Cruise Report W-178

Scientific activities undertaken aboard SSV Westward

St. Croix – Carriacou- Cienfuegos, Cuba – Key West

28 November 2001 – 4 January 2002

Table of Contents

Preface 3 Ship’s company 4 Cruisetrack 4 noon and midnight positions 5 Academic and research programs 6 Scientific results 6 Student research projects 7 Physical oceanography 7 Chemical oceanography 10 Biological oceanography 13 Geological oceanography 20 Pollution studies 22

Appendices Appendix A: Sampling stations 25 Appendix B: Hydrocast station summary 28 Appendix C: CTD plots 30 Appendix D: Neuston tow summary 36 Appendix E: Meter net summary 37 Appendix F: Meter net summary 38

2 This is a report outlines the scientific and academic endeavors undertaken aboard the SSV Westward during the cruise W 178. It consists of a summary of the oceanographic data collected and synopses of student research projects. Complete data sets, more detailed cruise information and student reports are available upon request from the Sea Education Association and the Chief Scientist. The cruise track of W-178 took us from the eastern end of the Caribbean Basin, the Windward Islands, through the Greater Antilles and the Gulf of Mexico to our destination of Key West, Florida. During the six-week trip, our wake stretched over 3200 miles and was punctuated by 96 research stations. Our departure from St. Croix coincided with the passage of a rare late-season hurricane Olga some 600 miles to our North, providing early gentle northerly winds for our southerly passage. This anomalous weather pattern wafted us southeast, as we sampled our way down the Lesser Antilles island chain toward our first port stop on the island of Carriacou, Grenada. The first part of the cruise presented the challenge of a ship’s company coming together as a crew operating the ship while undertaking an early and ambitious sampling program. Although the winds were light, we were treated to the sight of most all of the Windward Islands. Highlights included the sight of the continuing volcanic eruption on the island of Monserrat, a reminder that the process creating the island arc is still ongoing. Carriacou saw the arrival of a very different crew that departed St. Croix. A very busy sampling schedule early on in the trip coupled with the rapid learning of lines produced a very busy 12 days. Everyone emerged from this experience stronger, and, a testament to the students and the staff, as a tight and well functioning crew. The second leg of the cruise took us across the Caribbean basin from Carriacou to Cienfuegos, Cuba. Contrasting the conditions of the previous leg, these were a fast fourteen days of down wind sailing in up to force 7 conditions, providing for some exciting hydrocasts and plankton tows. During this leg, Caribbean showed us her best: the northeast trades were true, and the skies favored celestial observations as the sextants came out of their boxes en force. Successful navigation by stars alone, briefly interrupted by a tropical wave and associated clouds, carried us through the straits of Jamaica and the approach to Cuba. This approach also marked the end of scientific sampling for some time to come, but not before all objectives of the science program were successfully met. Following a memorable port stop in Cienfuegos came an equally memorable Christmas celebration off the Cayman Islands. The often rough Yucatan Strait showed us a very gentle side, allowing the culmination of the science program in the oral presentations of student projects in a gentle southwesterly breeze. Not that the challenges were over, as the students took over the running of the ship during the junior watch officer phase. Navigational challenges were not lacking as this happened upon our entry to some of the busiest shipping lanes of the Caribbean. The final challenge of the trip, a student executed research mission during the worst weather of the trip, saw magnificent teamwork in the student body successfully directed and carried out both deck and lab activities. All too quickly we found ourselves in Key West. A successful trip, made such by the hard work by the students and the staff, an experience that doubtless will stay with every one of us. My sincere thanks to you all for making it thus!

Jan Witting Chief Scientist

3 Ship’s company, SSV Westward, Students: SEA cruise W-178 Bruce Beagley Roger Williams Univ. Carrie Boudreau St. Joseph's College, ME Nautical Staff Michelle Buckius Wake Forest University Zachary Caldwell Univ. of Hawaii, Hilo Jen Irving Master Samuel ChamberlinBates College Timothy Frush 1st Mate Serena Cross University of Redlands Timothy Collier 2nd Mate Meghan Donohue University of San Diego Dusty Smith 3rd Mate Ashley Ellison Bates College Alexandra Farrington St. Michael's College Bruce Wooster Engineer Megan Gadsby Bates College Laura Morrissey Steward Megan Griffin Drexel University Elizabeth Hamm Connecticut College Megan Jennings Wheaton College Scientific Staff Claudia Jones Univ. of Pennsylvania Jan Witting Chief Scientist Megan Lim Bowdoin College st Jim Watkins 1 Asst. Scientist Juliana Miller UNC, Chapel Hill nd Caleb McLennan 2 Asst. Scientist Kipling Morris Colorado College rd Liz Tuohy-Sheen 3 Asst. Scientist Robert Morrison Roger Williams Univ. Leonard Pace Hampton University

Heather Petri U.C. Berkeley

Shilpa Reddy Cornell University Taylor Rock American University Allison Suhr Univ. of Hawaii, Hilo

2001-087 (Westward W-178) Hourly Positions

30

Key West

20 Cienfuegos, Cuba

Carriacou, Grenada

10 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 West Longitude Figure 1. Cruise track and hourly positions.

