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160 FOOTBALL • • • argument.alternative of utopian line and these empirical face of the ally. realities proposeits In an a I societies only being society rather than global civil enemies of most the with not in remain homophobia. and are Football racism activelyrepository consorts of and often women, stadiums but exclude men and by defined demographically rooms dressing though changing, remains overwhelmingly football, global masculine; of its culture consumerism.universal The sanitised another variant spectacle of reducing to the on the multinational by penetrated interests corporations, of deeply and logos appears intent The game rich. the the of of rule fabric the to subject are poor the which in system, economic global the by deformed similarly appears it states, between conduct polite for pass that the in enmeshed not competitiveness, is football rivalries violence occasional and of acts When system. state inter- interaction the of common in modes and power of order always mirror, the not odd do they mimic, if that teams seem representative national may between competitions around society civil bedfellows. global primarily football world all, After is organised and Football Introduction of sponsorship the between continues. Thus, story belongings. national their our delinquency, over hand and patriotism they threatened that intermezzo, were demanded spectators the flag, who during pickpockets the and of beneath game dozens view the by from stadium…Meanwhile sheltered the of beginning the of the of motto terrace at the whole passion' shown a is was 'Argentina filling saying It legend passion'. a with is the 'America along with half; is colours, Argentine channel lower television in its was in printed flag channel The Ecuador. the against of match an logo home to 'donated' the was at which used $40,000 be costing to and supporter' 'Argentine wide metres 150 approximately flag giant a TV…made America 7 CHAPTER ai Goldblatt David SOCIETY CIVIL GLOBAL AND FOOTBALL COUPLE: ODD THE hr,teptooiso otalaepiaiythe primarily are football of pathologies the Third, political and relationship globally. economic and wider nationally power, and the society for civil metaphor between lucid a and problem practical a shared both as universal serves football Second, and real heritage. cultural global a and provide global pleasures networks and aesthetics narratives, values, of Its interaction. institutional of infrastructure an Its constitutive provide competitions regularised society. actually culturalcivil is complex and diverse practice, a as football, First, • ot isae hmal h il a etoe for open left the was European and field The of risks all. them number the dissuaded practicalities, costs a the from but event countries, the interest hosting organising some been in Cup had there World then first Until committee. its forming action, into propelled finally was 1904, in founded football organising for global body the FIFA, obtained everyone for. asked had they size tickets the the times would which ten crowd been a of have front in Uruguay, by won tournamentwas The event. popular most the away and far 2001). general Bairner 2001; in al. few sport et (Miller the on focus and matter example), the for mention on monographs 1999, barely al. et globalisation (Held football cultural on key as the alone: writings not such are They agencies do. to heritage failed have UNESCO historical and that cultural task the global a final, consider the Cup World to the of origins moment and setting a the gauging for of pausing worth way is it occasion, a the was of significance As cultural global before? planet numbers the such way, half a in such in than gathered the ever humanity more win Has watching. to Cup, Japan World in 2-0 2002 Germany beat Brazil When heritage world and culture global as Football oit r oiie ocalnetecurrent the challenge economics. to governance football and of system civil mobilised global within are forces society the if progressive only and culture equitable global universal, central a a as of potential element its fulfil can football gormless Fourth, and spread. global commercialisation its and managed and institutions, supported have that corporations political and corrupt authoritarian of power unchecked the of result tte12 mtra lmis otalpoe by proved football Olympics, Amsterdam 1928 the At al lbre n ai orge (2000) Rodriguez Maria and Alabarces Pablo ieasd oe' otalta nIran in team football women's five-a-side A andotlk h utlyrdptl fa art-deco that an Latin of stands petals multilayered the be four like out fanned into to broken was ellipse It double-tiered Centenario. a of as built the stadium, reinforced concrete first America's for plans modernism his and in boom minimalism Europe. inter-war building emergent the a of students enthusiastic most and seen been first the among had had elite architectural Uruguay's 1920s Montevideo. late patrons, the cultured different architecturally rich, a and in spending government investment, overseas was with Flush it league. or Architecturally Centenario's Park the Isles. outside The Hampden largest the British of was is. it 90,000 that still at than but Wembley, it less ways was capacity some In built. occasion. a the for build first stadium fitting to and Uruguay's promised new of and inauguration - constitution the independent from on Uruguay's 100years - 1930 July in champion, begin tournament expenses, the teams' that proposed visiting world pay to offered football government as country's status the advertise and entrench to the Eager wool, throughout 1920s. boomed Its the had industries money. beef on and had money hide Uruguay its And put Uruguay. to table: prepared country only the twsi hscnetta unSas rwup drew Scasso Juan that context this in was It yet stadium football finest the doubt without was It © aoiePn/ao Pictures Penn/Panos Caroline aelt eeiintasiso sinstantaneous.' is but transmission surface, television earth's human Globalsatellite the cross final. collective slowly Cup must World greatest eclipses the single watching is The of experience is state This spot. began. a all in the it where and is Futbol, 'This excitement. de some Museo the of the Capalan, Director Juan with male d'hommage tour the of top adult the the final. of Argentina Cup World and first cent Uruguay the played country), per the more of (20 numbered population that 100,000 crowd high shadow the a the than In before to tower, tower. the way the of of the top very all the at ran flagpole that rectangular the fluting ship along concrete steel-hulled up the immediately of sleek, prow turned the a following ship, eye, of The prow upwards. pitched the At aeroplane. front, an of the wings aerodynamic an elegant remains the and was It tour optimism. pitch. modernist of metres statement extraordinary his sunken 100 added the Scasso rising above tower ground nine-story the a d'hommage, of the on side but north stadium, exceptional an the was surfaces alone, Centenario structures flush these of For patterns. aesthetic simple seats core and and a walls to faithful walkways, stayed of detailing The flower. nsrn 04Iwslcyeog ob tnigat standing be to enough lucky was I 2004 spring In sprouted tower the of walls square the base, its At 161

