y t e i c o S a c a p l A h s i t i r B e h T . t i d n u o r a s e l t t o b r e t a w t o h g n i v a h d n a e c a l p

y b d e s r o d n E

m r a w a n i g n i e b y b d e m r a w s i f l e s t i l a m i n a

. e m i t f o h t g n e l a r o

Classification of that require the same specific treatment f

e h t t a h t e r u s n e o t d e d n e m m o c e r s i t I . m r a w e b y l e s o l c s l a m i n a e h t t a d e k o o l t o n e v a h u o y

t s u m e n i l a s e h t r e b m e m e R : e t o n e s a e l p t e

Plants that contain a cyanogenic glycoside V t a h t e b y a m t i y t i l a e r n i t u b n e d d u s n e e b s a h y t e i c o S a m a l L h s i t i r B e h T

t i t a h t d e c n i v n o c e b y a m , r e n w o e h t s a , u o Y y b d e c u d o r 1) Arrowgrass Triglochin maritima , found in gardens but imported from the USA. P

Specific treatment is . r e t e h t a c e g a g 6 1 a h t i 2) Bird’s foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus , commonly found in cleared woodland. w

20mg per kg sodium

3) Chinese photinia Photinia fraseri , found in gardens but imported from China. e n i l a s c i n o t o s i l a m r o n f o p i r d a p u g n i t t e s . h t a e d f o e m i t a h s i l b a t s e o t y r t o t t n a t r o p m

thiosulphate given i

. l u f e s u e b l l i

4) Chinese sacred bamboo Nandina domestica , found in gardens but imported from China. w

r e d i s n o c l l i w t e v r u o y , n w o n k n u s i n o s i o 1) Arrowgrass 2) Bird’s foot trefoil 3) Chinese photinia p s i t i , d a e d d n u o f e r a t a h t s l a m i n a h t i intravenously, together W

s e s a c l l a n i t n e m t a e r t c i t a m o t p m y s o s l A . t u

5) Laurel Laurus spp . Large amounts need to be ingested so poisoning is very rare, o

e h t d n a s n g i s c i t s o n g a i d l u f p l e h o n e r a e r e h with 1 gram per 20kg t

. d e t c e l l o c e b o t d e e n y l s u o i v b o l l i w s e l p m a

except in pet animals given access to the dried on rubbish dumps. S d e i r r a c e b t s u m t a h t n e h t t n e m t a e r t c i f i c e p

by mouth to detoxicate s f I . n o i t a n i m a x e l a c i n i l c l l u f a t u o y r r a c d l u o h s

. n o i t a c i f i t n e d i l l u f a h t i w g n o l a , n e k a t e b d l u o h

6) Wild cherry Prunus sp , found in gardens and woodland. the remaining HCN in s

a s i e r e h t f I . d e s u e b n a c e t a n o b r a c i b e m o s

t e v r u o y l l i y l s u o i r e s s i d i l e m a c l l a m s e h t f I

, n i a g a e c n o , s e t o n l u f e r a C : e t o n e s a e l p t e

the rumen, or C1 in V

Image sources: 1) http://www.watershednursery.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Triglochin-maritima-Swatntons-marsh-1024x768.jpg Photo by Diana Benner g n i n i a t n o c n o i t a r a p e r p d i c a t n a y r a t e i r p o r p

2) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Lotus_corniculatus10.JPG 3) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Photinia_fraseri_B.JPG SACs. This can be A

4) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0036699_5112.jpg 5) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0035342_4322.jpg . e c n a t s b u s r o t n a l p c i x o t e h t m o r f . s e t y l o r t c e l e h t i w 1 C r o n e m u r e h t g n i l l i f - f l a

repeated in an hour. h

6) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0041942_14593.jpg 4) Chinese bamboo 5) Laurel 6) Wild cherry