4

Table 1: W-178 Noon and Midnight Date Time Lat. Lon. Date Time Lat. Lon. (local) (N.) (W.) (local) (N.) (W.) 28-Nov-01 0:00 17°44.8' 64°41.9 17-Dec-01 0:00 19°01.6' 77°50.5' 12:00 17°46.3' 64°41.9' 12:00 19°20.1' 78°38.8' 29-Nov-01 0:00 17°30.7' 63°40.3' 18-Dec-01 0:00 19°42.9' 79°06.8' 12:00 17°01.7' 62°53.9' 12:00 20°15.2' 79°42.9' 30-Nov-01 1:00 16°39.5' 65°34.3' 19-Dec-01 0:00 20°38.6' 80°00.9' 12:00 16°23.1' 62°05.6' 13:00 21°09.4' 80°08.0' 1-Dec-01 0:00 15°54.4' 62°18.2' 20-Dec-01 0:00 21°26.8' 80°21.0' 12:00 16°05.9' 61°48.8' 12:00 21°50.6' 80°21.8' 2-Dec-01 0:00 15°08.5' 61°27.5' 21-Dec-01 0:00 22°08.5' 80°27.4' 12:00 14°32.3' 61°07.7' 12:00 22°08.5' 80°27.4' 3-Dec-01 0:00 14°28.8' 61°21.2' 22-Dec-01 0:00 22°08.5' 80°27.4' 12:00 14°21.1' 61°38.0' 12:00 22°08.5' 80°27.4' 4-Dec-01 0:00 13°44.3' 61°28.0' 23-Dec-01 0:00 22°08.5' 80°27.4' 12:00 13°11.3' 61°19.9' 12:00 22°08.5' 80°27.4' 5-Dec-01 0:00 12°49.0' 61°29.9' 24-Dec-01 0:00 22°08.5' 80°27.4' 12:00 12°29.1' 61°27.8' 12:00 21°40.6' 80°39.7' 6-Dec-01 0:00 12°29.1' 61°27.8' 25-Dec-01 0:00 21°33.2' 80°51.3' 12:00 12°29.1' 61°27.8' 12:00 21°20.6' 80°58.7' 7-Dec-01 0:00 12°29.1' 61°27.8' 26-Dec-01 0:00 21°21.2' 81°28.7' 12:00 12°29.1' 61°27.8' 12:00 21°14.5' 81°54.4' 8-Dec-01 0:00 12°42.8' 61°24.8' 27-Dec-01 0:00 21°05.2' 82°40.9' 12:00 12°50.1' 61°30.9' 12:00 21°22.5' 83°40.4' 9-Dec-01 0:00 13°20.5' 62°12.7' 28-Dec-01 0:00 21°30.9' 84°16.5' 12:00 13°48.3' 63°03.0' 12:00 21°35.3' 85°10.2' 10-Dec-01 1:00 14°25.6' 64°13.3' 29-Dec-01 0:00 21°41.8' 85°30.6' 12:00 15°15.2' 65°27.6' 12:00 22°14.4' 85°29.5' 11-Dec-01 0:00 15°47.4' 66°35.9' 30-Dec-01 0:00 22°34.3' 85°14.1' 12:00 16°15.7' 67°31.7' 12:00 23°17.7' 85°14.6' 12-Dec-01 0:00 16°30.0' 68°35.9' 31-Dec-01 0:00 23°59.8' 84°53.4' 12:00 16°49.7' 69°18.9' 12:00 24°10.6' 84°23.3' 13-Dec-01 0:00 17°01.2' 70°30.5' 1-Jan-02 0:00 24°07.9' 83°42.0' 12:00 17°00.0' 71°34.1' 12:00 24°09.3' 83°13.2' 14-Dec-01 0:00 17°14.3' 72°37.3' 2-Jan-02 0:00 24°17.5' 82°54.1' 12:00 17°20.1' 73°21.6' 12:00 24°19.0' 82°34.7' 15-Dec-01 0:00 17°33.5' 74°03.7' 3-Jan-02 0:00 24°18.5' 82°08.4' 12:00 17°49.1' 74°58.4' 12:00 24°07.3' 81°55.2' 16-Dec-01 0:00 18°27.1' 76°11.3' 4-Jan-02 0:00 24°20.1' 81°54.5' 12:00 18°39.6' 76°52.6'

5 Academic and Research Programs

Academic program. The shipboard academic program builds on an intensive six-week academic shore component conducted on the SEA campus in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. During the six weeks students received instruction in topics in oceanography and began the research process by formulating a research question based on the primary literature of their chosen topic. The academic program on board served to deepen the students’ understanding of oceanography by discussing topical phenomena we encountered on the cruise, as well as technical topics in oceanographic sampling. Most learning, however, occurred in more informal settings, throughout the 24-hour watch schedule maintained throughout the cruise. The students and crew were divided into three watches, each watch in turn consisting of a science watch of 3 to 4 students, a similar deck watch plus a student assigned to galley or engine room duty. Led by a mate and an assistant scientist, each watch was responsible for all the navigation, ship handling and scientific operations for the duration of the 4 to 6 hour watch. These watches collectively carried out all sailing, navigation, and scientific operations. In the lab, students were instructed in the safe deployment of oceanographic equipment, sample processing and analysis methods, and careful maintenance of the shipboard science log. By the end of the voyage, students were familiar enough with both the scientific and navigational aspects of shipboard operations to direct all activities. During the last two days the students took charge of all ship-board activities, executing an independent research mission off Key West. A daily meeting in the afternoon of the ship’s company provided the opportunity for student reports on oceanographic conditions and ship topics. Practical demonstrations were given early on sampling gear deployment, while later short presentations included topics such as cetacean biology (presented by third assistant scientist Liz Tuohy-Sheen in turn assisted by a very co-operative pod of dolphins). Credit for the for ship-board academic activity was given based on participation, two practical exams and the successful completion of various parts of the independent research project.

