990). The role of synthetic (unpublished report) . vegetation in present and future landscapes of Australia. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Christeusen, P. and Abbott, I. (1989). Impact of fire Australia 16: 129-134. in the eucalypt forest ecosysiem of southem Western Australia: a critical review - Australian Brown, R.J. and Brown, M.N. (1980). Cooperative Forestry 52(t2'): Lo3-L21. breeding in robins of the genus Eopasahria. Emu: 80:89. Christensen, P. and Annels, A. (1985). Fire in southem trall forests. In: Fire ecology and M.N. and Russell,E.M. (1990). Brown, R.J., Brown, msnqgengnl in Western Austrqliqn ecosystems. of four species of passerine in karri Survival WAIT Environmetrtal Studies Group Report No. forests in south-westernAustralia. Corella 14(3\: l4t 67-82. 69-78. Christensen, P., Annels, A., Liddelow, G. and Burbidge,A.A. and McKenzie,N.L. (1989).Pattems Skinner, P. (1985). Veroebrate farma of the of Westem Australia's in the modem decline southem forest areas. Forgsts DeDartmgnt of causes and conservation vgrtebrate fauna: Western Australia Bulletin 94. implications.Biological Cotuervation50: 143-198 Christensen, P. and Burrows, N.D. (1986). Fire: an (1985). the abundanceof Burrows, N.D. Reducing old tool with a new use. In: Groves, R.H. and grandis in the jarrah forest by the use of Banksia Burdon, J.J. (eAs) Ecology of biological invq.tions: controlled frre. Australien Forestry 8: 63-70 an Australian Wrspective. Australian Academy of Campbell,A.J. and Tan0on,M.T. (1981). Effects of Science, Canberra. fue on the invertebrale fauna of soil and litter of a Christensen, P. and Kimber, P.C. (1975). Effect of Groves,R-H. and eucalyptforest. In: Gill, A.M., prescribed buming on the flora and fauna of (eds), qnd biota. Noble, J.R. Fire the Austalian south-west Australian forests. Proceedings of thc of Science, Canberra, pp. Australian Academy Ecol.ogicalSociety of Austaha 9: 85-106. 215-24t. Cbristensen, P. and Schuster, C.J. (1979). Some Carter, (1923). Birds of the Broomehill District. T. factors affecting the germination of karri Emu 23: 125-142.223-235. 3W318. (Eucalyptus diversicoLor F. Muell) seed. Forests Christensen,P. (1972). Plant successionand past and Dgpartment of Westem Australia Research Paper present buming in the kari (E. diversicolor 50. 7-11. F.Muell.). ForestNotes, 10(3): Christensen, P. and Skinner, P. (1978). The ecology Christensen, P. (1975). Jarrah dieback - soil of Boronia megwtigma (Nees) ir Westem temperatureand noishrre regimes of some southem Australian forest areas. Forests Department of forest types. Forests Depafment of Westem Western Australia Research Paper 38, Bulletin 88. Australia Chrislensen, P., Wardell-Johnson, G. and Kimber, P. Christensen,P. (1980a). The biology of Bexongia (198$. Birds and fire in south western forests. In: penicillata Gray 1837 a\d Macropus eugenii Keast A., Recker, H.F., Ford, H. and Saunders, Desmarest 1817 in relation to fire. Forests D. (eds). Birds of Eucalypt Forest and Departmentof Westem Australia Bulletin 91. Woodlands : Ecoktgy, Consewuion, Marwgemeu. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union and Chrislensen,P. (1980b).A sad day for native fauna. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton. ForestFocur 23i 3-12. Churchill, D.M. (1968). The distribution and Christensen,P. (1983). Using prescribed fue to prehistory of Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell., E. manageforest favru, Forest Focus 25: 8-21, margirwts Donn ex Sm., arld E. calophylla R. Br. Cbristensen,P. (1986). Guide to researchfindings on in relation to rainfall. Australiqn Jourtnl of Botam biology and ecology of the karri forest. Department 16:125-151. of Conwrvation and Land Manasement I-andnote Churchward, H.M., McArthur, W.M., Sewell, P.L. 8/86, and Bartle, G.A. (1988). I-andforms and soils of the south coast and hinterland, Westem Australia,

I t9

'BllEtlsnv 'srsegl .cS.I .olluilsnv ruEsed\ Jo ,(lrsJelruIf I uo lcudurr uraadorng :EueurSe{ ol terluo{ ruelsed\ lsa?tl-rpnos ur uoqereue8er ('ll"nr{ 'd uord '(066I) '1q'1'y 'sur1do11 pus .I'U ,sqqoH JqoJlsra^lp mldQocnT) rrrrll pnu ('rtg otoutS.roru '?IE-I8Z 'dd sn\dQocng) r{rrB_t '(ISOI) ',t.O .uBEareuo.I 'lqcerproo'sreqsllqnd Jnuep?cv retr'nlx'tsaJ.ol ' 'p 'ryzcfqrr{ 'f'I 'I?^BH L6Z-L1Z tqt a.nqncuSy lo tlDrrD[ atll (spe) pu8 'srs,{1eur ''g 'lle( puJnof WqDaZ aralg ernlsud ;o poqlau ;uI esn puBJ eldqlnru ;o acue8reua '(geOt) 'V 'ueppel 'g'A ',{^e.I '(6g6t) 'le,reg tulod ery A I pu" eql pru slcqtuor asn prp-I t'f ' 't9 8Z- lZ I lDEg Doott'-ttY uqa ng BIIaJlsnv ruEsel\ 'BrlEJlsnV 'spos uratsa L lo Klanog \o{oy ary to \ouno1 go luerqrudeq EsaJod lseJoJ uBrI€JlsnV .(096I) .g.y .gqBH IuEse \ Jo Ne/|(r-qnos eql m saaJe pu"Ipoo,!{ ruEsa \ In EreJe peqqsv psz In se1zrqeuelrn mouel uoqr8rlsa,rm lsaroJ Jo 'spuBlregteN 'enEeH 'q'1 'refa4 'A..I .gco1 eql .{unl .A,\ pctEoloueqd V (036I) pur tq'sutalsKsoca ?tvtu!1o ut)auolJatlp?n u! ?Juanlsay '09t-9€t ' 'snre1s,{soca ('pe) S eq :q rrBeBJJelt1rahl .scruru,{p '(sg6l) 'H'lI ,se^oJc :gI rqcnasay ati7p1t11quDllDgslly rn sp€enr Jo uors8^ul uoqrpdod ,(qrgearr pus .(696I) lcor lorluoc xod '(goder 'tuaueSeuelll 'N'd ',,t1olruorg puB '-I'I^l 'snuo ..9.I ,Jeeuw) peqqlqndun) qled puu.l put 'e^Jes'eU uorltl:esuoC Jo luewgudeq elqsN {oolg . '(586I) 'V'g 'urggC LI-ZI stltlus Jo ,(ea:ns uoqqe8en :g adocspuq 'xo; aq1Eurxoglng .(OgOt) .g.I ,:Beuq)I '(!od?r paqslJqndun) 'Oy6t 'lueule8Eual tQ)W Dllo.tisTtyur"tsa[ lo rDred I puB-l pu8 uo!"Atesuo3 'lqqsrpqns '1sero; &apos totu{ "qt lo fnrnot ,(eg ryeqg Jo eur sdeq qzrnf ureqlnos eql ur lcudur '(886I) 'd 'lBspue{u?lg .l ,lu8rC aq1ut aEueqccll"ugc ,{.rBu.tetrnbe1el Jo ecueprle 8q1cperl pus I alls4snY PrrB tuelsel!