. m e t r o m - t s o p

s l a m i n a r e h t o y n a e v o m e r o t r e b m e m e r y b d e t a r d y h e r e b n a c l a m i n a e h T . 1 C

a e v a h o t e v a h l l i w p e e l s o t t u p e r a r o d e i d

o s l A . n o i t a c i f i t n e d i p l e h o t s t o o r e h t n e v Plants that contain oxalic acid e d e l l a c , t n e m t r a p m o c t s r i f e h t , s C A S f o

e v a h t a h t s l a m i n a y n a t a h t y l e k i l s i t I . s m i a l c

e b y a m d n a t i u r f e h t , s e v a e l e h t e r i u q e r y e h

1) Fat hen Chenopodium album , commonly found on waste ground and in cultivated areas between t e s a c e h t n i r o , n e m u r e h t t u o g n i h s u l f d n a

e c n a r u s n i o t r o n o i t a g i t i l o t d a e l n e t f o s e s a c

t a h t s s e r t s y a m t e v r u o Y . u o y h t i w n i t n a l fruit trees. Large amounts are required so poisoning is very rare except in tethered animals. p

a t s e g n i e h t g n i v o m e r y b d e v o m e r e b n a c

g n i n o s i o p e s u a c e b s e t o n e k a t o t r e b m e m e 2) Ice plants Mesembryanthemum spp , only found in gardens, originated in South Africa. R

e h t f o e m o s g n i r b u o y e r u s e k a m , s i t i t a h w

s n i x o t t n a l p g n i n i a m e r y n A . n o i t a n i m a t n o

3) Rhubarb Rheum rhaponticum , found in vegetable gardens but poisoning is normally from leaves thrown to camelids. c

w o n k t o n o d u o y t u b n e t a e n e e b y l e t i n i f e

1) Fat hen 2) Ice plants 3) Rhubarb d

e l t t i l y r e v e b l l i w e r e h t t a h t o s ) d o h t e

4) Soft roly-poly Salsola kali , a weed found in open areas of woodland. m

. e v i v r u s y l b i s s o p d l u o c t a h t s l a m i n a e h t s a h t n a l p a f I . n i g n i m o c e r a u o y s a t n e m t a e r

5) Rumex acetosa , a weed found in certain pastures, a relative of sheep sorrel R. Acetosella . Poisoning is very rare. t

s ’ z t e o G ( n e m o d b a e h t f o m u e n o t i r e p e h t o t

d n a e l p i c n i r p c i x o t e h t p u k o o l n a c g n i t a e r t n o e t a r t n e c n o c d n a p e e l s o t s l a m i n

6) Sugar beet Beta vulgaris , (only causes problems if animals are suddenly fed large quantities. a

n e m u r e h t h c t i t s o t e l b a s i v d a s i t I . n e m u r e h t

y e h t o s e m a n e h t t e v r u o y l l e t u o y e r u s e k a m

d e t c e f f a y l d a b y l l a e r e h t t u p o t r e d n i k e

Specific treatment is vitamin B preparations and 20% calcium borogluconate, both given slowly b n i t n a l p e h t f o y r e v o c s i d e h t y b s i s o n g a i d

, n e t a e n e e b s a h t n a l p a f i , y l l a u q E . t n e i t a p

y a m t i d e t c e f f a s l a m i n a l a r e v e s e r a e r e h t f

intravenously. The dose of the 20% calcium borogluconate is 30ml for a small sheep or pygmy goat, I

a e l b a n e l l e w y a m y m o t o n e m u r A . d e s

60ml for a normal-sized sheep or goat and 80ml for a SAC. u e h t n i g n i g n i r b e r a u o y e l i h w e t o d i t n a y n a

. a i s a n a h t u e , r a l u c i t r a p n i , d n a d e r e d i s n o

4) Soft roly poly 5) Sorrel 6) Sugar beet c

e b o t g n i o g s i k c o l b l a c o l a e s u a c e b n e v i

Image sources: g n i a t b o n a c y e h t t a h t o s y l e t a i d e m m i t e v r u o y

e b t s u m e r a f l e W . ) h t a e d f o t n i o p e h t t a 1) http://lh6.ggpht.com/23TfBz56qgg/UBbN2uj53KI/AAAAAAAAFHk/2HGMt_AXIQM/Wild%252520Spinach%252520%252528Chenopodium%252520album%252529_web_thumb%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800 2) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0094816_2840.jpg (

