Index

Acebutalol, assay 167 Acetone, analysis of 182 fatal levels of 218 Acetyl codeine, HPLC 58 HPLC 41,45-47,58 Acetyl salicylic acid RIA 122 HPLC 58 solvent extraction of 170 solvent extraction of 170 target range of 151 Aconitine, HPLC 58 u.v. spectrum of 42 Adriamycin, TLC 97 , HPLC 58 Adsorbents, in extraction of drugs 174 analysis of 183 Adsorption methods, in narcotic fatal levels of 218 analyses 250 HPLC 58 Adsorption, of samples on to glass 179 RIA 125 AFID 13 TLC 98 Aflatoxins Amygdalin, HPLC 58 TLC 97 Amylobarbitone RIA 126 fatal levels of 218 Alcohols, in fires 291 HPLC 58 Alcuronium chloride, solvent ex- Anabolic steroids, RIA and HPLC traction of 170 45 Alinidine, HPLC 58 , fluorescent detectors in Alkanes, in fires 291 HPLC 44 Alkenes, in fires 291 Analysis of narcotics, by qualitative Allobarbitone, HPLC 58 methods 255 Allopurinol, HPLC 58 Analytical methods, review of Alprazolam, HPLC 58 Analytichem 176 Amanitin, HPLC 58 Anions Amberlight CG-50 175 inorganic 21 3 Amezinium, HPLC 58 organic 214 p-Aminosalicylic Acid, HPLC 106 Antibiotics, fluorescence detectors Amiodarone, solvent extraction of in HPLC 44 170 Antibody production 117 346 Index

Anticonvulsants Bleomycin, RIA 121 analysis of 182 Bond elut 175,255 TDM 324 Bonded phase chromatography 17 TLC 98 Br-Mmc 105 Bromazepam, HPLC 59 and HPLC 100 electrochemical detection solvent extraction of 170 207 Antiserum Bromhexine, HPLC 59 characterisation in radioim­ Bromohexine, solvent extraction of munoassays 121 170 production of 23 , HPLC 59 Aspirin, solvent extraction of 170 , HPLC 59 Assays, validation of 30 Bufotenine, HPLC 99 , HPLC 59 HPLC 58 Butobarbitone TLC 97 fatal levels of 218 Atomic absorption spectroscopy 3 HPLC 59 Atropine, HPLC 58 Butriptyline, HPLC 59 Automation, in sample preparation 176 Cadmium, HPLC 59 , HPLC 58 Caffeine Azapram, HPLC 58 HPLC 41,45-47,59 Azapropazone, HPLC 58 RIA 126 solvent extraction of 170 Cannabinoids Barbitone, fatal levels of 218 fluorescence derivatisation 106 , Barbiturates 107 analysis of 182 HPLC 45 fluorescence derivatisation 106, RIA 45,125 107 Cannabinols and TLC 98 RIA 125 Capacity factor, in HPLC 46 solvent extraction 170 Capillary GC 191 and TDM 330 Captopril Benzocaine, HPLC 102 electrochemical detection in Benzodiazepines HPLC 207 GC and TDM 332 HPLC 59 RIA 125 Carbamate insecticides, solvent extraction of 170 fluorescence derivatisation 106 thermal stability in capillary Carbamazepine GC/MS 180 HPLC 59 TLC and fluorescent spots 97, 98 target range 151 Benzophenones, TLC from benzo- Carbidopa, HPLC 59 diazepines 189 Carbon monoxide Benzoylecgonine, HPLC 59 analysis of, and methods for Benzthiazide, HPLC 59 182 ,295 Beta blockers, fluorescent detectors in fire deaths 292 in HPLC 44 by GC 296 Bioassays, in pharmacokinetics 147 Carbonyls, in fires 291 Bioavailability, of drugs 134 Carboxyhaemoglobin, methods of Bio-beads 2 and 3 175 analysis of 295 Bioluminescence immunoassays Catecholamines, electrochemical 94 detectors in HPLC 207 Index 347