\ rtro{ sJsnllou errualtr 'LLE-698 't4lpasfly uou go sarceds '(gZ6I) 'lA'C t{Jrrpue1 :gl lo &a1cogToar8olocg [ssoJ ,$eN 'f-raa.ocer ary p s8utpaaco.t4 ro; lequelod (uodar peqsllqndun)qued 'eJIlpId\ pul?seuerlsrd pu" eulpep go ,{rolsrq : (eupnqoceu.r,(11) szTrzre,rzy| '911916l ;o luaugedeq "ll€rlsnv Erqsert\ Jo lsBoc mlqocautKlal 'l8qunu eqJ '(066I) 'V.I .pualJd qlnos puB ur oo:o1odeqt toJ qJJres lsJ^\-qtnos .r, eqt '(916I) 'N'V 'Uvrg .O.g ,i(€qux ullsllnfl Jo EInseU puu 'luauuoJr^ua puB uoDa^iesuoC ;o lueugedeq 't9 '?rls{snv l-9€l :Z€ tuawaSouoltrl uelsel6 ur "rmBJ €l"JqEJeA Jo ,t-ro1ue.tu1 'selnqrrllu '(fg6l) 'q .ezP,q Wo {3o1ocg lsan! cpsl.rold qcr"eser pu€ ,{qdyrSoqqrq V 'II 'uollareua8er (.tolorua&p mldQocng) yJP-q '08'.69t q salls uoqanlB^epuB uo48cgrss"IC.(066I) :9I tlcnang K.usa.og uollorltrrv Jo '8ll84snv 'lseJoJ 'V'sleuuv pu?'C'uosuqof-Iepr"d\ ..9.C .suoruJ uelseA\ lse,r-qnos IJJ?)T ut sacrlcu.rd ,(4serog uo4 Euqlnser sarlrunuuoc 'B9t-6tt :91 qctoasayaljpltnl uoqortmv pluscBrB ur se8wq3 'Gg6I) .I.S ,ur.Bl^l 'S8rI EJsppog snuu8a.odsruDqtoptt?sd,wrrLssod. puB 'g'T 'gcox ''d'At's,(erqdun11 .'I.S ,,ftJn3 pue rrc\ o1ncad1nt ffinsoqc1q IelSuu ZLBI 'Bllsllsnv 'unssod pulqsnrq uol[Itroc eB ,{q pesn searl uJqse \ 'qued qlnos 'ernllncuEy yo 'Eurdde4 ut sr\o1oq ;o i(l1rqeyr,u eql uo erg Jo IreJJe eql lueq-redaq '(686I) 'I{'S ',{a^Eq pu8 'J'II .soluBJ ..9.C .suoFl leuar ,{q pe1ecrprn sa urp4snv uelseA\-Wnos Jo EseJoJ qeuzf pua !J-rB{ eql q selllmuruoc '?rlBJlsnv lu"ls6d\ Jo pesq uo sacrlcerd (.4saro; ecuenuur 'srseqJ .eJg Jo fllsraarun srnouoH pus s"e{ FlrqBq eqJ '(886I) 'd',1\ 's,(erqdunH prrt .1.9 .,Gm3 'sunssodu?a^!eq uollcErEul eqJ .Gg6I) .g.g ,suol[l '(!oda.r peqsqqndun) eqe4sny 'nL9-ESg 'qUed 'erruln ur"tse \ qnos uBV ;o luauq:edeq 'Ewdde.q ,srtBr1snv t(V)tI unasnw upnD4sflV uotn4yl aqt lo sptoaay lerreu fpleu fq pattclpul sB '"rJB4snV '.{u€qJy uJelse6 prrB uollessng uee^qeq Iu"lser{r-qlnos Jo lseJoJ lrIB)[ eB uI sellllmunuoc sBaru lr1seoJ Jo BrmBJ E?Jqeue^ punoJE eqJ lcesr4 uo seorlJerd ,(4seJoJ ecuenutn '(186I) 'd'A{ 's,(erqdun11 Jo puB 'f 'J1eq ..V.{ ,,y.oH eqJ '(186I) 'd'A\ 's,terqdunH pur .1.9 ,,Gm3 'VIl-86 pllprlsny 'qUed 'sacJnosell t9l P Kolcog yoclSolocg Jel€d\ Jo uorsr^r(I OUISC 'uol1ete8el 'Il88 's1aa6 "ttt lo s8utpaaco.r4 strrlBlsny uode{ I"uorsrlrq ,(ur11 ol eJJIIrrRroN Loneragan, O.W. (1971). Artificial regeneration of McCaw, W.L. and Burrows, N. (1989). Fire karri. Forests Departmeflt of Westem Australia, management.In: Dell, 8., Havel, J.I. and Perth. Malajczuk, N. (eds), The janah forest. Kluwet Acsdemic Publications: Dorrlrecht. pp, 317-334. Loneragan, O.W. (1979). Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Mwll.): phenologicsl studies in Meachem, I.C. (f960). The karri forest. Forests relation to reforestation. Fore.sts Deparhent of Departmentof Western Aushalis, Perth. WesternAustralia Buletin 90. Michael, P.W. (1981).Alien plants.In: Groves,R.H. Loneragan,O.W. and I-oneragan,J.F. (1964). Ashbed (ed.