Mimico Creek Watershed – Terrestrial Biological Inventory Prepared by Environmental Monitoring and Data Management

December 2019

Mimico Creek Watershed – Terrestrial Biological Inventory

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction 6 1.1 The TRCA Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program 7 2.0 Study Area Description and History 8 3.0 Inventory Methodology 11 3.1 Landscape Analysis 11 3.2 Vegetation Community, Flora and Fauna Species Scoring and Ranking 12 3.3 Vegetation Communities, Flora and Fauna Species Data Collection 14 4.0 Results and Discussion 16 4.1 Landscape Analysis Regional Context 16 4.2 Habitat Patch Findings for Mimico Creek Watershed 17 4.2.1 Quantity of Natural Cover 17 4.2.2 Quality of Natural Cover 17 4.3 Vegetation Community Findings for Mimico Creek Watershed 18 4.3.1 Vegetation Community Representation 18 4.3.2 Vegetation Communities of Concern 23 4.4 Flora Findings for Mimico Creek Watershed 26 4.4.1 Flora Species Representation 26 4.4.2 Flora Species of Concern 28 4.4.3 Invasive Species 33 4.4.4 Plantings 35 4.5 Fauna Species Findings for Mimico Creek Watershed 37 4.5.1 Fauna Species Representation 38 4.5.2 Fauna Species of Concern 38 4.5.3. Species at Risk 46 4.5.4. Historical Fauna 47 5.0 Summary and Recommendations 48 5.1 Site Summary 48 5.2 Site Recommendations 50 6.0 References 54

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List of Tables

Table 1. Habitat patch quality, rank and species response. 12 Table 2. L‐ranks and total score ranges for vegetation communities. 13 Table 3. L‐ranks and total score ranges for flora. 13 Table 4. L‐ranks and total score ranges for fauna. 14 Table 5. Survey dates and effort for the 2017 landscape analysis and the 2019 biological inventories. 15 Table 6. Summary of all TRCA surveys in Mimico Creek watershed, City of Toronto (2001‐2019). 15 Table 7. Summary of vegetation communities in Mimico Creek Study Area, 2016‐2019. 19 Table 8. Current flora species, Mimico Creek watershed, 2005‐2019. 27 Table 9. Regionally rare plants of Mimico Creek Study Area. 30 Table 10. Mimico Creek Study Area current flora species of concern (L1‐L4) by main habitat category. 31 Table 11. Fauna species and species of regional conservation concern (L1‐L3) and species of urban concern (L4) counts for Mimico Creek Study Area 2010‐2019. 38 Table 12. Bird species diversity and abundance across breeding habitats in Mimico Creek Study Area 2010‐ 2019. 43

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Shale exposure on the creek bed between Royal York Rd. and The Queensway (photo: TRCA, 2006). 9 Figure 2. Constructed Channel – Sluiceway (BBO3‐B) along Mimico Creek north of Eglinton Ave. (photo: TRCA, 2019). 21 Figure 3. Area (ha) and proportion (%) of Mimico Creek Study Area occupied by communities of varying conservation ranks, and manicured hydro corridor land. 24 Figure 4. Water Smartweed Floating Shallow Aquatic community, a new vegetation type, in a back channel north of Lakeshore Boulevard during high Lake Ontario levels (photo: TRCA, 2019). 25 Figure 5. Proportions of flora species at Mimico Creek Study Area observed 2005‐2019 by planted status and L‐rank. 28 Figure 6. Carolina rose (Rosa carolina) is one of three plants that are found only at the Mimico Creek Study Area or at most at one other site in TRCA (photo: TRCA, 2006). 29 Figure 7. Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) is invading the riparian zone near Disco Road (photo: TRCA, 2019). 35 Figure 8. Thin‐leaved sunflower (Helianthus decapetalus) has been successfully established at the Montgomery’s Inn Butterfly Garden (photo: TRCA, 2019). 37 Figure 9. One of three juvenile peregrine falcon observed at Tom Riley Park (photo: TRCA, 2019). 39 Figure 10. Grey catbird – a habitat generalist ‐ the most numerous species of urban concern in the Mimico Creek watershed (photo: TRCA, 2014). 42 Figure 11. Eastern gartersnake was observed throughout the Mimico Creek Study Area in 2019 (photo: TRCA, 2018). 45

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List of Maps

Map 1. Mimico Creek Watershed in the Context of Regional Natural Cover ...... 57 Maps 2a‐c. Mimico Creek Watershed with Study Area ...... 58 Maps 3a‐c. Mimico Creek Watershed and Study Area by Block ...... 61 Map 4. TRCA Regional Natural System Habitat Patch Quality ...... 64 Map 5. Distribution of Fauna Regional Species of Concern ...... 65 Maps 6a‐c. Scores for Patch Size with Fauna Area Sensitivity ...... 66 Maps 7a‐c. Scores for Matrix Influence and Flora Sensitivity to Development ...... 69 Maps 8a‐c. Scores for Matrix Influence and Fauna Sensitivity to Development ...... 72 Maps 9a‐c. Habitat Patch Quality Scores ...... 75 Maps 10a‐c. Vegetation Communities with Local Ranks ...... 78 Maps 11a‐c. Flora Species of Concern ...... 81 Maps 12a‐c. Flora Species Habitat Dependence Scores ...... 84 Maps 13a‐c. Fauna Species of Concern ...... 87 Maps 14a‐c. Fauna Species Habitat Dependence Scores ...... 90

List of Appendices

Appendix 1. Vegetation Communities at Mimico Creek Watershed (2018) ...... 93 Appendix 2a. Flora Species at Mimico Creek Watershed (2005‐2019) ...... 97 Appendix 2b. Flora Species at Mimico Creek Watershed (2019 by block) ...... 108 Appendix 3a. Fauna Species at Mimico Creek Watershed (2019 and all earlier records) 117 Appendix 3b. Fauna Species at Mimico Creek Watershed (2019 by block) ...... 119

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1.0 Introduction

In 2019 the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) conducted a biological inventory of the Mimico Creek watershed within the City of Toronto. Inventory work focused on sections of land within the watershed that were identified as having concentrated natural cover. These sections are described as the Study Area. The work was undertaken to provide background information for a geomorphological study conducted by the City of Toronto. The natural system components assessed included vegetation communities, vascular plants (flora), birds, and frogs. Incidental observations of other fauna were also recorded. The information is of value for site management planning: particularly for determining areas that are a priority for protection or restoration; and for biodiversity assessment at a broader regional level.

Along with information collected in 2019, TRCA has biological inventory data for parts of Mimico Creek dating back to 2001, with extensive collection having occurred in 2006 and 2016 for parts of the Mimico Creek Study Area. For the purposes of the TRCA, data within the past 15 years (2005‐2019) is considered current for flora and within the past 10 years (2010‐2019) for fauna. Earlier records are considered historic.

This report summarizes the biological inventory findings to:

 Characterize the terrestrial natural heritage features of Mimico Creek watershed within City of Toronto.  Provide terrestrial natural heritage information to inform and support the City of Toronto's Biodiversity and Ravine Strategies.  Describe how the natural heritage features of Mimico Creek watershed contribute to the regional Terrestrial Natural Heritage System (TNHS), and support regional biodiversity  Identify locations to be protected or enhanced based on the presence of sensitive communities and species  Outline some changes observed in the last few decades  Assess any other current activities or processes that are beneficial with respect to protecting/ or enhancing the natural system  Identify current risks to the quality of the habitat and recommend actions to reduce or eliminate them

The primary question that the inventory addresses is:

“How does the area surveyed at The Mimico Creek Study Area fit within the regional natural heritage system, and how should its contribution to this system be protected and maximized?”

An important underlying message is that the integrity and health of the natural system are measured at the regional scale; individual sites must be considered in this larger system context.

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1.1 The TRCA Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program

Rapid urban expansion in the TRCA jurisdiction has led to continuous and incremental loss of natural cover and species. In a landscape that probably supported 95% forest cover prior to European settlement, the most recent landscape analysis (2017) shows that only 17.5% forest (including successional) and wetland cover remains. Agricultural and natural lands are increasingly being urbanized while species continue to disappear from a landscape that is less able to support them. This represents a substantial loss of ecological health and ecosystem function that will be exacerbated in the future according to current urbanization trends. With the loss of natural cover, diminishing proportions of various natural vegetation communities and reduced populations of native species remain. As additional stresses are exerted on the natural system many species become even rarer until they are lost, or at imminent risk of being lost. Reductions in the natural heritage system reduce biodiversity and the ecosystem services that sustain human society.

The important issue is the cumulative loss of natural cover in the TRCA region that has resulted from innumerable site‐specific decisions.

In the late 1990s the TRCA initiated the Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program to address the loss of terrestrial biodiversity within the jurisdiction’s nine Watersheds. This work culminated in the Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy (TNHSS) (TRCA 2007a), which was approved in 2008, and has been under implementation since that time. The aim is to protect elements of the natural system (vegetation communities, flora and fauna species) before they become rare, and to promote greater ecological function of the entire system. This proactive approach is needed; by the time a community or species has become rare, irreversible damage has already occurred. A healthy natural system capable of supporting regional biodiversity in the long term is the goal. Targets, both short and long‐term (100 years), provide direction for planning at all scales (TRCA 2007a, TRCA 2007b).

The systems approach applied in TNHSS development incorporated data from a range of scales. Assessments of the components of biodiversity similarly consider multiple scales, ranging from the region as a whole, through the watersheds and smaller landscape habitat elements, to site level communities and species.

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2.0 Study Area Description and History

The Mimico Creek watershed occupies 7709 ha and spans parts of the City of Toronto (Etobicoke) and Peel Region (northeast corner of Mississauga, southeast corner of Brampton). The City of Toronto portion occupies 2900 ha. The Mimico Creek Study Area contains the portion of land within the City of Toronto that lies within the Mimico Creek watershed. It is defined as the area surveyed by TRCA between 2005‐2019 (i.e. lands that have data still considered to be “current”). This consists of 246 hectares (ha) of predominantly public land managed by the City of Toronto located along the Mimico Creek valley from Lake Shore Boulevard north to Highway 409 (Map 1). Areas that were surveyed before this time are considered historic information. The Study Area includes both natural cover and roughly manicured areas.

Incidental records of flora or fauna within the City of Toronto portion of the Mimico Creek watershed that lie outside the areas of intensive survey are included within this report.

The physiography of the Study Area is divided into four zones. The area north of Highway 401 is beveled till plain (grading into the Peel Clay Plain). Between Highway 401 and roughly Dundas Street West is a lightly drumlinized till plain (there are no prominent drumlins within the Study Area). The surface deposits here are silts and clays, with more clay northwards and silt southwards. South of Dundas extending downstream to The Queensway lies the Iroquois Sand Plain, deposited by Lake Iroquois during the later stages of the Wisconsin ice sheet as it retreated (Chapman and Putnam 1984). The Iroquois shoreline follows the northern edge of the Iroquois Sand Plain near Dundas Street West but is poorly defined here with no obvious shore bluff as occurs further east near Davenport Road. The sand plain portion of Mimico Creek has the underlying Ordovician bedrock (Georgian Bay formation – shale with limestone) close to the surface and there are numerous exposures along the creek with abundant marine fossils (Eyles 2004) (Figure 1). Mimico Creek re‐enters beveled till plain in its lower reaches from The Queensway to Lakeshore Blvd.

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Figure 1. Shale exposure on the creek bed between Royal York Rd. and The Queensway (photo: TRCA, 2006).

Soils in the Mimico Creek watershed reflect the surficial geology, although they have been heavily altered by urbanization. The till plain areas are silty clays with Oneida Clay Loam on the more sloping areas with better drainage and imperfectly drained Chinguacousy Clay Loam on the flatter tableland areas (Hoffman and Richards 1955). Small areas at the north end of the Study Area are heavy Peel Clay that was deposited by periglacial ponding.

Berrien Sandy Loam occupies the Iroquois Sand Plain: it is a shallow sandy loam over a relatively impermeable calcareous layer (i.e. the Ordovician bedrock). Hence, it is imperfectly drained.

Mimico Creek is within the Carolinian floristic zone of southern Ontario, characterized by deciduous forest. Southern elements are prominent in Mimico Creek watershed’s flora, but a few northern species from the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence mixed forest zone are associated with cool ravine slopes and seepage areas. Much of the forest would have been sugar maple (Acer saccharum) with various hardwoods. However, the sporadic presence of relict black oak (Quercus velutina) on the Iroquois Sand

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Plain portion of the Study Area between Dundas Street West and The Queensway indicates that this area has elements of the Humber Plains oak savannah and marks the western edge of its historic extent.

In pre‐European times, the lands that now comprise the Mimico Creek watershed were most likely deciduous forest with patches of oak savannah and woodland on the Iroquois Sand Plain. Wetlands would have occurred on some of the poorly drained tablelands on the Peel Clay Plain and till plain areas in the northern part of the watershed, as well as where Mimico Creek entered Lake Ontario. Indigenous peoples burned the savannahs and woodlands as part of their land management to provide habitat for both game and edible plants such as berries. The nearby Humber Valley was a major Indigenous trading route (the Toronto Carrying Place) with settlements as close as Baby Point on the Humber. It has been argued that the original oak savannahs in southern Ontario, including the Humber Plains, may date back 5000 years (Riley 2013).

The name “Mimico” originally was an Indigenous (Mississauga) word referring to the abundance of the now‐extinct passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) in the area (Toronto Field Naturalists 1976). It is possible that these birds fed on acorns from the oak trees associated with the Humber Plains.

Permanent European settlement began in Toronto in the late 18th century with conversion to agriculture occurring over the ensuing 60 years. Urbanization began in the 1880s with the village of Mimico at the waterfront but happened mostly with suburban development beginning around World War II. The area around West Deane Park was developed in the 1950s, reaching the north end of the Study Area by the early 1960s. By the late 1990s, the entire Mimico Creek watershed was urbanized to its headwaters in Brampton. As a result, Mimico Creek is subject to numerous terrestrial and aquatic impacts, ranging from intense edge effect on its terrestrial habitats to flash floods in the creek.

On account of the intense urbanization, Mimico Creek is largely isolated from any nearby natural areas (Maps 2a‐c). There is a potential “stepping stone” link at the north end of the Toronto portion of Mimico Creek is across the largely undeveloped lands of the Woodbine Race Track to the West Humber River (Map 2a). The only strong connection to the east and west is along the waterfront. The lower‐density urban area between Mimico Creek and the Humber Valley lying 2‐5 km to the east also has some stepping stone connectivity (Map 2c).

There are no designated Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest (ANSIs), Provincially Significant Wetlands (PSWs), or municipal Environmentally Significant Areas (ESAs) within the Study Area. However, there are several along the nearby Humber Valley. The Humber Marshes at the mouth of the Humber are the most prominent of these. They are designated as a Provincially Significant Wetland, a candidate Area of Natural and Scientific Interest, and an Environmentally Significant Area.

There are two historic sites that have some biological or horticultural significance: the old nut orchard at Echo Valley Park planted by George Corsan in the early 20th century (Corsan 1937, Morsink 1971); and the Montgomery’s Inn on Dundas Street at the north end of Tom Riley Park (City of Toronto 2019).

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3.0 Inventory Methodology

Inventory work was conducted at three scales: habitat patch (landscape analysis of remote sensed imagery); vegetation community, and species (flora and fauna) according to the TRCA methodologies for landscape evaluation (TRCA 2007c) and field data collection (TRCA 2007d). The scoring and ranking of vegetation communities, flora and fauna to generate local conservation concern L‐ranks (L1 to L5) is a key underlying process that supports this field work (Section 3.2; TRCA 2017).

3.1 Landscape Analysis

TRCA natural system characterization applies a regional landscape analysis approach that scales from the level of the individual habitat patch to the natural system region‐wide (TRCA 2007c). Key to this is our understanding that a healthy natural system for the region requires more than a minimum quantity of area: it requires natural connections across the larger landscape; it requires multiple habitat types; it requires quality of habitat; it also requires protection from those external influences (matrix influences) that would degrade the habitat.

Base Mapping

The most recent available landscape analysis used 2017 ortho‐rectified aerial photography (Table 5). Regional habitat patches were digitally mapped and characterized into the broadly‐defined patch categories of forest, successional, wetland, meadow and dynamic (beach, dune, and bluff) using ArcMap GIS software. These broad classes should not be confused with vegetation communities. The latter incorporate a much finer level of data, collected in the field during botanical surveys (Section 3.3, 4.3).

Quality of Natural Cover

The quality metric used for each habitat patch essentially assesses the potential for the scored habitat patch to support components of biodiversity. Three criteria are used: size (ha), shape (edge‐to‐area ratio), and matrix influence (measure of the positive and negative impacts from surrounding land use) (TRCA 2007c). A weighted average of the scores for the criteria provides a habitat patch quality, as outlined in Table 1.

Both avian species richness (Kilgour 2003) and biodiversity quality (McKenzie et al. 2018) have been demonstrated to correlate with patch quality. Specifically, TRCA regional species of conservation concern are more likely to be present in habitat patches of higher quality, as summarized in Table 1.

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Table 1. Habitat patch quality, rank and species response. Size, Shape and Matrix Influence Fauna Species of Conservation Concern Excellent Generally found Good Generally found Fair Generally found Poor Generally not found Very Poor Generally not found

Forest Interior

The forest interior metric evaluates the potential for a forest patch to support those species requiring isolation from human activity/influences. Sufficiently large patches of a sufficiently optimal shape provide interior forest. Measurements of the distance from any point in the habitat to the closest edge are used to categorize interior elements, where they exist. The lowest distance from edge category is 100–200 m interior forest; increasingly deeper interior components are measured in additional 100 m increments.

Quantity and Distribution

Periodic landscape analysis (every 4‐6 years), assesses progress towards the regional quantity target of 30% natural cover (TRCA 2007a). This target results from modelling the minimum area that could support species of conservation concern over the long term.

3.2 Vegetation Community, Flora and Fauna Species Scoring and Ranking

Vegetation communities, native vascular plants (flora) and native vertebrate animals (fauna) are scored on a set of ecological sensitivity, habitat requirement and abundance criteria by TRCA biologists in order to assign conservation concern status ranks or L‐ranks (local ranks of conservation concern). The process of scoring and ranking is described in detail in TRCA (2017). Applied since 2001, the method also provides for updates of scores and ranks as additional, or more current, data becomes available for a given community or species.

Vegetation community scores and ranks are based on two criteria: local occurrence and the number of geophysical requirements or factors on which they depend (Table 2). Flora species are scored using four criteria: local occurrence, population trend, habitat dependence, and sensitivity to impacts associated with development (Table 3). Fauna species are scored on seven criteria: local occurrence, local population trend, continent‐wide population trend, habitat dependence, sensitivity to development, area‐sensitivity, and patch isolation sensitivity (Table 4). Species ranked from L1 through L3 are region‐ wide species of conservation concern. Those ranked L4 are also of concern in the urban and urbanizing parts of the region. Species with an L‐rank of L5 are currently not considered of concern as they are able

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to persist alongside urbanization. Some derive benefit from living in close proximity to human society; as a result, they are likely to be more common in urban than in rural areas. Table 2. L‐ranks and total score ranges for vegetation communities. Total Score L‐rank Conservation Concern Status Range Of high level of concern in TRCA jurisdiction due to rarity, stringent habitat L1 8.5 ‐ 10 needs, and/or threat to habitat Of regional concern; typically occurs in less‐disturbed natural areas and L2 6.5 ‐ 8 under highly specific site conditions; at risk of decline/disappearance from the region Of regional concern; restricted in occurrence and/or requires specific site L3 5 ‐ 6 conditions; generally occurs in natural rather than cultural areas L4 3 – 4.5 Generally secure in rural matrix; of conservation concern in the urban matrix Generally secure; not of conservation concern unless it contains sensitive L5 1 – 2.5 species or other features such as old growth; contributes to natural cover Community defined by alien species (e.g. Scots pine plantation, buckthorn L+ n/a thicket). Contributes to natural cover

Table 3. L‐ranks and total score ranges for flora. Total Score L‐rank Conservation Concern Status Range Unable to withstand disturbance; many criteria are limiting factors; generally L1 19 ‐ 20 occur in high‐quality natural areas in natural matrix; almost certainly rare in the TRCA jurisdiction; of concern regionally Unable to withstand disturbance; some criteria are very limiting factors; L2 17 ‐ 18 generally occur in high‐quality natural areas, in natural matrix; probably rare in the TRCA jurisdiction; of concern regionally

L3 14 ‐ 16 Able to withstand minor disturbance; generally secure in natural matrix; of concern regionally Able to withstand some disturbance; generally secure in rural matrix; of concern L4 11 ‐ 13 in urban matrix Able to withstand high levels of disturbance; generally secure throughout the L5 2 ‐ 10 jurisdiction, including the urban matrix; may be of very localized concern in highly degraded areas Extirpated from our region with remote chance of rediscovery (i.e. natural LX n/a populations). May be present in plantings. Presumably highly sensitive. Hybrid between two native species; not scored; a hybrid that is highly stable and LH n/a behaves like a species (e.g. Equisetum x nelsonii) is not given this designation, but is scored and ranked

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Total Score L‐rank Conservation Concern Status Range

L+ n/a Exotic; not native to the TRCA jurisdiction; includes hybrids between a native species and an exotic L+? n/a Origin uncertain or disputed, i.e. may or may not be native

Table 4. L‐ranks and total score ranges for fauna. Total Score L‐rank Conservation Concern Status Range Of high level of concern in TRCA jurisdiction due to rarity, stringent habitat L1 25+ needs, and/or threat to habitat; greatly at risk of decline/disappearance from the region

L2 20 ‐ 24 Of regional concern; typically occurs in less‐disturbed natural areas and specific habitat(s); at risk of decline/disappearance from the region

L3 15 ‐ 19 Of regional concern; restricted in occurrence and/or requires specific habitat(s); generally occurs in natural rather than cultural areas Able to withstand some disturbance; generally secure in rural matrix; of L4 10 ‐ 14 concern in urban matrix Able to withstand disturbance; currently considered secure, including in the L5 2 ‐ 9 urban matrix LX n/a Extirpated from the region

L+ n/a Exotic; not native to the TRCA jurisdiction; exotic species are not scored

3.3 Vegetation Communities, Flora and Fauna Species Data Collection

Vegetation community, flora species and fauna species data were collected through field surveys. Surveys were carried out at the appropriate times of year to assess breeding status in the case of amphibians and birds, and during the optimal growing period of the various plant species and communities. Vegetation communities and flora species were surveyed concurrently. The inventory work was carried out in blocks or segments defined by major roads or other breaks in habitat (Maps 3a‐ c).

Botanical field work was undertaken between the months of May and September (Table 5). Pre‐existing data from within the past 15 years was included, and records before then were considered as historical information (Table 6). At the beginning of the field season identifying spring ephemeral flora species is a primary focus before the full closure of forest canopy occurs. The bulk of the vegetation community work is completed in the summer and early fall when characteristics of community and non‐ephemeral flora species are at their peak. Vegetation community designations were based on the Ecological Land

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Classification (ELC) and determined to the level of vegetation type (Lee et al. 1998). Community boundaries were outlined on printouts of 2017 digital ortho‐rectified photographs (ortho‐photos) at a scale of 1:2000 and then digitized in ArcMap.

Flora species of regional concern (ranked L1 to L3) and urban concern (L4) were mapped as point data, and the approximate population size recorded for each point. A list of all other species observed was documented for the site. Plant species records available from historical records were added to the species list. This included a small list of species planted by George Corsan at Echo Valley Park that was compiled by the Toronto Field Naturalists in 1978 (TFN 1978).

Table 5. Survey dates and effort for the 2017 landscape analysis and the 2019 biological inventories. Survey Survey Item Survey Dates Effort Patch / Landscape 2017: ortho‐photos 21 hours Vegetation 2019: May 8, 10, 30, 31; June 3, 11, 13, 14, 25, 26; July 5, 11, 29; 140 hours Communities and Aug 6, 9, 12, 26, 27; Sept. 3, 4, 10 Flora Species Frogs and Nocturnal 2019: April 12 0.75 hours Spring Birds 2019: May 27, 29, 30; June 3; July 3, 5, 8, 9 24 hours Breeding Songbirds

Table 6. Summary of all TRCA surveys in Mimico Creek watershed, City of Toronto (2001‐2019). Year Area surveyed (ha) 2001 0.7 (historical)‡ 2002 9.8 (historical) 2004 12.1 (historical) 2005 3.0 2006 52.1 2016 35.2 2017 1.9 2019 208.2* *Not to be confused with the Study Area (lands surveyed 2005‐2019 in total: 246 ha, which include some overlap between years) ‡Data collected by Urban Forest Associates and shared with TRCA

The 2019 fauna inventory field work were conducted on dates in April, May and June (Table 5). The April evening visit surveyed for breeding frog species of regional concern; they also incidentally surveyed for early‐spring nocturnal bird species, including owls and American woodcock (Scolopax minor). Surveys in May and June point‐mapped breeding bird territories for L1 ‐ L4 species of regional and urban concern. Other breeding birds (L5 and exotic) were listed, but not mapped.

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Breeding bird surveys were conducted at least twice during the breeding season (late May to early July) to assess the breeding status of each mapped individual. Categorization of possible, probable or confirmed breeding status for birds followed the method used for Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas data collection (Cadman et al. 2007). All initial visits were completed by the end of the third week of June. Bird observations recorded prior to June 16 were validated through a second visit later in the season. A quality assurance process filtered out individuals likely to be migrants in transit, rather than on‐site breeders.

In addition to the 2019 fauna data, records from a biological inventory in 2016 between Bloor Street West and The Queensway and incidental records from 2011, 2017 and 2018 have been included, and data from historical biological inventories in 2002, 2004 and 2006 have been referenced. Ten years is the threshold for inclusion of data as current under the TRCA field data collection protocol (TRCA 2007d).

4.0 Results and Discussion

The results of the 2017 landscape analysis and the 2005‐2019 biological inventories are the focus of this section, discussed to characterize the natural features of the Study Area and to provide an integrated perspective of the area in the regional system context. Features on adjacent lands are noted where relevant to the discussion of the 2005‐2019 results. Note that species are referred to by common name; the scientific name is noted the first time a species is mentioned, and Appendices 1 through 3b list the species found by both common and scientific name.