Celite 175 Colorimetric tests, for narcotics Charcoal/carbon, as adsorbent 175 256 Chemiluminescence immunoassays Column selectivity factor in HPLC 94 48 Chloral hydrate, fatal levels of 218 Competitive binding assay 20 Chlordiazepoxide Contaminants, in analysis and GC 333 sample preparation 176-177 HPLC 59,102 CO Oximeter 295 TLC 98 Coroner's postmortem 161 Chlormethiazole Corticosteroids, and fluorimetry fatal levels of 218 106 HPLC 59 Cotton gauze, as an adsorbent 175 co-Chloroacetophenone (CN), HPLC Coumarins, in fluorescence 87 59 CR, HPLC 60 o-Chlorobenzylidene malonitrile CS, HPLC 59 (CS), HPLC 59 Cyanide Chlorophenols, electrochemical analysis of 182 detectors in HPLC 207 in blood 339 Chloroquine fatal levels of 218 fatal levels of 218 in fires 299 HPLC 59 by GC 196 Chloroquinine, HPLC 102 Cyclobarbitone, HPLC 60 fatal levels of 218 HPLC 59,102 Dantrolene, HPLC 60 solvent extraction of 170 Deaths, in fires 290 Chlorthalidone, HPLC 60 Demoxepam Chromatography, for narcotics fluorescence derivatisation 106 256 ff. HPLC 60 CI 13,263 Derivatisation Cimetidine, HPLC 60 in GC 193 Cinnamoyl cocaine , HPLC 60 in HPLC 203 Circular dichroism 215 Desalkylf1urazepam, HPLC 60 Clobazam, GC 333 Desipramine, HPLC 60, 102 Clonazepam, GC 333 Desmethyl chlordiazepoxide, HPLC , HPLC 60 60 Clorprednol, solvent extraction of Desmethyldiazepam,HPLC 60,102 170 N-Desmethyl diazepam, GC 333 CN,HPLC 59 Dextromoramide, fatal levels of 218 Cocaine Dextropropoxyphene fatal levels of 218 u.v. spectrum of 42 HPLC 45,60 HPLC 41 ,60 RIA 45 Diazepam Codeine GC 333 extraction of 251 HPLC 60 fatal levels of 218 TLC 98 GC and derivatisation 269 Dibenz(b,j)-l ,4-oxazepine (CR), GC and recoveries of 258 HPLC 60 HPLC 60,102 Diflunisal, HPLC 60 interpretation of results 277 Digitoxin metabolism of 244 HPLC 61 Colorimetric methods 210 target range 151 348 Index

Digoxin Electrochemical detectors, in HPLC assays of 146 44,207 fatal levels of 218 Electrochemical techniques 26 interpretation of results 151, 155 Electrophoresis, high voltage 215 methods for analysis of 146 Elimination, of drugs 139 pharmacokinetics of 137, 139, ELIZA 260 140 Embalming, effects of 166 quality control of 149 EMDP 247 RIA and HPLC 45 EMIT 148,260 target range 151 Enantiomer separation 26 therapeutic drug monitoring, Enzymes, use of in extraction problems of 321 processes 166-167 Dihydrocodeine, fatal levels of 218 Eosin 85 HPLC 102 , HPLC 61 Dihydroergocristine, HPLC 61 Dihydroergot alkaloids, TLC 98 HPLC 61 , HPLC 61 u.v. spectrum 42 Dinorpropoxyphene, GC and re- Estradiol-17 (3, immunofluorescent coveries of 258 method 88 Diode array detectors 41 Ethanol Dipyridamole, HPLC 61 , 103 analysis of 172 Diquat , HPLC 103 fatal levels of 218 Discriminating power 181 stability in blood 164 Disopyramide Ethaverine, HPLC 61 target range of 151 Ethosuximide, HPLC 61 TLC 98 Ethyl paraquat, HPLC 103 Distribution, of drugs in the body Extraction 137 of methadone and propoxy­ DNS, dansyl-Cl 103 phene 252 Domex 253 of morphine and codeine 251 Dothiepin Extraction procedures, for narcotics fatal levels of 218 264-266 HPLC 61 Extralute 175 , HPLC 61 Europium in assay of choriogonado­ DP 181 tropin 88 , HPLC 61 Drug absorption 133 Fenbufen Drug analyses, forensic chapter HPLC 61 161-239 solvent extraction of 171 Drug assays, in pharmacokinetics Fenoproten, HPLC 61 145 FlO 12 Drug clearance 144 Fire gases, chapter 289-317 Drug misuse, current patterns 215 Flecainamide, HPLC 61 Drugs, HPLC and fluorescence 102 Florisil 253 Flunitrazepam, HPLC 61 ECD 12,13 Fluorescein 86 EDDP 247 Fluorescein isothiocyanate 85 EDTN 105 Fluorescence Efficiency, of an HPLC column 50 background from blood serum 92 EI 13 cells and sample compartments Electrochemical detection, of mor­ 79 phine 273 detectors in HPLC 44,206 Index 349