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162 FOOTBALL il lyn otali h lyrudo h sai lad lmnaySchool Elementary Alnahda Islamic the of playground the in football playing Girls otalwsasgiiatsotn oc,FF n EAatd EAcle nalmme ain'football nations' mainstream. member the all women's into on football that recognition called women's incorporate UEFA dim to acted. some associations UEFA by and and FIFA control force, sporting losing significant of a fear was in by football Italy Driven in 1971. cups in world Mexico women's in informal held and 1970 and 1969 Manchester in by formed won Championship was European CIEFF women's Italian-based a The Corinthians. of holding the and 1957 in Association Football overwhelmingly male. were factories so, exclusively munitions never the though from crowds, emerged Football War. had World was First exclusion that scene the of football strategy of women's same the marginalise The them. to 1920s to affiliated the clubs in any banused of to those quick or were counterparts facilities European their its beat using England and from Association of Football women South The the End. Crouch when in 1895 7-1 in London played North was England in match football women's first The anyway. 2004). Hong men for 2003; matter Williams a see football, was women's realm, public of history the the of of (on rest alone raft the ideological like vast sport, a that presumed to tied all inception that masculinities very Victorian armed its the from and was football clubs modern boys’ impartially, old as university, school, Just whichforces. public sport, of the institutions male to exclusively access the immediate in no nurtured be had was Women cannot football. association same The of themselves. development early among the or games of mixed said in Shrove either English playing and variants women court suggest many medieval all Japanese the games the of Tuesday America, some North played native women from Accounts that football. clear folk seems global it of thin, rather occasion on is evidence the Though 7.1: Box hn n otenErp,adi sgiiggon nsbShrnArc.I mrc n hn h relative the China and America In Africa. sub-Saharan in ground gaining is it and Europe, northern and China ntrso atcpto n prigsces oe' otalhstresrnhls-NrhAmerica, North - strongholds three has football women's success, sporting and participation of terms In Ladies International the of creation the with began football women's organise to attempts Independent field the to took Britain in women upper-class constraints, ideological and structural of face the In oe n football and Women © tfnBns/ao Pictures Boness/Panos Stefan oeti hs at ftewrdta a afford can that vacuous world and the as fleeting of wide parts a those as for in cultural reach only moment a then America's claim the and to Only football, of begin masses. can its products industries of anodyne not elites, most francas world's lingua the the remain close of they football but of run universality, vocabularies must for the mathematics and geographical and English its science of match use The can scope. religion No world everywhere. rules single same the by diversity. played their is Football in and infinite death but birth, universal, are of marriage Rites football? than global more site?' Heritage experimental World it UNESCO Shouldn't a preserved. Its be be a must of here. it air 'Then salty city'. the be coastal resist to not designed not was will concrete global globalisation 'because stadium most replied, of Capalan shame,’ the the era 'A said. where modern I began,’ place the I the that of journey phenomenon see same the to make made to it, going make we are if people years, thousand a 'In nodded. Capalan since. years four every played been has it and 1991, in Cup World women's first the organised FIFA women's promote football. helped has governments democratic social the of Europe engineering northern social In and trouble. egalitarianism United financial irrevocable Women's and the deep 2003, in in the launch was boasts (WUSA) States its Association United after Soccer The year grow. a can though game league, football the women's professional which fully in only space the created has football men's of weakness Source: Table 7.1: el hud' t steeayclua practice cultural any there Is it? shouldn't Well, AEMSUIA 2,9 9122,4 8072,5 ,8 49,567 1,182 10,513 21,357 1,445 28,047 2.9 6,098 52,611 1,276 21,884 21,140 3.0 FEMMES/FRAUEN 22,056 FEMALE/FEMENINA/ 99,192 4.1 220,494 HOMMES/MANNER 38,560 MALE/MASCULINA/ POPULATION OF % 22,585 105,290 JOUERS/SPIELER 242,378 PLAYERS/JUGADORES IA(2000) FIFA h plays where:Who registered football football players by confederation gender, and 2000 IAACCFCNAA OMBLOCUEFA OFC CONMEBOL CONCAFAF CAF AFC FIFA es,w hudpeev h scintillating the began. globalisation experience shared preserve its a where very as stadium the the should of At architecture universal we values. and moral an least, and is autonomous pathologies, aesthetics of and ethics, faults source manifold enduring its and, civil century all twenty-first global cultural for early global the of mass of pre-eminent networks phenomenon the is fragile It practices is the society. and guises, institutions many create of its webs all that many in Football, the of it. one it, buy run or to it media try own sponsors global multinational the and bureaucracy, industries football of rest global the and the FIFA much however common, resource in cultural global footballheld audience precious the a of is in football are not, lens you or Whether the at appear. look bizarre us to makes however world the other, of each peoples embraced, the for been opportunity has them. it by transformed then societies, by and embedded consumed been world's merely the not has Football them. h ol u,teeoe stegets regular greatest the is therefore, Cup, World The 8,4 9 43,044 94 690 . . 6.7 4.4 6.5 163

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164 FOOTBALL 5pae r loae oUF,fv oArc,fu oSuhAeiaadtret saadCONCACAF and Asia to three and America South to four Africa, rounds; qualifying to of five UEFA, series two-year to allocated a are in places places 15 31 other the for compete must else everybody automatically; iohtrgm l hog h is on,tetunmn ie nfa farpa ftekdapnsa the at kidnappings the of repeat a of fear Olympics. in Munich lives tournament 1972 the round, first the through all regime Pinochet play. 1974: and Germany watch West to wants everyone that game the plays Brazil football. world for moment defining a in 1970: Mexico fuel helps replays slow-motion of goal. arrival winning The England's home. over controversy at Cup World the wins poorly, participating then 1966: England global without Cup World last The else'. nothing have we for Cup coverage. World television live the us 'give FIFA beg Chileans the - 1962: Chile football. attractive for benchmark a sets 1958: Sweden relieved a nation. and pariah Republic Federal the the for normality of international moment to cultural return founding a as serving Switzerland, in triumph team 1954:Switzerland to lose to only final, the before the victory In Uruguay. its world. announces effectively the Brazil ever, in hubris place sporting its of take act greatest to ready is and industrialised, and modernised has Brazil post-Vargas 1950: Brazil train the off get they matches. as their exiles and of anti-fascists all by jeered at is again team and Marseilles Italian at the as arrive War World Second the of 1938: France spectacular. politicised highly a into competition sporting global turning in innovator 1934: Italy Centenario. Estadio magical the in 1930: Uruguay the (on since ever 2006). played Glanville been 2006; Freddi has see War, World Cup Second in World 1930 the the in to of history held due first 1946 was and It 1942 Oceania. missing and after country and, American Uruguay Latin a between play-off in decided place final h IAFobl ol Cup World Football FIFA The 7.2: Box h ol u:agiefrteperplexed the for guide a Cup: World The tl zcolvka1 usln' tl ly ot n ha fteBri lmisi the is Olympics Berlin the of ahead and host, plays Italy Mussolini's 1. Czechoslovakia 2 Italy rzl3Cehsoai .WrdCphsigrgt r eoiga nraigypltclmatter political increasingly an becoming are rights hosting Cup World 1. Czechoslovakia 3 Brazil rga rzl1 h rzlasueteWrdCpt ovnetewrdadtesle that themselves and world the convince to Cup World the use Brazilians The 1. Brazil 2 Uruguay tl ugr .Fac,atrtefl ftePplrFot stehs.Tedreigshadows darkening The host. the is Front, Popular the of fall the after France, 2. Hungary 4 Italy rzl4Iay1 h is ol u ia ob eeie ieadi oorse rzlba Italy beat Brazil sees colour in and live televised be to final Cup World first The 1. Italy 4 Brazil rzl5See .Tewoewrdtksntc,Bai isteWrdCpi wdnand Sweden in Cup World the wins Brazil notice, takes world whole The 2. Sweden 5 Brazil nln etGray2 otalcmshm.Egad fe euigt atcpt and participate to refusing after England, home. comes Football 2. Germany West 4 England rga retn .Antoa eerto n lblpbiiyfrUuuys odnera golden Uruguay's' for publicity global and celebration national A 2. Argentina 4 Uruguay etGray3Hnay2 h is ol u ob eeie esteWs German West the sees televised be to Cup World first The 2. Hungary 3 Germany West etGray2Hlad1 h ke akn hla isdnspoetoe the over protest dissidents Chilean darken. skies The 1. Holland 2 Germany West TM ogv tisfl il,i edeeyfu er.Ol h ot o qualify now hosts the Only years. four every held is title, full its it give to , * the , pi h oraet iea srne opete aaet prt ntesm pc ihu even without space same the other. in to operate each them to at asking looking manage by they couple option estranged soft an the Like takes tournament. FIFA the lobbying. politicised split and bitter intensely of years two after hosts 2002: Korea-Japan South ofdrto fNrh eta mrcnadCrbenAscainFobl.SeBx73frepaain fabbreviations of explanations chapter for this 7.3 in Box used See Football. Association Caribbean and American Central North, of Confederation * fFec efcnrtlto vrterribwta n ano ain-a uasotcrutdb the short-circuited by the aura in an disorder and - riots nation rainbow and team rainbow their self-congratulation over French of 1998: France midst. its in to Cup manages World America the of ignore completely most performance, team national reasonable a and coverage global crowds, 1994: USA lose still they and companies, Italian organising from services local money. and the sponsorship Cup, in World lire the billion on 60 lire another raise of committee billions spends state vast Italian of The subsidy. uptake public the prevent of quantities not did argot school business neo-liberal whose commercialism shameless a 1990: Italy naive hopelessly but super-organised the from a away Americans. gets rights Mexico century, the whisking the tournament, of the stitch-up biggest at crack the second In impossible. Cup World the staging and affording makes 1986: Mexico together. put squads 24 the the all outside of and those inside commercialism exceed rampant expenses of own burst FIFA's first and stadiums, the sees that system playing Byzantine a in remains 1982: Peru Spain over victory 6-0 miraculous Its it. win to stops the all out pull tainted. and heavily Cup World the on put to jails 1978:Argentina rzl0Iay0(rzlwno eate -) otalcnur mrc,o o.Dsievast Despite not. or America, conquers Football 3-2). penalties on win (Brazil 0 Italy 0 Brazil etGray1Agnia0 eodtegiz h seta yai fIai 0smngmn is management 90's Italia of dynamic essential the glitz, the Beyond 0. Argentina 1 Germany West tl etGray1 pi esistr ntesna h is xaddWrdCp 4teams 24 Cup: World expanded first the at sun the in turn its gets Spain 1. Germany West 3 Italy rne3Bai .Fac' ut-tncntoa emwn thm,popiga outpouring an prompting home, at wins team national multi-ethnic France's 0. Brazil 3 France retn etGray2 oubahlstehsigrgt u h nls ii war civil endless the but rights hosting the holds Columbia 2. Germany West 3 Argentina retn oln .Agniasjnaepistecutyscfes n il h nation's the fills and coffers, country's the empties junta Argentina's 1. Holland 3 Argentina banlieue rzl2Gray0 sasfrtWrdCp aa n ot oe hsna co- as chosen Korea South and Japan Cup. World first Asia's 0. Germany 2 Brazil n2005. in 165

