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Muslim Shrines of Kashmir and Their Impact on Society (1857 ^ 1947 A

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Muslim Shrines of Kashmir and Their Impact on Society (1857 ^ 1947 A MUSLIM SHRINES OF KASHMIR AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIETY (1857 ^ 1947 A. D.) BY GHVLAM HASSAN MIR SUPERVISOR DR. Z. L. JALA Thesis Submitted for the fulfilment of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) Degree in History Post Graduate Department of History THE UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR SRINAGAR — 190006 OCTOBER, 1989 # -^^"^ ^^^gpB^Aznd^ty^ 27JUN 2000 T5237 CERTlFICflJE:, *« • This is te certify that the Ph.D. thesis ef Ghulaoi Hassan Plir entitled Pluslira Shrinesjif^ Kashmir and their Impact an Seciety (18|57-'1947jj^, carried aut under roy supervisien embodies the uerk of the candidate* The research uerk is of original nature and has not been submitted for a Ph.O* programme so far* It is also certified that the scholar has put in required attendance in the Department of Histcryy University of Kashmir* The thesis is in satisfactory literary form and worthy of consideration for a Ph.O*' degree* (Dr. Z. L. aala) SUPERVISOR »ftt»t< ACJqjQMLEDGEMEWr » • •• I consider it ray privilege to thank all those people who helped and encouraged me in many ways in the conipletion of the present work* At the very outset I humbly kneel before Allah whose grace has throughout inspired and sustained me in raanents of severe stress and strain, I owe a deep debt of gratitude to my reverend supervisor Dr» Z, L, Jala (Ex-Reader, Post-Graduate Department of History, University of Kashmir), without whose inspiring guidance and invaluable suggestions it would not have been possible for me to prepare the present work» I wish to express profound sense of gratitude to ray teachers. Professor A« Q* Rafiqi, (Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences), Dr» Muhammad Ishaq Khan, (Head of the Post-Graduate Department of History), Dr, A, M, Mattoo, (Director, Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir), Dr» Madhvl Yaslo* (Reader, Department of History, University of Kashmir), Dr» Muhammad Ashraf Wani (Reader, Department of History) and Dr, Mushtaq Ahmad Kaw (Lecturer, Department of History) for the encouragement I received from them# My interviews with a number of people in the field benefited me much# Among them mention may be made of Mir Oiulam Rasool Nazkl (Ex-Director, Radio Kashmir, Srinagar), Master Ghulam Ahmad 2uhra (Collector and raujavlr of Khanqah-i-Mualla), Mr, Muhammad Amln Parooqi (Nalb-lmam of Zlarat Hazratbal), M*r —11— Cljularn Nabl (Resident of Chrar-1-Sharif), Hajl Ghulam Muhammad alias Nlama (Resident*of Zakura), Mr, Muhaninad Khalil Wadoo (Excise Department) and many others who helped me in the entire course of my study, I am Inmnensely thankful to all of them. My thanks are also due to my colleagues especially Miss Shirin Bakshi, Mr, Abdul Hamid Rather and Mr. Bihari Lai Bhat. I ara also thankful to the members of the non-teaching staff of the Department of History and staff of the Seminar Library, I am also grateful to Mr, GJiulam Muhammad Dar, Head Assistant, Department of History who took great pains in typing out the dissertation without any delay, Mehraj-ud-Din Calligra- phist. Department of Persian deserves my thanks for writing Kashmiri* Persian* Arabic and Urdu extracts of ray thesis, I have no words to express my thanks to my cousin Mr, Muhammad Maqbool Mir and Mr, Muhammad Ismail and his all the members of the fsmdlyi who gave me eveary comfort and affection and thereby enabled me to complete the work in time. Last but not least* I am extremely thankful to my parents and brothers particularly Mr, Ghulam Muhammad Mir who provided me with every facility which I needed in pursuing the research. J/J^ (G* H, MIR) CQNTBNTSt Acknowl edgemen t CHAPTSRSi TITLB OF THE CHAPTERt ••* £^2iJi2i. INTRODUCTION #«t 1 — •' I. Shrines an4 their History*** ' " II. Socio-Cultural Impact of *** ^^ ' ^'^' the Shrines (a) Faith In Shrines *** (k) Faith In Relics *** (c) Fairs an* Festivals *** (<l) Jwausements and Recreations («) Communal Harmon y ^^^^^ (f) superstitions *** III. Emergence of soclo-Rollflous Q t — 1 7 "> Classes »*# '"^ ^ ly Impact of shrines on Eiucatlon 17'^ - Pili * »** V, Politic.^ Impact of Shrines 2l7 _ PP,H VI, Economic Impact of shrines ^I'lf^; ^ PH'-^ *** Conclusloa „. Appenilce* JJ^J ;:;i.