\ Australian vegetation, University Press, and nutrients in the growth of seedlingsof karri Cambridge.W 4444. (Eucatyptusdi'wrsicolor F. Muell.). Journal of Thz Mills, I. (1989). The impact of msn on the northem Royal Socieryof WesternAtlrtalia 47(3): 75-80. jarah forest from settlementin 1829 to the Forests Mackowski, C. (1984). The ontogeny of hollows in Act 1918.In: Dell, B., Havel. J.J. and Malajczuk, blLckblutt(Eucalr$us pilulnris) snd its relevanceto N. (eds) The jcrrah forest. Klwter Academic the managementof forests for possums,gliders and Publications: Dordrecht. pp. 229-280. timber. In: Smith, A. and Hume, I. (eds) Possarzs Nunn, G.W.M. (1957). Forest managementin the and gliders. Australian Mammal Society. pp. eucalypt forests of the south-west of Westem 553-567. Australia. Paper presented io Seventh British Main, B.Y. (1987). Ecological disturbance and CommonwealthFore,stry Conference. conservation of spiders: implications for Old, K.M., Gibbs, R., Craig, I., Myers, B,J. and biogeographical relicts in south-wesiem Australia. y."", Z.Q. (1990). Effect of drought and In: Majer, J.D. (ed.) Thc rcle of inveftebrqtes in defoliation on the susceptibility of eucalypt6 !o conservqtionand biological Jzrvsy. Department of cankers caused by Ettdothia BrYosa and Conservation and I-and Management, Perth. pp. Botryosphacria ribis. Australidn Journal of Botany 89-97. 38:571-581. Main, B.Y. (1991). Occurrenceof the trapdoorspider Pesrce, M.H. and Malajczuk, N. (1990). Stump genw Mo*BridSea in AusEalia with descriptionsof colonisation by Armillaria luteobubalina and other two new spcies (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: wood decay frmgi in an age series of cut-over Migi

54 s9

.OLf .dd ."JroquEJ EW 'ecuercs '6ZI-6rI Jo fuapecy uurpJtsnv . Dtolq uzllDJjs'nv .t.I 74t Wo arli (spa) .alqoN puB .H.u ,se^orc i(l)59 olloqsrly uojsaL lo &a1cog1o(og ary lo "I^I'V ' '(evTrcul'urssv :u1 'lueueEeueu w erU aIoI lDu.uof "rqcuEJqosoJd ;Bcsnllol^I) C lseroJ Jo eqJ '(186I) 'd'N .,{aueqCpuB .g.C ,read ,.U.S ,EaqS ?rl".Dsnv ruEse^1-qtnos uro{ ItBus qcrr8Jqosord ,aoN .dS .^oll .ueg pere8urpue pua erEJ B .79 rada4 qcrrasea 'oqtal pautwsspo.ttsrrv -(Zi6ID .A\.C r{cgpuax - Brl"4snv ruEsa.d\Jo lueulade(I EseJod ."rlB.4snv 'S 'WIuS-)tcslS ..-I.g .rpuErro ,.V ,uelos pu" rualsed\ lsel\-qlnos ur Eur33o1 ,(q peEcruep .(q6r6l) 'qued 'luerue8eu?IAl slos Jo uoD"lrlrq8qeU .I.C .relsnqcs puB.I pus uorlulJesuoC Jo 'p o.tlsnv utatsatrl 'luarue8suu; lueugudeq .tol sa1qo1Jno!^oqaq I seJmosell pus-I Jo uorsrlrq '(OfOf) .l"ed .{.U 'OUISC aqf $a.otr g.C puB 18s|,$naeus pu€ ?rl"rNnv ruets3^\ go lueugedeq 'unrsodu,{S .ls'aJoJ '1 EseJod rJJ?{ egl In uorssemns rede4 qc.reeseg .