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166 FOOTBALL oetasaetyta n te o.Isrcn eodo nircs sas eystrong. very also is run anti-racism is on record confederations, and recent the Its too. of powerful other and any wealthy transparently than most more of the organiser easily the is As it Zone). League, Asian Champions European the the from (diplomatically removed Israel 1992, ,since and Kazakhstan as east Associations): Football European of (Union UEFA purposes. qualifying Cup the World with parallel for AFC in joined recently and, chances, has teams' trade, its and diplomacy Asia-orientated to country's damaging even has particular and restrictive highly in Australia be Pacific. to the membership of found archipelagos island tiny the with together Australasia putting 1966, members. FIFA four with football for Confederation): Football (Oceania body rule-making OFC ultimate the of membership shares now it 1886, Board): Football Association (International IAFB fortress. Swiss its from football runs Association): Football Internationale de (Fédération FIFA FIFA. within organisation and voting bloc of pioneers The Caribbean. backwardness footballing the and in size them whose places properly Surinam, and Guiana French Guyana, from apart America South FútBOL): de (CONfederación sudaMEricana CONMEBOL together. America Central and Caribbean the Mexico, America, North puts CONMEBOL minus Football): Association Caribbean and American Central North, (Confederation of CONCACAF Currently pride. and identity pan-African of Africans. sense West francophone them a by saw with dominated teams infused multi-ethnic been field had to refusal CAF Africa's inception South its Sudan. From banned. and Africa South Egypt, Ethiopia, - era the Football): de Africaine (Confédération CAF East. Far feasible. the tournaments international in made growth that economic sponsorship massive attract experiencing Now to able Only been difficult. football international it regular has made mid-1990s that the continent since the of diversity and size impossible the with Confederation): Football (Asian AFC 7.3: Box otalsfedm:agiet h lblfobl bureaucracy football global the to guide a fiefdoms: Football's h sa otalcneeainsetisfrt3 er rigt grapple to trying years 30 first its spent confederation football Asian the h lgtyldcosgorpyo lblfobl rae F in OFC created football global of geography ludicrous slightly the omdi 97wt uttefu needn fia ain of nations African independent four the just with 1957 in formed rgnlyetbihdb h orBiih'oentos in nations' 'home British four the by established originally uoesgvrigbd,tog hsicue ttsa far as states includes this though body, governing europe's h letfobl ofdrto,i ossso l of all of consists it confederation, football oldest the one n10,teueetdgoa NOthat INGO global unelected the 1904, in founded h Americas The ai eka nChina in Beckham David leine hudntb moe.Lv snot is Love bought. imposed. be be not not should should of Victory forces Allegiances power. the by and decided money be drama cannot The outcome dust. its to and glory. turns of stolen share or their bought take glory But or buy to looking be always will which money, and power and with attracts Football deal therefore must football. in require than for, so paid more no and Spectaculars organised and be romantic. must circus The sporting backers. rather sociological a a is than McIlvanney this, In never was tenable. it play that societies the to superior remain uvvl fsotcae ob lgtyfantastic slightly time. of waste a a is sport be it, of to part sleazy another just ceases becomes life...and for metaphor sport If survival. its of apparatus basic the but concepts play outmoded fair not are and idealism, honesty trouble…Without and Romance in exist. not all does to are sport shown we indeed delusion, is belief a that be If serves. it society based the to flimsily rather superior permanently remain can though sport that cherished, assumption the of the simply death quite be may witnessing are we What society civil and Football h supinta pr ih permanently might sport that assumption The © ia hnPnsPictures Shen/Panos Qilai MIvne 1999)(McIlvanney itre n laue.Bttemaigo itr in victory in of meaning but the power But The pleasures. or and victories money follow law. in and calculated of play not a are who rule football those on for the insists own lines bottom and it multiple its access game are of a that universalism As values creation. by autonomous structured these a and just by bound rules resists is is It virtue. essential football its it is end that Indeed, game. the in Intrinsically because offers deformations else. Football undeniable. something is have claim McIlvanney's bigotry and pitch. the off and campaign racism on place their political staked constantly Violence, and fiefdoms machines. personal exploited, as been run been have bureaucracies football's have world, the heap.Across fans scrap the on thrown and and mistreated liquidated, thrown. been clubs have games Players, and corralled been linesmen bought, have been have Referees society. wider in prevalent instrumentalism and to its venality of sunk level in the has the often football of industry, sector so entertainment a Yet to global ritual ruled. folk chaotic be a from it transition can nor tradeable, e,fraltehsoia vdne h oec of potency the evidence, historical the all for Yet, 167