-^f; _ Bibliography JJJPHf' ~t^'^ • • INTRODUCT 10 Ns INTRODUCTIONt Islam was established in Arabia by Prophet (p«b,u,h,) himself<, The Caliphs took pains to spread it where-ever they could reach with the message of Holy Quran and Prophet (p«b«u«h«) The Turks did a Yeoman's job in spreading the faith in Asia« South East Asia, China, Central Asia, Africa and as far as Spanish Granada. Islam remained pristine to the believers and the faithful but the neo-converts who embraced Islam carried over with them certain institutions and practices which were xin-Islamic in the content of the Quran and the Haidh, In Kashmir the transformation vas cooperatively peaceful. In this process, even after the conversion of people to Islaf^, they accepted the tradition of Islam as they r eceived it with its institutions which had been formed in its march across Persia and Central Asia» One of the institutions that Islam had come to have in these parts was the shrines and its concomitants. These shrines were established for enshring a relic or as tombs or hospices. # •• People of Kashmir, irrespective of their caste and creed have been known for their spirit of tolerance end amity. The establishment of Muslim rule and spread of Islam brought about a major change in Kashmir during 14th and 15th centuries. There was a period of strain and stress but on the whole the tradition of mutual understanding, and respect for one another in 2 the direction of integration in the face of forces of disintegration* The Sufis and Rishis played no ordinary role in building i:^ the atmosphere of cordiality and amity between the two communities of Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir. The founding of Jammu and Kashmir State by Maharaja Gulab Singh in 1846 A.D. introduced a new phenomenon into the social milieu of Kashmir, The Kashmir now came into contact with the Dogra, belonging to a different socio-cultural stream. Even so the Jammu people were not lonacquainted with the tradition of the Muslim shrines and the role played by these, A couple of centres were established ty Muslim saints in Jammu city itself where the people still observe the ritual of Peer Muridi, The matter did not end with that. The Dogras extended their political hold over frontier territories of Ladakh, Kargil and Gilgit and the problem of socio-cultural and religious intercourse assumed a new dimension. However, there were areas in the frontier where Islam had already established^ itself and a few Muslim shrines had come vq? in iphat area as well* In this entire process, the shrines of Kashmir played a very important role and had a great impact on social, cultural, economic and religious conditions of Kashmir, The project covers the period from 1857 A, D, to 1947 A,D, This is precisely the time when Kashmir was on the anvil of modem age. The close of 19th century marked the beginning of new trends in education which gave rise to new thinking. The acceptance of the 'new* which was in agreement with traditions of Islam .? kinaied the spirit of freedom and led to the rise of political awakening among the people. The shrines and some of the mutwalis played an inspiring role in promoting a moment against the oppressive rule of Dogras. It would be an interesting feature of the study to determine the extent to which these centres ^j^reeid knowledge and generated spirit of tolerance and superstition and in course of time these shrines became institutions of exploitation also* This aspect would have to be examined in the context of the sources available. Thus it is hoped that the results of the proposed project would come to embody an interesting study shedding li^t on various aspects of life whicdi received the unmistakable and ineffacable impact of the shrine culture Ids hitherto unknown to people. The chapter is at ion of the project has been given the following order:- 1, Shrines and their history; 2, Socio-cultural impact of the shrine; 3, Emergence of socio-religious classes; 4, • - Jmpact of shrines oon CAucahcn^' 5, Political imp.act of the shrines; 6, Economic impact of the shrines, A chapter-wise summary of the contents of the project is appended below:- t Qiapter ***' 1st The chapter givps the clear picture of the history of the shrines in Kashmir, It exclusively deals with the histoj:y and origin of some important Muslim shrines in Kashmir^ It makes an interesting study to follow the history of these shrines and to esqslain the iroportance and influence of the relics housed in these shrines. Besides the history a study of architecture of these shrines has been mede here* Chapter—" 2nd» The chapter deals with their (shrines) impact on the social and cultural aspects of the lives of Kashmiris, llieir socio-cultural impact has been so profound that a true and real picture of the society cannot emerge* unless it is viewed in the background of shrines and their contribution. The unbounded faith in shrines and relics housed in them has given birth to many customs and traditions which are at length dealt with in this chapter. The fairs and festivals (Urs) are an important feature of the shrines. It is the nature of celebrating the festivals motivated by the local influence which have given birth to amusements and recreations in the dull lives of Kashmiris makes an interesting study and, therefore, a portion of this chapter has been devoted to the study of these ceremonial functions.
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