Research program. The purpose of the research program of the cruise was to execute the research proposals produced by the students during the shore component (Table 2). Modern oceanography is, by necessity, a collaborative activity. Thus, although the research proposals were generated by individual students (or students pairs), all of the students in the ship’s company participated in the data collection for the projects. The lab watch collected hourly data on salinity, temperature and chlorophyll fluorescence content of the surface waters, as well as conducting all scheduled research stations. The research stations gave the students an opportunity to learn and participate in variety of oceanographic research techniques, ranging from CTD casts to nutrient analyses. In the end the final data analysis and write-up was performed by students based on their original research proposal. The final results of the cruise were the student presentations of their final reports to the ship’s company during the last week of the cruise.

Scientific results.

A total of 96 oceanographic research stations sampling physical, chemical and geological parameters were conducted during this six-week cruise. Excerpts of the

6 Project Title Student Researcher(s) An investigation of the chemistry of the water masses entering the Carrie Boudreau Caribbean Sea through the passageways in the Lesser Antilles The Correlation Between Myctophid Nutrition and Speciation. Michelle T. Buckius The Effects of the Orinoco River Plume in the Eastern Caribbean. Zach Caldwell A Calculation of Geostrophic Currents in Eastern Caribbean Sea. Sam Chamberlin Plastic pollution in the caribbean: Trends in distribution and density. Serena Cross A Comparison of Sediment Composition and Grain Size Along the Jill Donohue and Southern Lesser Antilles. Jill Jennings Evaluation of geostrophic flow to evaluate subsurface circulation Ashley Ellison patterns within the Mona and Windward Passages. Larval Transport and Distribution of Caribbean Reef Fish along the Meghan Gadbsy and Lesser Antilles. Rob Morrison Phytoplankton community ecology: The effect of limiting nutrients on Megan Griffin and Ted diversity, distribution, and resource competition between diatoms and Beagley dinoflagellates in the Caribbean Sea. Fluctuations in Sedimentary Grain Size and Composition along Three Shilpa Reddy & Bathymetrically Graduated Transects in the Southeastern Caribbean. Claudia M. Jones Range of the Orinoco River plume into the Caribbean Sea, as tracked Megan Elizabeth Lim by salinity, silica, and chlorophyll-a levels. Study of Myctophid Health Near and Offshore: Based on Length to Juliana Miller Weight Ratio. The Distribution of Gelatinous Zooplankton in the Caribbean Sea. Kip Morris The effects of the “island mass effect” on the zooplankton Leonard Pace communities on the leeward side of the islands of the Lesser Antilles. Nitrogen and Phosphorous as indicators of the Island Mass Effect in Heather Petri and the Caribbean Sea. Elizabeth Hamm Floating Tar in the Caribbean Sea Along the Cruise Track of W-178. Taylor Rock The island mass efect on chlorophyll-a in the lesser Antilles. Allison Suhr

Table 2: Student project titles. resulting student reports are used to highlight the scientific findings of W-178, with summarizing data of all station work appended. The reports are divided into sections on physical, chemical, biological and geological oceanography of the waters sampled during this cruise. Complete reports and accompanying data are available upon request from Sea Education Association. The summaries of the scientific activities from W-178 in this report should not be excerpted without a written permission from the chief scientist.

Physical Oceanography

Sam Chamberlin used CTD cast data to map geostrophic currents along the Caribbean side of the Lesser Antilles from 16 degrees 58.4 minutes to 13 degrees 20.8 minutes north latitude. Results showed a net inflow of water from the Atlantic into the Caribbean of 11.2 Sv. A majority of this inflow was concentrated in the passages from Guadeloupe to St. Vincent. The value of water transport in flowing parallel to the island chain, although

7 smaller than the westward flow values, indicates that water flow in this area was more complex than the general model of westward flow into and across the Caribbean Sea. Calculated flow velocities ranged from 0 to 23 cm×s-1, depth dependent. A comparison of two transects (010-025 (N-S) and 021-025 (E-W), fig. 3) show typical results. The East- West transect show two peak inflows of water, one between 300 and 600 m and the other between 20 and 80 meters. The North-South transport peaked as a Northerly flow around 100 m depth. This basic pattern held for the other transect as well. The deep inflow of water into the Caribbean is likely the entering Atlantic Intermediate Water, while the shallow inflow is likely by Subtropical Underwater. Velocity vs. Depth Volume Transport vs. Depth 0 0 100 100 200 200 300 300 400 400 500 500 600 600 700 700 800 800 900 900 1000 1000 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 -0.12 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 Velocity (m/s) Volume Transport (Sv) Velocity vs. Depth Volume Transport vs. Depth 0 0 100 100 200 200 300 300 400 400 500 500 600 600 700 700 800 800 900 900 1000 1000 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 Velocity (m/s) Volume Transport (Sv) Figure 3: E-W (top row) and N-S transect and net transport of water. Negative values profiles for geostrophic flow velocity (left) are Easterly and Northerly flow, respectively.