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Box 7.4: Football - game rules of a conflict tough guys'. Prior to his assassination in January 2000, attributed to Serbia's organised crime gangs, Arkan used his influence and 'fame' as a tough guy to recruit young, impulsive, and passionate individuals into the One event many analysts identify as the first act of ethnically motivated violence in wars in former Yugoslavia ranks of his paramilitary group. None of that would have been possible without the knowledge and the took place not on a battlefield but on a football field. On 13 May 1990, more than one year before the 'real war' approval of Serbia's political leadership. Furthermore, Croatia's Dynamo fans, better known as 'Bad Blue began, supporters of Serbia's Red Star Belgrade and Croatia's Dynamo Zagreb clashed in a stadium in Boys' (BBBs), also joined the military and paramilitary forces. Outside Dynamo's stadium in Zagreb, one can Zagreb, Croatia, prior to the Yugoslavian league game (which never took place), with dozens of injuries on spot a monument for the BBBs who died during the war and who are honoured not on Croatia's both sides. The initial causes of the incident remain murky as all sides blame one another, but how the independence day but on 13 May. Delije and BBBs made the 'honourable' decision that, instead of continuing violence began is not really important. What is important is that all sides in the then still united Yugoslavia the fight using fists, rocks and baseball bats on streets and parks around Yugoslavian stadiums, they should became aware of the extent of the tragedy soon to follow. Rivalry that started as classical football put on uniforms and take up weapons. hooliganism and 'machismo' soon acquired an ethnic and nationalist identity. Coupled with the growing anti- Within a few months after the outbreak of war, the UN Security Council imposed sports sanctions, Communist hysteria of the late 1980s, organised football supporters claimed the unofficial title 'the voice of among others, upon Serbia and Montenegro, which included a prohibition on playing international football. people', the people who were not afraid to speak out against the regime. However, the reality is that most of those who used football for selfish political ends never experienced the With weakening Communist rule and growing calls for democratisation, newly formed political parties violence themselves. Some of these leaders are now dead, while some of those who survived are sitting in with nationalist platforms, populist leadership, and opportunist individuals in all former Yugoslavian republics ICTY's detention centre in The Hague, facing war crimes charges for their role in the bloodshed. Inmates provided funds and logistics to the organised football supporters. The potential to attract sympathisers of reside on the same floor regardless of their ethnic origin, watch television together, cook and spend time in a political interests gained momentum in the context of a deteriorating economic situation and rising ethnic fitness centre. Ironically, their favourite pastime is football, and so far no incidents have been reported from tensions in the country in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Since the media were still under the government's the detention centre. If only there had been a way to put them all together in one place where they could play control and public gatherings either forbidden or strictly monitored, football games with thousands of football with each other before the war started. Maybe then football would have gained a value beyond its spectators and nationwide live television and radio coverage seemed the most promising recruitment grounds instrumentalisation for political violence. It might seem an odd coincidence, but only a few months before the and propaganda venues. Banners and flags with nationalist symbols banned under Communist rule began war in Yugoslavia reached the point of no return, Red Star Belgrade won the national title as well as UEFA's appearing at football stadiums in the late 1980s. Despite the risk of persecution and severe punishment, local Champions League title in May 1991. Red Star was and still is from Belgrade, but its star players came from authorities first ignored and later even encouraged such symbols during games. Slogans and songs praising all ethnic backgrounds, and the star player was Robert Prosinecki, a Croat. Prosinecki played a crucial role in one ethnic group's historical figures and expressing nationalist insults became part of the now mandatory the final of UEFA Champions League on 29 May 1991 and was given a hero's welcome in Belgrade. football choreography, especially if clubs played on 'foreign' territory. Eventually, the nationalists successfully awakened extreme ethnic consciousness in thousands of young men, and used images from stadiums Haled Al-Hashimi, Technical University of Berlin, and Carolin Goerzig, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich throughout Yugoslavia to show others the strength of their support or the threats other groups posed. Thousands of chanting supporters, songs, banners, flags, fireworks, all constituted an important part of nationalist political propaganda in the guise of football fans' routines. In spring 1991, during the Yugoslavian football cup game in the city of Split, Croatia, supporters of another Croatian club, Hajduk, snatched the Yugoslavian national flag from the mast and burned it in front of television cameras. Millions of people from all ethnic groups finally realised that the Yugoslavia they used to know was no more. Opportunists seized the moment and used it for their own purposes, and instead of downplaying the incident they chose to magnify it to an extent that would suit all sides' different interests. Croats used the burning of the flag to mark the beginning of their struggle for an independent Croatia, while Franjo Tudjman, the late Croatian President, publicly endorsed it and used the wave of public support for the incident to boost his political party's popularity. Serbs, in turn, blamed the Croats for deliberately trying to destroy the Yugoslavian unity. The deteriorating economic and security situation in former Yugoslavia in 1990-1 failed to keep people from football stadiums. Violence followed almost every major game played during that period, and some analysts go as far as to suggest that football hooliganism was probably the spark that started the war. Already, with the first gunshots in the early summer of 1991, football fans eager to show off their 'courage' voluntarily joined the ranks of the regular military, the police, or notorious paramilitary groups such as 'Arkan's Tigers'. Zeljko Raznatovic, widely known as 'Arkan', the most feared and notorious paramilitary commander in the Balkans, who was later indicted for war crimes at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in the Hague, was also the leader of Red Star Belgrade Fan Club 'Delije', or 'the FOOTBALL FOOTBALL

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this realm cannot be compared with that on the real defiance and heart of collective endeavour. It has battlefields of the world. Football matches do not staged tragedy and comedy, epic and pantomime, change social structures; no victory, however unsophisticated music hall and inaccessible comprehensive, can shift the real balance of power or experimental performances. It does imperious change the actual distribution of wealth and status. triumph, lucky escapes, impossible comebacks and But they offer glory. For winning, and winning in style. stubborn stalemates. It captures the brilliance of For winning because you were the best, the quickest, unpredictability, the uncertainties of the human heart the cleverest. Because, when it came to it on the pitch, and human skill, of improvisation and chance. And when the whistle blew and money, power, status, those that follow it are not merely the crowd, they are reputation and history were all sent to the dugout, you the chorus. Consumers and commentators, wanted it more. You rode your luck and you took your spectators and participants, without whom every goal chances when they came. is just a ball in the back of the net, every victory just And its pleasures? There is the love of playing the three points in the bag. game. Because, before the great club colours were But if football does reflect the most genial and chosen and the monumental stadiums were raised appealing dimension of civil societies it also displays and filled, people just played anywhere. There is the and nurtures its darker side, and no more so than in its love of watching the game. Because, before the pitch capacity to generate human solidarity - surely the sine was circled with fences and turnstiles, before the qua non of any civil society. Football offers love of us and earth was circled with television satellites, before hatred of them. Because, before clubs became global there were giant screens and action replays, people brands, before club crests competed with corporate just came to watch. There is the love of following the logos, football had become entwined with every game. Because the game is not just an art, it's drama, conceivable social identity and the social divisions that Originally built for the Olympic Games of 1936, the Berlin stadium has been renovated for the 2006 football World Cup too. It has great metropolitan and minor provincial surely follow them: Derby Day in Glasgow; Belfast and © Stefan Boness/Panos Pictures theatres, with free-spending and penny-pinching Dundee pitches Catholic against Protestant; in Calcutta impresarios and their megalomaniac, obsessive it aligns Hindu Mohan Bagun against Muslim watching and following, people have defined and football, cricket, rugby, tennis, not to mention directors. It has legions of critics and a fantastical Mohammedan Sporting. In Athens, AEK are the migrant expressed who they think they and their neighbours are. hockey, polo, rounders, table tennis and croquet. rotating cast of angels and devils, geniuses and refugees from the Greco-Turkish war contesting the Football possesses its own autonomous networks The transformation of football into a regularised, journeymen, fallen giants and rising stars. It offers the turf, 80 years later, with the locals of Olympiakos. and organisation. It is oriented towards values and rule-bound, national amateur passion must therefore spotlight for individual brilliance while relishing the Through the multiple acts of playing, organising, pleasures, aesthetic and dramatic standards that can be seen in the wider context of Britain's unique place be judged only on their own terms, and whose in the invention and codification of modern sport authenticity and integrity are undermined by their (Murray 1994; Goldblatt 2006). Figure 7.1: FIFA membership, 1910-2000 excessive alignment with money and power.Like every civil society, football is a source of the most profound In the two decades that followed the creation of the 150 forms of solidarity and imagined communities - resolutely aristocratic and amateur Football Source: Goldblatt (2004) though it offers no guarantees of harmony and peace. Association (FA) and its rules in 1863, football spread Football thus serves as both practical problem and like wildfire, carried by evangelical emissaries in lucid metaphor for the complex relationship between Sunday schools, teachers' colleges and boys' clubs. civil societies and the formal spheres of economic and The game travelled from England to the Celtic 100 political power. In the following section I want to focus nations, from London and the south to the Midlands on how this interrelationship has been organised at a and the north, from the elite to the Victorian middle global level and with what consequences. and working classes, from just playing the game to CONCACAF watching and following it. By the mid-1880s games The globalisation of football: a very brief history were attracting five-figure crowds; fierce local 50 OFC AFC loyalties and enmities were being established. CAF Under the auspices of Britain's public schools and British football parallels the course of Britain's CONMEBOL elite universities, and their strange alliance of Industrial Revolution. Blessed and cursed by being muscular Christians, imperial ideologues and old-boy UEFA first, its Industrial Revolution overwhelmed the 0 gentleman players, the rules, techniques and culture world's economies. In the 1880s its football, based on