3) http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/87/9587-004-BCB91CAA.jpg 4) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Salsola_kali_flowers.jpg 5) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0034755_4129.jpg 6) https://lindamziedrich.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sugar-beet.jpg Photo © Linda Ziedrich e b o t g n i o g t o n s i c i t e h t s e a n a l a r e n e g A

l l e t u o y e r u s e k a m , l a c i m e h c t l i p s a n e e b

s i m e r t x e n i s i l a m i n a e h t f i t n e m e g d u j l a c i n i l c

. e s o l o t e l t t i l y r e v s a h r e n o i t i t c a r p e h t , n e v i g

y l e t i n i f e d s a h e r e h t f I . n o i t u a c h t i w n e k a t

l u f e r a c a e k a m o t s d e e n r e n o i t i t c a r p t e v e h Plants that contain hyoscamine and/or atropine and solanine T

g n i e b t o n s i t n e m t a e r t c i f i c e p s a d n a l l i y r e v e b o t s d e e n y r o t s i h y n a , s i h t f o e s u a c e

1) Black nightshade Solanum nigrum , found in gardens is not as toxic as deadly nightshade. Specific treatment B

! s y a r p s y t s a n ’ s r e m r a f e m a l b o t n e e k

s i l a m i n a e h t f I ? y m o t o n e m u r a t u o y r r a

2) Deadly nightshade Atropa belladonna , found in hedgerows. Normally animals will c

. t n e m t a e r t c i t a m o t p m y s t u o y r r a

is neostigmine. This c

y r e v n e t f o e r a s r e n w o , r e v e w o H . l u f p l e h

u o y d l u o h S . n i x o t e h t f o n o i t p r o s b a r e h t r u

not touch this very toxic , except when it is in hay. should be given at f

l l i w r u o y e s i w r e h t O . e l b a l i a v a t n e m t a e r t

y r e v y l s u o i v b o s i t a h t , n w o n k y l e t i n i f e

3) Henbane Hyoscyamus niger (a very toxic ubiquitous garden plant). d t n e v e r p o t y r t o t e b t s u m t r o f f e t s r i f e h

0.01mg/kg, T

c i f i c e p s a s i e r e h t d n a n w o n k s i n o s i o p e h 1) Black nightshade 2) Deadly nightshade 3) Henbane t

s i n o s i o p e h t f I . s i s o n g a i d a g n i h s i l b a t s

4) Pheasant’s eye Adonis microcarpa , originally from Australia but now commonly subcutaneously. e

s r e n o i t i t c a r P t e V r o f e c n a d i u G

f i t n e m t a e r t c i f i c e p s t u o y r r a c l l i w t e v r u o

found in gardens. Flunexin is useful to Y

s i s e s a c g n i n o s i o p h t i w m e l b o r p t s r i f e h

5) Thorn apple Datura stramonium , a very toxic woodland plant. control the ileus. T