4.1 Landscape Analysis Regional Context

The 2017 ortho‐photography shows that 24% of the land area in the TRCA jurisdiction hosts natural cover, including 6.2% meadow. Historically, the region would have consisted of up to 95% forest cover with interspersed wetlands and very little meadow coverage; currently just 17.5% forest, successional habitat and wetland remains.

The regional analysis of habitat patches shows an average patch quality across the TRCA jurisdiction of “fair” with an unbalanced distribution; forest and wetland cover are contained largely in the northern half of the TRCA jurisdiction, especially on the Oak Ridges Moraine (Map 4). The existing natural system stands below the 30% quantity target set for the region (TRCA 2007a). Fauna species of concern are also largely restricted to the northern part of the jurisdiction and generally absent from the urban matrix (Map 5).

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4.2 Habitat Patch Findings for Mimico Creek Watershed

The landscape‐scale analysis of Mimico Creek watershed's habitat patches, considers it at a coarse level of detail but includes the context of the watershed and the region (see Section 3.1).

4.2.1 Quantity of Natural Cover

The Mimico Creek watershed within the City of Toronto limits is 2900 ha in size and contains 277 ha of natural habitat (i.e. forests, successional, meadow, wetland and dynamic communities). Thus, about 10% of Mimico Creek watershed is currently natural cover. The remaining 90% (i.e. 2623 ha) is heavily urbanized, consisting of high density residential, commercial and industrial zones, roads, and recreational areas. These figures are estimated from aerial photo interpretation. The 246 ha Study Area consists of 138 ha of natural cover (this figure excludes currently mowed areas). The figures for the Study Area are derived from ground‐truthed field work. The surveyed natural cover within the Study Area constitutes about 50% of the total natural cover found in the Mimico Creek watershed within the City of Toronto limits.

4.2.2 Quality of Natural Cover

The landscape analysis is based upon region‐wide air photo interpretation. In this analysis “forest” habitat includes any areas that seem to have high tree cover, not restricted necessarily to areas that are designated as forest vegetation types in ELC. At Mimico Creek watershed this would include significant portions of deciduous forest and plantations and some successional areas that function at a landscape level as forest.

Habitat Patch Size and Shape

Almost all the natural cover, fragmented into small habitat patches, scores “poor” and “very poor” for size (Maps 6a‐c). The habitat patch south of Highway 401, north of Eglinton Avenue West, and east of Highway 427 scores “fair” for size (Map 6b), which is the highest scoring habitat patch within the Study Area. Patch shape tends to outscore patch size; many of the habitat patches have a compact shape that minimizes edge‐to‐area ratio and reduces edge effects. This is true of the patch at Heathercrest Park and to the west in West Deane Park that score “excellent”. Further patches within the park areas of the Study Area, such as the southern section of West Deane Park, Glen Agar Park, Princess Margaret Park and in the ravine system to the south of Bloor Street West score “good” for shape. An equal number of habitat patches within the same vicinities score “fair”, with the rest of the natural cover scoring “poor”. The dominant shape score is “fair” to “good”, constituting the majority of the natural cover.

Forest Interior

There are no interior forest elements within the Study Area. Interior forest provides valuable ecological potential; they are a prerequisite for habitation by those species requiring isolation from edges and

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matrix influences. The extent to which that potential is realized will depend in part upon the composition of the forest, with native vegetation communities generally providing higher potential than plantation forests. Achievement of potential also requires protection of these interiors from activity, and maintenance of the size and quality of the buffers that allowed them to achieve the “interior” designation.

Habitat Patch Matrix Influence

The Mimico Creek watershed is located within an intensely urban matrix, which results in high levels of stress to the ecosystem (e.g. urban land use impacts such as heavy recreational use, soil disturbance, and intrusions of invasive plants and subsidized predators such as raccoons and cats – see Section 4.5.2.2). Matrix scores are therefore predominantly “very poor”, with small patches of “fair” or “poor” scores at the southern extent of the Study Area, south of the Gardiner Expressway and north of Lakeshore Boulevard (Maps 7a‐c and 8a‐c).

Habitat Patch Total Score

The combination of size, shape and matrix influence yields a total score that provides an objective assessment of patch ecological potential: in particular, the potential to support species of regional conservation concern.

The entirety of Mimico Creek watershed’s habitat receives a “poor” or “very poor” total score (Maps 9a‐ c).

4.3 Vegetation Community Findings for Mimico Creek Watershed

Examination of habitat at the finer level of detail provided by vegetation communities gives greater insight into current habitat patch value. High scoring habitat patches that are made up of native vegetation communities and vegetation communities of concern have the highest potential to support regional biodiversity and species of conservation concern.

Although there are vegetation surveys within the Study Area from 2005 and 2006 (within the 15‐year threshold for recent data), these areas were all re‐surveyed subsequently, so the effective vegetation community layer reported on all lies within the 2016 to 2019 timeframe (Table 7).

4.3.1 Vegetation Community Representation

The Mimico Creek Study Area has 78 different vegetation communities, 6 of which are found solely as an inclusion or complex within a larger community (Maps 10a‐c; Appendix 1). Of the vegetation communities, forests are the most diverse (41 types). However, other types are represented: 8 wetlands and 11 dynamic communities, mostly riparian. Just over half of the total natural cover (77.7 ha) is forest, while 34.1 ha (25%) is successional. Wetland, aquatic, and dynamic communities occupy a relatively small portion of Mimico Creek watershed (Table 7).

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Table 7. Summary of vegetation communities in Mimico Creek Study Area, 2016‐2019. Number % of Natural Class of Total Area (ha) Average L‐rank Cover Types

Forest* 41 77.7 56 L4

Dynamic 11 4.0 3 L3

Successional 13 34.1 25 L5

Meadow 3 10.4 8 L5

Wetland 8 1.9 1 L4

Aquatic 2 9.4 7 L4 Manicured under hydro n/a 39.0 n/a n/a (potential for restoration) Total 78 176.5‡ 100 L4 *N.B. 27 of the forests originate from natural regeneration, while 14 are plantations (see below) ‡This total includes manicured lands potenally available for restoration; existing natural cover is 137.5 ha

Forests

Within Mimico Creek watershed, there are 27 natural forest vegetation types and 14 plantations that together occupy 77.7 ha and account for 56% of the total natural cover.

Natural forest stands are concentrated on the ravine slopes from Eglinton Avenue southwards. There are also a few tableland woodlots on the east side of the creek. These are located at Heathercrest and Princess Margaret Parks, and just north of John G. Althouse School (Maps 2b and 10b). All the natural forest communities are deciduous, though there a few individual coniferous trees scattered among them. These forests can be roughly divided into original pre‐development stands, mature in age with a preponderance of native species; and more disturbed young to mid‐aged communities that have grown up spontaneously since the mid‐20th century and have abundant exotics. The 14 plantation communities have a similar profile to the younger forest communities, except that the canopy consists of planted (and often native) species.

Mature deciduous forests include three types dominated by oak: Dry‐Fresh Red Oak Deciduous Forest (FOD1‐1), Dry‐Fresh Oak – Hickory Deciduous Forest (FOD2‐2), Dry‐Fresh Oak – Hardwood Deciduous Forest (FOD2‐4), and Fresh‐Moist Red Oak – Ash Deciduous Forest (FOD9‐C). These occupy 4.5 ha scattered from the tableland woodlot at Princess Margaret Park to a few patches south of Bloor Street. The Fresh‐Moist Red Oak – Ash Deciduous Forest is in a portion of bottomland near Royal York Road. Red oak (Quercus rubra) is the main species, with varying amounts of black cherry (Prunus serotina),

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bitternut and shagbark hickory (Carya cordiformis and C. ovata), red and white ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica and F. americana), and basswood (Tilia americana). The understorey consists of Norway maple (Acer platanoides), choke cherry (Prunus virginiana), and sometimes witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). Herbaceous vegetation includes garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), zig‐zag goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis), and occasionally sedges (Carex spp) and false Solomon’s seal (Maianthemum racemosum).

Sugar maple forests of various types cover about 12 ha. These include 10 types with Dry‐Fresh Oak – Sugar Maple Deciduous Forest (FOD5‐3) accounting for the majority (7.0 ha). Along with red oak, co‐ dominant trees may include beech (Fagus grandifolia), black cherry, basswood, bitternut and shagbark hickories. The understorey tends to be dominated by choke cherry, with some regeneration of sugar maple, Norway maple, ironwood (Ostrya virginiana), and ash. The ground layer is variable, with abundant spring ephemerals in a few places at West Deane Park. Ground species include trout lily (Erythronium americanum), Virginia waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), thicket creeper, zig‐zag goldenrod, and bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis). Exotic species, notably garlic mustard and urban avens (Geum urbanum) dominate some of the ground layer.

Disturbed deciduous forests occupy much of the bottomland and some slopes where the original forest was cleared or had died due to emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) or other pests and diseases. These are generally dominated by exotic species such as Manitoba maple (Acer negundo), Norway maple, Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) and crack willow (Salix x fragilis. Native trees include black walnut (Juglans nigra) and American elm (Ulmus americana). The shrub layer is often dominated by European spindletree (Euonymus europaeus). Herbaceous species include garlic mustard, urban avens, hedge parsley (Torilis japonica), and the native enchanter’s nightshade (Circaea canadensis) and calico aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum). Representative vegetation types include Dry‐Fresh Exotic Deciduous Forest (FOD4‐e), Fresh‐Moist Exotic Lowland Deciduous Forest (FOD7‐c), Fresh‐Moist Willow Lowland Deciduous Forest (FOD7‐3), Fresh‐Moist Black Walnut Deciduous Forest (FOD7‐4), and Fresh‐Moist Norway Maple Deciduous Forest (FOD7‐b). Such forests occupy about 36 ha of the Study Area.

Plantation occupies 24 ha of the Study Area. There are 14 types of plantation, but the largest share (13 ha) is occupied by Restoration Deciduous Plantation (CUP1‐A), with a blend of native trees including red oak and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), poplar (Populus spp), and staghorn sumach (Rhus typhina). These plantations are young, having been planted since roughly 2000 and up to the present day. Somewhat older naturalization plantings (perhaps dating to the 1970s or 1980s) tend to be more Silver Maple Deciduous Plantation (CUP1‐5). Smaller patches of horticultural landscape plantings include Horticultural Deciduous Plantation (CUP1‐d), Horticultural Mixed Plantation (CUP2‐h), Austrian Pine Coniferous Plantation (CUP3‐b), White Cedar Coniferous Plantation (CUP3‐G) and Colorado Spruce Coniferous Plantation (CUP3‐J). These areas tend to be weedy and exotic‐ dominated, although they show restoration potential where the canopy trees are native and the understorey not too dense. One of the most interesting plantations is the Echo Valley nut orchard, of which about 1.6 ha is still identifiable as Black Walnut Deciduous Plantation (CUP1‐3). This has a blend of black walnut and other nut trees.

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Dynamic Communities

The “dynamic” communities (so called because they are the result of natural disturbance regimes such as periodic fire or erosion) cover a total of 4 ha. The vast majority of this is riparian bar habitat (Appendix 1). Representative species include cottonwood (Populus deltoides) on Treed Riparian Bar (BBT1‐B), sandbar willow (Salix interior) on Willow Shrub Riparian Bar (BBS1‐2B), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium). Mimico Creek has a hardened concrete channel between Highway 401 and Eglinton Avenue West (BBO3‐B) (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Constructed Channel – Sluiceway (BBO3‐B) along Mimico Creek north of Eglinton Ave. (photo: TRCA, 2019).

Although the Humber Plains oak savannah area extended west to the lower half of the Study Area, intact oak woodland or savannah communities are virtually absent (indicator species do persist in oak forests and even among street trees in the surrounding neighbourhoods). There are a couple of polygons of Red Oak Non‐tallgrass Woodland (CUW1‐2) at West Deane Park and near the south end of the Study Area. The drier oak forest communities scattered from West Deane Park down to Lakeshore

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Boulevard grade into oak woodland community. Associated species include Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), bush honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera) and round‐leaved dogwood (Cornus rugosa).

Small areas of clay barren: Shrub Clay Barren (CBS1) and Open Clay Barren (CBO1) occur in the northern part of the Study Area. The Open Clay Barren just south of Disco Road has several species of conservation concern including hairy aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum).

Successional Communities

Successional areas occupy 34 ha, mostly in similar situations as the disturbed forests: edges and bottomlands. There is a total of 13 communities. The ones with highest coverage include Native Successional Deciduous Woodland (CUW1‐A3), Exotic Successional Woodland (CUW1‐b), Exotic Successional Savannah (CUS1‐b) and Exotic Deciduous Thicket (CUT1‐c). Some of these communities resulted from death of ash trees due to emerald ash borer and are more accurately characterized as regressional rather than successional. Successional areas in the Study Area tend to have a high proportion of exotic species, such as Manitoba and Norway maple, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and white mulberry (Morus alba). Black walnut is the main native tree. Woody vines such as riverbank grape (Vitis riparia) and thicket creeper (Parthenocissus vitacea) are prominent. Ground species include various European cool‐season grasses, creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense), garlic mustard, and hedge parsley.

Meadows

Meadows within the Study Area occupy just 10 ha. This relatively low coverage is because many of the formerly open areas within the valley land have either been planted or grown in with successional vegetation since the late 20th century. In addition, the open areas under the hydro corridor are mowed frequently enough to qualify more as manicured than meadow habitat. Exotic Cool‐season Grass Meadow (CUM1‐b) forms most of the meadow, with Native Forb Meadow (CUM1‐A) and Exotic Forb Meadow (CUM1‐c) covering smaller areas. Native Forb Meadow is dominated by tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima), Canada goldenrod (S. canadensis), panicled aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum), and New England aster (S. novae‐angliae). Exotic Forb Meadow is dominated by such species as creeping thistle, burdock (Arctium spp), and Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota).

Wetland and Aquatic Communities

Wetland is almost absent from the Study Area. Although there are eight wetland vegetation types (and one vegetated aquatic type), the total coverage is only 1.9 ha. Three of the communities are present only as inclusions within other polygons, and five cover less than half a hectare (Appendix 1). Most of the wetland is located on the impermeable clay soil near Disco Road at the northern end of the Study Area and consists of Hybrid Cattail Mineral Shallow Marsh (MAS2‐1b) and Common Reed Mineral Meadow Marsh (MAM2‐a). Diversity is low, and the communities are virtual monocultures of hybrid cattail (Typha x glauca) and common reed (Phragmites australis ssp. australis) respectively. There is a

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small side channel of Mimico Creek at the south end of the Study Area near Lakeshore Boulevard that has the same marsh communities and in addition, a Water Smartweed Floating‐leaved Shallow Aquatic (SAF1‐B), a new vegetation type for the TRCA jurisdiction. Here, water smartweed (Persicaria amphibia var. stipulacea) is associated with duckweed (Lemna turionifera) and greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza).

The actual channel of Mimico Creek is classified as Turbid Open Aquatic (OAO1‐T) due to poor water quality. The stream channel occupies 9.4 ha of the Study Area.

Manicured Lands

Manicured areas are normally not included in vegetation surveys and are considered urban cover. However, the Study Area includes a hydro corridor with roughly manicured lands (mowed once or twice per season). Since these lands do not have another land use such as sports facilities and have restoration potential, they were surveyed to determine their extent and to search for relict species. For example, old oaks were found along the margins of the hydro corridor, and native species such as smooth wild rose (Rosa blanda) and wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) persisted from pre‐ development times under the low intensity mowing regime. The manicured lands under the hydro corridor cover 39 ha.

4.3.2 Vegetation Communities of Concern

The Study Area is situated within the urban zone; as such, vegetation communities ranked L4 are considered in addition to those ranked L1 to L3. However, community ranks alone do not necessarily indicate the intactness or quality of individual examples of communities. A common vegetation community may be of conservation concern because of its age, intact native ground layer, or other considerations aside from rank. For example, Dry‐Fresh Oak – Hardwood Deciduous Forest which is frequent in the Study Area is ranked L4. However, its significance may be even higher if it has rare species in it or elements of former oak savannah. Where it remains, it should be considered of high conservation concern, regardless of L‐rank.

The Study Area has only limited quantities of communities of conservation concern (Maps 10a‐c). Communities ranked L1 to L3 cover 2.7 ha and those ranked L4 cover 20.9 ha. (Figure 3). On the other hand, surveyed manicured areas cover 39.0 ha, exotic‐dominated communities cover 54.2 ha and L5 communities cover 59.9 ha. Together, exotic and manicured polygons account for more than half the Study Area.

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Figure 3. Area (ha) and proportion (%) of Mimico Creek Study Area occupied by communities of varying conservation ranks, and manicured hydro corridor land.

One community is ranked L2: the Dry‐Fresh Red Oak Deciduous Forest (FOD1‐1) found in three places: a tableland woodlot beside John G. Althouse School (west of Kipling Avenue, north of Rathburn Road); on the east side of Tom Riley Park, and in the south part of the Study Area near The Queensway (Maps 10b‐ c). There were also two L2 cliff communities identified along the creek downstream of Royal York Road in 2006: Carbonate Shrub Cliff (CLS1) and Sugar Maple – Ironwood – White Ash Treed Carbonate Cliff (CLT1‐2). They occurred where Mimico Creek cut into Georgian Bay Formation bedrock, which is rarely exposed in the TRCA jurisdiction. Although these finds lie within the 15‐year threshold, they were not found when the area was re‐surveyed in 2016. They may have been graded and altered by engineering works done to protect property from erosion and are marked as possibly extirpated in Appendix 1. The L3 communities include three oak communities: Dry‐Fresh Oak – Hickory Deciduous Forest (FOD2‐ 2), Fresh‐Moist Red Oak – Ash Deciduous Forest (FOD9‐C), and Red Oak Non‐tallgrass Woodland (CUW1‐ 2). The Open Clay Barren (CBO1) and Shrub Clay Barren (CBS1) are ranked L3, as are the Reed Canary Grass Riparian Bar (BBO1‐3) and Mineral Treed Riparian Bar (BBT1‐B).

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The Water Smartweed Floating‐leaved Shallow Aquatic (SAF1‐B) community is new to the TRCA jurisdiction and was also tentatively assigned a rank of L3 (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Water Smartweed Floating Shallow Aquatic community, a new vegetation type, appeared in a back channel north of Lakeshore Boulevard during high Lake Ontario levels (photo: TRCA, 2019).

This community is likely the result of high lake levels that began in 2017 and filled a flooded back channel of Mimico Creek north of Lakeshore Boulevard.

The 17 L4 ranked vegetation communities cover a large share of the intact mature forests found in the Study Area (Appendix 1; Maps 10a‐c). They also include 3 wetlands present as inclusions: Silver Maple Mineral Deciduous Swamp (SWD3‐2), Red‐osier Mineral Thicket Swamp (SWT2‐5), and Forb Mineral Shallow Marsh (MAS2‐9).

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Current Disturbances to Vegetation Communities

The communities in the Study Area are subject to several serious disturbances. The main ones are pest and disease outbreaks, nutrient and storm water input, and the replacement of native species by invasive species. Trampling, mechanical disturbance, and dumping are also intense in some places.

Emerald ash borer has had severe impacts in the Study Area, because ash have historically been a major component of the tree canopy. In many places, the canopy has been opened and invasive shrubs such as European spindletree have taken advantage of the increased light. The Fresh‐Moist Red Oak – Ash Deciduous Forest declined in coverage from 0.8 ha to 0.3 ha between 2006 and 2016.

Other pests and diseases include beech bark disease (a complex of scale insects and fungi), Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma spp), butternut canker (Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum), cankerworm (larvae of moths in the Geometridae family, periodically affecting oak trees), along with unknown agents. Large areas of forest seem to be showing a lot of tree decline, notably at Princess Margaret and Ravenscrest Parks, and the lower reaches of the Study Area between Royal York Road and The Queensway.

Dumping and nutrient input from back yards may also be affecting the forests by altering soil chemistry and microclimate (Sauer 1998).

Trampling is heavy in sections of Tom Riley and West Deane Parks. Mature forests are most vulnerable because of their more delicate ground vegetation and their attractive appearance that draws users. The most affected area is the oak forest on the east side of Tom Riley Park. Dog walking is a contributor to trampling disturbance, with off‐leash dogs spreading into the surrounding vegetation. Invasive species that are altering communities are discussed in Section 4.4.3.

4.4 Flora Findings for Mimico Creek Watershed

4.4.1 Flora Species Representation

If one counts all flora species ever recorded in Mimico Creek watershed within the City of Toronto’s natural areas (current, historic, natural, and planted), the total is 680 species (Appendix 2a). Of these, 666 would count as “current” records: species that were observed within the last 15 years (2005‐2019) (Table 8). The current total includes a few species that were observed early within the last 15‐year period but not found more recently. For example, Carolina rose (Rosa carolina) was found in 2006 but was not observed in 2016 when the same area was surveyed. Of the current records, 559 (84%) are naturally occurring while 107 (16%) are only in plantings (some of the naturally occurring species were also planted in places).

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Table 8. Current flora species, Mimico Creek watershed, 2005‐2019. Summary Category Count Percentage Total number of species 666 100

Naturally occurring species 559 84

Planted Species 107 16

Native (naturally occurring) species 243 44*

Number of L1 to L3 species (excludes planted) 27 5*

Number of L4 species (excludes planted) 58 10*

Exotic species (established) 313 56* *That is, percentage of all 559 naturally occurring species

The 2019 surveys in the Mimico Creek Study Area uncovered four new species for the TRCA jurisdiction. All of these are garden escapes. Hexagonal stonecrop (Sedum sexangulare) was seen on some vacant land at the south end of the Study Area adjacent to Park Lawn Road. Purple‐leaved sand cherry (Prunus x cistena) is a commonly planted ornamental that was found as an adventive in Glen Agar Park. Border forsythia (Forsythia x intermedia) has always been present as a frequent garden escape in urban ravines but is a new determination of material based on pith features as described in Michigan Flora (University of Michigan Herbarium 2019). It is likely more common than its parents (F. viridissima and F. suspensa). Figwort giant hyssop (Agastache scrophulariifolia) is the most interesting new plant. It is also not native to TRCA, and is barely native to Ontario, where it grows on Pelee Island (and historically in the Niagara area) (Oldham and Brinker 2009). Figwort giant hyssop was planted in the Montgomery’s Inn butterfly garden in Tom Riley Park, probably in the late 1990s or early 2000s.

The floristic richness of the Study Area is moderately high given its size (246 ha) and location (in a long‐ established urban neighbourhood very isolated from rural parts of the natural system). Its total number of current species (666) is comparable to High Park; however, the latter retains ecosystems that have been less altered and has a higher representation of native species.

Mimico Creek has a high proportion of exotic and/or planted species (Figure 5). There are 107 planted species (16% of the total), which include both horticultural and native restoration plantings. Exotic species make up 56% of those that are not planted and are similarly prevalent among the planted species as well.

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Figure 5. Proportions of flora species at Mimico Creek Study Area observed 2005‐2019 by planted status and L‐rank.

The average of the total scores for naturally occurring native flora species found in the last 15 years was 9.1, corresponding to a rank of L5. The overall flora composition reflects the urban character of the Study Area and native diversity is lower than in rural areas or extremely high‐quality urban areas such as High Park. Maximizing the score over time would require protecting and enhancing overall habitat quality and protecting known occurrences of species of concern. Invasive plants are a serious threat to some of the latter (Section 4.4.3), and the invasives have long been favoured by the intense use of the site. Even so, there are enough high‐scoring species to reveal some of the original pre‐development vegetation and its relationship to underlying physiographic factors.

4.4.2 Flora Species of Concern

There are 27 naturally occurring vascular plant species of regional conservation concern (rank L1 to L3) and 58 of urban conservation concern (L4) in Mimico Creek watershed (Appendix 2a). The density of occurrences is focused in the middle to lower reaches of the creek between Bloor Street West and The Queensway (surveyed in 2006 and 2016); and in several intact woodlots at West Deane Park, Heathercrest Park, and Princess Margaret Park (surveyed in 2019) (Appendix 2b; Maps 11a‐c). Eleven of

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the L1‐L4 plants are also regionally rare (found in 6 or fewer of the forty‐four 10x10 km UTM grid squares that cover the TRCA jurisdiction). There are 3 species known only from the Mimico Creek Study Area in recent records (Figure 6; Table 9).

Figure 6. Carolina rose (Rosa carolina) is one of three plants that are found only at the Mimico Creek Study Area or at most at one other site in TRCA (photo: TRCA, 2006).

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Table 9. Regionally rare plants of Mimico Creek Study Area. Scientific name Common name Notes Aphyllon uniflorum one‐flowered In disturbed woods south of Bloor Street West, 2006. Only other cancer root TRCA record is Rouge Park in 2002.

Crataegus schuettei rough hawthorn Found in Heathercrest Park, 2019. Edges of forest, hedgerows, successional areas. Scattered across TRCA jurisdiction, somewhat cryptic. Fallopia scandens climbing false Mimico Creek has the only recent TRCA record (2019: Echo Valley buckwheat Park) though there is an earlier one from the eastern waterfront. Quercus velutina black oak Characteristic of the oak savannahs and woodlands of the Humber Plains, which reaches its western edge along Mimico Creek south of Dundas Street West (2019).

Quercus x bebbiana bur‐white Occasional in forests and woodlands largely in west Toronto hybrid oak (2019).

Quercus x hawkinsii black‐red hybrid Found in oak savannahs and woodlands with the parent species oak (2019).

Rosa carolina Carolina rose Mimico Creek watershed has only recent record (2006); found in High Park in 1976. A classic oak savannah species (Figure 6). Carolina rose is occasionally planted, and there are recent planted records (2019) at Mimico Creek. Salix eriocephala x hybrid shrub Found in semi‐open area on floodplain near north end of Study petiolaris willow Area (2019). A sporadic hybrid of two common willow species.