In a similar vein, Ashley Ellison studied the amount of geostrophic flow passing through the Windward and Mona Passages. The Windward Passage is one of the deepest inlets in the Caribbean and therefore becomes one of the few locations in which North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AIW) is able to flow over the Antillean sill. The Mona Passage’s importance lies in its proximity to the Sargasso Sea and results in the inflow of high salinity, Sargasso Sea water through this passage. Geostrophic flow calculations were used with salinity and temperature data from CTD casts to 1400 meters in the Windward Passage and 800 meters in the Mona Passage. The flow that was observed moving through the Windward Passage surprisingly was not consistent with the appropriate depths needed to enable NADW and pure AIW to penetrate the sill. Instead this study found a combination of high salinity water from the Sargasso Sea and AIW flowing into the Caribbean Basin through the Windward Passage. The water mass entering through the Mona Passage was, as expected, high salinity water originating in the Sargasso Sea with a mixture of AIW, but was also restricted in movement below approximately 500 meters by the sill of the inlet.

8 The velocities and total volume transported of the currents passing through the two passages differed quite dramatically. The peak inflow was three times greater in the Mona Passage than in the Windward Passage. A larger difference between the two currents lies in the total water volume transported through the passages. Roughly 10 times more water passed over the sill of the Mona Passage than over the Windward Passage sill (fig. 4 a,b). Though the geostrophic flow characteristics of these two passages are quite different both currents play a significant role in the overall composition of the water in the Caribbean. All in all, this study found that roughly one third of the water entering the Caribbean Basin passes through the Windward and Mona Passage.

Volume Transport vs. Depth

0 Flow into the Atlantic Flow into the Caribbean 200 400 600 Flow into the Atlantic 800 1000 Depth (m) 1200 1400 1600 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 Volume Transport (Sv)

Figure 4 a) Windward Passage volume net transport.

Volume Transport vs. Depth

0 100 200 300 400 Flow into the Caribbean 500

600 Depth (m) 700 800 900 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 Volume Transport (Sv)

Figure 4 b) Mona Passage volume net transport.

9 Ultimately, the energy supplied for the Caribbean surface circulation is provided by atmospheric circulation. In the subtropical latitudes, the prevailing winds are the northeast trades, which in the Caribbean exhibit a significant annual fluctuation. Although the annual maximum, know as the Christmas Trades, is both anecdotally known as well as documented in monthly average climate summaries, little research has been done regarding their causative factors. Alexandra Farrington attempted to answer the question of why the trade winds increase every year around Christmas time. The trades are driven by the pressure gradient between the Bermuda high and the lower pressures around the intratropical convergence. Methodology consisted of looking at surface pressure analyses provided by the NOAA high seas forecast, and testing for correlation between observed surface winds and the measured surface atmospheric pressure and its change vis. a reference pressure at the center of the Bermuda High. Although the relationship has much noise in it, there seems to be a positive correlation between the steep pressure gradients evident between the equatorial low, and the Bermuda high in December, and the surface wind velocities (fig. 5). Preceding December, low-pressure systems, due to a more intense heating of northern latitudes in the summer, are prevalent in the area of the high, impeding the steepness of the gradients. In the month of December, the low-pressure systems weakens. As the high pressure system exerts its influence over the area, steeper pressure gradients form, and the winds increase.

wind strength vs. pressure gradient

1.2

1

0.8

R2 = 0.4423 0.6

0.4

0.2

0 012345678 wind force (beaufort scale)

Figure 5. Observed wind strengths vs. measured pressure gradient from peak high pressure.

Chemical Oceanography

Looking further into the circulation of the Caribbean Basin, Carrie Boudreau used chemical tracers to identify entering water masses. The inflow of water through the passages in the Lesser Antilles serves as a major source for the Gulf Stream and North

10 Atlantic Current. The depths of these passageways determine which water masses can enter the Caribbean Sea. Each water mass is characterized by specific components, influenced by their source and history. These characteristics will aid in tracing how water masses travel in the Caribbean Sea from east to west. Three stations were sampled then analyzed for dissolved oxygen, silicates, temperature, and salinity. The surface salinity of the stations were relatively low (34.7 ppt) representing a surface layer influenced by local precipitation. It contained high oxygen concentrations of 5.0 ml/l and low silicate concentrations of ~8.0-10.0 µM (fig. 6). The salinity maximum layer generally peaked around 37.0 ppt at 100-150m as a result of the inflow of Sargasso Sea water. At the salinity maximum the oxygen concentration were slightly lower (4.6 ml/l) and the silicates increase to 11.0-13.0 M. The salinity then decreases with depth until it reached a minimum (34.8 ppt) around 800m. The salinity minimum is Antarctic Intermediate Water (AIW.) Overall, the eastern stations had a shallower halocline and thermocline then the western station. The salinity maximum water and AIW are present in the western station but their signal has become reduced in their travel 580 nm from the east.

[O2] (mg/l) vs. Depth at 012 [SiO2] (µM) vs. Depth at 012 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 0 0 100 100 200 200 300 300 400 400 500 500 Depth (m) 600 600 700 700 800 800

Figure 6. Oxygen and Silica profiles of station 012. For salinity and temperature profiles, see appended CTD profiles for this station.