detectors and readout systems in drug analyses 190 82 general 12 filters and monochromators 76 headspace analysis 195,303, and HPLC 98 310 and immunoassay 83,87-96 of metals 196 intrinsic 103 of narcotics 257-273 labels 84 paracetamol and TDM 330 light sources 75 separation of isomers 195 methods used in forensic work in screening procedures 182-183 212 GC-MS 13 non-chromatographic methods of for cyanide in blood 301 analysis I 07 in drug analyses 192 polarisation immunoassays 91 for narcotics 263,274 synchronous spectra 78 GC-pyro1ysis 196 and TLC 81 ,97 Gentamycin, target range 151 Fluorescence analysis, chapter Glafenine, HPLC 61 71-114 GLC see GC Fluorescence spectrometry, instru- GIibenclamide, solvent extraction mentation 73 171 Fluorimetry, for morphine 259 Glut ethimide Fluorosil 175 fatal levels 218 , HPLC 61 ,106 HPLC 61 ,102 Gonadotrophin, assay of 88 TLC 97 GPC (gel permeation chromato­ Fluram, f1uorescamine 103 graphy) 17 Flurazepam GC 333 HPLC 41,45-47,61 Hair, compounds present in 162 u.v. spectrum of 42 Halogen acids, in fires 291 Fluphenazine, solvent extraction of , HPLC 61 171 Headspace-GC, for volatiles from Flurazepam, fatal levels of 218 blood 195 ,303,310 Flurbiprofen, HPLC 61 Herbicides and TLC 98 Forensic science , and radioimmuno- Heroin assays 125 HPLC 60 FPIA 260 interpretation of results 277 FRAT 260 metabolism 244 Furosemide Hexobarbitone, HPLC 61 HPLC 61 HI 260 TLC 97 High-performance TLC, see HPTLC HPLC Gas chromatography, see GC of anticonvulsants 326 Gas chromatography-mass spectro­ chapter 35-69 metry, see GC-MS column packing and preparation GC 50 ,51 of anticonvulsants 326 data list of 166 compounds benzodiazepines and TDM 332 58 capillary I91 derivatisation in 203 for carbon monoxide in blood detectors 40 ,202 296 digoxin in urine 322 of cyanide in blood 300 electrochemical detectors 207 detectors 192 fault finding 53 350 Index

HPLC cont'd. Internal standards, in analysis 173 fluorescence detection of over Interpretation of results 151, 217 30 drugs 206 narcotics 276 et seq . in forensic analyses 197 Ion-exchange chromatography 17 general 14 Ion exchange resins, in narcotic and immunoassays 207 analyses 253 ion pairing 204-205 Ion pairing of LSD 100 in HPLC 201- 205 of morphine 101 in solvent extraction 169 of narcotics 273 Ion-selective electrodes 214 phases used in drug analyses, Isoetharine, HPLC 62 198etseq. Isomer separation 26 separation of isomers 206 Isomers solvents used for extraction prior separation of by GC 195 to analysis 170-171 separation using HPLC 206 stationary phases used in drug Isosorbide, HPLC 62 analyses 198-199 and u. v. detectors 40 Kaolin 253 HPLC and TDM 334 , HPLC 62 HPTLC II , I 86 Hydralazine, electrochemical de­ Labetolol, analysis and extraction tection in HPLC 207 166 Hydrocarbons, HPLC 103 Lanthanides, labels in fluor imetry Hydrogen cyanide, in fires 299 88 Laxative abuse 215 Ibuprofen, HPLC 61 Levels, of drugs in fatal self-poisoning IEC 17 218 Levodopa, HPLC 62 fatal levels 218 Levorphanol HPLC 45-47,61,102etseq. fatal levels of 283 Immunoassays interpretation of results of 283 for ant iconvulsants 329 Ligand assays 20 in forensic work 208-210 Lignocaine for narcotics HPLC 62 quantitative 276 et seq . target range 151 relative reactivities 262 Liquid-liquid partition chroma- in pharmacokinetics 148 tography, see LLC using fluorescence 83 ,87-96 Liquid/solid extraction 174 Immuno fluorescence 210 Lissamine Rhodamine B 86 Indalpine, HPLC 62 Lithium, target range of lSI Indapamide, HPLC 62 LLC 17 Indobufen, HPLC 62 Lobetolol, solvent extraction of 171 Indomethacin, HPLC 62 Lorazepam , solvent extraction of GC 333 171 HPLC 62,102 Infra-red 25 Lorcainamide, HPLC 62 Insecticides, fluorescence deriva­ Lorcainide, solvent extraction of tisation of 106 171 Insulin , HPLC 62 interference by paracetamol LSD and HPLC 62, 100 178 Lucifer Yellow 85, 86 by laser source fluorimetry 88 Luminescence spectroscopy, general HPLC 62 6 Index 351