FOOTBALL 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2000 of many modern sports were first determined: the massive, extraordinary weight of working-class FOOTBALL

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Figure 7.2: World Cup television audience (millions), 1986-2006

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006

Source: FIFA (2002)

Figure 7.3: Value of World Cup television rights (in millions of Swiss francs), 1986-2006 The national stadium, Freetown, Sierra Leone ©Pep Bonet/Panos Pictures

1,600 participation and support, hurtled inevitably towards parochial. It is only in the geography of football (and 1,400 professionalisation. Increasing free time, income and rugby) that England versus Scotland constituted an confidence among the organised working classes, international encounter. During the four years after 1,200 allied to the ambitious new money of northern traders 1863 the only such games were between England and and entrepreneurs, saw competitive football attract Scotland, then in 1876 the Welsh took on the Scots for 1,000 fans, money and investment. the first time and an Irish team first played in 1882. From the late 1860s Britons were everywhere: International football, it appeared, was to be 800 migrant textile workers in the Netherlands, embassy conducted between stateless nations rather than 600 staff in Stockholm, Scottish gardeners in Vienna, nation-states or empires. But then there was no one English teachers in Bruges, colonial officials and else to debate the technicalities of the matter. At the 400 cartographers in Rangoon, factory managers in end of the nineteenth century Britain alone made the Moscow, expatriate coffee merchants in Sao Paulo. All rules on and off the pitch. In 1882 representatives of 200 took football with them, and everywhere, with a the four home nations' (as they were collectively passion and fascination unimaginable now in a world referred to) football associations met and created the 0 suffused with football, people started playing. First International Association Football Board (IAFB), 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 among the significant expatriate communities in which was to serve as the ultimate football law- Source: FIFA (2002) Buenos Aires, Vienna, Montevideo and Mexico City; making body. As early as 1896 Canada and the USA then among the local urban elites and professionals, had set up a number of thinly attended international who in a matter of years had taken the game over; and fixtures. In Latin America, Argentina and Uruguay finally among the urban masses, who not only played began to play each other - officially - in 1901. Austria the game but followed it too. By the eve of the First and Hungary followed suit in 1902. Both pairings World War football associations were established in created a public spectacle and rivalry that was every region of the earth. The majority of the world's of at least equal social intensity to the England- leading clubs had been founded by this date. Scotland clash. FOOTBALL FOOTBALL The origins of international football are remarkably Alongside this emergent network of international

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174 FOOTBALL nsot uoenGy&LsinSotFdrto ELF (www.gaysport.info). (EGLSF) Federation Sport Lesbian homophobia against & group Gay campaign European leading sport, the in and (www.uisp.it); (UISP) Tutti Per (www.progettoultra.it) Sport Italiana Unione Romagna and Emilia UISP - Ultrà Progetto Italy, (http://free.ngo.pl/nw/); in Wiecej Nigdy Stowarzyszenie - Association Again Never (www.licra.org/licrasport); Poland, (LICRA) l'Antisémitisme in et Racisme le Contre Internationale für Ligue Verein France, (www.flutlicht.org);antirassistische Fussballkultur - in Flutlicht (www.fairplay.or.at); Germany, Play domestic in Fair own Austria, their in conduct include, campaigns, all anti-racism European who 13 (www.farenet.org). members, FARE's from organisations 1999 February of in network up a (FARE), set Europe countries in Racism Against Football they and as established, grouped were increased, now campaigns countries similar European are racism, to Continental migrants of black strain unreflective and and players football. deep black in a of racism revealing numbers of the issue as the 1990s, on late acting the and campaigning In educating, Sheffield in pioneers of group been have a They by fans. 1995 United in roots- started grass was more (www.furd.org), which Divides the Racism by Unites, Football joined oriented been has game's It the authorities. local all and organisations by supporters' supported the bodies, governing is and Equality it Racial UK, for Commission the (www.kickitout.org). the In 1993 by in started Association Footballers' Professional was campaign Football of Out Racism Kick Let's coverage television the invisible. and all more nothing, it the saw rendered miraculously FA teams of commentary the one Meantime, and bananas; abuse. with racist pitch the of the and armoury showering ball the And the in jar'. weapons on cowardly jam players your of on chanting monkey back 'get and booing of the spite playground was all of and gruesome sprang ignorance stadiums and of nation's reservoir crude historical the Most deep prejudice. in a heard and be invective could of that vocabulary ready-made abuse a of effortlessly from wave The England. in attitudes the demonstrated racist present, were of organisers Front depth National not and skinheads and crowds, the Many where encountered. segments they those that just institutionalised racism and open of degree when remarkable the considers more one the from entirely all almost is drawn ascent players, and Their black football. fibre British-born professional into of of generation broke communities, lack Afro-Caribbean first and inconsistency the 1970s, of assumption early an the crowd Ham, In West the spirit. fighting at and press Best Clive the Barbadian both and from leading endure Leeds The to at 1930s. Johansson had the Albert African in Plymouth South 1960s, at later Leslie the and Jack of 1887 players and black 1920s, in the End North in Tottenham Preston for at Tull goal Walter Rotherham, in played for who Wharton, Arthur African West include England in Back, see 2000). football, Vasili in 1996; Tokarski racism and (on colonies Merkel Asian 2001; Solomos and part, and African most Crabbe their the in for apartheid Europeans, sporting White 1920s, of out. the form them in a keep adopted game to regulation Crow'-style the 'Jim into endure way to their forced had players still black they When players America. black Copa no the that at insisted actually nation president the represent the black century, and twentieth clubs, early leading the the from in barred Brazil were In players racism. with relationship dishonourable and long a has Football 7.5: Box twsaantti akrudta h is nircs apin nwrdfobl eeluce.The launched. were football world in campaigns anti-racist first the that background this against was It Pioneers 1970s. the before football European from, absent wholly not though in, rare were players Black otalaantracism against Football 0 okwt l te rusadaece,sc stepaes no,spotr,shos voluntary schools, supporters, union, players’ the as such agencies, provision. and service groups and other employment all to relation with Work in urgency. policy 10. opportunities of equal matter an a Adopt as ground the from 9. abuse. graffiti racist racist with all dealing Remove for police and racism. stewards 8. between on strategy policy common club's a the Encourage understand they sure make 7. to clubs other abuse. Contact racial in engage ground. who the 6. players around against and action disciplinary inside abuse. literature Take racist racist in of part sale take 5. the prevent not to do action they Take that holders season-ticket for condition 4. a it Make matches. at chanting 3. racist condemning announcements address public Make 2. those against take will it action the out spelling racism, tolerate not will club the saying statement a Issue 1. good a work: gives their 2002) of (UEFA racism all tackling of for indication in FARE racism with challenging developed in plan involved ten-point actively more its much and football, become European has UEFA Millennium, the of turn the Since rgamsadmk rgest as wrns fcmagigt lmnt ailaueand abuse racial eliminate to discrimination. campaigning of awareness raise to active progress pro make develop and programmes to police, and businesses local authorities, local sponsors, clubs, youth organisations, displayed and programmes ground. match the all around prominently in and printed permanently be should statement The chanting. racist in engaged 175