Symphyotrichum heart‐leaved – Found in floodplain at Echo Valley Park (2019). A sporadic hybrid cordifolium x calico hybrid of two common aster species. lateriflorum aster Symphyotrichum hairy aster In barren near north end of Study Area (2019). Occasional across pilosum var. pilosum TRCA jurisdiction, especially eastwards. May be becoming more common. Ulmus thomasii rock elm In Echo Valley Park, where it is unlikely to be part of the nut tree plantings. Found in 4‐5 known locations in the western part of the TRCA jurisdiction. Declining due to Dutch elm disease.

The abundance and population trend of species of conservation concern in the Study Area are hard to assess. Historical botanical data are sparse, and surveyed areas only partially overlap. There are 11 L1‐L4 flora species that were last observed in 2006, notably one‐flowered cancer root (Aphyllon uniflorum) and Carolina rose (TRCA 2007e). These were in an area between Bloor Street West and The Queensway that was surveyed again in 2016. However, these records are still considered to be current since they were not necessarily subjected to a targeted search during the second survey and could have been missed. Also, there were subtle differences in the survey area boundary that may have excluded some property margins.

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Nonetheless, these declines could be real, the result of habitat changes (removal of high tree canopy brought about by emerald ash borer and invasive plants expanding into the openings).

Pests and disease are definitely causing declines in several tree species found at Mimico Creek. Rock elm and slippery elm (Ulmus thomasii and U. rubra) were never common in the TRCA jurisdiction; hence their vulnerability to Dutch Elm disease is much greater than the more common (and prolifically‐ seeding) American elm. Likewise, red and white ash have more recently been devastated by emerald ash borer but started from an extremely high population and have a high seed production rate. The outcome of emerald ash borer given the combination in ash trees of extremely high mortality and high reproductive capacity is uncertain. As noted above in Section 4.3.2, emerald ash borer has certainly altered vegetation communities at Mimico Creek.

Butternut (Juglans cinerea) has occurred in the Study Area both naturally and as part of George Corsan’s extensive nut tree plantings. It is rapidly declining due to butternut canker. It is uncertain whether any true butternuts are still present at Mimico Creek in 2019, as opposed to hybrids (J. x bixbyi) with Japanese walnut (J. ailantifolia). Rarity and population trend are just two of four criteria used to derive L‐rank. The other criteria are habitat dependence; and sensitivity to human disturbance associated with development (TRCA 2017).

Most of the species of regional or urban conservation concern at the Mimico Creek Study Area score high on habitat dependence (there are a few that are more generalist) (Maps 12a‐c). Deciduous forests claim the most species of concern (39), while meadow/successional habitats, oak woodlands, and wetlands also have a notable share (Table 10).

Table 10. Mimico Creek Study Area current flora species of concern (L1‐L4) by main habitat category. Number of Habitat type species

Oak woodland, savannah, prairie 9

Deciduous Forest (upland or lowland) 39

Mixed and Coniferous Forest 3

Successional and Meadow 20

Wetland (swamp and marsh) 14

Total 85

The areas of deciduous forest, especially in West Deane and Princess Margaret Parks include spring wildflowers among the species of conservation concern. Narrow‐leaved spring beauty (Claytonia virginica), wood anemone (Anemone quinquefolia), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum) and in places

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white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) grow on the forest floor. Sedges are well‐represented, with grey sedge (Carex grisea) being the most abundant (sometimes dominant on the floodplain). Some others include Pennsylvania sedge, fibrous‐rooted sedge (Carex communis) and Sprengel’s sedge (Carex sprengelii).

Shrubs and trees of conservation concern in the deciduous forests include witch‐hazel, maple‐leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), slippery elm, shagbark hickory, and moonseed (Menispermum canadensis). While there is no coniferous or mixed forest in the Study Area, there are isolated hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), white pine (Pinus strobus), and mountain maple (Acer spicatum).

Nine species are most characteristic of oak woodland, even though identifiable polygons of oak woodland community now barely exist at Mimico Creek. Black oak and white oak (Quercus alba) are all present in the Study Area, along with hybrids. Carolina rose, northern bedstraw (Galium boreale), round‐ leaved dogwood and round‐leaved serviceberry (Amelanchier sanguinea) are all species of oak woodland (overlapping with drier more open deciduous forest).

Successional and meadow patches in the Study Area have 20 species of conservation concern. Rough hawthorn (Crataegus schuettei), rock elm, and climbing false buckwheat (Fallopia scandens), and American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) all grow in the open to semi‐open, formerly agricultural lands near Mimico Creek.

Considering how little wetland there is in the Study Area, it is surprising that there are 14 species of concern that are wetland and aquatic specialists. Aquatic species of concern in the backwater north of Lakeshore Boulevard include greater duckweed and water smartweed. Other wetland species, which can grow on streambanks or lowland forests, include Michigan lily (Lilium michiganense), foxtail sedge (Carex alopecoidea), swamp buttercup (Ranunculus hispidus var. caricetorum) and peach‐leaved willow (Salix amygdaloides).

Sensitivity to development refers to the response of flora species to specific land use impacts (Section 3.2; see also TRCA 2017). Examples of such impacts include changes in hydrology and surficial conditions; trampling, with its associated plant tissue damage and soil compaction; competition from invasive exotic species that readily move into disturbed or fragmented habitats from gardens or trails; picking and collection; herbivory and pollution (i.e. soil, water and/or air). The main impacts affecting Mimico Creek watershed are trampling and invasive competition for upland species, and hydrological and pollution issues for wetland species. Most flora species of concern are affected (Maps 7a‐c).

Trampling is heavy in parts of Mimico Creek watershed as discussed in Section 4.3.2. The most affected species would be those of forests that have slower growth and delicate stems, such as trillium, downy Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum pubescens), and running strawberry‐bush (Euonymus obovatus), the latter of which has not been seen since 2006. By and large, the deciduous forests in the Study Area do have a representative ground flora, but the cover is sparse.

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Drainage and pollution have removed most of the wetlands from Mimico Creek. On the other hand, varying Lake Ontario water levels provide a hydrological variability that promotes wetland plant biodiversity; for example, water smartweed and greater duckweed both thrived in the high‐water regime of 2019. Pollution affects vegetation composition. Most native species, especially specialized ones, are adapted to low levels of nitrate (Brys et al. 2005, Sauer 1998). Increased nitrate and other nutrients may be a factor in the declines of sensitive native species such as the parasitic one‐flowered cancer root. White pine is sensitive to air pollution (Hightshoe 1988).

Among the other development factors affecting the Mimico Creek Study Area Study Area (and the whole watershed), collection for food or ornament may affect edible or showy species such as wild leek (Allium tricoccum) or trillium. Herbivory – specifically from high populations of grey squirrels (Sciurus caroliniensis) eating most of the acorn crop has likely inhibited oak regeneration. On the other hand, deer browse is relatively minor in the Study Area compared to other parts of the TRCA jurisdiction such as Claireville Conservation Area and the Don valley.

Invasive species are a threat to both upland and lowland species in the Mimico Creek watershed. They appear in conjunction with the other disturbances, although they can also spontaneously disperse into high‐quality areas without other disturbances. The population of Carolina rose, likely the last natural occurrence in the TRCA jurisdiction, has been obscured and possibly eliminated by a dense growth of tall invasive shrubs including multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). Most of the understorey regeneration in forest communities in the Study Area is dominated by invasive shrubs. A discussion of the major invasive problems at Mimico Creek watershed follows.

4.4.3 Invasive Species

The Mimico Creek watershed has 313 established non‐native species, not including others that were planted, some of which are regenerating. Depending on the habitat, most exotic species exhibit only mild to moderate degrees of aggressiveness. However, a select few are highly invasive in nature, possessing the ability to displace their native counterparts if conditions prove favourable. The death of ash due to emerald ash borer has facilitated the expansion of these invasive plants.

In wooded areas, Norway maple and several aggressive tall shrubs and woody vines are major contributors to the degradation of forest and woodland. Two species of euonymus: European spindletree and wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) dominate the shrub layer in much of the forested area at the expense of native tree regeneration, shrubs and herbaceous species. Wintercreeper can form an impenetrable evergreen mat on the ground and cling to tree trunks as an ascending vine. Common buckthorn and shrub honeysuckle (e.g. Lonicera x bella) are also prevalent. While there is the native American bittersweet vine north of Eglinton Avenue West, its invasive relative oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) is spreading into further downstream places such as Princess Margaret Park; this vine can choke tree canopies as well as carpet the ground. Even the native riverbank grape can overwhelm other native species. The City of Toronto has been managing the European

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spindletree at Echo Valley Park with herbicide treatment, though this species continues to spread elsewhere.

Dog‐strangling vine presents the most serious challenge among herbaceous plants in the TRCA jurisdiction. It is present across most of the Mimico Creek Study Area, although not yet at the densities it can sometimes achieve. Along with the regular pale swallow‐wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum) there is also the black swallow‐wort (V. nigrum) at Echo Valley Park. Invasive ground covers that escaped from adjacent gardens, such as periwinkle (Vinca minor), lily‐of‐the‐valley, and goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria) are abundant in parts of the Study Area, especially Princess Margaret Park. Garlic mustard, hedge parsley and urban avens are the dominant ground layer species in wooded and semi‐wooded areas where the earlier‐mentioned species are absent. Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) and poison‐hemlock (Conium maculatum) have large populations at the south end of the Study Area near Lakeshore Boulevard.

Common reed is present in small but dense patches in wet places near Disco Road at the north end of the Study Area, in Heathercrest Park in the middle part, and near Lakeshore Boulevard at the south end. There is also one population of giant manna grass (Glyceria maxima) in Glen Agar Park. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) was formerly a major invasive species. It is still present, but biological control in the form of introduced beetles, along with the aggressive spread of common reed, has reduced its presence. Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is a moderate threat to a couple of riparian zone wetlands.

One invasive species, giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) presents a threat to human health as well as to the ecosystem. This huge plant has toxic sap that causes severe burns when skin that has contacted it is exposed to sunlight. Giant hogweed was observed at the east end of Echo Valley Park (in the south‐central part of the Study Area) in 2006. Fortunately, it was not observed here in 2019 (though it still could be downstream in the Islington Golf Club). In 2019, another infestation was found at the north end of the Study Area near Disco Road (Figure 7). This streamside population has a very high risk of spreading due to water‐borne dispersal of seeds.

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Figure 7. Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) is invading the riparian zone near Disco Road (photo: TRCA, 2019).

4.4.4 Plantings

Numerous plantings have also changed Mimico Creek watershed’s flora. There were 172 species that have been planted (these include both 107 species only known from plantings and an additional 65 species that also have natural populations in the Study Area). Some plantings are directly associated with ecological restoration work, while others have a horticultural origin: for example, the Echo Valley nut orchard planted by George Corsan (Corsan 1937). Other plantings, such as the Montgomery’s Inn Butterfly Garden, are intermediate between restoration and horticulture.

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Restoration plantings are spread throughout the Study Area from Eglinton Avenue in the north to Lakeshore Boulevard to the south. They mostly include a range of commonly‐planted native species such as red oak, silver maple, white spruce (Picea glauca); and in more recent erosion plantings near Eglinton Avenue prairie grasses such as big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) and switch grass (Panicum virgatum). Most of these plantings at Mimico Creek appear to be successful and have contributed to an increase in canopy cover at West Deane Park. Riparian plantings of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) are an example of a native tree planted successfully in suitable habitat.

The Echo Valley estate planted by George Corsan has a wide array of nut trees selected for production and experimentation. These include North American species such as hardy selections of pecan (Carya illinoensis), exotic species such as English walnut (Juglans regia), and various hybrids. Most of the trees were planted in the early 20th century. Unfortunately, the park has not been maintained as an arboretum and many of the trees listed in 1978 could not be found in 2019 or even in 2005 (Toronto Field Naturalists 1978); Appendix 2b, rightmost column). Black walnut now predominates. Arboretum labels were visible until the 1980s. In 2019, one tag identifying a tree as a “heritage tree” was observed.

The area south of Montgomery’s Inn in Tom Riley Park was planted with wildflowers in the late 1990s / early 2000s. This was made up of mostly native species with particular attention to attracting butterflies and other pollinators. The Montgomery’s Inn Butterfly Garden is now largely dominated by yellow touch‐me‐not (Impatiens pallida), cup‐plant (Silphium perfoliatum), and green‐headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata). Several native species of conservation concern probably of local seed source are still present: notably thin‐leaved sunflower (Helianthus decapetalus) (Figure 8), flat‐topped aster (Doellingeria umbellata), and great blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica). Here is also the provincially rare (but not native to Toronto) figwort giant hyssop. There was also a private native garden surveyed in 2006 (but not subsequently) that included a wide range of species including twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla) and larger yellow lady’s slipper (Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens).

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Figure 8. Thin‐leaved sunflower (Helianthus decapetalus) has been successfully established at the Montgomery’s Inn Butterfly Garden (photo: TRCA, 2019).

4.5 Fauna Species Findings for Mimico Creek Watershed

This section reports on the fauna species observed within the Mimico Creek Study Area between 2010 and 2019 unless stated, with added discussion of relevant historical records. Observations from the 2019 breeding frog and breeding bird surveys as well as incidental observations of herpetofauna and mammals are discussed in the species representation section. Additional detail is provided in subsequent sections on species of regional and urban concern (those ranked L1 to L4 during part or all the period of interest), and on historical species of regional and urban concern records.

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4.5.1 Fauna Species Representation

Fauna species richness (number of species) at the Study Area stands at 69 species for the entire 246 ha site (Table 11, Appendix 3a). Species richness per unit area in natural cover generally increases with increasing patch size, habitat quality, and increasing habitat diversity (e.g. vegetation community types and physical structure) (Arrhenius 1921; Rybicki & Hanski 2013).

Table 11. Fauna species and species of regional conservation concern (L1‐L3) and species of urban concern (L4) counts for Mimico Creek Study Area 2010‐2019. Species of Regional and Group Species Count Urban Concern Count Birds 52 25 Frogs 3 3 Other Herpetofauna* 2 2 Mammals* 12 7 Total 69 37 *observations of other herpetofauna and mammals are incidental to the protocols

The average of the total scores for native fauna species observed in 2019 was 10, corresponding to an average L‐rank of L4 (Table 4). The potential for this average to increase over time is low, as the natural cover of the Study Area are surrounded by a well‐established and dense urban land use. Such an established urban surrounding exerts negative influences on the natural cover such as high human disturbance, subsidized predators and invasive non‐native species. The average might be maintained for the future if refuges of remnant natural habitat are allowed to persist for sensitive species (McKinney 2002).

4.5.2 Fauna Species of Concern

The 2019 fauna surveys recorded 24 bird species, 5 herpetofauna species and 7 mammal species of regional and urban concern for a total of 36 (Maps 13a‐c). A single bird species can be added from recent years to bring the total to 37 species for the 10‐year period (Table 11).

4.5.2.1 Regionally Rare Species

Regionally rare species are those reported as probable or confirmed breeders in fewer than 10 of the forty‐four 10x10 km UTM grid squares in the TRCA jurisdiction (TRCA 2017). The 2019 survey recorded an observation of 2 individual bats and tentatively identified them as big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), a regionally rare species that is found in less than 5 UTM grid squares and scores 4 points. Bat species are extremely difficult to identify by sight alone; the tentative identification of big brown bat was based on the individuals' size (second largest bat in Ontario after hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus)) and that big

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browns are known to be highly adapted to urban habitats and typically the most common bat encountered in urban bat surveys across North America (Loeb et al. 2008).

Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), a regionally rare species scoring three points was recorded foraging with young over the Study Area at Tom Riley Park in 2019 (Figure 9). Extirpated in the province in the mid‐1960s due to the effects of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and other organochlorine chemicals, the subsequent ban on these pesticides in the 1970s and following recovery efforts such as captive breeding have helped reestablish this species in the province. A consequence of this is the establishment of populations in urban areas as structures such as tall buildings and bridges substitute for their natural cliff breeding habitats, and an abundance of rock pigeon (Columba livia) prey provide ample food. Designated as Special Concern on the Provincial Species at Risk list (MECP 2019), these birds are likely nesting on one of several high‐rise buildings near the Bloor Street West and Islington Avenue intersection, bringing the number of breeding territories to at least four within the City of Toronto.

Figure 9. One of three juvenile peregrine falcon observed at Tom Riley Park (photo: TRCA, 2019).

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4.5.2.2 Fauna Sensitive to Development

The scoring of species for sensitivity to development (Section 3.2; TRCA 2017) considers the large number of impacts related to local land use, both urban and agricultural, that affect the local fauna. Two categories are of importance. The first involves changes that affect the breeding habitat of the species in question. An example would be alteration of the composition and structure of a vegetation community, for example through the removal of dead wood and clearing of shrub understory. The second category relates to changes that directly affect individuals of the species. Examples include:

 Increased predation from an increase in the local population of predators that thrive alongside human developments (e.g. blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), squirrels (Sciuridae), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and house cats (Felis catus).  Parasitism (facilitation of access for the brown‐headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), a brood parasite, which prefers open, edge‐type habitat).  Competition (for nest‐cavities with bird species such as house sparrows (Passer domesticus); and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)).  Flushing (causing disturbance and abandonment of the nest).  Sensitivity to pesticides (bio‐accumulation). Both species of regional concern found at the Study Area; brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) and northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) score highly on sensitivity to development, as do 18 of the 35 L4 ranked fauna species (Appendix 3a).

The surrounding landscape is entirely urban. But even in rural landscapes many of the negative influences associated with urbanization can be transferred deep within an otherwise intact natural matrix by trail networks used by large numbers of people originating from distant urban and suburban centres. From the perspective of wildlife, humans within their habitat are competitors and/or predators, and to be avoided. A study that tested the effect of people walking through a forest during the period that birds were establishing territories prior to nesting determined that two or three people walking through an area while talking to each other, repeated twice a day, resulted in some birds avoiding that area for territory establishment. The number of territories was reduced by 15% and the species richness was also reduced 15% (Bosch et al. 2017). Other research demonstrates that many bird species respond to human presence during nesting by decreased nest‐attentiveness or nest‐abandonment, leading to reduced reproduction and survival. Where trail‐use is low during territory establishment (e.g. April, May), but increases later (e.g. June, July), birds may establish nests but later abandon them when disturbance becomes too high. Abundance was 48% lower for the hermit thrush (a ground‐ nesting/foraging species) in human‐intruded sites than in the control sites (Gutzwiller and Anderson 1999). In another study, dog‐walking in natural habitats caused a 35% reduction in bird diversity and a 41% reduction in abundance, with even higher impacts on ground‐nesting species (Banks and Bryant 2007). Similarly, clearing of forest understory to accommodate trails, and the introduction of invasive species from trails both displace sensitive low‐nesting species.

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Of the 13 development sensitive bird species recorded in the period 2010‐2019, 2 are ground‐ or low‐ nesting: savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), a meadow associated species; and common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), a wetland associated species. Both were recorded on single territories in 2019 and 2016 respectively. The single savannah sparrow observation was a confirmed breeding territory in the hydro corridor due east of West Deane Park. Within urban areas these hydro corridors are often the only extensive source of suitable nesting habitat for meadow breeding birds such as savannah sparrow. The lack of trails underneath and within the vicinity of these hydro towers provide a refuge for such species as long as pressures from subsidized predators and off‐leash dogs are not too great, and if mowing regimes of grass areas occur outside the nesting period of May to July.

The lack of sensitive ground‐ or low‐nesting breeding bird species are a consequence of heavy pressures exerted on these species at such an established urban area. Recreational trails coupled with dog‐walking and off‐leash dog activity, along with other pressures such as urban subsidized predators such as raccoons and house cats have evidently impacted ground nesting species to an extent to which they are represented by minimal territories in a given year.

The most abundant breeding bird species that is sensitive to development (and most abundant species of regional and urban concern) found at the Study Area is grey catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), with 20 territories recorded in 2019 out of a total of 31 recorded for the 10‐year period 2010‐2019 (Figure 10). As a habitat generalist, grey catbird nest in a variety of shrubs within forest, forest‐edge and meadow habitats, many of which are found within the ravines and parks of the Study Area (and Toronto as a whole).

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Figure 10. Grey catbird – a habitat generalist ‐ the most numerous species of urban concern in the Mimico Creek watershed (photo: TRCA, 2014).

The second most abundant “sensitive to development species” is the forest dependent red‐eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus), with 15 territories observed in the 10‐year period. This species was recorded predominantly within the ravine system south of Bloor Street West and the forest areas of West Deane Park. A further 2 forest dependent breeding species were observed; eastern wood‐pewee (Contopus virens) on 6 territories – a Species at Risk designated provincially as Special Concern (MECP 2019); and blue‐grey gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea) on 2 territories. As such, although the abundance of forest dependent breeding bird species compares favourably across different nesting habitat dependence, the diversity of such species were not particularly high in the Study Area, with a similar number of meadow dependent and a slightly higher number of forest‐edge dependent species present (Table 12). This is unsurprising considering the lack of interior forest in the Study Area and the majority of the ravines within the Mimico Creek watershed constituting forest‐edge habitat due to their linear shape. The shrubby thickets in these forest‐edges are the breeding habitat of the single species of concern bird species recorded at the Study Area: brown thrasher. This species has experienced a significant population decline both regionally and continentally due to the removal of breeding habitat for settlements and succession of shrub habitats into forests.

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Table 12. Bird species diversity and abundance across breeding habitats in Mimico Creek Study Area 2010‐2019. Breeding Habitat Species Count Number of Territories Forest‐edge 4 13 Forest 3 23 Meadow 3 5 Generalist 2 37 Wetland 1 1

Two mammal species are sensitive to development; mink (Mustela vison) and eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). Mink are a highly terrestrial species and as such is likely to be affected by many of the same ground‐borne disturbances as sensitive nesting birds. However, mink are much less sedentary in habit than breeding songbirds and can avoid disturbance simply by moving to another portion of its home range – up or down stream ‐ when the disturbance becomes too great. There are many denning opportunities along the bank of the Mimico Creek; furthermore, the species breeds during the winter months (young are born in the spring) and is largely nocturnal, thus avoiding many of the potential human disturbances that affect breeding birds. All herpetofauna are sensitive to development, and all but the hardiest species have disappeared from the more urbanized landscapes, such as the City of Toronto. American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) and eastern gartersnake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) were observed at multiple locations in 2019, indicating sustaining populations of these species. Northern leopard frog, green frog (Lithobates clamitans) and Dekay’s brownsnake (Storeria dekayi) were observed at single locations each in 2019. It must be noted that all snake species are cryptic (i.e. difficult to detect as they are silent) and therefore the observations recorded in the Study Area may not represent the full extent of their distribution within the Mimico Creek watershed.

Development related impacts include the fragmentation of habitat and roads. These effects are discussed under the more specific criterion of patch isolation (Section 4.5.2.4).

4.5.2.3 Area Sensitive Fauna

Fauna species deemed area sensitive require ≥ 5 ha of contiguous habitat; those scoring at the high end for this criterion require >100 ha (TRCA 2017). Some species of forest birds that require large total habitat area are able to utilize multiple patches across the landscape to meet this need; for this group the overall proportion of forest cover within the larger landscape is the important limiting factor (Rosenburg et al. 1999). Area sensitivity for various species relates to a variety of underlying factors. The need for isolation within a habitat block during sensitive periods such as nesting and foraging requirements for sparsely distributed food items are examples.

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The current fauna inventory for Mimico Creek watershed lists 11 area sensitive species of which 10 are species of regional and urban concern (Maps 6a‐c). While 10 of these species fall into the ≥ 5 ha category, one species – Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperii) – is indicated as requiring at least 20 ha of continuous habitat. The individual of this species was observed in 2019 hunting in Echo Valley Park, part of the ravine system near Kipling Avenue and Burnhamthorpe Road. Cooper’s hawks are increasingly found nesting in urban and suburban areas within smaller habitat patches. This species appears to be adapting to disturbance effects of cities and towns to take advantage of opportunities presented by such areas including increased abundance of non‐native prey (Cava et al. 2012). American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) also appear to be increasingly utilizing breeding habitat in the urban areas of the region, especially along riparian corridors such as ravines. This corresponds with increased observations in nearby Simcoe‐Rideau Region in the Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas (Cadman et al. 2007). An increase in population in the local region may push those individuals outcompeted for more desirable rural breeding habitat into breeding in more urbanized areas.

4.5.2.4 Fauna Sensitive to Patch Isolation

Sensitivity to patch isolation considers the overall response of fauna species to fragmentation and isolation of habitat patches from one another. One underlying consideration is the physical ability, or the predisposition, of a species to move about within the landscape and how this ability is affected by the connectivity of habitat. A second is the potential impact that roads and other habitat breaks have on fauna species that need to be mobile. Bird species generally score lower than herpetofauna for the latter consideration (although they do forage and move along connecting corridors). Most herpetofauna score very highly because their life cycles require them to move between different habitat types; their mobility exposes them to impacts, most often road‐kill. At the population level, birds too will be affected if the need for adult birds to forage for food during the nestling and fledgling stage of the breeding season is not provided for. By maintaining and improving the connectivity of natural cover within the landscape (e.g. by reforestation of intervening lands) we are able to positively influence the populations of such species, improving their foraging and dispersal potential.

All five of the herpetofauna species of concern and four of the seven mammal species of concern score highly for patch isolation sensitivity. American toad, Dekay’s brownsnake and eastern gartersnake (Figure 11) undergo annual migrations to and from either breeding wetlands (for the toads) or communal hibernacula (for the snakes). Green frog and northern leopard frog often hibernate and breed in the same wetlands and generally do not undertake annual migrations. Northern leopard frog, however, are highly terrestrial in their foraging habits and can travel some distance from their breeding wetlands when doing so. This is probably the case with the single leopard frog found at Tom Riley Park in 2019. This individual most likely breeds in the nearby Humber Marshes ~2km to the east, where there is a well‐documented breeding population. The majority of herpetofauna species were observed on and along the trails throughout West Deane Park. Anecdotal evidence during the 2019 inventory suggests bicycle traffic through this park is high, unsurprisingly as it offers a safer commute through the urban area than on nearby roads. Such heavy traffic and visitation impact these species and also increases the threat of predation and/or disturbance by off‐leash dogs. Trails with bike traffic or off‐leash dogs may

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result in herpetofauna and small mammal fatalities (Burgin and Hardiman 2012; Weston and Stankowich 2014). The fact that the Study Area is predominantly either hydro corridor, parkland or ravine habitat, and therefore unlikely to be developed and fragmented further, means that most species present should persist in these natural corridors as long as the pressures from trails and off‐leash dogs do not significantly impact them.