t n e m t a e r T s i s o n g a i 6) Woody nightshade Solanum dulcamara , a trailing woodland plant not normally eaten. D Image sources: 1) http://newfs.s3.amazonaws.com/taxon-images-1000s1000/Solanaceae/solanum-ptycanthum-fl-atal.jpg 2) http://images.rapgenius.com/13fee6bdc0a8677c266d1e010a38339d.500x375x1.jpg 3) http://mtwow.org/henbane-flower-01.jpg 4) http://dailyflower.yakohl.com/de/pop.php?pid=1364 5) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/Advice/ACEImages//Datura-stramomium_465575.jpg 6) http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/images/solanum_dulcamara_220909.jpg Courtesy of thepoisongarden.co.uk 4) Pheasant’s eye 5) Thorn apple 6) Woody nightshade Plants that contain nitrate/nitrite 1) Maize Zea mays , a cultivated crop that is highly palatable and can easily be eaten to excess. 2) Variegated thistle Silybum marianum , originated in Australia but is now a garden plant. Specific treatment is methylene blue. Purple -heads with spiny , in the second year. This should be given at 10mg/kg, very Identifying and slowly, intravenously. Plant Poisons Conclusion Image sources: 1) http://www.english-test.net/images/toeic/168.jpg 2) http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geopho-tos/02/78/36/2783674_aa16acf9.jpg 1) Maize 2) Variegated thistle Many owners and vet practitioners who are Plants that cause acute gastritis Plant poisoning is liable to occur under a variety of circumstances. If camelids unfamiliar with plants are understandably treating plant 1) Azalea Rhododendron occidentale , found in gardens and ornamental woods. Animals show marked are allowed to escape they are not only stressed when faced with a potential salivation and projectile vomiting. spring/early summer in danger of being hit on the road but also poisoning case. In many instances there is 2) Kalmia Kalmia spp , a common found in gardens. Flowers late spring. poisoning in South little in the literature or on the Internet for 3) Oleander Nerium oleander , a pink flowering garden plant from Morocco. Eaten when cut. of gaining access to toxic plants. Camelids’ 4) Peris/White Rim Pieris japonica variegate , a common garden plant from Japan. Urn-shaped flowers borne 1) Azalea 2) Kalmia 3) Oleander enclosures must be stock-proof. Camelids guidance. Most of these cases are extremely in panicles in spring. are at risk if they are allowed to escape into urgent and so long-winded referencing is American Camelids 5) Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum , this shrub originated in Nepal; it is very common in gardens and woods or gardens. Tethered camelids are at difficult. It is hoped that this more straight woodlands. It is particularly dangerous as it is readily ingested by sheep, goats and SACs. risk if they are short of food and only have forward classification will aid owners and 6) Viburnum Viburnum spp , there are many different of this genus, which can be shrubs, bushes or clinicians in their ‘hour of need’. (SACs) in the UK small trees. They are readily eaten. access to a plant that they normally would 4) Peris/White Rim 5) Rhododendron 6) Viburnum not eat, but which is toxic. Camelids are at References risk when they are trekking and come across Stevenson, M.J. (2010). Apparent low toxicity of yew in Specific treatment is 1ml twice daily of a 5% wt/vol solution of morphine sulphate and 1ml twice daily of a grazing animals. Vet. Rec.166 page 307. 0.5% wt/vol solution of atropine sulphate. The dose should be halved for pygmy goats and doubled for camelids. plants that they have never encountered A guide for UK camelid owners before. Camelids are also at risk from access Swarbrick, O. (2010). Apparent low toxicity of yew in Image sources: 1) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/RHS_RHS-0004478_3974.JPG 2) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/RHS_WSY0041701_6836.JPG 3) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0015882_4016.jpg 4) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0040313_9633.jpg grazing animals. Vet. Rec.166 page 307 5) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/Advice/ACEImages//PUB0009074_223013.jpg 6) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0003443_5767.jpg to garden rubbish which may have toxic plants mixed in with them or clippings which Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the