(u6161) .1.3 .lsatoJ 1ue1d pue uorp.rauaEea ,-ralsnqcg BrIs4snV urelsei6 Jo 1uatuU"daq Eserog .(116I) .I.U ural ur slery ,{erolsrepun 13uf^meaus 'ggy979 :g otado2 'nL6I o'l ruo.rJ?rlErlsny w sfluuDu rlued 9E6I olrg pe"l luetue8BuBI^l pecnpoJttneqt .(Ig6I) puB'I pue uorlBlJesuoC .ur1d Jo a8usJeqt Jo uorswdxg 3o lueu4ledeq 'S 'leels"g pus .J.lA ,uolqEnog .'e.I^l .qtuqrg lueure8su"u gsrp IrBd puoqeSl dnpu.rolq-e1od1u16 '(066I) 'uosuqof{lepr8^\ C pu" 'v .spu"s '9LI-r9r:(t)88 "A .JpAeJ ''d '.{eIu"H ..U .r"euuv I ..A ,qtJus nwg aqa '@w8a1asfi.npm) uer\\,{rru3 peEurrn-ga.r '10I-96:tI .oN eql 1o ,(EolorqEupaarq pue ,€olore eql .(gg6l) urFIIng 'II 'u^\org 'dno.tg prr? 'U 'u^\org ,.9 ,llessn{ ..I ,,{el^\oU serpnlg 1elueruuonlug ,,t8o1ouqce1 1o qnlrlsql rrErl€Jlsnv ut4se^Jll .DllDrlsrly uDlsal u! '€r-8:(r)9t 'Kusatog swalsKsoca lo tuawaSguDw puo K8qoca aJU (Va\ uorlo4sny'(tqoctuaup snldQocng) 'U'I 'prod :u1 .(suo1n3o.t8ru sapotldos4) p{g-d1l1( urB)l Jo saaJl uerep,,' ,{q uorp.raue8ar Surpunor.rns ru4se1\ pue (qttsott3uol .(€86I) .I sruto,(soq) prrq-ensrrg ql/yror8 Jo uorsserddng .uEreqtoU utEsa11'(snsoumlc sturo4awy) prrq-qucs,(sroN .(986I) .L€n-LZt eq1;o suogulndod uo EreJJe erld .J.C ,qtryS :bhl UnDSW uotlo.ustlv 'Darq .g a$$aful ?qt lo sp.to"av snlqs '6LI-ELI .sp4q Jo :LL nug erYr xrs uo e8ueqt eql uo slueuruoc qlr^\ ,"lpIlsnv IuelseA\ qnos .(LL6D .J.C .qlFS Iqueruuorr^ue Jo lceJJe eql uo{ (epprgctJl?qof q:ernuy) Dqp plulaoag pua .(066I) '91 Dulna4t olulrcoaD Jo suorlducsep pepu"lxg nde4 'd\ (espueJ?g 'C 'uosuqofJleprB ,.q.I .s pu€ A oqou qcJrese{ ErI?4snV ruEse1\ Jo lueuryadeq slsetog 'Erl"IsnV rrJelse1\ aql ur seurn8el .6EI- Jo lsaloJ eruos L6 .(tg6l) .U.d ,rauuDIS Jo le^r^rns puu uorlcnpord pe"S :.V tSoloqrulo uaunJ .€rmErAB u"rJB4snV 'g't{ .prlpg 'ng-EZ 'dd 'BJJeqrr€C,ecuercs eq1 3o fro1sr11 (986I) pu8 .A.d .qc!{ Jo ,{urapecy 'otolq rrBll?rtsnv uDllo4snv aqt puD atrl GVa) .V6I-LLI .dd .feup,(g .suog 'U 'alqoN pu€ ,se^org ..It.v .UrC 'uoyola8at I H'U :uI pue flpeg Aeung atuou lo sluouwat 'slpqsnv ur ,{rolsrq erg puu .bI.I-V uorple8en freuralrn} lo "lo-t aqt :uolto J?suol antoN Gpe) '(186I) 'ITBIC .d.v .^\Bqsrex U pu8 ,.9 ,q8qs 'suo1do11 puu 'V'V .e8prqjng .'l\.C .plouv ''V'O 'sJopun"S 'ecqcurd .E :uy pue iooaql;o ,tener ullo ng 'uapg " ;salBlA qnos ,t\eN l? uoqa^Jesuoc eJrueu qcrresag luauaiemn pusl puB uon?AJesuoC '"lle.t1sny roJ lseroJ eml"ru luewuer SuutepA '(rg6l) .C ;o lueugedaq ruEse^\-Bnos Jo lseJoJ 'qqe pu" 'U 'qEEE?^BX..f .splallls ..g.H ,.teqre{ (Dtou!8.tow snldtlocng) qu.r.ref eq w twoult uutc A n oqtdofitl4 pue scrureu(p 'ZgI-SEI Jo lueue8BuBw aql :9 {8o\ocV SurgtuonA :oll2lts'nv lo :{crqerp qBrr"I (696I) 'H .T.g .rer?aqs .lueuruonlue I l€ddrJ pu" ttapog locrEolocg aqt lo s?urpaaaot4 'gtt-EEV prr8 Jaqrunu sarceds uae,rlaq uorFIeJ erll Jo .(1461) 'g.11 .