Figure 11. Eastern gartersnake was observed throughout the Mimico Creek Study Area in 2019 (photo: TRCA, 2018).

Most of the mobility restricted fauna species at the Study Area are relatively small‐bodied animals; their life cycle requirements may be satisfied within the confines of Mimico Creek watershed. However, for coyote (Canis latrans), white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and other larger mammals, home ranges may not be contained within the Study Area boundaries, and young mammals also need to disperse from natal areas. As individuals move back and forth across the landscape, they have to contend with the roads surrounding and intersecting the site. In any such urban landscape the habitat within the natural spaces becomes more critical to regional biodiversity. If connectivity between such natural spaces can be maintained or improved the potential for persistence of these species will be enhanced.

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4.5.2.5 Fauna Habitat Specialists

Fauna species that score highly under the habitat dependence criterion (TRCA 2017) are considered habitat specialists. These species exhibit a combination of very specific habitat requirements that range from the microhabitat (e.g. decaying logs, aquatic vegetation) and requirements for particular moisture conditions, vegetation structure or spatial landscape structures, to preferences for certain vegetation community series and macro‐habitat types. There were three fauna species of concern – all bird species ‐ that are considered habitat specialists (Maps 14a‐c). One of these species scores high for this criterion entirely due to their very specific nest location requirements: northern rough‐winged swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis) requires existing cavities, often duct and pipe openings on man‐made structures. The availability of these nest sites is the greatest limiting factor for this species in Southern Ontario (Cadman et al. 2007). The abundance of pipes and cavities under the numerous bridges across the Mimico Creek and the Highway 400 series overpasses provide ample nesting opportunities throughout the Study Area.

Of the remaining two species, peregrine falcon also requires man‐made structures when nesting in urban areas; tall buildings, bridges and smokestacks in cities and towns replicate the cliff habitats found in their natural breeding habitat. Cooper’s hawk requires mature, fairly dense woodlots. As mentioned earlier, historically this species nested primarily in extensive mature rural forests but increasingly it is adapting to breeding in urban landscapes, as can be said for all three habitat specialists.

A healthy functioning system will accommodate a whole suite of species that are adapted to the habitat types at the site and will allow those species to thrive and breed successfully. As the quality of the habitat improves, so will the representation of its associated flora and fauna species. In this way, representation by self‐sustaining populations of diverse species (which varies from species to species) over the long term is an excellent measure of the health of a natural system.

4.5.3. Species at Risk

There were four Species at Risk recorded within the Mimico Creek watershed. Along with the previously reported peregrine falcon and eastern wood‐pewee; observations were made of barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) and chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica). Although the rural populations of barn swallow and chimney swift have declined in recent years (and the reason for their inclusion on Species at Risk registries), both species have adapted to using human made structures for their nesting needs and are found throughout the Greater Toronto area. Barn swallow build conspicuous mud nests often on ledges or walls on buildings and hence were observed at occupied nests within the watershed. Chimney swift nest within chimneys or similar structures and therefore are harder to confirm nesting, however several individuals were observed aerial foraging in the vicinity of the Study Area, with numerous nesting opportunities in the buildings within the Mimico Creek watershed.

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4.5.4. Historical Fauna

Fauna species that fall outside the 10‐year threshold include three species of regional conservation concern; western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) and eastern screech‐owl (Megascops asio). A further single species of urban concern; Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), was also recorded. Although all four species have not been observed within the last 10 years, they must be separated by those that may still occur within the Study Area, and those that are most likely extirpated.

Eastern screech‐owl are known to breed within Toronto, with several observations recorded throughout the ravines and woodlots of the city. As a cavity nester, eastern screech‐owl often utilize nest boxes and are a permanent resident throughout the year within the region. The absence of current records in the Study Area may not necessarily mean they are extirpated rather that, as a strictly nocturnal species, eastern screech‐owl are somewhat cryptic and usually detected using playback in early spring. It is possible screech‐owl were present during 2019 but remained undetected. Similarly, Virginia opossum are known to breed throughout Toronto and are nocturnal and cryptid. The terrestrial inventory protocol does not target mammal species and therefore observations are classed as incidental. For these reasons, this species is highly likely to be present within the Study Area.

Western chorus frog and wood thrush are both Species at Risk; western chorus frog is designated as federally threatened (Environment Canada 2014) and wood thrush as special concern provincially (MECP 2019). The single observation of western chorus frog at West Deane Park was recorded in 1982, in keeping with other historical records within the City of Toronto limits dating from the 1970s to mid‐ 1990s. The lone current record of western chorus frog within City of Toronto is from 2014 in the far north west of the city at Indian Line Campground, near a significant regional population at Claireville Conservation Area just outside the city limits. Another breeding population just outside Toronto is found at Paul Coffey Park; 6 km north west of the 1982 record, and less than 1 km north west of Study Area block A (map 3a). The West Deane Park observation was likely part of the historic range of western chorus frog, but today the pressures from the surrounding urban matrix and lack of suitable breeding habitat have caused the extirpation of this highly sensitive species from the Study Area.

The single wood thrush record within the Study Area was recorded in 2000. This species requires at least 5 ha of high quality deciduous or mixed forest with ample understory to successfully breed. The sheer lack of forest size throughout the majority of the Study Area reduces the chance of site occupation and within larger forest blocks, such as West Deane Park, the density of trails reduces the amount of understory whilst increases the potential for disturbance from trail walkers, off‐leash dogs and subsidized predators. That being said, there is a small chance for wood thrush to breed again in West Deane Park if areas are left as refuges as highlighted by breeding territories sustaining at nearby High Park.

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5.0 Summary and Recommendations

The 246 ha Mimico Creek Study Area is located entirely within the urban landscape and consists largely of ravine lands with a mixture of forest, successional, plantations and meadow. There are also a few tableland woodlots. The valley forms a linear corridor that forms a valuable contributor to the natural heritage system and biodiversity of the region. The site has the potential to maintain healthy populations of flora species of regional and urban concern and fauna species of urban concern (minus ground‐ to low‐nesting breeding bird species), and overall regional biodiversity. The extent to which this potential is realized is dependent upon the strategies used to manage public use, protect the integrity of the habitats that exist, and restore degraded or invaded habitats.

5.1 Site Summary

1. The Mimico Creek watershed within the City of Toronto does not rank highly within a regional landscape context in terms of habitat patch score, total patch size and matrix influence, it does stand out as a linear feature within an established urbanized area that lacks natural cover.

2. A total of 78 vegetation types was observed, largely forest and successional; with smaller areas of wetland and riparian areas. The site includes 41 forest, 11 dynamic (mostly riparian), 13 successional, 8 wetland, 2 aquatic, and 3 meadow vegetation community types. The community diversity reflects historical and current land‐use practices of the site extending back before the time of European settlement.

3. Vegetation communities of conservation concern are concentrated in tableland woodlots and some ravine slopes. Oak forest and woodland with a smaller amount of seepage wetland and aquatic communities are represented.

4. Elements of the Humber Plains oak savannah and woodland persist, mostly as remnant oak and maple forest patches with remnant species. High‐quality forest communities are concentrated on upper slopes and tableland. A few wetlands occur on impermeable soils near the north end of the Study Area and close to Lake Ontario at the south end.

5. A total of 559 naturally occurring flora species were observed: a moderately high floristic richness. Among them were 27 species of regional concern (ranked L1‐L3) and 58 species of Urban Concern (ranked L4). Species of concern were associated with all habitat types, but the highest concentrations were in deciduous forest.

6. The Mimico Creek Study Area’s history of disturbance has resulted in most of the native species now being concentrated in small patches of original forest. A few species such as Carolina rose and one‐flowered cancer root are barely hanging on, if they are indeed still present at all. Natural regeneration onto formerly agricultural or manicured areas is largely composed of exotic species.

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7. Restoration efforts since the 1990s, especially tree plantings such as those at West Deane Park, have arrested and in some places reversed the decline in ecosystem quality and biodiversity. The Montgomery’s Inn Butterfly Garden has successfully established several native species.

8. The main disturbances affecting the Study Area at present are pest and disease outbreaks affecting several tree species; invasive species, trampling from pedestrians and off‐leash dogs in upland habitats, and storm water runoff in the bottomlands and riparian areas causing nutrient loading and flash flooding.

9. The main invasive plants in upland areas are Norway maple, European spindletree and wintercreeper euonymus; buckthorn, oriental bittersweet, Japanese hedge‐parsley, and dog‐ strangling vine. There are also patches of garlic mustard, goutweed, lily‐of‐the‐valley, and periwinkle. Common reed, reed canary grass, giant manna grass, poison‐hemlock, Himalayan balsam and giant hogweed have local infestations. The City of Toronto has successfully reduced the occurrence of invasive shrubs such as European spindletree, in parts of Echo Valley and West Deane Parks. However, the majority of the Study Area has not been treated.

10. The fauna survey in 2019 reported 24 bird species, 5 herpetofauna, and 7 mammal species of regional and urban concern for a total of 36 Species. Taking into consideration 1 additional record from 2010‐2018 brings the 10‐year total to 37 species of regional and urban concern.

11. Two species of regional conservation concern were recorded in 2019 – brown thrasher and northern leopard frog. Suitable breeding habitat for brown thrasher is present within the Study Area, however northern leopard frogs are likely breeding in nearby Humber Marshes and foraging in the Mimico Creek watershed.

12. A total of four Species at Risk were recorded in the Mimico Creek watershed: barn swallow, chimney swift, eastern wood‐pewee and peregrine falcon. Peregrine falcon is also a regionally rare fauna species, along with big brown bat that was also recorded for the Study Area.

13. Grey catbird was the most abundant species of regional or urban concern recorded at the Study Area, with 31 territories observed. This habitat generalist nests in the brush and shrub habitat found in the ravines and parkland throughout the Study Area.

14. Of the four historical (>10 years old) fauna records, western chorus frog and wood thrush are now extirpated from the Study Area. The potential for eastern screech‐owl and Virginia opossum to still breed in the Study Area are higher due to the presence of nearby breeding populations and suitable breeding habitat still present in the Study Area. These two species are also cryptic and likely missed during fauna inventory surveys.

15. The habitat on site is fragmented, cut by numerous roads breaking it into interrupted segments. In addition, there are trails and public use areas such as community garden plots and sports facilities, with the human footprint distributed throughout all parts of the site.

16. Intensification and infill development of the neighbourhoods around Mimico Creek watershed is likely, especially near Dundas Street West. This could exacerbate user pressures, unless there is careful planning. Uncontrolled recreational activities present a risk to the

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quality of the habitat in Mimico Creek watershed. Intensive use increases the negative effects on habitats and species.

5.2 Site Recommendations

Site specific recommendations include the broader objective of protecting regional biodiversity in the TRCA jurisdiction. In order to maximize the level of biodiversity in the Mimico Creek watershed and specifically the Study Area, the overall integrity of the natural heritage system that includes this area must be protected. Therefore, at the landscape scale, in keeping with the TNHSS, connections to other natural habitat patches in the landscape need to be enhanced and maintained. Furthermore, increasing public use of the site requires mitigation of associated impacts. Managing public use, strategic placement of interpretive signage, allowing healthy dynamic natural processes to proceed, and controlling invasive species will all aid in addressing the negative matrix influences.

The following recommendations address the above natural heritage concerns, with an emphasis upon bolstering the existing natural features on site. Thus, we recommend overall that 1) existing habitats and features be protected and enhanced; 2) that public use be managed; and 3) that invasive species be controlled.

1. Protect and Enhance Existing Features

The first priority could be to focus on maintaining conditions that allow existing communities or species of conservation concern to thrive. A good goal would be to prevent any further extirpations of species of conservation concern.

a. In order to maintain biodiversity in the Study Area, all aspects of the Mimico Creek watershed need to be addressed in a unified fashion. An overarching program would include an up‐to‐date management plan addressing the entire watershed with its various uses. Management zones could be developed for public lands in the watershed based on existing ELC and species data.

b. Highlight the success of existing restoration work at Montgomery’s Inn and West Deane Park to secure ongoing support and expansion of the program.

c. Expand the areas of restoration, including forest, meadow and wetland habitats (which are almost entirely absent from the Study Area). The hydro corridor is currently largely mowed. It represents an opportunity for potential expansion of meadow areas through habitat restoration, along with improving connectivity.

d. Areas selected for restoration should have soil and moisture assessments conducted in order to help determine suitable lists of species for planting. If soil conditions are suitable, consideration should be given to enhancing wetland features.

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e. Special attention should be directed toward protecting and propagating populations of the most locally‐at‐risk plant species. Examples include those in Table 8 that are only in Mimico Creek watershed or one or two other locations. Carolina rose in particular should be sought out and confirmed to be still present, then propagated.

f. Echo Valley Park should be recognized as a historic site, as Montgomery’s Inn already is. The nut orchard should be restored as an arboretum with interpretive signage, arboricultural care, and maintenance.

g. Seed collection should include pre‐development relict trees in the surrounding residential areas. Original oaks (and other tree species) are numerous in some neighbourhoods in the watershed.

h. The quality and biodiversity of the natural areas within the Mimico Creek watershed could be supported through improvements within the urban landscape. Such improvements might include applying Low Impact Development practices to developments and using locally‐sourced native trees for urban canopy plantings.

i. In the longer term, efforts could be made to improve habitat connectivity within Mimico Creek watershed, and between natural areas within and outside the watershed. Opportunities are limited but there is a most obvious linkage east and west across the Lake Ontario waterfront to the Humber Marshes and Etobicoke Creek.

j. There is a limited “stepping stone” habitat connection through the well‐treed residential areas south of Bloor to the Humber Marshes Provincially Significant Wetland Complex (as evidenced by the observation of leopard frog at the south end of Tom Riley Park). These neighborhoods thus may be a priority for stewardship practices.

k. Nest boxes for eastern screech‐owl to be built to supplement natural tree cavities in order to increase the potential nesting habitat for this species. The woodlots at West Deane Park, Princess Margaret Park, and the forested ravines south of Bloor Street West provide suitable locations and habitat for such nest boxes.

2. Manage Public Use

Mimico Creek watershed is nestled in a highly urbanized landscape and is therefore extremely influenced by urban matrix influences. Such influences negatively affect natural systems and the park has lost many of its original flora and fauna species. It seems unlikely that sensitive ground‐ nesting bird species will be able to thrive at the site. However, it is important to consider the significance of Mimico Creek watershed’s waterfront location for dispersal and migration. Such urban habitats – especially those as extensive as Mimico Creek watershed – feed and shelter significant numbers of migrating songbirds in both spring and fall, even though only very few of these birds stay to attempt nesting. At the Study Area, visitor pressure is currently high and is

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expected to increase. Strategies for managing human‐use are needed if ecological health is to be maintained or enhanced.

a. Some areas should be left as refuges for flora and fauna with management being geared to protection of species of concern which are generally sensitive to human presence. Key habitats needing protection include the deciduous forests scattered across the Study Area, and successional areas in the north part of the Study Area; these habitats support the more sensitive flora and fauna species (Maps 10a‐c, 11a‐c, 13a‐c).

b. Hikers, cyclists and dog‐walkers are intensive users of the park areas within the Mimico Creek watershed. Leash laws may need to be enforced outside designated areas. Where off‐leash dog use occurs (regardless of whether it is officially permitted or is not), there is a considerable risk of disturbance to low and ground‐nesting birds and herpetofauna such as American toad and gartersnake in upland foraging habitats. Signage alerting cyclists to the presence of snakes potentially basking on trails will increase public awareness and potentially reduce trail mortality. Trampling has also had a severe impact locally, for example in remnant oak stands in Tom Riley Park. Such disturbance would result in reduced abundance and possibly eventual extirpation of these species. If resources are limited for enforcement of leash laws, the patrols can be targeted in areas where there are high concentrations of L1‐L3 species and communities.

c. Involving the local community in any restoration efforts at Mimico Creek watershed will enhance a sense of good stewardship, which in turn will result in more ecologically positive behaviour, e.g. responsible gardening practices including proper disposal of yard waste; planting of native species adjacent to the site; removal of encroachments, and responsible dog‐ownership. Montgomery’s Inn and Echo Valley Park could be suitable launch pads for community stewardship.

3. Control Invasive Species

Several invasive plant species are threats to the native biodiversity at Mimico Creek watershed. Some excellent work has already been done to address invasive shrubs at Echo Valley Park, and work is starting at West Deane Park. It is essential that well‐planned and realistic measures be undertaken to control invasive species. Management for invasive species will need to be tailored to the individual species in question, depending on how widespread and established they are.

a. Take a proactive management approach to invasive species control. Pre‐assess areas targeted for restoration plantings or trail installation and remove existing exotic populations. This would include local removal of dog‐strangling vine, euonymus, Norway maple, Japanese hedge‐parsley, and other species that are found throughout the site.

b. The fragmentation of the site by roads can be used to advantage here. Isolated habitat patches once treated may have a slower rate of recolonization of invasives from adjacent patches.

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c. Giant hogweed should be a high priority for removal, since it is a human health hazard and so far, is a local infestation which could be readily addressed. Other local infestations that could be removed include common reed, periwinkle, and oriental bittersweet.

d. Any wetland features created or restored should be monitored for common reed and reed canary grass. Consider removing these and replant area with native wetland plants effective at out‐competing their exotic counterparts such as sweet flag, Joe Pye weed (Eutrochium maculatum), Canada bluejoint, soft‐stemmed bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani), sedges (Carex spp) and soft rush (Juncus effusus).

e. In addition to removal efforts, encourage public to adopt simple practices that would help limit further spread of invasive species. For example, encouraging adjacent landowners to substitute native or at least non‐invasive ground covers in their back yards can prevent the spread of exotic species (e.g. periwinkle) while expanding the habitat of Mimico Creek Watershed, particularly for pollinators. Likewise, allotment gardeners should monitor their plots for any invasives that may show up.

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6.0 References

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Bosch Y., Tablado Z., and Jenni L. 2017. Experimental evidence of human recreational disturbance effects on bird‐territory establishment. Proc. R. Soc. B 284. Available on‐line at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0846 [Accessed 7 November 2019].

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Cadman M.D., Sutherland D.A., Beck G.G., Lepage D., and Couturier A.R. (Eds). 2007. Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario, 2001 – 2005. Bird Studies Canada, Environment Canada, Ontario Field Ornithologists, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and Ontario Nature, Toronto, xxii + 706pp.

Cava J.A., Stewart A.C. and Rosenfield R.N. 2012. Introduced Species Dominate the Diet of Breeding Urban Cooper’s Hawks in British Columbia. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124(4): 775‐782.

Chapman L.F. and Putnam D.F. 1984. The Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd edition, Special Volume 2. Toronto: Ontario Research Foundation, Ontario Geological Survey. Pages 276‐277, 292‐293.

City of Toronto. 2019. Montgomery’s Inn website: http://montgomerysinn.com/ [Accessed 13 December 2019].

Corsan G.H. 1937. Nut experiments north of Lake Ontario. Northern Nut Growers’ Association 28th Annual Report pp. 55‐56.

Environment Canada. 2014. Recovery Strategy for the Western Chorus Frog (Pseudacris triseriata), Great Lakes / St. Lawrence – Canadian Shield Population, in Canada [Proposed], Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series, Environment Canada, Ottawa, v + 46 pp. Available online at: https://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=7BC7FFC4‐1 [Accessed 29 November 2019].

Eyles N. 2004. Toronto Rocks: the geological legacy of the Toronto Region. Markham, ON: Fitzhenry & Whiteside.

Gutzwiller K.J. and Anderson S.H. 1999. Spatial extent of human‐intrusion effects on subalpine bird distributions. Condor 101:378‐389.

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Hoffman and Richards, 1955. Soil map of York County, Ontario. Guelph: Ontario Agricultural College & Experimental Farm Service, Soil Survey Report #19.

Kilgour B. 2003. Landscape and patch character as a determinant of occurrence of eighty selected bird species in the Toronto area. A report prepared for the TRCA. Jacques‐Whitford Ltd.

Lee H., Bakowsky W.D., Riley J., Bowles J., Puddister M., Uhlig P. and McMurray S. 1998. Ecological land classification for southern Ontario: first approximation and its application. Peterborough, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Southcentral Science Section, Science Development and Transfer Branch.

Loeb S.C., Post C.J. and Hall S.T. 2008 Relationship between urbanization and bat community structure in national parks of southeastern U.S. Urban Ecosyst. 12:197‐214.

McKenzie T., Normand L., Iwanycki N., Miller G., Prior P. 2018. Assessing the utility of a novel terrestrial biodiversity quality indicator with 10 years of monitoring data. Ecol. Indic. 85: 422–431.

McKinney M.L. 2002. Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation. BioScience. Vol. 52 No. 10.

MECP (Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks). 2019. Species at Risk in Ontario (SARO) list. O. Reg. 230/08. Available online at: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/080230 [Accessed 7 November 2019].

Morsink W.A.G. 1971. Nut Trees in Echo Valley, Etobicoke. Ontario Shade Tree Council Newsletter

Oldham M.J. and Brinker S.R. 2009. Rare Vascular Plants of Ontario, Fourth Edition. Natural Heritage Information Centre, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 188 pp. Available on‐line at http://www.ontla.on.ca/library/repository/mon/23004/290066.pdf [Accessed 2 December 2019].

Riley J.L. 2013. The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: an ecological history. Montreal: McGill‐ Queens University Press.

Rosenburg K.V., Rohrbaugh R.W. Jr., Barker S.E., Hames R.S. and Dhondt A.A. 1999. A land manager’s guide to improving habitat for scarlet tanagers and other forest‐interior birds. Ithaca, NY: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Rybicki J. and Hanski I. 2013. Species–area relationships and extinctions caused by habitat loss and fragmentation. Ecology Letters 16: 27–38.

Sauer 1998. The Once and Future Forest. Washington, DC: Island Press.

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Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2007a. The Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy. Toronto Region Conservation Authority. Available on‐line at: https://trca.ca/conservation/greenspace‐management/terrestrial‐natural‐heritage/ [Accessed 10 December 2019].

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2007b. Setting Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Targets. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Available on‐line at: https://trca.ca/conservation/greenspace‐management/terrestrial‐natural‐heritage/ [Accessed 10 December 2019].

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2007c. Evaluating and Designing Terrestrial Natural Heritage Systems. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Available on‐line at: https://trca.ca/conservation/greenspace‐management/terrestrial‐natural‐heritage/ [Accessed 10 December 2019].

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2007d. Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program Data Collection Methodology. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Available on‐line at: https://trca.ca/conservation/greenspace‐management/terrestrial‐natural‐heritage/ [Accessed 10 December 2019].

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2007e. Mimico Creek Biological Inventory and Assessment. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2017. Scoring and Ranking TRCA’s Vegetation Communities, Flora, and Fauna Species. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Available on‐line at: https://s3‐ca‐central‐ 1.amazonaws.com/trcaca/app/uploads/2019/08/21092956/Scoring‐and‐Ranking‐Protocol‐Final.pdf [Accessed 10 December 2019].

Toronto Field Naturalists. 1976. Toronto the Green. Toronto Field Naturalists Club.

Toronto Field Naturalists. 1978. Tree inventory at Echo Valley Park. Toronto Field Naturalists Newsletter, September 1978.

