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Plant Form | An Illustrated Guide to l Flowering Plant Morphology

Adrian D. Bell School of Biological Sciences University College of North Wales

With line drawings by Alan Bryan

Oxford New York Tokyo OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1991 1 | Introduction Leaf morphology cont. 46 | pulvinus, swelling at junction of leaf parts Part I Morphological description 48 | articulation, abscission joint 4 | Basic principles 50 | sheath, base of leaf Contents 6 | Interpretation example: spine 52 | stipule, outgrowth at base of leaf stalk 8 | Methods of description 54 | stipule location 10 | Methods of description: example 56 | stipule modification Philodendron 58 | stipel, outgrowth of leaf midrib 14 | Flowering plants: monocotyledons and dicotyledons 60 | pseudostipule, basal pair of leaflets 16 | Meristems and buds: basis of plant 62 | bract, bracteole, leaves associated with development inflorescences 64 | cataphyll, scale leaf Leaf morphology 66 | prophyll, first leaf on a shoot 18 development 68 | tendril 20 upper and lower leaf zones 70 | spine 22 shape 72 | traps, insectivorous plants 26 symmetry 74 | epiphylly, structures developing on leaves 28 heteroblasty, shape change along a shoot 76 | emergences, prickles 30 dimorphism, two distinct shapes on one 78 | food bodies plant 80 | trichomes, glands, hairs, and nectaries 32 anisophylly, distinct shapes at one node 82 | succulency 34 venation, pattern of veins 84 | bulb 36 ptyxis, folding of individual leaves 86 | ensiform, terete, lateral flattened and 38 vernation, folding of leaves together in cylindrical leaves bud 88 | ascidiate, peltate, pitcher and circular 40 petiole, leaf stalk leaves 42 phyllode, flattened leaf stalk 90 | indeterminate growth 44 phyllode interpretation 92 | palms Contents Root morphology Reproductive morphology Grass morphology 94 | development 140 | inflorescence, branching patterns 180 | vegetative growth 96 | primary root systems 142 | paracladia, inflorescence branch sequence 182 | tillering 98 | adventitious root systems 144 | inflorescence modification 184 | inflorescence structure 100 | tree root architecture 146 | floral morphology 186 | spikelet and floret structure 102 | prop roots 148 | aestivation, folding of flower parts in bud 188 | cereal inflorescence 104 | pneumatophores, breathing roots 150 | floral diagrams and formulae 192 | bamboo aerial shoot 106 | modifications 152 | pollination mechanisms 194 | bamboo rhizome 108 | haustoria 154 | fruit morphology 196 | Sedge morphology 110 | tuber 158 | seed morphology 160 | fruit and seed dispersal 198 | Orchid morphology: vegetative , Stem morphology organization 112 | development Seedling morphology 200 | Orchid morphology: aerial shoot and 114 | bark 162 | terminology inflorescence 164 | germination 116 | emergence, prickle 202 | Cacti and cacti lookalikes 118 | scars 166 | hypocotyl 120 | shape 168 | establishment growth 204 | Domatia: cavities inhabited by animals 122 | tendril and hook Vegetative multiplication Misfits 124 | spine ~! 170 | rhizome, corm, tuber, bulb, stolon, runner 206 | theoretical background 126 | cladode, phylloclade, flattened green stem 172 | bulbil, detachable bud with roots 208 | Gesneriaceae 128 | pulvinus, swollen joint 174 | dropper, underground bulb on extended 210 | Podostemaceae and Tristichaceae 130 | rhizome, underground stem axis 212 I Lemnaceae 132 | stolon, creeping stem 176 | prolification, false vivipary 134 | runner, creeping stem 178 I root buds 136 | corm, swollen stem 138 |" tuber, swollen stem Contents I xi

Part II Constructional organization Time of meristem activity 310 | plant behaviour 216 | Introduction 260 | rhythmic and continuous growth 312 | efficiency 262 | prolepsis and syllepsis, dormancy 314 | growth habit and age states Meristem position 264 | bud protection 218 | phyllotaxis, arrangement of leaves on stem 266 | secondary shift in orientation 317 | references 220 | Fibonacci 268 | cladoptosis, shedding of shoots 224 | phyllotactic problems 321 I index Meristem disruption 228 | plant symmetry 2 70 | teratology, abnormal development 230 | bud displacement 2 72 | fasciation, abnormal joining of parts 232 | adventitious bud, bud not associated with leaf axil 274 | chimera, tissue derived from two individuals 234 | adnation, organs joined together 276 | nodules and mycorrhizae 236 | accessory buds, multiplication of buds in leaf axil 278 | galls 238 | proliferation (false multiplication), Plant branch construction condensed branching 280 introduction 240 | cauliflory, flowers issuing from woody stem 282 constructional units 286 'article', sympodial unit Meristem potential 288 tree architecture, models of development 242 | topophysis, fixed bud fate 296 tree architecture, model variations 244 | abortion 298 tree architecture, reiteration 246 | plagiotropy and orthotropy, morphology 300 tree architecture, metamorphosis in relation to orientation 302 tree architecture, intercalation 248 | basitony and acrotony, apical control 304 tree architecture, architectural analysis 250 | monopodial and sympodial growth 306 herb architecture 254 | long shoot and short shoot 308 liane architecture 256 | divarication, tangled growth 258 | dichotomy