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Box 7.6: Independent football supporters and fan projects

Football Supporters International is a web portal and a network of unofficial and grass-roots supporters clubs and fan projects that are collaborating to provide fan embassies at major tournaments, and facilitate carnivalesque celebrations (www.footballsupportersinternational.com). Members of the network include: in England, the Football Supporters’ Federation (www.fsf.org.uk); in Germany, Koordinationsstelle Fan-Projekte (www.kos-fanprojekte.de); in the Netherlands, Landelijk Informatiepunt Supportersprojecten (LIS) (www.lisnet.nl) and Eurosupport (www.footballsupporters.info); in Switzerland, Fanprojekt Basel (www.fanprojekt-basel.ch). All of these groups have become involved with campaigning nationally and at a European level on issues around ticket prices, racism, policing and safety.

in the international political arena. By the time of the joined. The other 90 or so new members came from grotesque propaganda exercise that was the 1936 three regions: Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. This in Berlin Olympics, any residual hope that the Olympian turn was the result of a deluge of state formation that spirit was sufficiently powerful to neutralise the followed the almost total dismantling of every pathological passions of nationalism was looking remaining European empire but the Portuguese, threadbare. The British position - that politics was whose final ignominious collapse came in 1975. Yet simply not appropriate or relevant to the conduct of despite this remarkable global expansion, FIFA the game whatever its actual worth - became remained what it had always been: a minuscule, © Colombians watching Colombia versus Argentina on television Jeremy Horner/Panos Pictures impossible to sustain in the face of opponents who cash-strapped, understaffed, micro-bureaucracy, increasingly invested football matches and football institutionally dominated by Europeans, challenged by football, the early twentieth century also saw the and the Universal Postal Union, established in 1874. prowess with cultural and political weight. Latin Americans and dismissive of everyone else. All development of transnational football. In the cultural Against that background it was obvious to a small Despite the best intentions of FIFA and its heartfelt of this was transformed in 1974 when the incumbent and political spaces not yet overrun by homogenous group of Western European football administrators gentlemanly, progressive liberalism, international President Sir Stanley Rous lost his office to Joao centralising, border-closing nation states, the that some kind of international regulation and football became deeply politicised, a process that Havelange, President of the Brazilian Football international football scene was full of pleasing systematisation of football was required. On 21 May in reached its pre-war apogee in Mussolini's Italy at the Federation. anomalies. In Britain, Scottish, Welsh and Irish teams Rue St Honaire in Paris, FIFA, or, in its full Gallic glory, 1934 World Cup. In retrospect perhaps this was The Brazilian had run a lengthy and expensive were often participants in the notionally English FA Fédération Internationale de Football Association, inevitable, for international football came of age at campaign against Rous in the early 1970s, mobilising Cup. The best teams from Hungary and Bohemia was formed by delegates from seven countries: precisely the moment that mass ultra-nationalist developing-world dissent and offering a programme were invited to Vienna to play in Der Challenge Cup. Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, politics was at its height in Europe and Latin America. of expansion and aid. Havelange's accession to the Stade Helvetica, the team of Swiss expatriates in Switzerland, and Sweden. Initially, the British stayed More finally attuned to the manipulation of popular throne ushered in an era in which football would be Marseilles, won the French championship, while aloof but joined later (only to leave twice in the 1920s). taste, more ready and able to intervene in mass globalised and commercialised. The decisive moment teams from south-western France and northern Germany, Austria, Italy and Hungary signed up culture than the bubbling empires of fin-de-siècle in Havelange's reign came over dinner with Horst Spain played in the cross-border Pyrenean Cup before immediately. Europe, the new dictators and populists of the 1920s Dassler, the son of Adi Dassler, the founder of the a national tournament existed in either country. Milan European and American elites thought attitudes to and 1930s took a close and active interest in the sports goods conglomerate Adidas, and then chief and other leading northern Italian clubs crossed the international sport and international politics in the game. executive of Adidas France. The question was: how Alps to play the Chiasso Cup in Switzerland from first half of the twentieth century split three ways: that When FIFA reconstituted itself at the end of the could they catalyse the intersection of the World Cup, 1901. Yet Milan would not meet a team from Rome till they were best kept well apart; that sport was war or Second World War, it had just 54 members – over half the growing global television market, and corporate 1911. at least politics by other means; or that sport could of them European and around another fifth from Latin sponsorship to generate a vast revenue stream for all The development of cross-border postal networks, underpin a utopian politics of peace. In the great arc America. By 1974 membership had grown to 140, with of them? The answer they came up with, and the telegraph lines and railways, all in the later half of the of world history between the foundation of FIFA in Europeans and Latin Americans making up less than model of global sporting commercialisation that nineteenth century, were the infrastructural 1904 and the 1934 World Cup, the Olympian vision of a third of the total. Europe, whose borders seemed evolved over the next decade, has provided the preconditions of regularised international sport of any football, indeed of any sport, as a universalist permanently frozen by the Cold War, had added an template for every major exercise in global sports kind. These new networks of communication peacemaker was reduced to tatters. Nationalist extra Germany and the ex-British micro-colonies of sponsorship. When this model was combined with the necessitated the creation of international institutions politics crushed these hopes, hijacking both the Cyprus and Malta. In Latin America, Colombia was global transformations of live television broadcast, as of regulation and technical standardisation, such as staging of sporting contests and the meaning that expelled and then let back in, and Venezuela, always well as the diffusion of television sets to every last FOOTBALL FOOTBALL the International Telegraph Union, created in 1865, they were invested with among domestic publics and the continent's most backward football nation, finally corner of the planet, the scale and profile of the World