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Appendix 1: Vegetation Communities for Mimico Watershed in City of Toronto (2016-19)

Scores Tot. Local ELC Vegetation Type Local Geophy. 2019 Area # Rank Code (* indicates present as inclusion and/or complex only) Occur. Requir. Score ha May-19 Forest FOD1-1 Dry-Fresh Red Oak Deciduous Forest 0.8 3.5 4.0 7.5 L2 FOD2-2 Dry-Fresh Oak - Hickory Deciduous Forest 0.1 3.5 2.0 5.5 L3 FOD2-4 Dry-Fresh Oak - Hardwood Deciduous Forest 3.3 2.5 2.0 4.5 L4 FOD4-1 Dry-Fresh Beech Deciduous Forest 0.2 3.5 1.0 4.5 L4 FOD4-d Dry-Fresh Norway Maple Deciduous Forest 0.3 3.5 0.0 3.5 L+ FOD4-e Dry-Fresh Exotic Deciduous Forest 0.7 3.0 0.0 3.0 L+ FOD4-F Dry-Fresh Black Cherry Deciduous Forest 0.6 3.5 0.0 3.5 L4 FOD5-1 Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple Deciduous Forest 0.1 1.5 0.0 1.5 L5 FOD5-2 Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Beech Deciduous Forest 0.6 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 FOD5-3 Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Oak Deciduous Forest 7.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 L4 FOD5-6 Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Basswood Deciduous Forest 0.5 2.5 0.0 2.5 L5 FOD5-7 Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Black Cherry Deciduous Forest 2.2 2.5 0.0 2.5 L5 FOD5-A Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Hawthorn Deciduous Forest 0.1 3.5 0.0 3.5 L4 FOD5-b Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Norway Maple Deciduous Forest 0.8 3.5 0.0 3.5 L4 FOD6-1 Fresh-Moist Sugar Maple - Ash Deciduous Forest 0.5 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 FOD6-4 Fresh-Moist Sugar Maple - White Elm Deciduous Forest 0.3 3.0 1.0 4.0 L4 FOD6-5 Fresh-Moist Sugar Maple - Hardwood Deciduous Forest 0.2 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 FOD7-1 Fresh-Moist White Elm Lowland Deciduous Forest 0.3 3.0 1.0 4.0 L4 FOD7-2 Fresh-Moist Ash Deciduous Forest 4.4 2.0 1.0 3.0 L4 FOD7-3 Fresh-Moist Willow Lowland Deciduous Forest 7.6 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 FOD7-4 Fresh-Moist Black Walnut Lowland Deciduous Forest 3.7 2.5 1.0 3.5 L4 FOD7-a Fresh-Moist Manitoba Maple Lowland Deciduous Forest 11.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 FOD7-b Fresh-Moist Norway Maple Deciduous Forest 0.7 3.0 0.0 3.0 L+ FOD7-c Fresh-Moist Exotic Lowland Deciduous Forest 7.2 2.0 0.0 2.0 L+ FOD7-F Fresh-Moist Basswood Lowland Deciduous Forest 0.2 3.0 1.0 4.0 L4 FOD8-1 Fresh-Moist Poplar Deciduous Forest 0.3 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 FOD9-C Fresh-Moist Red Oak - Ash Deciduous Forest 0.3 4.0 1.0 5.0 L3

Page 93 Appendix 1: Vegetation Communities for Mimico Watershed in City of Toronto (2016-19)

Scores Tot. Local ELC Vegetation Type Local Geophy. 2019 Area # Rank Code (* indicates present as inclusion and/or complex only) Occur. Requir. Score ha May-19 CUP1-3 Black Walnut Deciduous Plantation 1.6 3.0 0.0 3.0 L5 CUP1-5 Silver Maple Deciduous Plantation 3.8 3.0 0.0 3.0 L5 CUP1-A Restoration Deciduous Plantation 13.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 CUP1-c Locust Deciduous Plantation 1.6 2.0 0.0 2.0 L+ CUP1-d Horticultural Deciduous Plantation 0.3 2.5 0.0 2.5 L+ CUP2-A Restoration Mixed Plantation 1.8 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 CUP2-c Norway Maple - Conifer Mixed Plantation 0.1 3.0 0.0 3.0 L+ CUP2-E Silver Maple - Conifer Mixed Plantation 0.3 3.0 0.0 3.0 L5 CUP2-h Horticultural Mixed Plantation 0.1 3.0 0.0 3.0 L+ CUP3-b Austrian Pine Coniferous Plantation 0.6 3.0 0.0 3.0 L+ CUP3-C White Spruce Coniferous Plantation 0.04 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 CUP3-G White Cedar Coniferous Plantation 0.3 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 CUP3-H Mixed Conifer Coniferous Plantation 0.3 1.5 0.0 1.5 L5 CUP3-j Colorado Spruce Coniferous Plantation 0.1 4.0 0.0 4.0 L+ Successional CUT1-1 Sumac Deciduous Thicket 3.3 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 *CUT1-5 *Raspberry Deciduous Thicket *c 3.0 0.0 3.0 L4 CUT1-A1 Native Deciduous Sapling Regeneration Thicket 0.5 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 CUT1-b Buckthorn Deciduous Thicket 0.2 2.0 0.0 2.0 L+ CUT1-c Exotic Deciduous Thicket 4.8 2.0 0.0 2.0 L+ CUT1-G Willow Deciduous Thicket 0.1 3.5 0.0 3.5 L4 CUH1-A Treed Hedgerow 1.3 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 CUH1-d Exotic Shrub Hedgerow 0.2 3.5 0.0 3.5 L+ CUS1-1 Hawthorn Successional Savannah 0.2 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 CUS1-A1 Native Deciduous Successional Savannah 0.3 2.0 0.0 2.0 L5 CUS1-b Exotic Successional Savannah 7.4 2.0 0.0 2.0 L+ CUW1-A3 Native Deciduous Successional Woodland 8.3 1.5 0.0 1.5 L5 CUW1-b Exotic Successional Woodland 7.6 1.5 0.0 1.5 L+

Page 94 Appendix 1: Vegetation Communities for Mimico Watershed in City of Toronto (2016-19)

Scores Tot. Local ELC Vegetation Type Local Geophy. 2019 Area # Rank Code (* indicates present as inclusion and/or complex only) Occur. Requir. Score ha May-19 Wetland *SWD3-2 *Silver Maple Mineral Deciduous Swamp *i 2.0 2.0 4.0 L4 *SWT2-5 *Red-osier Mineral Thicket Swamp *i 2.0 2.0 4.0 L4 MAM2-2 Reed Canary Grass Mineral Meadow Marsh 0.1 2.0 1.0 3.0 L+ MAM2-a Common Reed Mineral Meadow Marsh 0.4 2.5 0.0 2.5 L+ MAM2-b Purple Loosestrife Mineral Meadow Marsh 0.1 3.5 0.0 3.5 L+ MAS2-1b Hybrid Cattail Mineral Shallow Marsh 1.4 2.0 0.0 2.0 L+ *MAS2-9 *Forb Mineral Shallow Marsh *i 3.0 1.0 4.0 L4 MAS2-a Common Reed Mineral Shallow Marsh 0.04 2.5 0.0 2.5 L+ Aquatic SAF1-B Water Smartweed Floating-leaved Shallow Aquatic 0.04 5.0 1.0 6.0 L3 OAO1-T Turbid Open Aquatic (disturbed unvegetated) 9.4 2.0 0.0 2.0 L+ Dynamic (Beach, Bluff, Barren, Prairie, Savannah) BBO1-3 Reed Canary Grass Riparian Bar 0.2 3.5 2.0 5.5 L3 BBO1-A Open Riparian Sand / Gravel Bar 0.5 3.5 2.0 5.5 L5 BBO3-B Constructed Channel - Sluiceway 1.8 4.5 0.0 4.5 L+ BBS1-2B Willow Shrub Riparian Bar 0.1 3.0 1.0 4.0 L4 BBT1-B Mineral Treed Riparian Bar 0.5 3.5 2.0 5.5 L3 BBT2-B Rubble Treed Riparian Bank 0.1 5.0 0.0 5.0 L5 BLT1-c Exotic Treed Bluff 0.04 3.5 2.0 5.5 L+ ‡CLS1 ‡Carbonate Shrub Cliff ‡e 5.0 3.0 8.0 L2 ‡CLT1-2 ‡Sugar Maple - Ironwood - White Ash Treed Carbonate Cliff ‡e 4.0 3.0 7.0 L2 CBO1 Open Clay Barren 0.1 3.5 2.0 5.5 L3 *CBS1 *Shrub Clay Barren *c 3.0 3.0 6.0 L3 *TPO2-A *Fresh-Moist Tallgrass Prairie Planting *i 2.5 1.0 3.5 L5 CUW1-2 Red Oak Non-tallgrass Woodland 0.7 3.5 2.0 5.5 L3 Meadow CUM1-A Native Forb Meadow 1.3 1.0 0.0 1.0 L5

Page 95 Appendix 1: Vegetation Communities for Mimico Watershed in City of Toronto (2016-19)

Scores Tot. Local ELC Vegetation Type Local Geophy. 2019 Area # Rank Code (* indicates present as inclusion and/or complex only) Occur. Requir. Score ha May-19 CUM1-b Exotic Cool-season Grass Graminoid Meadow 7.1 1.0 0.0 1.0 L+ CUM1-c Exotic Forb Meadow 2.0 1.5 0.0 1.5 L+ Other (Potential Restoration Area) M Manicured (roughly-mown, under hydro corridor) 39.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 M

Legend

L1-L3: community of regional conservation concern L4: community of conservation concern in urban area L5: community not of concern at this time L+: community of predominantly introduced species *c,i: community only present as complex (c) or inclusion (i) ‡e: community observed in 2006 but not in 2016 re-survey

Page 96 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Adoxaceae Sambucus canadensis common elderberry 13228 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xp x Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens red-berried elder 13228 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Adoxaceae Viburnum acerifolium maple-leaved viburnum 2 3 4 5 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Adoxaceae Viburnum farreri Farrer's viburnum 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp Adoxaceae Viburnum lantana wayfaring tree 1nsnsns1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Adoxaceae Viburnum lentago nannyberry 13127 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn xcf xpn Adoxaceae Viburnum opulus ssp. opulus European highbush cranberry 1nsnsns1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx x Adoxaceae Viburnum opulus ssp. trilobum American highbush cranberry 454417L2 24-Apr-19 xp xp Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia common arrowhead 2 2 4 4 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus tumbleweed 4nsnsns4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus red-root pigweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Amaranthaceae Atriplex heterosperma Russian orache 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 x x Amaranthaceae Atriplex patula halberd-leaved orache 2 ns ns ns 2 L+? 29-Apr-19 x xx Amaranthaceae Atriplex prostrata spreading orache 2 ns ns ns 2 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x Amaranthaceae Bassia scoparia summer-cypress 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album lamb's quarters 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Amaranthaceae Oxybasis glauca ssp. glauca oak-leaved goosefoot 2nsnsns2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Amaryllidaceae Allium 'Globemaster' ornamental onion (Globemaster) ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xpcf xpcf Amaryllidaceae Allium sativum garlic 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 25-Apr-19 x x Amaryllidaceae Allium tricoccum wild leek 134412L4 29-Apr-19 x xx x x x Amaryllidaceae Allium vineale field garlic 4nsnsns4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Amaryllidaceae Galanthus nivalis snowdrop 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Amaryllidaceae Narcissus poeticus narcissus 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Amaryllidaceae Narcissus pseudonarcissus daffodil 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria European smoke-tree 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Anacardiaceae Rhus aromatica fragrant sumach 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Anacardiaceae Rhus typhina staghorn sumach 1 1 2 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x xx Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans poison ivy (vine form) 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans var. rydbergii poison ivy (shrub form) 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxx x Annonaceae Asimina triloba paw-paw ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Apiaceae Aegopodium podagraria goutweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxpr xpr Apiaceae Cicuta maculata spotted water-hemlock 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Apiaceae Conium maculatum poison-hemlock 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x x x Apiaceae Cryptotaenia canadensis honewort 2 2 4 1 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Apiaceae Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx xx Apiaceae Heracleum mantegazzianum giant hog-weed 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Apiaceae Heracleum maximum cow-parsnip 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Apiaceae Osmorhiza longistylis smooth sweet cicely 3 4 4 4 15 L3 29-Apr-19 x xx Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa wild parsnip 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx Apiaceae Sanicula marilandica sanicle 2 3 3 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Apiaceae Torilis japonica hedge-parsley 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xx Apocynaceae Apocynum androsaemifolium spreading dogbane 1 3 2 4 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxx Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum var. cannabinum hemp dogbane 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf xcf Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium clasping-leaved hemp dogbane 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Apocynaceae Asclepias syriaca common milkweed 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx x Apocynaceae Vinca minor periwinkle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxpr xpr Apocynaceae Vincetoxicum nigrum black swallow-wort 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Apocynaceae Vincetoxicum rossicum dog-strangling vine 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Araceae Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx xx x x Araceae Lemna minor common duckweed 1 2 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Araceae Lemna turionifera turion duckweed 2 2 3 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Araceae Spirodela polyrhiza greater duckweed 1 4 5 3 13 L4 24-Apr-19 x x Araliaceae Aralia elata Japanese angelica-tree 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 x x Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis wild sarsaparilla 1 3 1 4 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Araliaceae Hedera helix English ivy 2nsnsns2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Aristolochiaceae Asarum canadense wild ginger 134311L4 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis asparagus 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Asparagaceae Convallaria majalis lily-of-the-valley 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x xxx Asparagaceae Maianthemum canadense Canada May-flower 1 4 1 5 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx Asparagaceae Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x x Asparagaceae Maianthemum stellatum starry false Solomon's seal 1 2 1 3 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx xx Asparagaceae Ornithogalum umbellatum summer snowflake 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Asparagaceae Polygonatum multiflorum European Solomon's seal 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Asparagaceae Polygonatum pubescens downy Solomon's seal 1 4 2 5 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x xxx Asparagaceae Polygonatum sp. Solomon's seal species ns ns ns ns ns L+? 20-Nov-19 x x Asparagaceae Scilla siberica Siberian squill 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxx Asteraceae Achillea borealis var. borealis woolly yarrow 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx

Page 97 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Asteraceae Ageratina altissima var. altissima white snakeroot 1 2 2 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia common ragweed 1 1 3 0 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx x Asteraceae Ambrosia trifida giant ragweed 2 1 4 0 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Asteraceae Arctium lappa great burdock 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx x Asteraceae Arctium minus common burdock 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Asteraceae Artemisia vulgaris common mugwort 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Asteraceae Bidens frondosa common beggar's-ticks 1 1 2 0 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf x x x x Asteraceae Bidens vulgata tall beggar's-ticks 2 2 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Asteraceae Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Carduus nutans ssp. nutans nodding thistle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Centaurea jacea brown knapweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Chrysanthemum maximum Shasta daisy 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Cichorium intybus chicory 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx xx Asteraceae Cirsium arvense creeping thistle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx xx x xx Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare bull thistle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx xx x x Asteraceae Cosmos bipinnatus cosmos 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata flat-topped aster 3 4 3 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xpr xpr Asteraceae Echinacea purpurea purple coneflower 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xp Asteraceae Erigeron annuus daisy fleabane 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf x x x Asteraceae Erigeron canadensis horse-weed 1 1 2 0 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Asteraceae Erigeron philadelphicus var. philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus rough fleabane 2 2 1 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Eurybia macrophylla big-leaved aster 1 3 1 4 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Asteraceae Euthamia graminifolia grass-leaved goldenrod 1 1 4 1 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Eutrochium maculatum var. maculatum spotted Joe-Pye weed 1 2 0 3 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr x x Asteraceae Gaillardia aristata blanket-flower 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Asteraceae Galinsoga quadriradiata hairy galinsoga 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Helianthus annuus common sunflower 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Helianthus decapetalus thin-leaved sunflower 4 3 4 3 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xpr xpr Asteraceae Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem artichoke 2 1 2 0 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx Asteraceae Inula helenium elecampane 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx xx Asteraceae Lapsana communis nipplewort 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare ox-eye daisy 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx x Asteraceae Matricaria discoidea pineappleweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Nabalus altissimus tall wood lettuce 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Asteraceae Pilosella caespitosa yellow hawkweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xcf xcf x x Asteraceae Pilosella piloselloides smooth yellow hawkweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Rudbeckia fulgida orange coneflower 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Rudbeckia hirta black-eyed Susan 1 4 4 3 12 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr x Asteraceae Rudbeckia laciniata cut-leaved coneflower 3 2 4 2 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr x Asteraceae Rudbeckia triloba brown-eyed Susan 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris common groundsel 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Silphium perfoliatum cup-plant 3 1 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Solidago altissima tall goldenrod 1 2 0 0 3 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xxx Asteraceae Solidago caesia blue-stemmed goldenrod 1 2 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx xx Asteraceae Solidago canadensis var. canadensis Canada goldenrod 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Asteraceae Solidago flexicaulis zig-zag goldenrod 1 1 3 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxx xxx Asteraceae Solidago gigantea late goldenrod 1 1 1 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Asteraceae Solidago nemoralis ssp. nemoralis grey goldenrod 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Asteraceae Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis glandular perennial sow-thistle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx x Asteraceae Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus smooth perennial sow-thistle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Sonchus asper spiny sow-thistle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus annual sow-thistle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum ciliatum rayless aster 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum cordifolium heart-leaved aster 1 1 0 2 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum cordifolium x lateriflorum heart-leaved calico hybrid aster 5 2 3 2 12 L4 02-May-19 x x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides heath aster 1 1 2 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. lanceolatum panicled aster 1 2 2 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxx xx Asteraceae Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum calico aster 1 2 3 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum novae-angliae New England aster 1 2 2 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx xxx x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum oolentangiense sky-blue aster 2 1 4 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum hairy aster 4 4 4 4 16 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Tanacetum parthenium feverfew 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgare tansy 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx x x Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale dandelion 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx x

Page 98 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Asteraceae Tragopogon dubius lemon-yellow goat's beard 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Asteraceae Tragopogon pratensis meadow goat's beard 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Asteraceae Tripleurospermum inodorum scentless chamomile 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Tussilago farfara coltsfoot 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxx x Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium clotbur 2 1 4 0 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis orange touch-me-not 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x xxx Balsaminaceae Impatiens glandulifera Himalayan balsam 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Balsaminaceae Impatiens pallida yellow touch-me-not 2 3 4 2 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Berberidaceae Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Berberidaceae Berberis vulgaris common barberry 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Berberidaceae Jeffersonia diphylla twinleaf 5 3 4 5 17 L2 24-Apr-19 xp xp Berberidaceae Mahonia aquifolium Oregon-grape 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Berberidaceae Podophyllum peltatum May-apple 1 3 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa European alder 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xp x Betulaceae Betula papyrifera paper birch 1 4 2 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x x Betulaceae Betula pendula European white birch 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xp x Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana blue beech 1 3 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx xx Betulaceae Corylus americana American hazel 5 4 4 3 16 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Betulaceae Corylus avellana European hazel 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Betulaceae Corylus colurna Turkish hazel ns ns ns ns ns L+ 14-Nov-19 xp xp xp xp xp Betulaceae Corylus cornuta beaked hazel 2 4 3 4 13 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx x x Betulaceae Ostrya virginiana ironwood 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxx x Bignoniaceae Campsis radicans trumpet creeper 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp Bignoniaceae Catalpa speciosa northern catalpa 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn xp x xp xp Boraginaceae Cynoglossum officinale hound's tongue 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Boraginaceae Echium vulgare viper's bugloss 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Boraginaceae Hackelia virginiana Virginia stickseed 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Boraginaceae Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxx x Boraginaceae Lithospermum officinale Eurasian gromwell 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Boraginaceae Myosotis scorpioides true forget-me-not 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Boraginaceae Myosotis sylvatica woodland forget-me-not 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Boraginaceae Pulmonaria officinalis lung-wort 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Boraginaceae Symphytum officinale common comfrey 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Brassicaceae Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xxx Brassicaceae Barbarea vulgaris winter cress 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Brassicaceae Brassica juncea brown mustard 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Brassica rapa turnip 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris shepherd's purse 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Cardamine concatenata cut-leaved toothwort 2 3 4 4 13 L4 24-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Cardamine impatiens balsam bitter cress 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Cardamine maxima hybrid toothwort 1 3 3 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Brassicaceae Descurainia sophia flixweed 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Erucastrum gallicum dog mustard 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides wormseed mustard 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Brassicaceae Hesperis matronalis dame's rocket 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx x Brassicaceae Lepidium campestre field pepper-grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Brassicaceae Lepidium densiflorum common pepper-grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Rorippa sylvestris creeping yellow cress 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Sinapis arvensis charlock 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Sisymbrium altissimum tumble mustard 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinale hedge mustard 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Thlaspi arvense penny-cress 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Buxaceae Pachysandra terminalis Japanese spurge 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Campanulaceae Campanula persicifolia peach-leaved bellflower 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Campanulaceae Campanula rapunculoides creeping bellflower 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Campanulaceae Lobelia inflata Indian tobacco 2 4 4 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Campanulaceae Lobelia siphilitica great blue lobelia 2 3 4 5 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Cannabaceae Celtis occidentalis hackberry 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn Caprifoliaceae Diervilla lonicera bush honeysuckle 1 3 1 4 9 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x Caprifoliaceae Dipsacus fullonum teasel 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xcf x Caprifoliaceae Kolkwitzia amabilis beauty bush 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp Caprifoliaceae Lonicera dioica wild honeysuckle 2 4 4 4 14 L3 29-Apr-19 x xx Caprifoliaceae Lonicera morrowii Morrow's honeysuckle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xcf x x x Caprifoliaceae Lonicera tatarica Tartarian honeysuckle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Caprifoliaceae Lonicera x bella shrub honeysuckle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x xxx Caprifoliaceae Lonicera xylosteum European fly honeysuckle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x

Page 99 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus western snowberry 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Caryophyllaceae Arenaria serpyllifolia thyme-leaved sandwort 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Caryophyllaceae Cerastium arvense ssp. arvense field chickweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum mouse-ear chickweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Caryophyllaceae Dianthus armeria Deptford pink 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Caryophyllaceae Saponaria officinalis bouncing Bet 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Caryophyllaceae Silene latifolia evening lychnis 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Caryophyllaceae Spergularia media intermediate sand spurrey 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Caryophyllaceae Spergularia salina salt-marsh sand spurrey 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media common chickweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Celastraceae Celastrus orbiculatus oriental bittersweet 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Celastraceae Celastrus scandens American bittersweet 2 4 3 5 14 L3 29-Apr-19 x x Celastraceae Euonymus alatus winged spindle-tree 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx Celastraceae Euonymus europaeus European spindle-tree 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx x Celastraceae Euonymus fortunei wintercreeper euonymus 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx xx Celastraceae Euonymus obovatus running strawberry-bush 2 4 4 4 14 L3 29-Apr-19 x x Colchicaceae Uvularia grandiflora large-flowered bellwort 1 4 4 5 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Commelinaceae Commelina communis Asiatic dayflower 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium ssp. americana pink hedge bindweed 2 2 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xcf xcf Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium ssp. angulata white hedge bindweed 3 2 2 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx Cornaceae Cornus alternifolia alternate-leaved dogwood 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn x xpn x x x x x x Cornaceae Cornus florida flowering dogwood ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Cornaceae Cornus kousa Korean dogwood ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Cornaceae Cornus mas Cornelian-cherry 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Cornaceae Cornus obliqua silky dogwood 2 3 5 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp Cornaceae Cornus racemosa grey dogwood 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr xp x x Cornaceae Cornus rugosa round-leaved dogwood 2 4 3 3 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x xxx Cornaceae Cornus sericea red osier dogwood 1 2 0 3 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x x x Crassulaceae Hylotelephium telephium live-forever 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Crassulaceae Sedum acre mossy stonecrop 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Crassulaceae Sedum sexangulare hexagonal stonecrop 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 18-Nov-19 x x Cucurbitaceae Echinocystis lobata wild cucumber 1 2 3 1 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx x Cupressaceae Juniperus chinensis Chinese juniper 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana red cedar 1 2 4 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xxp Cupressaceae Juniperus x pfitzeriana pfitzer juniper 3nsnsns3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn x xpcf Cupressaceae Thuja occidentalis white cedar 1 4 0 5 10 L5 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp xp xp xp xp xp Cyperaceae Carex alopecoidea foxtail wood sedge 2 3 5 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x xxx Cyperaceae Carex arctata nodding wood sedge 1 4 2 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Cyperaceae Carex aurea golden-fruited sedge 1 2 4 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex blanda common wood sedge 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Cyperaceae Carex communis fibrous-rooted sedge 1 4 3 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex cristatella crested sedge 1 2 4 1 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex echinodes marsh straw sedge 2 3 2 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf Cyperaceae Carex granularis meadow sedge 1 2 1 3 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Cyperaceae Carex grisea grey sedge 3 2 4 3 12 L4 24-Apr-19 x x x xxx Cyperaceae Carex pedunculata early-flowering sedge 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania sedge 1 4 3 4 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx Cyperaceae Carex radiata straight-styled sedge 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Cyperaceae Carex rosea curly-styled sedge 1 2 3 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx xx x xx Cyperaceae Carex sparganioides bur-reed sedge 2 2 4 2 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex spicata spiked sedge 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Cyperaceae Carex sprengelii long-beaked sedge 2 4 4 2 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx Cyperaceae Carex stipata awl-fruited sedge 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex vulpinoidea fox sedge 1 2 4 1 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus yellow nut-sedge 2ns4 1 7 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Eleocharis erythropoda creeping spike-rush 1 2 4 1 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus pungens var. pungens three-square 3 2 5 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xxp Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani soft-stemmed bulrush 1 2 5 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx Cyperaceae Scirpus atrovirens black-fruited bulrush 1 2 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Scirpus microcarpus barber-pole bulrush 1 2 4 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx x x Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum eastern bracken 1 4 2 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris carthusiana spinulose wood fern 1 3 1 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Dryopteridaceae Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern 2 3 5 3 13 L4 24-Apr-19 xp xp xp Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana persimmon ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian olive 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x

Page 100 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata autumn olive 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense field horsetail 1 2 1 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Equisetaceae Equisetum hyemale ssp. affine scouring-rush 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Ericaceae Enkianthus campanulatus red-veined enkianthus ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Euphorbiaceae Acalypha rhomboidea three-seeded mercury 2 1 2 0 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cyparissias cypress spurge 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopia sun spurge 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xcf xcf Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia maculata spotted spurge 2 ns ns ns 2 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia peplus petty spurge 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Fabaceae Amphicarpaea bracteata hog-peanut 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Fabaceae Caragana arborescens Siberian pea-shrub 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr x Fabaceae Cercis canadensis redbud ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Fabaceae Desmodium canadense showy tick-trefoil 2 2 3 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Fabaceae Gleditsia triacanthos honey locust 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn x xpr xp xp Fabaceae Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky coffee-tree 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus bird's foot trefoil 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Fabaceae Medicago lupulina black medick 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxx Fabaceae Medicago sativa ssp. sativa alfalfa 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Fabaceae Melilotus albus white sweet clover 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Fabaceae Melilotus officinalis yellow sweet clover 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Fabaceae Robinia pseudoacacia black locust 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x xpn x xpr Fabaceae Securigera varia crown vetch 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx xx Fabaceae Trifolium hybridum alsike clover 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Fabaceae Trifolium pratense red clover 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Fabaceae Trifolium repens white clover 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Fabaceae Vicia cracca cow vetch 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Fabaceae Vicia tetrasperma slender vetch 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Fagaceae Castanea crenata Japanese chestnut ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Fagaceae Castanea dentata American chestnut ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Fagaceae Castanea henryi Henry's chestnut ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Fagaceae Castanea mollissima Chinese chestnut ns ns ns ns ns L+ 14-Nov-19 xp xp xp xp xp Fagaceae Castanea pumila Allegheny chinquapin ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xpcf xpcf Fagaceae Fagus grandifolia American beech 1 4 3 4 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx xx xpn xxp Fagaceae Fagus sylvatica European beech ns ns ns ns ns L+ 12-Nov-19 xp xp Fagaceae Quercus alba white oak 3 5 4 5 17 L2 24-Apr-19 xpn xpn x Fagaceae Quercus bicolor swamp white oak ns ns ns ns ns L+ 12-Nov-19 xp xp Fagaceae Quercus macrocarpa bur oak 1 4 3 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x Fagaceae Quercus palustris pin oak ns ns ns ns ns L+ 12-Nov-19 xp xp Fagaceae Quercus robur English oak 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp Fagaceae Quercus rubra red oak 1 4 1 5 11 L4 01-May-19 xpn xpn x x x x x xxx Fagaceae Quercus velutina black oak 5 4 4 5 18 L2 24-Apr-19 x xxx x Fagaceae Quercus x bebbiana white-bur hybrid oak 5 3 5 4 17 L2 24-Apr-19 x x Fagaceae Quercus x hawkinsii red-black hybrid oak 5 4 4 4 17 L2 24-Apr-19 x x Gentianaceae Centaurium pulchellum branching centaury 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Geraniaceae Geranium maculatum wild geranium 3 3 4 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx xx x x Geraniaceae Geranium phaeum mourning cranesbill 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum herb Robert 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xx Geraniaceae Geranium sanguineum bloody crane's bill 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 xp xp Grossulariaceae Ginkgo biloba ginkgo 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp Grossulariaceae Ribes americanum wild black currant 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Grossulariaceae Ribes cynosbati prickly gooseberry 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx x x xx Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum black currant 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 xpr xpr Grossulariaceae Ribes rubrum garden red currant 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx x Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana witch-hazel 2 4 4 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xpn x xpcf x x Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea paniculata panicled hydrangea ns ns ns ns ns L+ 12-Nov-19 xp xp Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus coronarius mock-orange 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 xpn xxp Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharis morsus-ranae European frog-bit 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum common St. John's-wort 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx x Iridaceae Crocus vernus crocus 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Iridaceae Iris x germanica garden iris 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Juglandaceae Carya cordiformis bitternut hickory 1 4 4 2 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxxpn xxp Juglandaceae Carya illinoensis pecan ns ns ns ns ns L+ 14-Nov-19 xp xp xp xp xp Juglandaceae Carya illinoensis x ovata hican hybrid ns ns ns ns ns L+ 14-Nov-19 xp xp xp xp xp Juglandaceae Carya laciniosa shellbark hickory ns ns ns ns ns L+ 14-Nov-19 xp xp xp xp xp Juglandaceae Carya ovata shagbark hickory 3 4 4 4 15 L3 24-Apr-19 xpn x x xp x xpn xxp Juglandaceae Juglans ailantifolia Japanese walnut 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xcf x xp xp