information Plants that cause liver toxicity in this pamphlet is correct, it is a guide only, and you should Also includes images of a wide range of toxic may contain toxic material or fermenting ensure your own research is conducted with regards toxic plants categorised by those that have the same plants that your animals may have access to. 1) Algae Microcystis spp, Anabena spp and Aphanizomenon spp , found in inland lakes material which can cause compaction in the type of treatment, and those that require no e.g. The Norfolk Broads. gut due to the abnormal grazing behaviour. specific treatment 2) Blue heliotrope Heliotropium amplexicaule , an annual flower commonly found in gardens. These may be presented as browse or dried British Llama Society 3) Bog asphodel Narthecium ossifragum , found on marshy ground. The main danger is when 1) Algae 2) Blue heliotrope 3) Bog asphode 4) Caltrop in hay or haylage. Camelids will find it A company limited by guarantee. Registered in England no. 04897204 it is cut in hay. Registered office: Mansion House, Princes Street, Yeovil, Somerset BA20 1EP 4) Caltrop Tribulus terrestris , creeping herb with yellow flowers. particularly difficult to reject plants in silage. Phone: 01737 823375 (General Enquiries) Produced by 5) Common heliotrope Heliotropium europaeum , annual herb with white flowers. It is very important to remember that it is a Phone: 07890 025064 (Re-edited by Tina Gambell The British Llama Society 6) Goats rue Galega officinalis , large herb with purple flowers. Large amounts are required complete myth that camelids will not eat with the kind permission of original author, for toxic symptoms. Graham Duncanson BVSc MSc (VetGP) DProf FRCVS) plants that are bad for them. 7) Lantana Lantana camara , found in the wild as well as in gardens. E-mail: [email protected] Endorsed by 5) Common Heliotrope 6) Goats rue 7) Lantana 8) Panicum E-mail: [email protected] Flowers throughout spring, summer and autumn The British Alpaca Society 8) Panicum Panicum spp , grown as a fodder crop. Large quantities required. British Alpaca Society 9) Paterson’s curse Echium plantagineum , an annual garden herb with blue flowers. 10) Ragwort Senecio jacobea , an annual plant with yellow flowers. Found in large Registered office: 2 Barnfield Crescent, Exeter, Devon EX1 1QT Company Specific treatment is high Number: 3256068 registered in England. quantities on wayside verges and horse pastures. Based on information provided in doses of Vitamin B and a The British Alpaca Society Ltd 11) St John’s wort Hypericum perforatum , a common marshland plant. low protein diet. Veterinary Treatment 9) Paterson’s curse 10) Ragwort 11) St John’s wort c/o Grassroots Systems Ltd Flowers in summer. PO Box 251, Exeter EX2 8WX of Llamas and Alpacas Image sources: 1) www.mike-page.co.uk 2) http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/28a1c14fe0c0ff5b76acb81f885de295cb6d2878.jpg 3) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Bog_Asphodel_(Narthecium_ossifragum)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_215538.jpg 4) © State of Victoria, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Phone: 0845 331 2468 (Calling from inside UK) Graham Duncanson BVSc MSc (VetGP) DProf FRCVS Transport and Resources. Reproduced with permission 5) © State of Victoria, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources. Reproduced with permission 6) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0034627_5243.jpg 7) http://commons.hortipedia.com/images/8/88/Lantana_camara_photo_file_PDB_54KB.jpg 8) http://www.crocus.co.uk/images/products2/PL/20/00/01/19/PL2000011923_card_lg.jpg 9) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%94_Echium_plantagineum.JPG Phone: +44 (0) 2476 304400 (Calling from outside UK) 10) http://warehouse1.indicia.org.uk/upload/Ragwort,%20Common%20(Senecio%20jacobaea)%20B4669%20Sapcote%20SP%204676%209380%20(taken%2021.6.2007).JPG E-mail: [email protected] Identifying and treating plant poisoning in South American Camelids (SACs) in the UK Classification of plants that require no specific treatment Plants that contain cardiac glycosides & therefore Plants that cause blood clotting deficiency Plants that cause gastro-enteric cause vasodilation with signs of acute shock signs with diarrhoea 1) Sweet clover Melilotus officinalis , only causes poisoning when crushed 1) Cape tulip Homeria spp , both the one and two leaf i.e. spoilt or made into hay. 1) Autumn crocus Colchicum autumnale , mainly in cria because varieties are toxic. the toxin colchicine is excreted in the milk. Also called 1) Autumn crocus 2) Avocardo Specific treatment is vitamin K by injection. 