-reqrag .?!l"rlsnv ,,t(rar^erB :,{ltsre^rp sercedsprrg :95 &totog to ynu.nol uollDrtsrty ruelse,t\-qlnos Jo tseloJ D!ou!8.tow snrdf,IqJn4 '09-s, :mI 'sllo.npN uo)!.Durv '"cuetrlv eW vr ouloqflqoatnl olJollltutv go lcrdrur puu rIlJoN prre alJE4snV ur ,(lrsrar,rp '(886I) 'H.I ,leddrJ .-I.g ,rerBeqs uotnqulsr(l puB lqlq"q puB ,{lrsrerrp sarcedsprls (696I) .d.H .reqceu Springett, B.P. (1978). On the ecological role of Muell.) forest of south-weslem Australia. In: insects in the Australian eucalypt foresk. Davies, S.J.J.F. (ed.) Methods of censusing birds Australian Journql of EcoLttgy3: 129-139. in Austrelia. pp. 25-33. Proceedings ANZAAS Congress 1983. Springett, J.A. (1976). The effect of prescribed buming on the soil fauna and on litior Wardell-Johnson, G.W. (1985). The composition and decomposition in Weslern Australian forests. foraging ecology of a bird community in karri Australian Journal of Ecology 6: 77-82. forest in south-western Australia, M.Sc. Thesis, Oxford University . Springett, J.A. (1979). The effects of a single hot summer fire on soil fauna and on litier WardellJohnson, G.W. (1986). Use of nest boxes by decomposition in jarrah (Erca\tptus margitata) mardos (Antechinus flavipes lcucogaster) in forest in Western Australia. Austrnliqn Journal of regenerating karri forest in south-western Australia. Ecology 4: 279-290. Austrqlian Widlife Research 13:.4O1411.

Sloneman, G.L. (1986). Wood generated by thinning Wardell-Johnson, G.W. (1987). The retention of in the northem jarrah forest. Austaliqn Forestry mature forest and otler areas of native vegetation 49(2):1ls-r2r. for nature conservation in the wood production zone of the Woodchip Licence area, Department of Christensen, P. Sloneman, G.L., Bradshaw, F.J. and Conservation and I-and Management, Perth. (1989). Silviculture. In: Dell, B., Havel, J.J. and (Unpublished report) . Malajczuk, N. (eds) ?fte jarrah forest Kluwer AcademicPublishers, Dordrecht. pp. 335-355. Wardell-Johnson, G.W., Hewett, P.J. and Woods, Y.C. (1991). Reiaining remrant mature forest for Borg, H. (1988). Sioneman,G.L., Rose, P.W. and nature conseryation: a review of the system of in the Recovery of forest after intensive logging road, river and stream zones in tle karri forest' southem forest of Westem Australia. DePartment Proceedings of a workshop on the redistribution of of Conservation and I-and Management Teclrnical road, river and stream zones. Department of Report 19. Conservation and I-and Management, Perth. the southem Strelein, G.J. (1988). Sile classification in Wardell-Jobnson, G.W., McCaw, W.L. and Maisey, jarrah Conservation and forest. Department of K.G. (1989). Critical data requirements for the I-and Management ResearchBulletin 2. effective management of fire on Nature in south-western Australia. In: Strelein, G.J. (1989). Gun leaf skeletoniser moth, Conservation lands G (eds) tlraba lugens, in the forest of Western Australia. Burrows, N., McCaw, L. and