Page 101 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Juglandaceae Juglans cinerea butternut 1 5 4 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x xcf x x x xpn xxp Juglandaceae Juglans nigra black walnut 1 1 2 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x x xpn x xpn x xp Juglandaceae Juglans nigra x regia English-black walnut hybrid ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp xp xp Juglandaceae Juglans regia English walnut 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xpr xpr xp xp xp Juglandaceae Juglans x bixbyi buartnut 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xxxpxp xp Juncaceae Juncus articulatus jointed rush 1 2 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Juncaceae Juncus compressus round-fruited rush 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Juncaceae Juncus dudleyi Dudley's rush 1 2 3 1 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Juncaceae Juncus tenuis path rush 1 2 1 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Juncaceae Juncus torreyi Torrey's rush 2 2 4 2 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Lamiaceae Agastache scrophulariifolia figwort giant hyssop 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 15-Nov-19 xpr xpr Lamiaceae Ajuga genevensis erect bugle 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 26-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Ajuga reptans common bugle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Lamiaceae Galeopsis tetrahit hemp-nettle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea creeping Charlie 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Lamiaceae Lamium maculatum spotted dead-nettle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Lamiaceae Leonurus cardiaca ssp. cardiaca motherwort 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Lamiaceae Lycopus europaeus European water-horehound 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Lamiaceae Melissa officinalis lemon-balm 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Mentha canadensis wild mint 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Mentha spicata spear mint 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Monarda didyma bee-balm 4 3 4 4 15 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Lamiaceae Monarda fistulosa wild bergamot 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Nepeta cataria catnip 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare wild marjoram 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata heal-all (native) 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf xcf Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris ssp. vulgaris heal-all (European) 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Thymus praecox ssp. britannicus creeping thyme 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Liliaceae Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum yellow trout-lily 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxx x Liliaceae Lilium lancifolium tiger lily 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x xx Liliaceae Lilium michiganense Michigan lily 2 4 3 5 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Linaceae Linum usitatissimum common flax 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Malvaceae Abutilon theophrasti velvet-leaf 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Malvaceae Hibiscus syriacus rose-of-Sharon 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 x x Malvaceae Malva moschata musk mallow 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Malvaceae Malva neglecta common mallow 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Malvaceae Tilia americana basswood 1 3 1 3 8 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x x x xxx Malvaceae Tilia cordata little-leaf linden 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn x xpr xpr x x Malvaceae Tilia x flavescens hybrid linden 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Melanthiaceae Trillium cuneatum sweet toadshade trillium 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xpcf xpcf Melanthiaceae Trillium erectum red trillium 1 4 3 5 13 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Melanthiaceae Trillium grandiflorum white trillium 1 3 3 5 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx x Menispermaceae Menispermum canadense moonseed 2 4 4 4 14 L3 29-Apr-19 x x Montiaceae Claytonia virginica narrow-leaved spring beauty 2 4 4 5 15 L3 29-Apr-19 x xx x x Moraceae Maclura pomifera Osage-orange 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xpr xpr Moraceae Morus alba white mulberry 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xcf x x x x x Myricaceae Morella pensylvanica bayberry 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp Oleaceae Forsythia suspensa weeping forsythia 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xxp Oleaceae Forsythia viridissima green-stemmed forsythia 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr x xp xp Oleaceae Forsythia x intermedia border forsythia ns ns ns ns ns L+ 1-Nov-19 x x Oleaceae Fraxinus americana white ash 1 5 0 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xxx Oleaceae Fraxinus excelsior European ash 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Oleaceae Fraxinus pennsylvanica red ash 1 5 0 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x xp xpn x xpn Oleaceae Ligustrum vulgare privet 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Oleaceae Syringa reticulata Japanese tree lilac 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Oleaceae Syringa vulgaris common lilac 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxx Onagraceae Circaea canadensis ssp. canadensis enchanter's nightshade 1 1 1 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x xx Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum sticky willow-herb 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf Onagraceae Epilobium coloratum purple-leaved willow-herb 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum European willow-herb 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Onagraceae Epilobium parviflorum small-flowered willow-herb 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx x Onagraceae Oenothera biennis common evening-primrose 1 1 1 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx x Onocleaceae Matteuccia struthiopteris var. pensylvanica ostrich fern 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Onocleaceae Onoclea sensibilis sensitive fern 1 3 1 3 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Orchidaceae Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin smaller yellow lady's slipper 2 4 4 5 15 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp

Page 102 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Orchidaceae Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens larger yellow lady's slipper 3 4 5 4 16 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Orchidaceae Epipactis helleborine helleborine 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x xxx Orobanchaceae Aphyllon uniflorum one-flowered cancer-root 5 5 5 4 19 L1 24-Apr-19 x x Osmundaceae Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis royal fern 2 4 4 5 15 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta common yellow wood-sorrel 1 1 1 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus celandine 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Papaveraceae Sanguinaria canadensis bloodroot 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx xx Papaveraceae Stylophorum diphyllum wood-poppy 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 xp xp Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana pokeweed 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 25-Apr-19 x x Pinaceae Abies balsamea balsam fir 2 3 4 5 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Pinaceae Larix decidua European larch 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp xp Pinaceae Larix laricina tamarack 2 4 4 4 14 L3 29-Apr-19 xp xp xpcf Pinaceae Picea abies Norway spruce 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp xp xp xp Pinaceae Picea glauca white spruce 2 5 4 4 15 L3 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp Pinaceae Picea pungens Colorado spruce 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp xp Pinaceae Pinus banksiana Jack pine 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp Pinaceae Pinus koraiensis Korean white pine ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Pinaceae Pinus nigra Austrian pine 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xp xp Pinaceae Pinus resinosa red pine 4 5 5 5 19 L1 25-Apr-19 xp xp Pinaceae Pinus strobus white pine 1 4 3 4 12 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x xpn xp xp x xp xp Pinaceae Pinus sylvestris Scots pine 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp xp Pinaceae Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Pinaceae Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock 1 4 3 5 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xxpxpxxxp xp Plantaginaceae Chaenorhinum minus ssp. minus dwarf snapdragon 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Plantaginaceae Linaria vulgaris butter-and-eggs 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxx x Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata English plantain 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx Plantaginaceae Plantago major common plantain 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x xxx Plantaginaceae Plantago rugelii red-stemmed plantain 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx Plantaginaceae Veronica arvensis corn speedwell 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Plantaginaceae Veronica officinalis common speedwell 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Plantaginaceae Veronica persica Persian speedwell 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Plantaginaceae Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Platanaceae Platanus occidentalis sycamore 5 5 5 3 18 L2 24-Apr-19 xp xp Poaceae Agrostis gigantea redtop 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera creeping bent grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx Poaceae Alopecurus pratensis meadow foxtail 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Andropogon gerardii big bluestem 4 3 4 4 15 L3 24-Apr-19 xpr xpr Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus soft brome 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Bromus inermis smooth brome grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx xx Poaceae Bromus japonicus Japanese chess 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Bromus tectorum downy chess 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Poaceae Calamagrostis canadensis Canada blue joint 2 3 4 4 13 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Dactylis glomerata orchard grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Poaceae Danthonia spicata poverty oat grass 2 3 3 4 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Digitaria ischaemum smooth crab grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis hairy crab grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli barnyard grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Poaceae Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya small-spiked barnyard grass 2 2 4 0 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Elymus canadensis Canada wild rye 3 2 5 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Poaceae Elymus hystrix bottle-brush grass 2 3 3 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Elymus repens quack grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx xx Poaceae Elymus riparius riverbank wild rye 2 2 4 4 12 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr x x Poaceae Elymus virginicus var. virginicus Virginia wild rye 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx Poaceae Eragrostis minor little love grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Festuca rubra ssp. rubra red fescue 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Poaceae Festuca trachyphylla hard fescue 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Glyceria grandis tall manna grass 1 3 4 2 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Glyceria maxima giant manna grass 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Glyceria striata fowl manna grass 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Poaceae Hordeum jubatum ssp. jubatum squirrel-tail barley 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Poaceae Leersia oryzoides rice cut grass 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Lolium arundinaceum tall fescue 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Lolium perenne perennial rye 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Poaceae Lolium pratense meadow fescue 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Poaceae Muhlenbergia mexicana var. mexicana common muhly grass 2 2 0 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Panicum capillare panic grass 1 1 4 1 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x

Page 103 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum fall panic grass 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Poaceae Phleum pratense Timothy grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx x Poaceae Phragmites australis ssp. australis common reed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx xx Poaceae Poa annua annual blue grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Poa compressa flat-stemmed blue grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxx Poaceae Poa nemoralis woodland spear grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Poaceae Poa palustris fowl meadow-grass 1 2 3 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis Kentucky blue grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx xx Poaceae Puccinellia distans alkali grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Setaria faberi giant foxtail 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Setaria italica foxtail millet 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Setaria pumila yellow foxtail 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx Poaceae Setaria viridis green foxtail 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Poaceae Sporobolus neglectus overlooked dropseed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Sporobolus vaginiflorus ensheathed dropseed 3 ns ns ns 3 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Triticum aestivum wheat 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 xcf xcf Polemoniaceae Phlox subulata moss phlox 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 02-May-19 x x Polygonaceae Fallopia baldschuanica silver-lace vine 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp Polygonaceae Fallopia convolvulus black bindweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Polygonaceae Fallopia scandens climbing false buckwheat 5 4 4 3 16 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Polygonaceae Persicaria amphibia var. stipulacea water smartweed 2 2 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiper water-pepper 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 x xx Polygonaceae Persicaria lapathifolia pale smartweed 1 1 4 0 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Polygonaceae Persicaria maculosa lady's thumb 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Polygonaceae Persicaria pensylvanica Pennsylvania smartweed 2 2 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx Polygonaceae Persicaria virginiana jumpseed 5 3 4 2 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Polygonaceae Polygonum achoreum striate knotweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare ssp. aviculare prostrate knotweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Polygonaceae Reynoutria japonica var. japonica Japanese knotweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella sheep sorrel 3 2 ns 4 9 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Polygonaceae Rumex crispus curly dock 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius bitter dock 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea purslane 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Primulaceae Lysimachia arvensis scarlet pimpernel 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata fringed loosestrife 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxx Primulaceae Lysimachia nummularia moneywort 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Primulaceae Lysimachia vulgaris garden loosestrife 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Primulaceae Primula meadia prairie shooting-star ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Pteridaceae Adiantum pedatum northern maidenhair fern 2 3 5 5 15 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Ranunculaceae Actaea racemosa black snakeroot 5 4 4 4 17 LX 23-Apr-19 xp xp Ranunculaceae Actaea rubra ssp. rubra red baneberry 1 3 1 3 8 L5 29-Apr-19 xp xp Ranunculaceae Anemonastrum canadense Canada anemone 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx Ranunculaceae Anemone quinquefolia var. quinquefolia wood-anemone 2 4 3 5 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Anemone virginiana common thimbleweed 1 3 0 3 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxx Ranunculaceae Aquilegia canadensis wild columbine 1 4 2 5 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Aquilegia vulgaris garden columbine 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xxxp Ranunculaceae Clematis virginiana virgin's bower 1 2 2 3 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Ficaria verna lesser celandine 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Hepatica acutiloba sharp-lobed hepatica 1 4 4 5 14 L3 29-Apr-19 xp xp Ranunculaceae Hepatica americana round-lobed hepatica 3 5 4 5 17 L2 24-Apr-19 xp xp Ranunculaceae Ranunculus abortivus kidney-leaved buttercup 1 3 1 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acris tall buttercup 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx x Ranunculaceae Ranunculus hispidus var. caricetorum swamp buttercup 2 4 4 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Ranunculus recurvatus var. recurvatus hooked buttercup 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus cursed crowfoot 1 2 3 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Thalictrum dioicum early meadow rue 1 3 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Ranunculaceae Thalictrum pubescens tall meadow rue 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf x x Rhamnaceae Rhamnus cathartica common buckthorn 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xx Rosaceae Agrimonia gryposepala agrimony 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Rosaceae Amelanchier arborea downy serviceberry 1 3 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn x xpcf Rosaceae Amelanchier laevis smooth serviceberry 1 2 4 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xp x x x Rosaceae Amelanchier sanguinea round-leaved serviceberry 2 2 3 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xxp Rosaceae Amelanchier x grandiflora showy serviceberry 5 2 4 2 13 L4 23-Apr-19 xp xp Rosaceae Cotoneaster lucidus Peking cotoneaster 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn x xpcf x x

Page 104 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Rosaceae Crataegus coccinea var. coccinea scarlet hawthorn 2 2 3 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf xcf xcf Rosaceae Crataegus coccinea var. fulleriana Fuller's hawthorn 3 3 4 3 13 L4 24-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Crataegus crus-galli cockspur hawthorn 5 4 4 4 17 L2 24-Apr-19 xp xp Rosaceae Crataegus holmesiana Holmes' hawthorn 2 3 4 3 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Crataegus macracantha long-spined hawthorn 1 2 4 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Rosaceae Crataegus mollis downy hawthorn 4 ns ns ns 4 L+? 23-Apr-19 xp xp Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna English hawthorn 1 1 4 ns 6 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxx x Rosaceae Crataegus phaenopyrum Washington hawthorn 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 25-Apr-19 xpr xpr Rosaceae Crataegus punctata dotted hawthorn 1 2 3 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxx Rosaceae Crataegus schuettei rough hawthorn 5 2 4 3 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Crataegus sp. unknown hawthorn sp. (collected) ns ns ns ns ns L4? 31-Oct-19 x x Rosaceae Crataegus submollis Emerson's hawthorn 2 3 4 3 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx Rosaceae Crataegus x ninae-celottiae English - dotted hybrid hawthorn 3 ns 4 ns 7 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Rosaceae Crataegus x persimilis plum-leaved hawthorn ns ns ns ns ns L+ 12-Nov-19 xp xp Rosaceae Dasiphora fruticosa shrubby cinquefoil ns ns ns ns ns L+ 15-Nov-19 xp xp Rosaceae Fragaria vesca ssp. americana woodland strawberry 2 2 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana common wild strawberry 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf xcf xcf x x xcf Rosaceae Geum aleppicum yellow avens 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Rosaceae Geum canadense white avens 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx Rosaceae Geum fragarioides barren strawberry 2 4 4 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Geum urbanum urban avens 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx x xcf x Rosaceae Kerria japonica Japanese kerria 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Malus baccata Siberian crab-apple 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx x Rosaceae Malus prunifolia Chinese crab-apple 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Malus pumila apple 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx xx Rosaceae Malus toringo Toringo crab-apple 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Malus x robusta crab-apple 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn Rosaceae Physocarpus opulifolius ninebark 3 2 5 4 14 L3 29-Apr-19 xp xp Rosaceae Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina silverweed 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Potentilla argentea silvery cinquefoil 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Potentilla inclinata lintermediate cinquefoil 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Potentilla indica var. indica mock strawberry 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Rosaceae Potentilla norvegica rough cinquefoil 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 x xx Rosaceae Potentilla recta sulphur cinquefoil 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Rosaceae Prunus avium mazzard cherry 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x xcf xcf x x Rosaceae Prunus nigra Canada plum 2 4 4 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Prunus pensylvanica pin cherry 2 4 3 3 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x xxx x Rosaceae Prunus pumila var. susquehanae Susquehanna sand cherry 5 5 4 5 19 LX 23-Apr-19 xpcf xpcf Rosaceae Prunus serotina black cherry 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxx xxx Rosaceae Prunus tomentosa Manchu cherry 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx Rosaceae Prunus virginiana var. virginiana choke cherry 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x x x xxx Rosaceae Prunus x cistena purple sand cherry ns ns ns ns ns L+ 13-Nov-19 x x Rosaceae Pyrus calleryana Bradford pear 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 25-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Pyrus communis pear 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Rosaceae Rosa blanda smooth wild rose 1 3 3 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx Rosaceae Rosa canina dog rose 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Rosaceae Rosa carolina pasture rose 5 5 4 3 17 L2 24-Apr-19 xpn xp x Rosaceae Rosa multiflora multiflora rose 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xxx Rosaceae Rosa virginiana Virginia rose 3 ns ns ns 3 L+? 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xp Rosaceae Rubus allegheniensis common blackberry 1 3 0 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx x Rosaceae Rubus canadensis smooth blackberry 5 3 4 3 15 LU 23-Apr-19 xpcf xpcf Rosaceae Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus garden red raspberry 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn Rosaceae Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus wild red raspberry 1 1 0 1 3 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Rosaceae Rubus occidentalis wild black raspberry 1 1 0 1 3 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xx Rosaceae Rubus odoratus purple-flowering raspberry 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x Rosaceae Sorbaria sorbifolia false spiraea 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Rosaceae Sorbus aucuparia European mountain-ash 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx xx Rosaceae Sorbus intermedia Swedish white-beam 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Spiraea alba wild spiraea 2 4 2 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp Rosaceae Spiraea x vanhouttei bridalwreath spiraea 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Rubiaceae Galium aparine cleavers 1 1 1 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx Rubiaceae Galium asprellum rough bedstraw 1 2 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xcf x x x Rubiaceae Galium boreale northern bedstraw 3 4 4 3 14 L3 29-Apr-19 x x Rubiaceae Galium mollugo white bedstraw 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx Rubiaceae Galium odoratum sweet woodruff 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Rubiaceae Galium palustre marsh bedstraw 1 2 3 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x

Page 105 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Rubiaceae Galium rivale riverbank bedstraw 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Rubiaceae Galium triflorum sweet-scented bedstraw 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Rutaceae Zanthoxylum americanum prickly-ash 3 4 4 3 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Salicaceae Populus alba white poplar 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr x Salicaceae Populus balsamifera balsam poplar 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr x x x x Salicaceae Populus deltoides cottonwood 1 1 3 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn x xpxxxx xx Salicaceae Populus grandidentata large-toothed aspen 1 3 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp x x Salicaceae Populus nigra black poplar 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Salicaceae Populus nigra 'Italica' Lombardy poplar 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 xp xp Salicaceae Populus tremuloides trembling aspen 1 3 1 3 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Salicaceae Populus x canadensis Carolina poplar 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr x xp Salicaceae Populus x jackii Jack's poplar 3 2 5 1 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x xxx x Salicaceae Salix alba white willow 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Salicaceae Salix amygdaloides peach-leaved willow 1 2 5 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xp x Salicaceae Salix aurita yellowish willow 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 02-May-19 xp xp Salicaceae Salix bebbiana Bebb's willow 1 3 3 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp Salicaceae Salix caprea goat willow 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Salicaceae Salix cinerea grey willow 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp Salicaceae Salix discolor pussy willow 1 3 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp Salicaceae Salix eriocephala narrow heart-leaved willow 1 1 3 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x Salicaceae Salix eriocephala x petiolaris hybrid shrub willow 5 1 4 3 13 L4 23-Apr-19 x x Salicaceae Salix interior sandbar willow 1 1 5 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x Salicaceae Salix lucida shining willow 2 4 5 3 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp xp Salicaceae Salix nigra black willow 3 2 5 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Salicaceae Salix petiolaris slender willow 2 3 5 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Salicaceae Salix purpurea purple-osier willow 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xp x Salicaceae Salix x fragilis crack willow 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx xx Salicaceae Salix x sepulcralis weeping willow 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xxxxpx Sapindaceae Acer campestre hedge maple 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x xxx Sapindaceae Acer negundo Manitoba maple 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xxx Sapindaceae Acer nigrum black maple 2 3 4 2 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x xx x Sapindaceae Acer platanoides Norway maple 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x x xpn x xpn x Sapindaceae Acer pseudoplatanus sycamore maple 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Sapindaceae Acer rubrum red maple 1 4 1 5 11 L4 01-May-19 xpn xpn xcf x x x Sapindaceae Acer saccharinum silver maple 1 2 5 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x xpr xpr x xpn x xpr Sapindaceae Acer saccharum sugar maple 1 3 0 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x x x x x x xxx Sapindaceae Acer spicatum mountain maple 2 3 4 4 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn x Sapindaceae Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala Amur maple 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xpn Sapindaceae Acer x freemanii hybrid swamp maple 2 3 5 2 12 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xp xp x Sapindaceae Aesculus hippocastanum horse-chestnut 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Saxifragaceae Mitella diphylla mitrewort 2 3 4 5 14 L3 29-Apr-19 xp xp Saxifragaceae Tiarella cordifolia foam-flower 1 3 3 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia nodosa European figwort 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus common mullein 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima tree-of-heaven 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx xxx Smilacaceae Smilax herbacea carrion-flower 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xpr x x Solanaceae Datura innoxia big-flowered jimsonweed 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara bittersweet nightshade 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x xx Solanaceae Solanum emulans American black nightshade 2 1 4 0 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum tomato (incl. cherry tomato) 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Solanaceae Solanum nigrum black nightshade 3 1 4 ns 8 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Solanaceae Solanum physalifolium Latin American nightshade 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 x x Staphyleaceae Staphylea trifolia bladdernut 3 3 4 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Styracaceae Halesia carolina Carolina silverbells ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Taxaceae Taxus canadensis Canada yew 2 4 4 5 15 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Taxaceae Taxus cuspidata Japanese yew 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn x x xcf x xp Thelypteridaceae Phegopteris connectilis northern beech fern 3 3 5 5 16 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Typhaceae Typha angustifolia narrow-leaved cattail 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Typhaceae Typha latifolia broad-leaved cattail 1 4 4 4 13 L4 29-Apr-19 x xxx xx Typhaceae Typha x glauca hybrid cattail 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx x Ulmaceae Ulmus americana white elm 1 4 0 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xx Ulmaceae Ulmus glabra Scotch elm 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xx x x x Ulmaceae Ulmus minor field elm ns ns ns ns ns L+ 10/31/2019 xp xp Ulmaceae Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxx xx Ulmaceae Ulmus rubra slippery elm 3 5 4 3 15 L3 29-Apr-19 x xx Ulmaceae Ulmus thomasii rock elm 4 4 4 3 15 L3 24-Apr-19 x x

Page 106 Appendix 2a: Flora Species for Mimico Creek (City of Toronto portion - all records 1978-2019)

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Total Total Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. Dev. Score TRCA Score Date 2005- 1978- 1-5 1-5 0-5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2006 2005 2004 2004 2002 2001 1978

Urticaceae Laportea canadensis wood nettle 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Urticaceae Parietaria pensylvanica Pennsylvania pellitory 3 2 3 2 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Urticaceae Pilea pumila dwarf clearweed 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf x Urticaceae Urtica dioica ssp. dioica European stinging nettle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxx Urticaceae Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis American stinging nettle 1 3 1 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxx x Verbenaceae Verbena bracteata creeping vervain 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Verbenaceae Verbena hastata blue vervain 1 2 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xx Verbenaceae Verbena urticifolia white vervain 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx Violaceae Viola labradorica dog violet 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Violaceae Viola odorata sweet violet 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Violaceae Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula smooth yellow violet 2 4 1 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xcf xcf Violaceae Viola sororia common blue violet 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 2 1 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Vitaceae Parthenocissus vitacea thicket creeper 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xx Vitaceae Vitis riparia riverbank grape 1 1 0 0 2 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxx xxx Woodsiaceae Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum northeastern lady fern 1 3 1 3 8 L5 29-Apr-19 xp xp Woodsiaceae Athyrium niponicum 'Pictum' Japanese painted fern ns ns ns ns ns L+ 20-Nov-19 xp xp Woodsiaceae Cystopteris bulbifera bulblet fern 2 3 4 4 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp Xanthorrhoeaceae Hemerocallis fulva orange day-lily 1nsnsns1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxx Legend L1-L3: species of regional conservation concern ns: criterion not scored L4: species of conservation concern in urban area x: observed (natural if no modifiers) L5: species not of conservation concern at this time cf: identification not certain LX: species is extirpated from TRCA p: planted only L+: introduced species, not native to TRCA pr: regenerating but of planted origin L+?: species is probably introduced pn: both natural origin and planted

Page 107 Appendix 2b: Flora Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations see Maps 3a-c

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. 0-Dev. Score TRCA Score Date block block block block block block block block block block 2019 1-5 1-5 5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) A B C D E F G H I J status