2) Christmas rose Helleborous niger , common garden flower. Meadow saffron. Very bitter so only a danger when cut. 2) Avocardo Persea Americana , the skins are often consumed 3) Foxglove Digitalis purpurea , an erect herb with purple flowers. 1) Cape tulip 2) Christmas rose Image sources: 1) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Melilotus_officinalis_bgiu.jpg 1) Sweet Clover from compost heaps. The toxin persin affects the udder and Flowers in summer causes mastitis. 4) Purple sesbane Daubentonia punicea , the orange flowering type are 3) Box Buxus sempervirens a common evergreen hedge plant in the ones seen in gardens. gardens. Not touched when growing but toxicity occurs when Plants that cause colic animals are fed trimmings. 3) Box 4) Castor bean 4) Castor bean Ricinus communis , often included in 1) Black Bryony Tamus communis a common Symptomatic treatment should be given for shock. animal feed. Only a problem in large quantities. hedge-climbing plant with white-green flowers. 3) Foxglove 4) Purple sesbane 5) Charlock Sinapis arvensis , a common weed with Only the berries are toxic. Image sources: 1) https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/Cape%20Tulip2.jpg yellow flowers seen in cornfields. A brassica. 2) http://s3.amazonaws.com/everystockphoto/fspid20/85/60/78/everystockphoto-856078-o.jpg 3) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0035479_4400.jpg 2) Poke weed Phytolacca Americana , originally from the 4) USDA, NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 24 June 2009). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Photo by Pancrazio Campagna. 6) Cuckoo-pint maculatum , very bitter but young USA but now common in gardens in the UK. animals attracted to the very toxic red berries. Also 1) Black Bryony 2) Poke weed 5) Charlock 6) Cuckoo-pint Plants that cause neurological signs 3) White Bryony Bryonia dioica , a he dge-climbing weed called ‘Lords and ladies’. that is very toxic. 7) Daffodil Narcissus spp , bulbs are mildly toxic. 8) Delphinium Delphinium spp , not eaten except 1) Aconite Monkshood Aconitum napellus , a small flower found when cut and dried. in gardens. Treatment is symptomatic to control the colic signs. 9) Dog’s mercury Mercurialis perennis , only mildly toxic. 2) Blind grass Stypandra glauca , not a grass but a small blue flowering 10) Ground elder Sambucus ebulus , a common garden perennial. Image sources: 1) Aconite Monkshood 2) Blind grass 1) https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/2e/38/49/2e3849dce9be357d2b132d768cc6b565.jpg weed, only mildly toxic. 7) Daffodil 8) Delphinium 3) Bracken Pteridium aquilinum , a very common plant found on hills 2) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/%C5%9Eekerciboyas%C4%B1_(Phytolacca_americana).jpg 11) Linseed Linum spp , often included in animal feed. and common throughout the UK. It is not toxic in small amounts. 3) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Bryonia_dioica_001.JPG 3) White Bryony Purgative in large quantities. 4) Branched onion weed Trachyandra divaricatea , originally from 12) Potatoes Solanum tuberosum , only a problem when south-western Australia. A perennial plant with a white flower fed to excess. and a rhizome. Plants that cause bloat 13) Privet Ligustrum spp , a common hedge plant in 5) Fools parsley Aethusa cynapium , a herbaceous plant with white gardens. Large quantities will cause mild toxic signs. flowers found as a weed in gardens. 3) Bracken 4) Branched onion 1) Clover Trifolium spp , an excess in pastures causes 14) Wild clematis Clematis vitalba , also called ‘Old man’s 9) Dog’s mercury 10) Ground elder 6) Golden rod Haplopappus heterophyllius , this garden flower affects problems. beard’. Very irritant, rarely eaten. suckling offspring. 2) Onions Allium spp , large quantities need to be ingested. 