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Cup and regional football tournaments between the strength of FIFA. I can talk to any President, but national teams like the European Championships, the they'll be talking to a President too on an equal Asian Cup and the African Cup of Nations grew basis. They've got their power and I've got mine; the stupendously. power of football, which is the greatest power there is. Under Havelange, FIFA's membership continued to (Quoted in Yallop 1999) rise as the organisation mopped up the new states emerging from the now defunct Portuguese empire. The balance sheet In keeping with the president's political fondness for Havelange was not kidding. He is not a man to kid small associations (whose votes were equal in power around. He can rightly argue that under his to that of the largest nations, but whose poverty made presidency, FIFA was transformed from a sleepy them much more coaxable), FIFA added the micro- sporting association into one of the most important states and Lilliputian islands of the world. Between cultural INGOs in the world. FIFA has pioneered and 1976 and 1990 FIFA accepted the membership of refined the core model of sports sponsorship and Grenada, Belize, St Lucia and St Vincent from the global television coverage that has transformed the Caribbean; San Marino and the Faroe Islands in economics and presentation of the world's sporting Europe; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa and spectaculars. FIFA can also claim that it has opened Tahiti in the Pacific; and, just for good measure, those spectaculars to the developing world and the Macao, Rwanda, Oman, the Seychelles and the previously excluded by organising and promoting the Maldives. The disintegration of the Soviet empire and Women's World Cup, creating a World Youth Cup, Yugoslavia would add another set of new states in the expanding the World Cup itself, and, finally, awarding 1990s. FIFA's membership now easily exceeds that of hosting rights to Africa. It has paid out significant the UN. development monies to peripheral football An empire of such global proportions required a associations and aligned itself with the UN and its new capital, and Havelange supplied it when he core agencies in areas as diverse as childcare, conflict replaced the sleepy Swiss villa-office of the Rous era resolution and health promotion campaigns. None of with the gleaming but angular white concrete and which means that the power of football is Joao glass of the new FIFA house, which held over 100 full- Havelange's, FIFA's or anyone else's alone. Such time staff. The emperor himself was acquiring a new unrepentant and patrician self-importance is the first level of significance and power, too. In the fearsome of many structurally ingrained problems with the battle between the Swiss and the French for the rights global governance of football. to host the 1998 World Cup, the Swiss Football It is not merely a question of pomp and pomposity but Federation nominated Havelange for the Nobel Peace an institutionally ingrained style of governance that is Children with a home-made football, Mashimoni Squatters’ Primary School, Nairobi. ©Crispin Hughes/Panos Pictures Prize. The standing ovation that followed the authoritarian and secretive. In the twenty-first century, announcement would have shamed Kim Il Jung II. Not the custodians of one the world's most significant that the French were above such sycophancy; shared cultural properties simply cannot be allowed to Box 7.7: The football and social development network Mitterrand awarded Havelange the Légion d'honneur. operate in this way. The legitimacy of FIFA and indeed all Havelange did not receive, and has not received, the international sporting organisations rests on nothing Over the last 20 years, aid agencies and development ministries have become increasingly aware of the Nobel Peace Prize, but that can hardly have bothered more than having got there first and having the support potential of football as an instrument of social development and community building in the developing world. the dark lord who articulated the transformation of his, of national football associations whose own legitimacy The Nordic governments have been at the forefront of this. Streetfootballworld is a UN-supported web portal and FIFA's, global status with remarkable candour: and authority are similarly threadbare. This structural and organisation linking and supporting a network of development and football projects across the world inadequacy had been made worse by the autocratic and I've been to Russia twice, invited by President duplicitous behaviour of the organisation. FIFA's level of (www.streetfootballworld.org). The World Cup in Germany has, for the first time, hosted street footballers Yeltsin. I've been to Poland with their President. In transparency and accountability make the World Bank from across the world in a tournament running parallel to the 2006 FIFA World Cup. the 1990 World Cup in Italy I saw Pope John Paul II look good. Its internal political machinations, if not quite One of the best examples of this kind project is the Mathare Youth Sports Association (MYSA) from three times. When I go to Saudi Arabia, King Fahd the Kremlin under Communism, would not pass muster Nairobi, Kenya. The MYSA project started in 1987 as the first street football project in Africa. Boys and girls welcomes me in a splendid fashion. In Belgium, I of the kinds of international group that observe national from more than 60 slum areas now take part in the programmes, where they combine environmental work, had a one-and-a-half hour meeting with King elections. Beholden only to itself and hidden behind cleaning up Mathare, with education and organised football (see the excellent field work on the project in Albert. Do you think a head of state will spare that Swiss criminal and banking law, FIFA's democratic FOOTBALL FOOTBALL Hognestad and Tollinson 2004). much time for just anyone? That's respect. That's credentials are zero (for a blow-by-blow account of

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FIFA's mode of operations, see Yallop 1999; Sugden and halting the miserable disintegration of Haitian politics Tomlinson 1998; 2003). was nugatory. In Liberia, specially arranged football That said, even were FIFA to be profoundly reformed games, including those of the national team, have there remains at the core of global football's provided the opportunity for well-observed truces dilemmas the conflict between cosmopolitanism and among combatants, but fighting has resumed internationalism. On the one hand, football clearly afterwards with monotonous regularity. functions as a kind of universal language. Like other In the end, competitive football does not and cannot visual arts it does not suffer from problems of stop wars, nor will it make the peace, and we should translatability. Perhaps most importantly, despite its not expect it to. Rather, what could give real content English origins, it is not perceived to be the game or and life to the cosmopolitan solidarities that football the property of any particular nation or region. On the promises is its potential as an instrument of global other hand, this kind of cosmopolitan framework is youth work, social work and community capacity counterpoised against the national organisation of building. For example there is a growing band of football associations and football teams, whose alternative and parallel World Cups that bring interaction is closer to a sporting Hobbesian war of together global causes including the homeless, anti- all against all than a global cooperative network racism and migrant groups, and unrepresented or community. The irredeemably national and peoples and nations (Box 7.5). Across the developing competitive qualities of international football has, world there are thousands of projects and local NGOs despite its promise of mutual understanding and engaged in this kind of work, some supported by shared cultural horizons, made it a limited instrument international development agencies. Street football is of dètente, diplomacy and conflict resolution, most providing a network and umbrella to bring them famously recounted by Ryzard Kapuscinski in The together (Box 7.7). FIFA's record in this area is Soccer War (1990), in which a World Cup qualifying rather mixed. Clearly significant sums, most game between Honduras and El Salvador provides the recently through the Goal Programme, have passed spark for the already dry tinder of hostilities and from the centre to the peripheries. However, those conflict over illegal migration and land squatting on funds have been almost exclusively channelled the border. through national football associations and The various international encounters between the orientated towards elite football. As a consequence, Austria celebrate their victory in the 2003 Homeless World Cup Championship ©The Homeless World Cup two Germanies at the 1974 World Cup and between hardly any monies have trickled down into the area Iran and the USA in the 1998 World Cup, friendlies of greatest sporting need in the developing world. Box 7.8: Alternative world cups between the two Koreas, and the co-hosting of the More alarmingly, there is a rising tide of evidence to 2002 World Cup by the still embittered neighbours suggest that national football associations and their South Korea and Japan have, for all the hype made officers are corrupt (Jennings 2002; 2003). The Homeless World Cup (www.streetsoccer.org) has been running since 2003. It brings together street little or no contribution to improving international football teams from around the world, especially those linked to the global network of street papers like The relationships. Indeed, in the case of East Germany's Democratising the global game Big Issue in the UK. It has created an opportunity to globalise and publicise the issue of homelessness, and victory over West Germany in 1974, it mainly served to Football offers a glimpse of democracy. Its simplicity offers homeless people a unique opportunity for travel and personal development. reinforce the separation of the states. In Korea-Japan and flexibility make it open to all. Its unpredictability The Mondiali Antirazzisti (Anti-racist World Cup, www.mondialiantirazzisti.org) was started in 1996 in 2002, the atmosphere of mutual collaboration was so and variability suggest the possibility that the force of Italy and has been held annually ever since. In 2006 it hosted more than 200 teams from all over the world. strong that the gigantic opening ceremony in Seoul better play might prevail over any extraneous It combines football with festivals, conferences and music, publicising the anti-racist issue in football and managed a two-hour spectacular visual display considerations. But in reality the social organisation creating new links and networks among progressive forces in the football world. without a single reference to the Japanese co-hosts. and culture of football have always been marked by The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO, www.unpo.org) is an international Experiments with international football as an inequalities of power. In authoritarian societies organisation made up of indigenous peoples, occupied nations, minorities and independent states or instrument of conflict resolution have also proved national football associations have been invariably mixed. In 2003 the Brazilian UN peacekeeping force in controlled from above. In more democratic societies territories that have joined together to protect their human and cultural rights, preserve their environments, Haiti brought the national team to Port-au-Prince to they have acquired more autonomy from the state, but and find non-violent solutions to conflicts that affect them. The UNPO Football Cup is a tournament for teams play a game against its hosts. The column of white are monopolised by closed, conservative and self- formed from nations, minorities and indigenous peoples that are prevented from participating in the official armoured cars and Brazil's leading players won a replicating elites whose relationship to transparency world of sports. The first tournament took place in 2005 prior to a meeting of the General Assembly of UNPO. great deal of goodwill and attracted a peaceful and accountability is passing at best. For most of the FOOTBALL FOOTBALL multitude onto the streets, but its contribution to twentieth century clubs and directors held a fearsome