Adoxaceae Sambucus canadensis common elderberry 13228 L5 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens red-berried elder 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Adoxaceae Viburnum farreri Farrer's viburnum 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp Adoxaceae Viburnum lantana wayfaring tree 1nsnsns1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxx x x Adoxaceae Viburnum lentago nannyberry 13127 L5 29-Apr-19 xp xp xpr xpr xp x xpn xp xpn Adoxaceae Viburnum opulus ssp. opulus European highbush cranberry 1nsnsns1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x xp x Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia common arrowhead 2 2 4 4 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus tumbleweed 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus red-root pigweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Amaranthaceae Atriplex heterosperma Russian orache 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 x x Amaranthaceae Atriplex patula halberd-leaved orache 2 ns ns ns 2 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Amaranthaceae Atriplex prostrata spreading orache 2 ns ns ns 2 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Amaranthaceae Bassia scoparia summer-cypress 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album lamb's quarters 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxxx Amaranthaceae Oxybasis glauca ssp. glauca oak-leaved goosefoot 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Amaryllidaceae Allium sativum garlic 5nsnsns5 L+ 25-Apr-19 x x Amaryllidaceae Allium tricoccum wild leek 134412L4 29-Apr-19 x x x Amaryllidaceae Narcissus poeticus narcissus 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Amaryllidaceae Narcissus pseudonarcissus daffodil 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria European smoke-tree 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xp xpr Anacardiaceae Rhus aromatica fragrant sumach 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Anacardiaceae Rhus typhina staghorn sumach 1 1 2 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xpn xpn x x x xpn xpn xpn Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans poison ivy (vine form) 22329 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans var. rydbergii poison ivy (shrub form) 12025 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxxx Apiaceae Aegopodium podagraria goutweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Apiaceae Cicuta maculata spotted water-hemlock 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Apiaceae Conium maculatum poison-hemlock 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Apiaceae Cryptotaenia canadensis honewort 2 2 4 1 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Apiaceae Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Apiaceae Heracleum mantegazzianum giant hog-weed 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa wild parsnip 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Apiaceae Sanicula marilandica sanicle 2 3 3 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Apiaceae Torilis japonica hedge-parsley 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Apocynaceae Apocynum androsaemifolium spreading dogbane 1 3 2 4 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum var. cannabinum hemp dogbane 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium clasping-leaved hemp dogbane 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Apocynaceae Asclepias syriaca common milkweed 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxxxx Apocynaceae Vinca minor periwinkle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxx x Apocynaceae Vincetoxicum nigrum black swallow-wort 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Apocynaceae Vincetoxicum rossicum dog-strangling vine 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Araceae Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Araceae Lemna minor common duckweed 1 2 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Araceae Lemna turionifera turion duckweed 2 2 3 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Araceae Spirodela polyrhiza greater duckweed 1 4 5 3 13 L4 24-Apr-19 x x Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis wild sarsaparilla 1 3 1 4 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Araliaceae Hedera helix English ivy 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis asparagus 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Asparagaceae Convallaria majalis lily-of-the-valley 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxx x x Asparagaceae Maianthemum canadense Canada May-flower 1 4 1 5 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Asparagaceae Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asparagaceae Maianthemum stellatum starry false Solomon's seal 1 2 1 3 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xpr x x Asparagaceae Polygonatum multiflorum European Solomon's seal 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asparagaceae Polygonatum pubescens downy Solomon's seal 1 4 2 5 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x Asparagaceae Scilla siberica Siberian squill 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Asteraceae Achillea borealis var. borealis woolly yarrow 12014 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Ageratina altissima var. altissima white snakeroot 1 2 2 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia common ragweed 1 1 3 0 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Asteraceae Ambrosia trifida giant ragweed 2 1 4 0 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx xxx Asteraceae Arctium lappa great burdock 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Asteraceae Arctium minus common burdock 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxx Asteraceae Artemisia vulgaris common mugwort 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Asteraceae Bidens frondosa common beggar's-ticks 1 1 2 0 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Asteraceae Bidens vulgata tall beggar's-ticks 2 2 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x

Page 108 Appendix 2b: Flora Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations see Maps 3a-c

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. 0-Dev. Score TRCA Score Date block block block block block block block block block block 2019 1-5 1-5 5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) A B C D E F G H I J status

Asteraceae Carduus nutans ssp. nutans nodding thistle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Centaurea jacea brown knapweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Chrysanthemum maximum Shasta daisy 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Cichorium intybus chicory 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxx xx xxx Asteraceae Cirsium arvense creeping thistle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare bull thistle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxxxx Asteraceae Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata flat-topped aster 3 4 3 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xpr xpr Asteraceae Echinacea purpurea purple coneflower 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xpr Asteraceae Erigeron annuus daisy fleabane 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxx x xxx Asteraceae Erigeron canadensis horse-weed 1 1 2 0 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxx Asteraceae Erigeron philadelphicus var. philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus rough fleabane 2 2 1 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Asteraceae Euthamia graminifolia grass-leaved goldenrod 1 1 4 1 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Eutrochium maculatum var. maculatum spotted Joe-Pye weed 1 2 0 3 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Asteraceae Gaillardia aristata blanket-flower 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Asteraceae Galinsoga quadriradiata hairy galinsoga 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Asteraceae Helianthus decapetalus thin-leaved sunflower 4 3 4 3 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xpr xpr Asteraceae Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem artichoke 2 1 2 0 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Asteraceae Inula helenium elecampane 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Asteraceae Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Asteraceae Lapsana communis nipplewort 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare ox-eye daisy 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Asteraceae Matricaria discoidea pineappleweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Asteraceae Pilosella caespitosa yellow hawkweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xcf xcf Asteraceae Pilosella piloselloides smooth yellow hawkweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Rudbeckia fulgida orange coneflower 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp x x x Asteraceae Rudbeckia hirta black-eyed Susan 1 4 4 3 12 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xpr xpr Asteraceae Rudbeckia laciniata cut-leaved coneflower 3 2 4 2 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xpr xpr Asteraceae Rudbeckia triloba brown-eyed Susan 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris common groundsel 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Asteraceae Silphium perfoliatum cup-plant 3 1 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 xpr x x Asteraceae Solidago altissima tall goldenrod 1 2 0 0 3 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Asteraceae Solidago caesia blue-stemmed goldenrod 1 2 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Asteraceae Solidago canadensis var. canadensis Canada goldenrod 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxx x xxx Asteraceae Solidago flexicaulis zig-zag goldenrod 1 1 3 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Asteraceae Solidago gigantea late goldenrod 1 1 1 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxxx Asteraceae Solidago nemoralis ssp. nemoralis grey goldenrod 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis glandular perennial sow-thistle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Asteraceae Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus smooth perennial sow-thistle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Sonchus asper spiny sow-thistle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus annual sow-thistle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum ciliatum rayless aster 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum cordifolium heart-leaved aster 1 1 0 2 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum cordifolium x lateriflorum heart-leaved calico hybrid aster 5 2 3 2 12 L4 02-May-19 x x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides heath aster 1 1 2 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. lanceolatum panicled aster 1 2 2 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxx xxxxxx Asteraceae Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum calico aster 1 2 3 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxxxxxx Asteraceae Symphyotrichum novae-angliae New England aster 1 2 2 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxx xx xxx Asteraceae Symphyotrichum oolentangiense sky-blue aster 2 1 4 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x Asteraceae Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum hairy aster 4 4 4 4 16 L3 24-Apr-19 x x x Asteraceae Tanacetum parthenium feverfew 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgare tansy 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale dandelion 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxx xxxxxx Asteraceae Tragopogon dubius lemon-yellow goat's beard 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Asteraceae Tragopogon pratensis meadow goat's beard 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxx Asteraceae Tripleurospermum inodorum scentless chamomile 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Asteraceae Tussilago farfara coltsfoot 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium clotbur 2 1 4 0 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis orange touch-me-not 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Balsaminaceae Impatiens glandulifera Himalayan balsam 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Balsaminaceae Impatiens pallida yellow touch-me-not 2 3 4 2 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x x Berberidaceae Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Berberidaceae Mahonia aquifolium Oregon-grape 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Berberidaceae Podophyllum peltatum May-apple 1 3 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxxx x

Page 109 Appendix 2b: Flora Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations see Maps 3a-c

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. 0-Dev. Score TRCA Score Date block block block block block block block block block block 2019 1-5 1-5 5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) A B C D E F G H I J status

Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa European alder 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp Betulaceae Betula papyrifera paper birch 1 4 2 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp x xpn xpn Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana blue beech 1 3 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x x Betulaceae Corylus americana American hazel 5 4 4 3 16 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Betulaceae Corylus colurna Turkish hazel ns ns ns ns ns L+ 14-Nov-19 xp xp Betulaceae Ostrya virginiana ironwood 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Bignoniaceae Catalpa speciosa northern catalpa 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xxxxx xpn Boraginaceae Cynoglossum officinale hound's tongue 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Boraginaceae Echium vulgare viper's bugloss 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Boraginaceae Hackelia virginiana Virginia stickseed 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Boraginaceae Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Boraginaceae Lithospermum officinale Eurasian gromwell 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Boraginaceae Myosotis sylvatica woodland forget-me-not 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Boraginaceae Pulmonaria officinalis lung-wort 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Boraginaceae Symphytum officinale common comfrey 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Brassicaceae Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Brassicaceae Barbarea vulgaris winter cress 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Brassicaceae Brassica juncea brown mustard 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Brassica rapa turnip 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris shepherd's purse 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Brassicaceae Cardamine impatiens balsam bitter cress 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Brassicaceae Descurainia sophia flixweed 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Brassicaceae Erucastrum gallicum dog mustard 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides wormseed mustard 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Brassicaceae Hesperis matronalis dame's rocket 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Brassicaceae Lepidium campestre field pepper-grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Brassicaceae Lepidium densiflorum common pepper-grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+? 29-Apr-19 xxxx x x Brassicaceae Sinapis arvensis charlock 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Brassicaceae Sisymbrium altissimum tumble mustard 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinale hedge mustard 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Brassicaceae Thlaspi arvense penny-cress 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Buxaceae Pachysandra terminalis Japanese spurge 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Campanulaceae Campanula persicifolia peach-leaved bellflower 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Campanulaceae Campanula rapunculoides creeping bellflower 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxx Campanulaceae Lobelia inflata Indian tobacco 2 4 4 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Campanulaceae Lobelia siphilitica great blue lobelia 2 3 4 5 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Cannabaceae Celtis occidentalis hackberry 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp x xp xp xp xp xpn Caprifoliaceae Diervilla lonicera bush honeysuckle 1 3 1 4 9 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn x x xpn Caprifoliaceae Dipsacus fullonum teasel 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Caprifoliaceae Kolkwitzia amabilis beauty bush 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp Caprifoliaceae Lonicera morrowii Morrow's honeysuckle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Caprifoliaceae Lonicera tatarica Tartarian honeysuckle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxx xxx Caprifoliaceae Lonicera x bella shrub honeysuckle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx xxx Caprifoliaceae Lonicera xylosteum European fly honeysuckle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus western snowberry 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xpr Caryophyllaceae Arenaria serpyllifolia thyme-leaved sandwort 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Caryophyllaceae Cerastium arvense ssp. arvense field chickweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum mouse-ear chickweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxx Caryophyllaceae Dianthus armeria Deptford pink 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Caryophyllaceae Saponaria officinalis bouncing Bet 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Caryophyllaceae Silene latifolia evening lychnis 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Caryophyllaceae Spergularia media intermediate sand spurrey 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Caryophyllaceae Spergularia salina salt-marsh sand spurrey 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Celastraceae Celastrus orbiculatus oriental bittersweet 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Celastraceae Celastrus scandens American bittersweet 2 4 3 5 14 L3 29-Apr-19 x x Celastraceae Euonymus alatus winged spindle-tree 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Celastraceae Euonymus europaeus European spindle-tree 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Celastraceae Euonymus fortunei wintercreeper euonymus 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx x Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium ssp. americana pink hedge bindweed 2 2 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xcf x x x x Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium ssp. angulata white hedge bindweed 3 2 2 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Cornaceae Cornus alternifolia alternate-leaved dogwood 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxx x Cornaceae Cornus mas Cornelian-cherry 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Cornaceae Cornus obliqua silky dogwood 2 3 5 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp

Page 110 Appendix 2b: Flora Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations see Maps 3a-c

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. 0-Dev. Score TRCA Score Date block block block block block block block block block block 2019 1-5 1-5 5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) A B C D E F G H I J status

Cornaceae Cornus racemosa grey dogwood 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 xp xp xpr xpr xp xp xp xp xpr Cornaceae Cornus sericea red osier dogwood 1 2 0 3 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x xp x xpn xpr xpn xpn x xpn Crassulaceae Sedum acre mossy stonecrop 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Crassulaceae Sedum sexangulare hexagonal stonecrop 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 18-Nov-19 x x Cucurbitaceae Echinocystis lobata wild cucumber 1 2 3 1 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Cupressaceae Juniperus chinensis Chinese juniper 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xp x x Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana red cedar 1 2 4 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 xp x xp xp xp xp x Cupressaceae Juniperus x pfitzeriana pfitzer juniper 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Cupressaceae Thuja occidentalis white cedar 1 4 0 5 10 L5 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp xp xp xp xp xp Cyperaceae Carex alopecoidea foxtail wood sedge 2 3 5 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex aurea golden-fruited sedge 1 2 4 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x Cyperaceae Carex blanda common wood sedge 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Cyperaceae Carex communis fibrous-rooted sedge 1 4 3 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex echinodes marsh straw sedge 2 3 2 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex granularis meadow sedge 1 2 1 3 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex grisea grey sedge 3 2 4 3 12 L4 24-Apr-19 x x x x x Cyperaceae Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania sedge 1 4 3 4 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Cyperaceae Carex radiata straight-styled sedge 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex rosea curly-styled sedge 1 2 3 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Carex sparganioides bur-reed sedge 2 2 4 2 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Cyperaceae Carex spicata spiked sedge 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxx xx Cyperaceae Carex sprengelii long-beaked sedge 2 4 4 2 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x Cyperaceae Carex vulpinoidea fox sedge 1 2 4 1 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus yellow nut-sedge 2 ns 4 1 7 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x x x Cyperaceae Eleocharis erythropoda creeping spike-rush 1 2 4 1 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus pungens var. pungens three-square 3 2 5 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x x Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani soft-stemmed bulrush 1 2 5 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Cyperaceae Scirpus atrovirens black-fruited bulrush 1 2 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian olive 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x xpr x x Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata autumn olive 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense field horsetail 1 2 1 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Euphorbiaceae Acalypha rhomboidea three-seeded mercury 2 1 2 0 5 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxx Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cyparissias cypress spurge 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia maculata spotted spurge 2 ns ns ns 2 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x x Fabaceae Amphicarpaea bracteata hog-peanut 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Fabaceae Caragana arborescens Siberian pea-shrub 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Fabaceae Gleditsia triacanthos honey locust 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xpr xp xpr xp x xpr x x x Fabaceae Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky coffee-tree 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus bird's foot trefoil 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxx xxx Fabaceae Medicago lupulina black medick 1nsnsns1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxx xxxx Fabaceae Medicago sativa ssp. sativa alfalfa 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Fabaceae Melilotus albus white sweet clover 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Fabaceae Melilotus officinalis yellow sweet clover 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Fabaceae Robinia pseudoacacia black locust 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xpn x xpr xxxxpn Fabaceae Securigera varia crown vetch 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Fabaceae Trifolium hybridum alsike clover 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Fabaceae Trifolium pratense red clover 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxx x xxx Fabaceae Trifolium repens white clover 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxx Fabaceae Vicia cracca cow vetch 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Fabaceae Vicia tetrasperma slender vetch 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Fagaceae Castanea mollissima Chinese chestnut ns ns ns ns ns L+ 14-Nov-19 xp xp Fagaceae Fagus grandifolia American beech 1 4 3 4 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Fagaceae Fagus sylvatica European beech ns ns ns ns ns L+ 12-Nov-19 xp xp Fagaceae Quercus alba white oak 3 5 4 5 17 L2 24-Apr-19 xp xpn x x x x xpn Fagaceae Quercus bicolor swamp white oak ns ns ns ns ns L+ 12-Nov-19 xp xp xp Fagaceae Quercus macrocarpa bur oak 1 4 3 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xpr xpn x xp xp x xpn Fagaceae Quercus palustris pin oak ns ns ns ns ns L+ 12-Nov-19 xp xp xp Fagaceae Quercus robur English oak 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp Fagaceae Quercus rubra red oak 1 4 1 5 11 L4 01-May-19 xp xp xpn x xpn xpn x x xpn xpn Fagaceae Quercus velutina black oak 5 4 4 5 18 L2 24-Apr-19 x x Fagaceae Quercus x bebbiana white-bur hybrid oak 5 3 5 4 17 L2 24-Apr-19 x x x Gentianaceae Centaurium pulchellum branching centaury 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Geraniaceae Geranium maculatum wild geranium 3 3 4 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum herb Robert 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 xxxx x

Page 111 Appendix 2b: Flora Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations see Maps 3a-c

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. 0-Dev. Score TRCA Score Date block block block block block block block block block block 2019 1-5 1-5 5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) A B C D E F G H I J status

Grossulariaceae Ribes americanum wild black currant 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Grossulariaceae Ribes cynosbati prickly gooseberry 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum black currant 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 xpr xpr Grossulariaceae Ribes rubrum garden red currant 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxxx Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana witch-hazel 2 4 4 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp x x Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea paniculata panicled hydrangea ns ns ns ns ns L+ 12-Nov-19 xp xp Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus coronarius mock-orange 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharis morsus-ranae European frog-bit 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum common St. John's-wort 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxx xxxxx Iridaceae Crocus vernus crocus 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Iridaceae Iris x germanica garden iris 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Juglandaceae Carya cordiformis bitternut hickory 1 4 4 2 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Juglandaceae Carya illinoensis pecan ns ns ns ns ns L+ 14-Nov-19 xp xp Juglandaceae Carya illinoensis x ovata hican hybrid ns ns ns ns ns L+ 14-Nov-19 xp xp Juglandaceae Carya laciniosa shellbark hickory ns ns ns ns ns L+ 14-Nov-19 xp xp Juglandaceae Carya ovata shagbark hickory 3 4 4 4 15 L3 24-Apr-19 x xp x x Juglandaceae Juglans ailantifolia Japanese walnut 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Juglandaceae Juglans nigra black walnut 1 1 2 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x xpn x xpn xxxxpn Juglandaceae Juglans regia English walnut 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xpr xpr Juglandaceae Juglans x bixbyi buartnut 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Juncaceae Juncus compressus round-fruited rush 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Juncaceae Juncus dudleyi Dudley's rush 1 2 3 1 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Juncaceae Juncus tenuis path rush 1 2 1 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Juncaceae Juncus torreyi Torrey's rush 2 2 4 2 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Agastache scrophulariifolia figwort giant hyssop 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 15-Nov-19 xpr xpr Lamiaceae Ajuga reptans common bugle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea creeping Charlie 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxxxxx Lamiaceae Lamium maculatum spotted dead-nettle 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Leonurus cardiaca ssp. cardiaca motherwort 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxxxx Lamiaceae Lycopus europaeus European water-horehound 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Lamiaceae Mentha canadensis wild mint 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Mentha spicata spear mint 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Lamiaceae Nepeta cataria catnip 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare wild marjoram 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata heal-all (native) 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris ssp. vulgaris heal-all (European) 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Lamiaceae Thymus praecox ssp. britannicus creeping thyme 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Liliaceae Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum yellow trout-lily 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x Liliaceae Lilium lancifolium tiger lily 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Linaceae Linum usitatissimum common flax 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Malvaceae Abutilon theophrasti velvet-leaf 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Malvaceae Hibiscus syriacus rose-of-Sharon 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 xpr xp x x Malvaceae Malva neglecta common mallow 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Malvaceae Tilia americana basswood 1 3 1 3 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x xpn xxxxxxxpn Malvaceae Tilia cordata little-leaf linden 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxpxxxx x Malvaceae Tilia x flavescens hybrid linden 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Melanthiaceae Trillium grandiflorum white trillium 1 3 3 5 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x Menispermaceae Menispermum canadense moonseed 2 4 4 4 14 L3 29-Apr-19 x x Montiaceae Claytonia virginica narrow-leaved spring beauty 2 4 4 5 15 L3 29-Apr-19 x x x Moraceae Morus alba white mulberry 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Myricaceae Morella pensylvanica bayberry 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp xp Oleaceae Forsythia suspensa weeping forsythia 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Oleaceae Forsythia viridissima green-stemmed forsythia 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xpr Oleaceae Forsythia x intermedia border forsythia ns ns ns ns ns L+ 1-Nov-19 x xpr xpr x Oleaceae Fraxinus americana white ash 1 5 0 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxxx xx Oleaceae Fraxinus excelsior European ash 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Oleaceae Fraxinus pennsylvanica red ash 1 5 0 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xpn x xpn x x x xpn xpn Oleaceae Ligustrum vulgare privet 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xpr xxxx x Oleaceae Syringa reticulata Japanese tree lilac 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xp x x x Oleaceae Syringa vulgaris common lilac 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xpr x x Onagraceae Circaea canadensis ssp. canadensis enchanter's nightshade 1 1 1 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxxxx Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum sticky willow-herb 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Onagraceae Epilobium coloratum purple-leaved willow-herb 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x

Page 112 Appendix 2b: Flora Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations see Maps 3a-c

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. 0-Dev. Score TRCA Score Date block block block block block block block block block block 2019 1-5 1-5 5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) A B C D E F G H I J status

Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum European willow-herb 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Onagraceae Epilobium parviflorum small-flowered willow-herb 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Onagraceae Oenothera biennis common evening-primrose 1 1 1 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x x Onocleaceae Matteuccia struthiopteris var. pensylvanica ostrich fern 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x xpr xpr x Orchidaceae Epipactis helleborine helleborine 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta common yellow wood-sorrel 1 1 1 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxx Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus celandine 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx Papaveraceae Sanguinaria canadensis bloodroot 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana pokeweed 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 25-Apr-19 x x Pinaceae Abies balsamea balsam fir 2 3 4 5 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp xp Pinaceae Larix decidua European larch 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp xp Pinaceae Larix laricina tamarack 2 4 4 4 14 L3 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Pinaceae Picea abies Norway spruce 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp xp Pinaceae Picea glauca white spruce 2 5 4 4 15 L3 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp xp xp xp xp Pinaceae Picea pungens Colorado spruce 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp xp xp xp Pinaceae Pinus nigra Austrian pine 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xpr xp xp xp xp xp xp xpr Pinaceae Pinus strobus white pine 143412L4 29-Apr-19 xp xpn x xpn xpn x xpn Pinaceae Pinus sylvestris Scots pine 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp Pinaceae Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp Pinaceae Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock 1 4 3 5 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xp x x x x Plantaginaceae Chaenorhinum minus ssp. minus dwarf snapdragon 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Plantaginaceae Linaria vulgaris butter-and-eggs 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx x x Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata English plantain 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Plantaginaceae Plantago major common plantain 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx xxx Plantaginaceae Plantago rugelii red-stemmed plantain 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxx Plantaginaceae Veronica arvensis corn speedwell 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxx xx Plantaginaceae Veronica officinalis common speedwell 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Plantaginaceae Veronica persica Persian speedwell 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Plantaginaceae Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxx xxx Platanaceae Platanus occidentalis sycamore 5 5 5 3 18 L2 24-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Poaceae Agrostis gigantea redtop 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera creeping bent grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Poaceae Alopecurus pratensis meadow foxtail 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Poaceae Andropogon gerardii big bluestem 4 3 4 4 15 L3 24-Apr-19 xpr xpr Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus soft brome 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Bromus inermis smooth brome grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Poaceae Bromus japonicus Japanese chess 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Poaceae Bromus tectorum downy chess 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Dactylis glomerata orchard grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Poaceae Digitaria ischaemum smooth crab grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli barnyard grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Poaceae Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya small-spiked barnyard grass 2 2 4 0 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Elymus canadensis Canada wild rye 3 2 5 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xpr xpr Poaceae Elymus repens quack grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Poaceae Elymus riparius riverbank wild rye 2 2 4 4 12 L4 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Poaceae Elymus virginicus var. virginicus Virginia wild rye 2 2 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Poaceae Eragrostis minor little love grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Poaceae Festuca rubra ssp. rubra red fescue 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Poaceae Festuca trachyphylla hard fescue 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Glyceria maxima giant manna grass 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Glyceria striata fowl manna grass 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Poaceae Hordeum jubatum ssp. jubatum squirrel-tail barley 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Lolium arundinaceum tall fescue 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Poaceae Lolium perenne perennial rye 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx xxx Poaceae Lolium pratense meadow fescue 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Poaceae Muhlenbergia mexicana var. mexicana common muhly grass 2 2 0 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Panicum capillare panic grass 1 1 4 1 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum fall panic grass 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Poaceae Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Poaceae Phleum pratense Timothy grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Poaceae Phragmites australis ssp. australis common reed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Poaceae Poa annua annual blue grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Poaceae Poa compressa flat-stemmed blue grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Poaceae Poa nemoralis woodland spear grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x

Page 113 Appendix 2b: Flora Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations see Maps 3a-c

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. 0-Dev. Score TRCA Score Date block block block block block block block block block block 2019 1-5 1-5 5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) A B C D E F G H I J status