The oligotrophic Caribbean waters show elevated productivity along the Lesser Antilles island arc and the windward passages. This is likely caused by the island mass effect, the vertical mixing of the water column due to the interaction of ocean currents and shallow topography. Heather Petri and Elizabeth Hamm studied whether the nutrient chemistry of these waters showed indications of this, and how the phosphate, nitrate and chl-a concentrations might act as an indicator of the island mass effect. The depth profiles of Phosphate and Nitrate concentrations were measured along two transects of three stations each (plus an oceanic reference station). Phosphate trends showed highest concentrations near shore (0.35µM), with decreasing concentrations offshore. In the case of phosphates, there are indications of mixing (Fig. 7). The uniform concentrations that occurred between 0m and ~125m are evidence that vertical mixing occurs near shore. In the lee of the island, near shore nitrate concentrations at the surface were high at ~10µm. Nitrogen concentrations in the lee of the island dropped significantly at ~50 m and continued at

11 that concentration until ~125 m where they then began a steady incline as depth increased. The offshore hydrocast had a nitrate concentration of near 0µm which contrasts the two near-shore hydrocasts that remained clearly above zero. The near-shore passageway nitrate concentrations at the surface started out small and increased steadily as depth increased. These results show a clear effect of the proximity of land on nutrient concentrations. Furthermore, the occurrence of the nutrient enrichment down below 100m depth make it unlikely that this effect is due to direct runoff.

[PO4] 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 0 [PO4] 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0

50

50

100 HC006 100 HC011 HC012 HC010 HC014 Haiti HC018 150 Haiti 150

200 200

250 250

Figure 7. Phosphate profiles from transects off two Lesser Antillean Islands. Distance from shore increases with increasing station number within both figures, with station Haiti provided as oceanic reference point. Both transects show decreasing surface concentrations with increasing distance from shore.

Both Megan Lim and Zach Caldwell were looking into the effects of the Orinoco River, a large contributor to freshwater into the Caribbean Sea, on the chemical and biological oceanography of the region. The freshwater pushed into the Caribbean by the Orinoco carries large loads of nutrients, which have a strong impact on phytoplankton and productivity in the usually low productive Caribbean waters. The Orinoco River plume can stretch as far north as Puerto Rico during the rainy season, and can affect a large part of the eastern Caribbean. The variables measured along the Lesser Antilles were salinity, nutrient concentrations and chlorophyll levels. Data was taken from six hydrocast stations, 13 surface stations, and multiple hourly surface samples taken along the cruise track from St. Croix to Carriacou.

The hypotheses of the distribution of salinity, nutrient, and chlorophyll concentrations before this cruise were that salinity would decrease as we move south towards the Orinoco River and the nutrient and chlorophyll levels would increase. Megan was looking for evidence of Orinoco runoff on a north to south transect, while Zach concentrated on east to west changes. From both perspectives it is clear that the Orinoco River had no effect on nutrient or chlorophyll levels in the waters studied. Megan showed an actual decrease in the concentration of Silicates, a key indicator, as we moved south (Fig. 8a). Similarly, Zach found no significant trends in surface salinities on our westerly sail (Fig 8b). Rather, they observed that the greatest influences on salinity,

12 nutrients and chlorophyll were localized and the influences were from the small surrounding islands of the Lesser Antilles. Since the influence of the Orinoco has such strongly seasonal nature, these results should be interpreted to reflect winter conditions only.

Silicate surface and minimum concentrations across a north-south transect

16.00

14.00

12.00

R2 = 0.7121 10.00

8.00

6.00 silicate concentration 4.00

R2 = 0.2744

2.00

0.00 North, HC 006 South, HC 018 Figure 8 a. Silicate concentration along a north – south transect of six stations, roughly evenly spaced. Shown are values for surface (squares) and minimum values measured within the top 200m of water column. Note decreasing trend in silicate concentrations.

Surface Salinity along Transect

35.2 35.0 34.8 34.6 34.4 34.2

salinity 34.0 33.8 33.6 33.4 33.2 0.0 25.0 50.0 75.0 100.0 125.0 150.0 175.0 200.0 225.0 250.0 275.0 300.0 miles traveled

Figure 8 b. Surface salinity along a 300nm transect from Carriacou westward. No significant trend was detected.

13 Biological Oceanography

The oligotrophic Caribbean waters are affected by the large amount of Atlantic and Sargasso Sea waters that enter through the Lesser Antilles windward passages. Allison Suhr investigated how the presence of these islands create a disturbance in this flow, and what the consequences of the resulting island mass effect were on pelagic primary production. Seawater samples were taken at depth using Niskin bottles on a programmable carousel sampler and surface sample buckets. Six stations were sampled to create two transect profiles for the Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe south to Martinique. The working hypothesis was that chlorophyll-a levels would increase in the lee of islands due to an island mass effect. Analysis of samples with a Turner AU-10 fluorometer showed evidence of both elevated surface chlorophyll a concentrations as well as the shallowing of the chlorophyll-a sub-surface maximum in passages and channels. Along the Onshore-Offshore transect (Fig. 9) the chlorophyll-a maximum layer went down (chlorophyll-a values: 0.040µg×liter-1< x < 0.151µg×liter-1) from 30m to 100m in depth with increasing distance from the islands. As it became shallower, the chl a maximum layer also became more defined: At station W-178-006-HC, it is concentrated to a depth range of approximately five meters, ranging from about 34- meters to 39-meters in depth, becoming more diffuse toward deep water. This evidence was tied to the bathymetry of the passages and channels, as well as the island's interruption of currents creating eddies in their wakes. This evidence suggests that the interaction of the shoaling bathymetry and water motion produce elevated levels of primary production and, consequently, have an important impact on higher levels of the trophic pyramid as well.