Maprotilene, HPLC 62 , electrochemical in HPLC Maprotyline, fatal levels of 218 207 Mass spectrometry, see MS Nalbuphine, HPLC 63 Mean list length, in TLC 184 Naloxone, HPLC 63 Medazepam, HPLC 102 Narcotics Mefloquine, HPLC 62 absorption and distribution 242 Mercury lines 75 analysis of , chapter 241-288 Mercury salts, HPLC 62 and immunoassays 260-262 Metals metabolism and excretion 243 analyses of in forensic work 212 Nicotine, HPLC 63 by GC 186 Nitrazepam Methadone GC 333 extraction of 252 HPLC 63 fatal levels of 2 18, 280 Nitriles, in fires 291 GC and recoveries 258 Nitrogen oxides, in fires 291 HPLC 62 NMR25,215 interpretation of results 279 Nomifensine, errors in results 180 metabolism of 247 Norpethidine, GC and recoveries Methaqualone, HPLC 62,102 of 258 Methotrexate Norpropoxyphene, GC and re­ with aspirin, interpretation of coveries of 258 results 156-157 fluorescence derivatisation 106 RIA 122 RIA 125 target range 151 target range I 51 Noscapine, HPLC 63 using bioluminescence 95 Nuclear magnetic resonance, see Methotrimeprazine, HPLC 102 NMR Methyl , HPLC 62 4-Methyl umbelliferone 85 , HPLC 62 Metronidazole, HPLC 63 HPLC 103 Mexiletine RIA 125 HPLC 63 OPT 104 solvent extraction of 171 Organo-phosphorus compounds, as cholinesterase inhibitors electrochemical detectors 207 using fluorescence analysis HPLC 45-47,63,102 108 solvent extraction 171 Orphenadrine, fatal levels of 218 Midazolam, HPLC 63 Oxazepam MLL, in TLC 184 GC 333 Morphine HPLC 102 electrochemical detector in HPLC solvent extraction of 171 207 Oxyprenolol, TLC 97 extraction 251 fatal levels 278 Papaverine fluorescence derivatisation 106, HPLC 63 107 solvent extraction of 171 GC and derivatisation 269 Paracetamol and HPLC 63 ,101-102 analysis of 182 interpretation of results 277 electrochemical detection in metabolism of 244 HPLC 207 RIA and HPLC 45 fatal levels of 218 MS, as an HPLC detector 43 HPLC 63 352 Index

Paracetamol cant'd. Piroxicam, HPLC 63 interference in blood glucose Plasticisers, contamination by determinations 178 178 separation from salicylic acid 49 Potato alkaloids, RIA 126 solvent extraction of 171 , HPLC 63 and TDM 330 Prazepam Paraquat, HPLC 102-104 GC 333 Pemoline, HPLC 63 HPLC 63 Penbutalol, HPLC 63 , HPLC 64 Penicillamine, electrochemical Prep-one analyser I 75 detection in HPLC 207 Primidone, HPLC 64 Pentazocine Probucol, HPLC 64 fatal levels of 218 Procainamide, TLC 97 extraction of 253 Procaine, HPLC 102 Pentobarbitone, fatal levels of , HPLC 102 218 Peroxides, in ethers 178 HPLC 64,102 , HPLC 102 Pesticides HPLC 64,102 stability on storage in blood solvent extraction of 171 163 , HPLC 64 TLC 97 Propanolol Pentobarbitone, HLPC 63 fatal levels of 218 GC and recoveries 258 HPLC 64, 102, 103 solvent extraction 171 HPLC 63 TLC 97 Pharmokinetics, and patient care, Propoxyphene chapter 131-160 extraction of 252 Phase separation, in rad ioimmuno­ fatal levels of 282 assays 120 GC and recoveries 258 , HPLC 63 interpretation of results 281 Phenobarbitone metabolism 248 fatal levels of 218 solvent extraction of 171 HPLC 63 see also Dextropropoxyphene electrochemical detection in Protein binding 138 HPLC 207 of compounds 163 fluorescence derivatisation 106 Protein precipitation techniques, fluorescent detectors in HPLC in forensic analyses 167 44 Protriptyline, HPLC 102 Phenprocoumon, TLC 97 , HPLC 64,99 Phen ylbutazone, HPLC 63 , HPLC 64,99,103 Psychotropic drugs and TLC 97 fluorescence derivatisation 106 Putrefaction 177 HPLC 63 Pyrolysis GC 196 solvent extraction 171 Pyrolysis products, of polymers Phenytoin 291 HPLC 63 ,106,107 interpretation of results of 154 target range of 151 Pholcodine, HPLC 102 Qualitative analysis, for narcotics Phosphorescence 72 255 and TLC 98 Quality assurance 30 Phycoerythrin 86 Quality control 148,217-219 Index 353