Poaceae Poa palustris fowl meadow-grass 1 2 3 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Poaceae Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis Kentucky blue grass 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Poaceae Puccinellia distans alkali grass 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Poaceae Setaria faberi giant foxtail 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Poaceae Setaria italica foxtail millet 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Poaceae Setaria pumila yellow foxtail 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx Poaceae Setaria viridis green foxtail 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x xcf x Poaceae Sporobolus neglectus overlooked dropseed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x x Poaceae Sporobolus vaginiflorus ensheathed dropseed 3 ns ns ns 3 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x x Polemoniaceae Phlox subulata moss phlox 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 02-May-19 x x Polygonaceae Fallopia convolvulus black bindweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Polygonaceae Fallopia scandens climbing false buckwheat 5 4 4 3 16 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Polygonaceae Persicaria amphibia var. stipulacea water smartweed 2 2 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiper water-pepper 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x x x Polygonaceae Persicaria lapathifolia pale smartweed 1 1 4 0 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Polygonaceae Persicaria maculosa lady's thumb 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x x Polygonaceae Persicaria pensylvanica Pennsylvania smartweed 2 2 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x xxxx Polygonaceae Polygonum achoreum striate knotweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare ssp. aviculare prostrate knotweed 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Polygonaceae Reynoutria japonica var. japonica Japanese knotweed 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxx Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella sheep sorrel 3 2 ns 4 9 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Polygonaceae Rumex crispus curly dock 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxx xxx Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius bitter dock 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea purslane 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Primulaceae Lysimachia arvensis scarlet pimpernel 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata fringed loosestrife 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Primulaceae Lysimachia nummularia moneywort 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Primulaceae Lysimachia vulgaris garden loosestrife 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Anemonastrum canadense Canada anemone 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Ranunculaceae Anemone quinquefolia var. quinquefolia wood-anemone 2 4 3 5 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x x x Ranunculaceae Anemone virginiana common thimbleweed 1 3 0 3 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Aquilegia canadensis wild columbine 1 4 2 5 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Aquilegia vulgaris garden columbine 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Ficaria verna lesser celandine 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Ranunculus abortivus kidney-leaved buttercup 1 3 1 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acris tall buttercup 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxx x Ranunculaceae Ranunculus recurvatus var. recurvatus hooked buttercup 1 3 2 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Ranunculaceae Thalictrum dioicum early meadow rue 1 3 3 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Ranunculaceae Thalictrum pubescens tall meadow rue 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Rhamnaceae Rhamnus cathartica common buckthorn 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxxxx Rosaceae Agrimonia gryposepala agrimony 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Amelanchier arborea downy serviceberry 1 3 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp x x Rosaceae Amelanchier laevis smooth serviceberry 1 2 4 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 xcf xp xp xp Rosaceae Amelanchier sanguinea round-leaved serviceberry 2 2 3 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x Rosaceae Amelanchier x grandiflora showy serviceberry 5 2 4 2 13 L4 23-Apr-19 xp xp xp Rosaceae Cotoneaster lucidus Peking cotoneaster 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Rosaceae Crataegus coccinea var. coccinea scarlet hawthorn 2 2 3 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Rosaceae Crataegus coccinea var. fulleriana Fuller's hawthorn 3 3 4 3 13 L4 24-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Crataegus crus-galli cockspur hawthorn 5 4 4 4 17 L2 24-Apr-19 xp xp Rosaceae Crataegus holmesiana Holmes' hawthorn 2 3 4 3 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Rosaceae Crataegus macracantha long-spined hawthorn 1 2 4 3 10 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Rosaceae Crataegus mollis downy hawthorn 4 ns ns ns 4 L+? 23-Apr-19 xp xp xp Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna English hawthorn 1 1 4 ns 6 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxx xxxx x Rosaceae Crataegus phaenopyrum Washington hawthorn 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 25-Apr-19 xpr xpr xpr Rosaceae Crataegus punctata dotted hawthorn 1 2 3 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Rosaceae Crataegus schuettei rough hawthorn 5 2 4 3 14 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Crataegus sp. unknown hawthorn sp. (collected) ns ns ns ns ns L4? 31-Oct-19 x x Rosaceae Crataegus submollis Emerson's hawthorn 2 3 4 3 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Crataegus x ninae-celottiae English - dotted hybrid hawthorn 3 ns 4 ns 7 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Crataegus x persimilis plum-leaved hawthorn ns ns ns ns ns L+ 12-Nov-19 xp xp Rosaceae Dasiphora fruticosa shrubby cinquefoil ns ns ns ns ns L+ 15-Nov-19 xp xp Rosaceae Fragaria vesca ssp. americana woodland strawberry 2 2 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana common wild strawberry 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x

Page 114 Appendix 2b: Flora Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations see Maps 3a-c

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. 0-Dev. Score TRCA Score Date block block block block block block block block block block 2019 1-5 1-5 5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) A B C D E F G H I J status

Rosaceae Geum aleppicum yellow avens 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Geum canadense white avens 1 2 1 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Rosaceae Geum urbanum urban avens 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Rosaceae Malus baccata Siberian crab-apple 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxx Rosaceae Malus prunifolia Chinese crab-apple 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xcf x x Rosaceae Malus pumila apple 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx x x Rosaceae Malus toringo Toringo crab-apple 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpcf xcf xcf x x Rosaceae Malus x robusta crab-apple 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn xp xpn Rosaceae Physocarpus opulifolius ninebark 3 2 5 4 14 L3 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp Rosaceae Potentilla argentea silvery cinquefoil 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Rosaceae Potentilla inclinata lintermediate cinquefoil 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Rosaceae Potentilla indica var. indica mock strawberry 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x Rosaceae Potentilla norvegica rough cinquefoil 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Rosaceae Potentilla recta sulphur cinquefoil 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Rosaceae Prunus avium mazzard cherry 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxx x Rosaceae Prunus pensylvanica pin cherry 2 4 3 3 12 L4 29-Apr-19 x xp x Rosaceae Prunus serotina black cherry 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxx Rosaceae Prunus tomentosa Manchu cherry 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxx Rosaceae Prunus virginiana var. virginiana choke cherry 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn xxxxxxxxxxpn Rosaceae Prunus x cistena purple sand cherry ns ns ns ns ns L+ 13-Nov-19 x x Rosaceae Pyrus calleryana Bradford pear 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 25-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Pyrus communis pear 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Rosaceae Rosa blanda smooth wild rose 1 3 3 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp x x x Rosaceae Rosa canina dog rose 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Rosaceae Rosa carolina pasture rose 5 5 4 3 17 L2 24-Apr-19 xp xp Rosaceae Rosa multiflora multiflora rose 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxx xxx xx Rosaceae Rosa virginiana Virginia rose 3 ns ns ns 3 L+? 29-Apr-19 xp xpr xp xpr Rosaceae Rubus allegheniensis common blackberry 1 3 0 1 5 L5 29-Apr-19 xpr x x Rosaceae Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus garden red raspberry 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xpn xpr xpn Rosaceae Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus wild red raspberry 1 1 0 1 3 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x xxxxxx Rosaceae Rubus occidentalis wild black raspberry 1 1 0 1 3 L5 29-Apr-19 x x xxxxxxxx Rosaceae Rubus odoratus purple-flowering raspberry 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 xp xpn x x xp x xpn Rosaceae Sorbaria sorbifolia false spiraea 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xpr Rosaceae Sorbus aucuparia European mountain-ash 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xxxxxx x Rosaceae Sorbus intermedia Swedish white-beam 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Rosaceae Spiraea alba wild spiraea 2 4 2 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Rosaceae Spiraea x vanhouttei bridalwreath spiraea 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xp xpr Rubiaceae Galium aparine cleavers 1 1 1 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Rubiaceae Galium mollugo white bedstraw 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Rubiaceae Galium odoratum sweet woodruff 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Rubiaceae Galium palustre marsh bedstraw 1 2 3 3 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Salicaceae Populus alba white poplar 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Salicaceae Populus balsamifera balsam poplar 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xpr xpr Salicaceae Populus deltoides cottonwood 1 1 3 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x xp x x Salicaceae Populus grandidentata large-toothed aspen 1 3 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp xp Salicaceae Populus nigra 'Italica' Lombardy poplar 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 xp xp Salicaceae Populus tremuloides trembling aspen 1 3 1 3 8 L5 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr xpr xp x x x Salicaceae Populus x canadensis Carolina poplar 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xpr xp xpr Salicaceae Populus x jackii Jack's poplar 3 2 5 1 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x x Salicaceae Salix alba white willow 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Salicaceae Salix amygdaloides peach-leaved willow 1 2 5 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Salicaceae Salix bebbiana Bebb's willow 1 3 3 4 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp Salicaceae Salix caprea goat willow 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Salicaceae Salix cinerea grey willow 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 xp xp xp Salicaceae Salix discolor pussy willow 1 3 4 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Salicaceae Salix eriocephala narrow heart-leaved willow 1 1 3 1 6 L5 29-Apr-19 xpn x xpr x xpn Salicaceae Salix eriocephala x petiolaris hybrid shrub willow 5 1 4 3 13 L4 23-Apr-19 x x Salicaceae Salix interior sandbar willow 1 1 5 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x xpn xpr x xpn Salicaceae Salix lucida shining willow 2 4 5 3 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Salicaceae Salix nigra black willow 3 2 5 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Salicaceae Salix petiolaris slender willow 2 3 5 3 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Salicaceae Salix purpurea purple-osier willow 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp Salicaceae Salix x fragilis crack willow 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Salicaceae Salix x sepulcralis weeping willow 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xp x xp x x x x x

Page 115 Appendix 2b: Flora Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations see Maps 3a-c

Local Popn. Hab. Sens. Total Rank Family Scientific Name Common Name Occur Trend Dep. 0-Dev. Score TRCA Score Date block block block block block block block block block block 2019 1-5 1-5 5 0-5 2-20 (Apr-19) A B C D E F G H I J status

Sapindaceae Acer campestre hedge maple 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Sapindaceae Acer negundo Manitoba maple 1 ns ns ns 1 L+? 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxx xxx Sapindaceae Acer nigrum black maple 2 3 4 2 11 L4 29-Apr-19 x x xp x Sapindaceae Acer platanoides Norway maple 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpn x xpn xpn xxxxxxpn Sapindaceae Acer rubrum red maple 1 4 1 5 11 L4 01-May-19 xpn x xp xp x xp xpn Sapindaceae Acer saccharinum silver maple 1 2 5 3 11 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xpr xp xpr xpr xp xpn xpn Sapindaceae Acer saccharum sugar maple 1 3 0 2 6 L5 29-Apr-19 x xpn x xpn xxxxpxpn Sapindaceae Acer spicatum mountain maple 2 3 4 4 13 L4 29-Apr-19 xpn xp xpn Sapindaceae Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala Amur maple 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x xpr xpn xxxx xpn Sapindaceae Acer x freemanii hybrid swamp maple 2 3 5 2 12 L4 29-Apr-19 xp xp xp xp Sapindaceae Aesculus hippocastanum horse-chestnut 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus common mullein 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima tree-of-heaven 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Smilacaceae Smilax herbacea carrion-flower 1 3 2 2 8 L5 29-Apr-19 xpr xpr Solanaceae Datura innoxia big-flowered jimsonweed 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara bittersweet nightshade 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Solanaceae Solanum emulans American black nightshade 2 1 4 0 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x Solanaceae Solanum physalifolium Latin American nightshade 5 ns ns ns 5 L+ 24-Apr-19 x x Staphyleaceae Staphylea trifolia bladdernut 3 3 4 4 14 L3 24-Apr-19 xp xp Taxaceae Taxus cuspidata Japanese yew 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 xpr x x x Typhaceae Typha angustifolia narrow-leaved cattail 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x Typhaceae Typha latifolia broad-leaved cattail 1 4 4 4 13 L4 29-Apr-19 x x Typhaceae Typha x glauca hybrid cattail 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xcf x x Ulmaceae Ulmus americana white elm 1 4 0 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Ulmaceae Ulmus glabra Scotch elm 2 ns ns ns 2 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x Ulmaceae Ulmus minor field elm ns ns ns ns ns L+ 31-Oct-19 xp xp Ulmaceae Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x xxxx xxx Ulmaceae Ulmus rubra slippery elm 3 5 4 3 15 L3 29-Apr-19 x x Ulmaceae Ulmus thomasii rock elm 4 4 4 3 15 L3 24-Apr-19 x x Urticaceae Pilea pumila dwarf clearweed 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Urticaceae Urtica dioica ssp. dioica European stinging nettle 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 xxxxx xxx Urticaceae Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis American stinging nettle 1 3 1 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x Verbenaceae Verbena bracteata creeping vervain 4 ns ns ns 4 L+ 23-Apr-19 x x Verbenaceae Verbena hastata blue vervain 1 2 4 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Verbenaceae Verbena urticifolia white vervain 1 2 2 2 7 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x x Violaceae Viola odorata sweet violet 3 ns ns ns 3 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x Violaceae Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula smooth yellow violet 2 4 1 2 9 L5 29-Apr-19 x x x Violaceae Viola sororia common blue violet 1 2 0 2 5 L5 29-Apr-19 x xxxxxxxx Vitaceae Parthenocissus vitacea thicket creeper 1 2 0 1 4 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Vitaceae Vitis riparia riverbank grape 1 1 0 0 2 L5 29-Apr-19 xxxxxxxxxxx Xanthorrhoeaceae Hemerocallis fulva orange day-lily 1 ns ns ns 1 L+ 29-Apr-19 x x x x x x

Legend L1-L3: species of regional conservation concern ns: criterion not scored L4: species of conservation concern in urban area x: observed (natural if no modifiers) L5: species not of conservation concern at this time cf: identification not certain LX: species is extirpated from TRCA p: planted only L+: introduced species, not native to TRCA pr: regenerating but of planted origin L+?: species is probably introduced pn: both natural origin and planted

Page 116 Appendix 3a: Fauna Species for Mimico Creek Watershed (2019 and all earlier records).

Survey Species: species for which the TRCA protocol effectively surveys. Birds pre L- Common Name Scientific Name Code 2019 2018 2017 2016 2011 LO PTn PTt StD AS PIS HD + TS 2010 Rank brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum BRTH 2 0 4 34221016L3 eastern screech-owl Megascops asio EASO 2 1 2 33123015L3 wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina WOTH 1 0 4 24322017L3 American redstart Setophaga ruticilla AMRE 2 1 0 3 14312014L4 barn swallow Hirundo rustica BARS 2 1 0 4 21112011L4 belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon BEKI 1 1 2 0 3 22212012L4 blue-grey gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea BGGN 1 1 0 1 13311010L4 chimney swift Chaetura pelagica CHSW 3 2 2 1 4 21111011L4 common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas COYE 1 0 4 24121014L4 Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii COHA 1 2 0 2 22413014L4 eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus EAKI 3 8 0 4 23211013L4 eastern wood-pewee Contopus virens EAWP 4 2 2 0 4 23211013L4 great-crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus GCFL 1 1 3 1 0 2 12312011L4 grey catbird Dumetella carolinensis GRCA 20 1 10 13 0 2 23111010L4 hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus HAWO 6 2 1 0 2 22312012L4 indigo bunting Passerina cyanea INBU 4 0 3 24112013L4 killdeer Charadrius vociferus KILL 1 0 4 21220011L4 northern flicker Colaptes auratus NOFL 3 1 2 2 0 4 23112013L4 northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos NOMO 1 0 3 31111010L4 northern rough-winged swallow Stelgidoptery x serripennis NRWS 3 1 1 0 3 22113012L4 peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus PEFA 1 3 2 10113011L4 red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis RBNU 1 1 0 1 22311010L4 red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus REVI 10 5 5 0 1 23211010L4 rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus RBGR 3 1 2 0 3 23312014L4 savannah sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis SAVS 1 1 0 4 24111013L4 tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor TRES 1 0 4 22112012L4 white-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis WBNU 8 1 2 1 0 2 12312011L4 willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii WIFL 1 0 4 23111012L4 American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos AMCR x x x 0 2 1011005L5 American goldfinch Spinus tristis AMGO x x x 0 3 1111007L5 American robin Turdus migratorius AMRO x x x 0 1 1111005L5 Baltimore oriole Icterus galbula BAOR x x 0 4 2111009L5 black-capped chickadee Parus atricapillus BCCH x x x 0 1 1111005L5 blue jay Cyanocitta cristata BLJA x x x 0 3 1111007L5 brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater BHCO x x x 0 3 1111007L5 cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum CEDW x x x 0 2 1111006L5 chipping sparrow Spizella passerina CHSP x x 0 3 1211008L5 cliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota CLSW 17 8 0 1 1111207L5 common grackle Quiscalus quiscula COGR x x x 0 4 1111008L5 downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens DOWO x x x 0 2 1111107L5 eastern phoebe Sayornis phoebe EAPH 4 0 1 2111208L5 house wren Troglodytes aedon HOWR x x x 0 1 2112108L5 mallard Anas platyrhynchos MALL x x x 0 1 1112006L5 mourning dove Zenaida macroura MODO x x x 0 3 1011006L5 northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis NOCA x x x 0 1 1211107L5 orchard oriole Icterus spurius OROR 1 0 3 1111007L5 red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus RBWO 3 0 1 0231209L5 red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis RTHA x x 0 2 1121108L5 red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus RWBL x x x 0 3 1111007L5 song sparrow Melospiza melodia SOSP x x x 0 3 1211008L5 warbling vireo Vireo gilvus WAVI x x x 0 1 1211107L5 yellow warbler Setophaga petechia YEWA x x 0 3 2211009L5 European starling Sturnus vulgaris EUST x x 0 4 L+ house finch Haemorhous mexicanus HOFI x x x 0 1 L+ house sparrow Passer domesticus HOSP x x x 0 4 L+ rock pigeon Columba livia ROPI x x 0 4 L+

Page 117 Appendix 3a: Fauna Species for Mimico Creek Watershed (2019 and all earlier records).

pre L- Common Name Scientific Name Code 2019 2018 2017 2016 2011 LO PTn PTt StD AS PIS HD + TS 2010 Rank Herpetofauna western chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata MICF 1 3 3 25243123L2 northern leopard frog Lithobates pipiens LEFR 1 0 3 25142118L3 American toad Anaxyrus americanus AMTO 4 x 0 3 24140014L4 green frog Lithobates clamitans GRFR 1 1 0 2 24131013L4

Incidental Species: species that are reported on as incidental to the TRCA protocol. Mammals big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus BBBA 2* 4 2 22111013L4 eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus EACH x x x x 0 2 13231012L4 eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus EACO x 0 2 12131010L4 meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus MEVO 1 1 2 22121011L4 mink Mustela vison MINK 1 1 0 2 13330012L4 red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus RESQ x x 0 2 12131010L4 Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana VIOP 1 2 2 21311012L4 white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus WTDE x x x 0 2 21322012L4 coyote Canis latrans COYO x x 0 2 1213009L5 grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis GRSQ x x x 0 2 1013007L5 raccoon Procyon lotor RACC x x 0 2 1013108L5 striped skunk Mephitis mephitis STSK x 0 2 1013007L5 Norway rat Rattus norvegicus NORA x x 4 L+

Herpetofauna Dekay's brownsnake Storeria dekayi BRSN 1 1 1 2 24130013L4 eastern gartersnake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis EAGA 4 0 2 13130010L4

LEGEND x = species present but number of territories undetermined LO = local occurrence STD = sensitivity to development PTn = National population trend HD = habitat dependence PTt = TRCA population trend + = additional points AS = area sensitivity TS = total score PIS = Patch Isolation Sensitivity L-rank = TRCA Rank, March, 2019 - based on data up to 2018 inclusive

L1 = Species of Regional Conservation Concern, regionally scarce due to either accidental occurrence or extreme sensitivity to human impacts L2 = Species of Regional Conservation Concern, somewhat more abundant and generally slightly less sensitive than L1 species L3 = Species of Regional Conservation Concern, generally less sensitive and more abundant than L1 and L2 ranked species L4 = Species of Urban Concern; occur throughout the region but could show declines if urban impacts are not mitiagted effectively L5 = species that are considered secure throughout the region L+ = introduced species, not native to the Toronto region LX = extirpated species; species not recorded in the region in the past 10 years LS = sporadic breeder; species not recorded in the region in the past 10 years

Page 118 Appendix 3b: Fauna Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations, please see Maps 3a-c.

Survey Species: species for which the TRCA protocol effectively surveys. Birds L- Common Name Scientific Name Code Block A Block B Block C Block D Block E Block F Block G Block H Block I Block J LO PTn PTt AS PIS StD HD + TS Rank brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum BRTH 1 1 0 4 3 2 2 4 1 0 16 L3 American redstart Setophaga ruticilla AMRE 2 0 3 1 3 1 4 2 0 14 L4 barn swallow Hirundo rustica BARS 1 1 0 4 2 1 1 1 2 0 11 L4 belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon BEKI 1 0 3 221 2 2012L4 blue-grey gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea BGGN 1 0 1 1 3 1 3 1 0 10 L4 chimney swift Chaetura pelagica CHSW 3 1 4 211 1 1011L4 Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii COHA 1 0 2 2 4 1 2 3 0 14 L4 eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus EAKI 1 1 1 0 4 2 2 1 3 1 0 13 L4 eastern wood-pewee Contopus virens EAWP 3 1 0 4 2 2 1 3 1 0 13 L4 great-crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus GCFL 1 0 2 1 3 1 2 2 0 11 L4 grey catbird Dumetella carolinensis GRCA 1 2 11 2 1 1 2 0 2 2 1 1 3 1 0 10 L4 hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus HAWO 3111 0223122012L4 indigo bunting Passerina cyanea INBU 2 1 1 0 3 2 1 1 4 2 0 13 L4 killdeer Charadrius vociferus KILL 1 04 21220011L4 northern flicker Colaptes auratus NOFL 1 1 1 0 4 2 1 1 3 2 0 13 L4 northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos NOMO 1 0 3 3 1 1 1 1 0 10 L4 northern rough-winged swallow Stelgidoptery x serripennis NRWS 1 1 1 0 3 2 1 1 2 3 0 12 L4 red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis RBNU 1 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 0 10 L4 red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus REVI 6 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 1 3 1 0 10 L4 rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus RBGR 1 1 1 0 3 2 3 1 3 2 0 14 L4 savannah sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis SAVS 1 0 4 2 1 1 4 1 0 13 L4 tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor TRES 1 0 4 2 1 1 2 2 0 12 L4 white-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis WBNU 3 1 3 1 0 2 1 3 1 2 2 0 11 L4 willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii WIFL 1 04 21131012L4 American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos AMCR x 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 L5 American goldfinch Spinus tristis AMGO x x x x x x x x 0 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 7 L5 American robin Turdus migratorius AMRO xxxxxxxxxx011111005L5 Baltimore oriole Icterus galbula BAOR x x x x 0 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 9 L5 black-capped chickadee Parus atricapillus BCCH x x x x x x 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 5 L5 blue jay Cyanocitta cristata BLJA x x x x x x x 0 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 7 L5 brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater BHCO x x x x x x x x 0 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 7 L5 cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum CEDW x x x x x x x 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 6 L5 chipping sparrow Spizella passerina CHSP x x x x 0 3 1 1 1 2 0 0 8 L5 cliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota CLSW 5 12 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 7 L5 common grackle Quiscalus quiscula COGR x x x x x x x x 0 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 8 L5 downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens DOWO x x x x x x x x 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 L5 eastern phoebe Sayornis phoebe EAPH 1 3 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 0 8 L5 house wren Troglodytes aedon HOWR x x x x 0 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 8 L5 mallard Anas platyrhynchos MALL x x x x x 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 6 L5 mourning dove Zenaida macroura MODO x x x x 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 6 L5 northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis NOCA x x x x x x x x x 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 7 L5 red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus RBWO 1 1 1 0 1 0 3 1 2 2 0 9 L5 red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis RTHA x x 0 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 8 L5 red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus RWBL xxxxxxxxxx031111007L5 song sparrow Melospiza melodia SOSP x x x x x x x x 0 3 1 1 1 2 0 0 8 L5 warbling vireo Vireo gilvus WAVI x x x x x x 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 7 L5 yellow warbler Setophaga petechia YEWA x x x x x x x 0 3 2 1 1 2 0 0 9 L5 European starling Sturnus vulgaris EUST xxxxxxx xx04 L+ house finch Haemorhous mexicanus HOFI x x x 0 1 L+ house sparrow Passer domesticus HOSP x x x x x x x x x 0 4 L+ rock dove Columba livia ROPI x x 0 4 L+

Page 119 Appendix 3b: Fauna Species for Mimico Creek Study Area (2019) - for block locations, please see Maps 3a-c.

L- Common Name Scientific Name Code Block A Block B Block C Block D Block E Block F Block G Block H Block I Block J LO PTn PTt AS PIS StD HD + TS Rank Herpetofauna northern leopard frog Lithobates pipiens LEFR 1 0 3 214 5 2118L3 American toad Anaxyrus americanus AMTO 3 1 0 3 2 1 4 4 0 0 14 L4 green frog Lithobates clamitans GRFR 1 0 2 213 4 1013L4

Incidental Species: species that are reported on as incidental to the TRCA protocol. Mammals big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus BBBA 2* 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 0 13 L4 eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus EACH x x x x 0 2 1 2 3 3 1 0 12 L4 eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus EACO x xxxx 0211321010L4 meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus MEVO 1 12 21221011L4 mink Mustela vison MINK 1 0 2 1 3 3 3 0 0 12 L4 red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus RESQ x x x 0 2 1 1 3 2 1 0 10 L4 white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus WTDE x x 0 2 232 1 2012L4 coyote Canis latrans COYO x x x x 0 2 1 1 3 2 0 0 9 L5 grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis GRSQ x x x x x x x x 0 2 1 1 3 0 0 0 7 L5 raccoon Procyon lotor RACC x x x x 0 2 1 1 3 0 1 0 8 L5 striped skunk Mephitis mephitis STSK x x 0 2 1 1 3 0 0 0 7 L5 Norway rat Rattus norvegicus NORA x 4 L+

Herpetofauna Dekay's brownsnake Storeria dekayi BRSN 1 1 2 2 1 3 4 0 0 13 L4 eastern gartersnake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis EAGA 11110211330010L4

LEGEND x = species present but number of territories undetermined LO = local occurrence STD = sensitivity to development PTn = National population trend HD = habitat dependence PTt = TRCA population trend + = additional points AS = area sensitivity TS = total score PIS = Patch Isolation Sensitivity L-rank = TRCA Rank, March, 2019 - based on data up to 2018 inclusive

L1 = Species of Regional Conservation Concern, regionally scarce due to either accidental occurrence or extreme sensitivity to human impacts L2 = Species of Regional Conservation Concern, somewhat more abundant and generally slightly less sensitive than L1 species L3 = Species of Regional Conservation Concern, generally less sensitive and more abundant than L1 and L2 ranked species L4 = Species of Urban Concern; occur throughout the region but could show declines if urban impacts are not mitiagted effectively L5 = species that are considered secure throughout the region L+ = introduced species, not native to the Toronto region LX = extirpated species; species not recorded in the region in the past 10 years LS = sporadic breeder; species not recorded in the region in the past 10 years

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