Chl-a 0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0

50

100

150

200

HC012 250 HC014 HC018 Haiti 300

350

400

450

500 Figure 9. Chlorophyll a profiles along an onshore-offshore transect (HC-012 onshore, HC-018 offshore, station Haiti a far-offshore reference point).

Working on the same large topic was Leonard Pace, who focused on looking for possible consequences of the island mass effect on the zooplankton level. For this study, neuston tows (333 µm mesh nets) were conducted at night to collect samples including a transect corresponding to the chemical and phytoplankton study, as well as the passages

14 between the islands. The data showed that this effect was not to be present in the plankton community. The plankton biomass in the passages, predicted to be unperturbed by the island mass effect, were consistently higher than in samples collected in the lee sides of the islands. Furthermore, the samples in both transects (fig. 10) showed an overall increasing trend as we moved away from land (from .00324mL/m2 to .00173mL/m2 off Guadeloupe and from .00810mL/m2 to .00324mL/m2 off Martinique). A notable difference in the qualitative data the higher proportion of fish eggs in the island lee stations as compared to the passage stations, indicating that the islands act as a source for some of the components of the plankton community.

Neuston Zooplankton Density 0.009

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0.000 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Distance from shore (Nm)

Figure 10. Plankton biomass vs. distance from shore off Martinique (blue squares) and Guadeloupe (red diamonds). Trends show increasing biomass with increasing distance from shore.

Focusing specifically on the distribution of gelatinous zooplankton in the Caribbean Sea was Kip Morris. Samples were collected from twenty sites along two different transects of cruise W-178 using a neuston net. The first transect was from St. Croix to Carricaou along the leeward side of the Lesser Antilles and the second transect was from Carriacou to Cuba. From these tows eight different species of gelatinous zooplankton were collected representing four major taxa: Scyphozoan, Ctenophores, Siphonophores, and Salps. The data collected did not support the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the island mass effect and gelatinous zooplankton density. However, the data did show a correlation between high density and diversity of gelatinous zooplankton and the longitudes of 63 degrees West and 69-70 degrees West. There were significant differences in the constitution of the communities between the regions (Fig. 11): In the area of 61-62 W the species present were Salps 30%, Aurelia aurita 47%, and unidentified Scyphozoan 23%, while in the area from 73-79 W the species present were 33% Salps and 66 % unidentified Scyphozoan. The area at 63 W had the highest diversity with Aequorea aequorea 6.6%, salps 6.6%, Aurelia aurita 40%, unidentified Scyphozoan 26%, unidentified Ctenophores 6.6%, and unidentified Siphonophores #1 13.2%. These

15 high levels of gelatinous zooplankton density and diversity were attributed to the predominant water movement in these regions as the Sargasso Sea passes between the island passages into the Caribbean Sea. Likewise this led to the conclusion that gelatinous zooplankton relies on the predominant water movement to transport them throughout the ocean, and points to the Sargasso Sea as a center of high gelatinous zooplankton density and diversity.

Average Gelatinous Zooplankton Density and Diversity vs. Location 40 )x1000] 2

30 14%

Unidentified Gel. Zooplankton Unidentified Siphonophora #2 Unidentified Siphonophora #1 82 20 Unidentified ctenophore % Aequorea aequorea Unidentified Scyphozoa Salps Aurelia aurita

10

24% 23%

26% 30% 6% 66 % 40% 0 47% 3% 33 % Leward of the Lesser Saba Bank South of the Mona South of Cuba and the Average Gelatinous Zooplankton Density [(individual/m Antilles Passage Dominican Republic 61-62 W 63 W 69-70 W 73-79 W

Figure 11. Average gelatinous zooplankton density and community composition from four sampled locations. Note the large increase in salp concentrations in the Mona passage, suggesting a large external source for this component of the gelatinous plankton.

The increase in fish eggs off the Windward Islands was an important observation for Meghan Gadbsy and Rob Morrison, who looked at the causes of dispersal of Caribbean reef fish larvae. Caribbean coral reefs are one of the most diverse aquatic habitats on the face of the earth and are home for as many as 2,200 species of fish. It is distribution by environmental and biological factors that cause this diversity. Larval fish are generally planktonic and can be transported from reef to reef as a result of tides, currents and to a small extent their own mobility. The goal of this study was to analyze the patterns of larval abundance and hence inferred larval dispersal patterns. Neuston and meter net sampling was conducted throughout the cruise which included near shore sampling along the leeward side of the Antilles island chain and areas further from land during the second leg of the cruise. The density in the neuston tows was quantified by number of individuals per kilometer, and diversity was calculated using the Shannon-Weiner index. A positive relationship between island proximity and larval fish abundace seems clear

16 (Fig. 12), as does the positive relationship between diversity and abundance (regression analysis, R2 = 0.5641). The largest density of larval fish was found in sample W178-007- NT, with a density of 12.09 individuals per square meter and the diversity index of 0.62. Although the complex flow environment around the island makes it difficult to establish direct causality, the abundance data suggests that the Windward Islands are indeed a source for the fish larvae downstream. The diversity data shows that the mortality rates that reduce the abundance of fish larvae offshore are likely to act as an important distribution barrier to many species. Given the importance of the artisan fisheries in the West Indies islands, larval transport needs more study to establish clearly the sources for an increasingly depleted fishery.