Quinalbarbitone Samples for analysis, in forensic fatal levels of 218 cases 162 HPLC 64 Samples, preservation and storage 163 fatal levels of 218 Sandwich assay 22 HPLC 64 ,103 Scopolamine, HPLC 64 TLC 97 Screening procedures, other than Quinine TLC 182-183 fatal levels of 218 Secbutobarbitone, HPLC 65 HPLC 64 Selenium, in body fluids 107 Sephadex 175 Sep-pak 175 Radioderivatisation 26 Sodium valproate, target range 151 Radio immunoassay, see RIA Radiolabelling 119 Solanine, HPLC 65 Ranitidine, HPLC 64 Solvent abuse 215 RBC, binding of drugs to 163 Solvent extraction Red blood cells, see RBC in analyses 167 Refractive index, detectors in HPLC of narcotic drugs 249 44 role of pH 173 Resolution, in HPLC 48 Solvents, purity of 177 Retention time, in HPLC 45 Soterenolol, electrochemical de­ Reversed-phase HPLC 18, 197 tection in HPLC 207 et seq . Spectrofluorimetry, for morphine Rhodamine B 85 ,86 275 RIA Spot tests 181 advantages and limitations 123 Stick chromatography 187 assay procedures 122 Strychnine, HPLC 65 chapter 115-1 29 Subtilisin Carlsberg, in sample for drugs 208 pretreatment 165 in epidemiology and environ- Sulphanilamide, HPLC 102 mental contamination 126 Sulphonamides, electrochemical in forensic work 125 detection in HPLC 207 in HPLC 44 Sympathomimetics, TLC 98 for narcotics 260 et seq . for pesticides and herbicides 126 Target concentration ranges 151 in pharmacology and pharmo- TDM 155 kinetics 124 chapter 319-343 RP-HPLC 18, 197 et seq . using radioimmunoassays 124 Technicon fast LC 176 Temazepan , HPLC 64 GC 333 Salicylate HPLC 65,102 fatal levels of 21 8 Temperature, effects of, on stability target range 151 of compounds in blood 163 Salicylic acid Terbium, derivatives, for assay of HPLC 64,103 gentamycin 88 HPLC separation from Paraceta­ Tetrahydrocannabinol, TLC 98 mol 49 Tetramethyl Rhodamine 85,86 Salting out procedures, in analyses Texas Red 86 168 Theophylline Sample preparation 28 HPLC 65 in analyses for narcotics 249 target range 151 in forensic analyses 165 TDM 340 354 Index

Therapeutic drug monitoring, see Trimethoprim, HPLC 103 TDM Thiazetazone, HPLC 65 fatal levels of 218 Thin-layer chromatography, see TLC HPLC 102 Thiocyanate, electrochemical de- Tubocurarine, HPLC 65 tection in HPLC 207 Thiopentone Ultra sonication, in sample pre­ HPLC 65 treatment 165 TDM 331 Urea herbicides, TLC 98 , HPLC 65 , 102 U.v. spectroscopy, general 4 Thyroxine assay 95 methods 211 TLC for narcotics 259 in analysis of drugs 181 of anions and cations 189 Verapami1 densitometry 11 HPLC 65 and fluorescence 97 solvent extraction 171 general 9 Volatiles, found in fire-deaths and for narcotics 256 controls 304-309 reagents for detection of drugs Voltametry 215 187 et seq . standardised systems 185 Warfarin, HPLC 65 , 103 Tocainamide, HPLC 65 , analysis of 182 XAD-2 175 ,253 Tox Elute 175 ,255 XAD-4 and 7, comparison with Toxi-Lab 184, 256 XAD-2 253 Tranylcypromine, fatal levels of Xenobiotics 218 methods available for determi­ Trazadone, HPLC 65 nation and identification Triaza1am, GC 333 2 Triazo1am, HPLC 65 relationship between tissue levels Trichlproethanol, analysis of 182 and body fluids 2 Tricyclics, and TDM 334 , HPLC 65 Zimeldine, HPLC 65 Trimeprazine, HPLC 65 , 102 Zomepirac, HPLC 65