7) Hemlock , plant with a white flower found Specific treatment is symptomatic and includes in ditches. A danger after ditch clearance. Treatment is symptomatic to control the bloat, demulcents, NSAIDs to treat the pain and antibiotics 8) Laburnum Laburnum anagyroides , a very toxic tree with yellow trocarisation and/or suphactants. 1) Clover 2) Onions to treat any secondary bacteria. hanging flowers. Image sources: Image sources: 11) Linseed 12) Potatoes 1) http://www.crocus.co.uk/images/products2/PL/10/00/00/03/PL1000000368_card_lg.jpg 9) Lupines Lupinus spp , found in gardens and hedgerows. 1) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/Advice/ACEImages//clover%20in%20lawn_781286.jpg 5) Fools parsley 6) Golden rod 2) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Avocado_Whole_and_Crossection.jpg 2) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/Advice/ACEImages//RHS_ADV0000336_997330.jpg The seed-pods are toxic. 3) http://www.rhsplants.org.uk/images/products2/PL/20/00/01/44/PL2000014485_card3_lg.jpg 4) http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/902a331b9ec7fea97503551f8878d14603bde1b7.jpg 10) Male fern Dryopteris filix-mas , unlikely to be consumed in 5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapis_arvensis#/media/File:Brassicaceae_-_Sinapis_arvensis_(3).JPG 6) https://namethatplant.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/watermark_151.jpg sufficient quantity. The roots are very toxic. 7) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/Advice/ACEImages//NarcissusJetFire_846646.jpg Plants that contain taxine 8) http://www.delphinium-society.co.uk/Images/delphiniumgroup.jpg 11) Marijuana Cannabis sativa , a problem with escaping animals. 9) http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/images/mercurialis_perennis_300606.jpg Courtesy of thepoisongarden.co.uk 10) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/Advice/ACEImages//Ground-ElderL_612812.jpg 12) Mare’s tail Equisetum spp , a very common pasture plant. 1) Yew Taxus baccata , a very common evergreen tree 11) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/RHS_HYD0000583_7019.JPG Only eaten if starving. 12) https://www.rhs.org.uk/getmedia/6700c8eb-aa80-4364-a81a-731152fe02fc/KingEdwardCredMarshalls.jpg?width=364&height=242 found in churchyards and as hedges in gardens. 13) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0034416_4664.jpg 13) Privet 14) Wild clematis 13) Marsh mallow Malva parviflora , a common wasteland plant that 7) Hemlock 8) Laburnum only causes problems to suckling young. There is no realistic treatment. However, recent observations (Stevenson 2010) and Plants that cause haematuria 14) Poison morning glory Ipomoea muelleri , a vine in gardens with (Swarbrick 2010) indicate that although yew is extremely toxic to cattle it may not be pink trumpet flowers. so toxic to small ruminants. 1) Yew (blood in the urine) 15) Rushes Juncus spp , a marshland plant only eaten if starving. 1) Marrowstem kale Brassica oleracea, a worldwide fodder Image sources: 16) Rye grass Lolium spp , poisoning caused by two saprophytic fungi 1) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0024056_12129.jpg crop often eaten to excess. living on the rye grass. 2) Rape Brassica napus, another brassica field crop. 9) Lupines 10) Male fern 17) Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum , not normally eaten as a plant but 3) Turnip weed Rapistrum rugosum, this herb is not very palatable 1) Marrowstem kale 2) Rape as cigarettes. Plants that cause irritation of the oral mucous membranes but requires only small amounts to cause toxicity. It contains S 18) Water dropwort crocata , the roots are very poisonous methylcysteine sulphoxide SMCO. and are eaten after ditch dredging. 1) Spurges Euphorbia spp , found as hedges or on wasteland. 4) Wild radish Raphanus raphanistrum, found in all temperate 19) Water hemlock Cicuta virosa , the roots are very poisonous and climates and contains SMCO. are eaten after ditch dredging. Treatment is symptomatic and it requires copious flushing with water. There is no realistic treatment except to remove 11) Marijuana 12) Mare’s tail the animals from the plants. Image sources: Image sources: 3) Turnip weed 4) Wild radish Specific treatment is symptomatic to control the neurological signs. 1) http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/scotplant/Images/Euphorbia%20helioscopia.JPG 1) Spurges 1) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Brassica_oleracea0.jpg 2) http://blog.lisacoxdesigns.