22

12 -85 -75 -65 West Longitude

Figure 12. Relative abundances of fish larvae in neuston tows along the cruise track. Largest circle = 12.1 individuals/m2.

Taking a wider, Caribbean basin-wide look at the pattern of nutrient distribution and oceanic production, Megan Griffin and Ted Beagley investigated the effects of phosphate, nitrate, and silicate on the diversity, distribution, and resource competition between diatoms and dinoflagellates along the whole cruise track. According to Huston equilibrium model of diversity, the greatest diversity would occur at intermediate levels of productivity and nutrient concentration, with areas of high and low productivity dominated by only a few species. Additionally, diatoms were expected to dominate in high nutrient areas, because of their high phosphate and silicate requirements with dinoflagellates dominating in the most oligotrophic waters. Phytoplankton samples were taken at twelve sites throughout the Lesser and Greater Antilles. Diversity was established by direct count of cells from filtered samples mounted on microscope slides. Water samples were taken concurrently and analyzed for PO4, NO3, SiO2, and chl-a concentrations. Diatoms outnumbered dinoflagellates throughout the entire cruise track. The most common diatom found was Guinardia, and the most common of the dinoflagellates was Ceratium. The percentage of diatoms was greatest in the coastal

17 regions of the Caribbean island arc, notably in station 012-PN, 99%. The percentage of dinoflagellates was greatest in the offshore stations and just northeast of Jamaica at station 041-PN, 29.3%. Diatoms showed a positive correlation to all of the nutrients with the most significant fit with silicates (Fig 13a). The total diversity of the samples along the track also varied with the increased primary productivity, measured by chlorophyll-a concentrations (Fig. 13b). As the chl-a increased, the diversity increased to a maximum at approximately station W-178 005-PN (.08 µg/liter). Our results were not in agreement of the dynamic equilibrium model, instead, the phytoplankton community structure seemed determined mostly by nutrient availability, with diversity positively correlated with density.

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates vs. SiO2

120.00 R2 = 0.492 100.00

80.00

60.00 Diatoms Dinoflagellates 40.00

20.00 R2 = 0.492 0.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 SiO2 Fig 13a). Diatom/dinoflagellate ratio vs. SiO2 concentration along the cruise track.

Total diversity vs Chl-a

1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 R2 = 0.3685 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 Chl-a (ug/liter)

Figure 13 b). Total chlorophyll concentrations vs. population diversity. Two projects examined aspects of the biology and ecology of the mid-water fish genus Myctophum. Myctophids are diel vertical migrators that feed on zooplankton near the surface during the night, and spend their days in the mesopelagic zone. There are important link in the vertical carbon pump, as most of their respiration will take place at

18 depth. Juliana Miller was examining the existence of possible trophic cascade from island mass effect elevated primary production to myctophid feeding success. Feeding success was measured the length-to-weight ratios of fish collected with a neuston net at night along an inshore – offshore transect. The sample was dominated by the species Myctophum nitidulum and Myctophum obtusirostre, with one unknown species also abundant. No relationship was found between the length of fish and the distance from land, indicating that the community demographics did not change significantly along the transect. There was, however, a positive relationship with the distance from land and the length-to-weight ratios weight of the fish (Fig. 14): as the distance increased their relative weight decreased. This relationship, relatively weak as shown here for all species together, was much stronger for some individual species (unknown sp. #1 and Myctophum nitidulum), and absent in some others (Myctophum obtusirostre). Although feeding success was not directly measured, we take this to be an indication better nutritive status brought about by higher amounts of nutrients due to upwelling, in turn supporting a higher population of zooplankton on which the myctophids feed. The relationship is clearly complicated by the species related effects, possibly reflecting prey selectivity within the species.

L:W Ratio vs. Distance from Land

1600.00

1400.00 R2 = 0.1202 1200.00

1000.00

800.00

600.00

400.00

200.00

0.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 Distance from Land (nautical miles) Figure 14. Myctophid L:W ratio vs. distance from land as an index of feeding success.

Although there is a large number of species of Myctophid fish found in Tropical and Sub- Tropical waters, the processes driving and maintaining this diversity is not understood. Michelle Buckius set out to investigate whether this species diversity can be attributed to niche specificity in terms of prey preference. Myctophids were collected with neuston and meter net tows along the Westward 178 cruise track. A total of nine species (three unidentified) of Myctophids were caught and their gut contents analyzed. The results showed that, while most of the species sampled feed on copepods, there is only one that consumes Hyperiid amphipods and a few species that consume both (Fig. 15). In addition, another of the sampled species was found to feed only on pteropods. These results clearly support the existence of prey selectivity among the Myctophid species caught. While the pattern is clear among some species, there is obvious overlap as well.

19 Methodological problems prevented us from keying out the copepods to family, so a more careful look might uncover more specialization. The results support the conclusion that prey selectivity can be one of the factors driving myctophid speciation.

Pteropods Average Prey Consumption H. Amphipods Copepods 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

e e s a 1 2 3 m l m r n p l # # # u t i lu f o e r s f n n n u e o n c a o w w w d p ir e i . l o o o o t s s e r i a M n n n n u s g k k k . t . i . b n n n n M M M o . U U U . C M Species

Figure 15. Prey selectivity in myctophid gut contents.

Geological Oceanography.