Friend, conservation lanh- Australiqn Forestry 5L(39): 197-2O4. Fire management on nature Department of Conservation and I-and Management Talbot, L. (1973). Karri thickets before settlement. OccasionalPaper 1/89. Forest Notes l1 Q\: 6-17. Wardell-Johnson, G.W. and Nichols, O. (1991). Tingay, A. and Tingay, S.R. (1984). Bird Forest wildlife and babitat management ln communities in the karri forest of Westem south-westem Australia: knowledge, research and Australia. Australian Conservation Foundation direction. In: Lunney, D. (ed.) Conserving (Inc). Australian forest fauna. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney. (In press). Underwood, R.J. (1978). Natural fire periodicity in the kari (E. diversicolor F.Muell.) forest. Forests Wardell-Johnson, G.W. and Roberts, J.D. (1989). Department of Western Australia Research Paper Endangered!Forest frogs. Land:cope 5(l): 11. 4r. Wardell-Johnson, G.W. and Roberts, J.D. (1991). The Vogl, R.J. (1977). Fire frequency and site Survival status of lhe Geocrinia rosea (Ar].ura| degradation. In: Mooney, H.A. and Conrad, C.E. Myobatrachidae) complex in riparian corridors: (eds) Symposium on the environmetal biogeographic implications. In: Saunders,D.A. and consequences of fre and fuel marwgement in Hobbs, R.J. (eAs) Naure coraervarion 2: The role Mediterrqneqn ecosystens. USDA Forest Service of corridors. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney. pp. General Technical Report WO-3. pp 193-201- 165-1't5.

Wardell-Johnson, G.W. (1984). The effectivenessof a White, B.J. (1974). Karri Silvics. Foresis Department variable Circular Plot Procedure for estimathg bird of Western Australia. Perth, density in the karri (Eucatyptw diversicolor F.

56

i I LS

'zeE- e :( tr .ELI-ILI tlg nug 'rerol qcnasaa tsalol umJoJtsnY 'a{Brlsnv uJslse^,\ 'lsaJoJ urul ;o ,(erols.repuna$ uI spJlq euos ;o dlrlapg IUB{ B uI EooJ eoq pnB slros uo suorlrrdo '(Is6I) 'A'v 'pls/tlell 'q'u .relloo '(m6y) 'g'g 'I:|suor^\ etls I puB \ Eutuurqr rotcs4 Jo lrdul 'r9I-g9I :08 nwg 'lsetoJ ruerl ur faJolsJapun ',(erydg 'uosgeqog s(Ew{ . srtpltt WR erp sp{q auros rK) Eururnq pn11o4uoc swrssod ("pn) 'a'V 'qllEs pus 'f,'I 'errnH Jo ;o W qre#e eql '(086I) 'S'X 're{mrg pu? .O.{ .relloot\ :u1 's1ue1dpooJ rrerp prra srrmssodfeuo11 '(7961) 'g'I{ 'ea{reu 'Ill'A 'Iessn{ ''q'U 'relloo^,\ '(ssard pu8 u1 ) Kuotogp pnno7 utt\o4mY 'BrleJlsnv uJelsed\ 'lJBd '6LZ-19( |56I lop wT I"uonBN '6qoq, aEuoa Empo5 eq u luoumuup ototltdotKtl4 lo ToutnoT'(ayplpdrsrsJ:sqfldnsJcl^l) .(C66ID .I,U .slll^\ Jo lr8dtur IEclEoloaa e\L ?DJ?lu?ds srdlsJoJ l?rdnsJBu EurpaaJ-rt1ceu aql Jo uonqndod r m seEueqc puosreg 'EZ-E|81 ffintr '(186I) 'd 'uEcun( 't\'S 'usarg ''V 'Ewuuno puB ts".totr'stara,{llJoud lueueEBu8u uoBa^Jesuoc "It'A 'Iessnu ''g'I '?a4ueU "q'{ 'renoo I \ puB uouaeJ3eJrueqlnos uo sncoll .Ol,6I) .f.S ."lHA\