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Oil-seed-rape-field-Lisa-Cox-Garden-Designs.jpg Image sources: 3) http://david.jdbernard.com/wp-content/gallery/cruciferae-mustard/355TurnipWeed.jpg 1) http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/images/aconitum_napellus_bee_1_090706.jpg Courtesy of thepoisongarden.co.uk 4) http://www.gardenista.com/files/styles/733_0s/public/img/sub/uimg/10-2012/700_wild-radish-3.jpg 2) http://www.stridvall.se/flowers/albums/Stypandra/778_14.jpg 3) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0035329_4127.jpg 4) https://lengelb.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/trachyandra-divaricata.jpg 5) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Aethusa_cynapium_002.JPG Plants that cause gastro-enteric Plants that cause acute respiratory signs) 6) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0035709_1848.jpg 7) http://www.aphotoflora.com/images/apiaceae/conium_maculatum_hemlock_flower_spike_22-06-10_1.jpg Courtesy of www.aphotoflora.com signs with constipation 8) http://i4.walesonline.co.uk/incoming/article8812628.ece/ALTERNATES/s615/SJP_ECH_090315gard_0119393JPG.jpg 13) Marsh mallow 14) Poison morning glory 1) Algae Microcystis spp , Anabena spp and Aphanizomenon spp , 9) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0041720_14540.jpg 10) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0034767_3973.jpg 1) Acorns Quercus spp , acorns are much more toxic that found in inland lakes and ponds. 11) https://www.icmag.com/ic/picture.php?albumid=1364&pictureid=42435 12) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/Advice/ACEImages//PUB0005746_775513.jpg oak leaves, which are often browsed by camelids. Problems 2) Arum lily/Crowborough Zantedeschia aethiopica , found in gardens 13) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Starr_080609-7930_Malva_parviflora.jpg and actually causes laryngeal oedema with frothing at the mouth. 14) http://41.media.tumblr.com/c0b6176f571b06a1120ef4adb488216c/tumblr_mu1t4tBdCW1qjwd8go1_1280.jpg occur in dry autumns when there are high winds when 15) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Juncus_effuses.jpg The condition soon subsides. 16) http://www.weedalogue.com/ryegrass/pr_01.jpg the acorns are green. Individual animals seem to get a 1) Algae 2) Arum lily/Crowborough 17) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0005491_11234.jpg craving for them. 3) Golden Crown beard Verbesina encelioides , 18) http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/cfs-file.ashx/__key/communityserver-blogs-components-weblogfiles/00-00-00-48- 1) Acorns 2) Chickweed 52/6470.Hemlock-Water_2D00_Dropwort-Leaf.JPG 2) Chickweed Stellaria media , a small white flowering plant, common herb with yellow daisy-like 19) http://commons.hortipedia.com/images/1/18/Cicuta_virosa_photo_file_PDB_103KB.jpg flowers. 15) Rushes 16) Rye grass traditionally grown to be fed to hens. 4) Perilla mint/curly perilla Perilla frutescents , 3) Pine needles Pinus spp , various trees found throughout found in gardens. Normally not eaten on the country. account of unpleasant smell. Treatment is symptomatic and includes liquid paraffin 5) Sweet potatoes Ipomoea batatas , large 3) Crown beard 4) Perilla 5) Sweet potatoes and NSAIDs to treat the pain and toxicity. quantities required. Usually fed by mistake. Image sources: Image sources: 1) John Burns (Cyanolab), Mark Schneegurt (Wichita State University), and Cyanosite (www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu) 1) https://www.rhs.org.uk/getmedia/0630cbfc-b94a-4803-9c4f-63d1e49ed488/Quercus-roburalt940x627.jpg?width=940&height=627&ext=.jpg 3) Pine needles 2) https://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselectorimages/detail/WSY0029097_3346.jpg 2) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Kaldari_Stellaria_media_01.jpg 3) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Verbesina-encelioides-20080403.JPG 17) Tobacco 18) Water dropwort 19) Water hemlock 3) http://www.gaiahealthblog.com/wordpress1/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/pine-2012-12-5-PineNeedles1.jpg 4) http://www.horseadvice.com/horse/messages/4/405758.jpg Specific treatment is symptomatic, steroids and antibiotics.