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whip hand over professional players with a Most football supporters, in then end, want to governance in which the interests of global heard in the debate. This cannot be remedied by combination of restrictive contracts and maximum support their club, and it is at the local and club bureaucrats and multinational corporations prevailed promises, rhetoric or charters. Possibilities include: wages. Players' unions have used strike action to level that alternative forms of supporter over all, and in which modes of governance forged in break some of these restrictions and create a free organisation have been busiest. In Germany, the autocratic polities of Franco's Spain and Brazil • pubic consultation exercises on major rule labour market in which the highly skilled now hold all starting in the late 1980s, these organisations were under the generals cease to be the norm. Blatter's changes and other initiatives the cards. catalysed by German local government through fan resignation could perhaps be accompanied by an • deliberative polling of fans and players The most excluded group from football's decision- projects - a complex mixture of low-key youth work, agreed amnesty for all FIFA and senior football • public meetings at major tournaments in which making processes has been the supporters. Fans' preventive social work and community capacity officials who spill the beans on global football's own officials can be subject to public scrutiny. loyalty to their clubs and the intensity of their building. This experiment has been repeated with truth and returning payments commission. pleasures have made mobilising their main some success in the Netherlands, Austria and Whether Mr Blatter goes now or later, all such 5. Anti-corruption measures instrument of power - staying away and not paying up Switzerland. In Britain, these kinds of energies have posts should have fixed terms. There should be no The issue of corruption in global football is - peculiarly hard to organise. Fans strikes and stay- been mobilised in a number of directions. They have repeat of the Havelange-Samaranch era when multifaceted. The Danish organisation Play the Game, aways, although occasionally organised successfully, spawned an independent fanzine and website entrenched administrators maintained their rule for which researches and campaigns on these issues and have been few and far between. The socio model of culture of rare, if uneven, wit and insight. Following more than two decades. There are few enough checks gathers the world sports' media together to discuss club organisation in Iberia and Latin America, in the recent rash of failing and bankrupt clubs in the and balances in international sporting governance as them, has published its own anti-corruption charter, which paid-up club members vote for the president lower leagues, the same energies have been it is, without supporting the creation of dynasties. which is a pretty good starting point for tackling this and the board, offers the illusion of democracy. directed into development of supporters trusts, a When elections for these posts happen they should be immensely difficult question (Play the Game 2005). However, like the politics of those states for much of form of cooperative or social ownership in which subject to external monitoring. Candidates should be the century, elections have been managed and fixed; fans take a part or whole stake in their club. At an encouraged to do more than meet other football Finally, FIFA should just loosen up. Its insufferable clientelism and patronage networks have always international level some of these organisations have administrators in expensive hotels, but go public with self-importance and pomposity may be all very well eluded the formal structures of representative come together to provide fan embassies and their manifestos and intentions, engage in debate for most of the international governance circuit, but it democracy. The public floatation of football clubs on cultural events at major tournaments. on the global media and perhaps argue it out on will not do for football. If we wanted stuffed shirts, the stock markets and the promise of shareholder These kinds of organisation, network and action are television publicly. worlds of formal economics and politics have them in democracy have proved equally illusory. the kernel of football's global civil society. Whether a their legions. But this is football. This is a game. This In response to this systematic pattern of exclusion, movement can be created that can counter the global 3. Transparency is the world's game and the world's carnival. FIFA since the mid-1970s there has been in Western football authorities with even a modicum of the force Next is the simple matter of financial transparency. may hold it in trust for the rest of us, but it cannot be Europe a discernable movement towards self- mobilised by, for example, the World Social Forum All of the global football institutions must publish allowed to continue to do so without openness, organisation among fans. This has taken innumerable against global capital is another matter. One way of extensive, detailed and open accounts. Although without dialogue and without some fun. forms, not all of them particularly savoury. English creating unity is to negotiate a shared agenda for matters of commercial secrecy must be and Scottish hooligan firms organised around change (see Katwala 2000 for an excellent attempt to acknowledged, there should be as much detail as ritualised displays of force and fashion and semi- do so across all sports). Let's start with these five possible about the nature of commercial contracts structured street-fighting. The Italian ultra movement things: and sponsorship deals, and a careful inventory of of the 1970s reinvented European football carnival personal expenses and gifts. while consorting with violence and intimidation. The 1. Mobilising from below travelling support of the Scottish, Dutch and Danish First and foremost, the European vanguard of self- 4. Accountability national teams combined post-industrial sports organisation of football needs to support, nurture and If FIFA and its friends are, as they claim, among the tourism with an informal ambassadorial role as connect with similar organisations in the rest of the leading INGOs in the new world order, then they purveyors of alcohol-drenched bonhomie. world. While European fans have much to complain should be subject to a much greater degree of In the 1990s, among small and initially disconnected about, it is as nothing compared with the inequalities scrutiny and accountability. The most immediate and groups, a whole wave of more politicised self- and indignities foisted upon the football players and important reform in this area must be bringing to an organisation began to emerge. First, a Europe-wide supporters of the developing world. end the self-investigation and self-regulation that movement against racism in football has developed in passes for probity in world football. It simply cannot be response to the shocking levels of racial abuse in 2. Changes at the top right that successive scandals and incidents of major football stadiums, which made them recruiting The leadership of global football - centred on FIFA and financial mismanagement are investigated formally grounds for the European far right in the 1980s. Other its regional confederations - must be reformed. The only by FIFA itself. The already frayed trustworthiness previously excluded or hidden football groups have also abdication of Sepp Blatter, President of FIFA, from his and legitimacy of the organisations will not sustain begun to emerge - for example, the European gay and throne would be a welcome and innovative way of this as a plausible mode of operation. Alongside this lesbian network, which is taking on one of the major initiating the process. It would help mark the passing the organisation should consider the various ways in FOOTBALL FOOTBALL public repositories of open homophobia. of the Havelange-Samaranch era of global sports which the players' and fans' voices can actually be

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