Marine sediments and sedimentation are important both as bases upon which benthic and pelagic environments are constructed and as indicators of nearby geologic, hydrographic, and biological cycles. Two collaborative projects investigated aspects of the sedimentary geology of the Windward Islands. Shilpa Reddy and Claudia Jones studied the relationship of grain size and sediment composition to depth along three transects in the southeastern Caribbean. Their interest in doing this was to explore the relative importance of the area’s water masses and bathymetry to the documented sedimentation patterns. The strongest correlation appeared between the samples' proximity to the coastline and the grain size and type of the sediments found. Closer to shore in water less than 100 m deep, more than one third of the particles retrieved were larger than 2000 microns in diameter and biogenic in nature. Farther from land, where water depth exceeded 300 m, carbonate sediments with diameters of 63 microns comprised nearly half of the samples. This trend points to the importance of continued erosion of the biogenic particles observed closer to land.

Of water masses, reef structures, runoff/erosion, riverine input and sea floor topography, the latter two factors most heavily influenced distribution of sediment. For example, riverine input was the primary reason for the high relative percentage of terrigenous sediments deposited near the Baie de Fort de France, Martinique (Fig. 16). Similarly, patch reef structures located to leeward of the islands contributed to the high proportions of carbonates observed in all three of the transects. Sediments of biological origin, dispersed and deposited by the collusion of a variety of local geologic and hydrographic features, most accurately represent sedimentation patterns in the eastern Caribbean.

20 Although the islands of the Lesser Antilles arc are volcanic in origin and overlain with terrigenous sediments, near shore and offshore samples showed an overwhelming predominance of biogenic and carbonaceous sediments. Thus, the distribution and density of benthic and pelagic organisms more heavily influence sedimentation rates and patterns than do localized volcanism, runoff, and riverine input.

Grain Size fractions, tansect A 60 50 2000 um 40 1000 um 500 um 30 250 um 20 125 um 10 63 um 0 0 200 400 600 Depth (m)

Figure 16. Grain size vs. depth for four samples taken WxN of Petit Canouan. Spike in 500 micron size at 400m and drop in 125 micron size between 200 and 400 m contravene overall trend for grain size to decrease with depth.

The Grenadine Bank is rich in carbonate, terrigenous, and volcanigenic sediments. The physical characteristics in this region of the Caribbean Sea, such as the geology of the islands, volcanic activity and water currents are influencial in the sediment composition and their depositional patterns. Jill Donohue Jill Jennings investigated the importance of volcanic material to the overall sediment composition along three transects of shipek grab samples on the leeward side of the Southern Lesser Antilles. The sediment samples retrieved were analyzed in order to determine the percentages of each sediment type. Calcium carbonate levels increase in the southern stations and were determined to be the dominant sediment in the area studied (Fig. 17). Carbonate sediments are followed by terrigenous sediments which inversely decrease in percentage with a decrease in latitude. Percentages of volcanoclastics remain relatively consistant from northern to southern stations. The presence of coral reef communities are more influential in the composition of the sediment than is the volcanic activity in this region of the Carribean Sea. The depositional patterns of terrigenous sediments are dictated by water currents and stay relatively unchanged throughout the sampling stations.

21 100

90 86 82 80 76

70

60

50 %Carbonate 40 %Volcanic %Terrigenous 30

20 14 12 10 9 10 6 5

0 North Central South

Grab Locations Figure 17: A comparison of average perecentage of sediment type composition as the latitudes decrease southerly. The calcium carbonate sediment increases in the southerly direction while terrigenous sediments decrease in the southerly direction. Volcanic sediments stay relatively the same throughout the latitudes.

Marine Pollution Studies

Human activities have had a hand in shaping the Caribbean marine environment as well, usually not for the better. Anthropogenic pollution has made its way to high seas in many ways, and two projects sought to document aspects of this influence, particularly in the historical context. These studies add to an important historical record previous SEA cruises to this area have collected. Serena Cross was investigating the concentration of plastic particles, largest single component of oceanic the man-made debris. Plastics in the ocean pose a large threat to marine life. Ingested by marine animals, plastics can interfere with everything from food ingestion and the digestive processes. At their worst, effects such as entanglement and digestive blockages can be fatal. Recognized as a serious international environmental problem, this issue has been addressed with the passage of several international treaties, aimed at limiting the release of plastics into the oceans. Data was collected with 333m neuston nets along the W-178 cruise track. 22 neuston tows were deployed over the course of the cruise, 59% yielded plastic particles. A total of 62 pieces were found. Average density was 4.0 per nautical mile, or 0.002 × m-2 (Fig. 18).

22 Four types of plastic were collected, pieces, sheet, line, and Styrofoam. The most abundant type of plastic particles collected were small, unidentified pieces accounting for 71% of total samples collected. The highest concentration of plastic found was in the Leeward Islands, in the vicinity of Saba Bank, with the Anegada passage, and the western waters of the Lesser Antilles close behind. These data, taken together with SEA studies from the past fifteen years (1987-2001) indicate that there has been no noticeable decrease in plastic pollutants since the passing of major environment protection laws such as Annex V of the MARPOL convention.

22

Cuba Windward Passage Atlantic

Ocean

Dominican Republic Mona Passage Puerto Sombrero Passage Rico Virgin Islands

Jamaica

Saba Bank St. Christopher 0 pieces Guadaloupe Dominica Montserra 20+ pieces/nm Martinique Caribbean Sea 10-19 pieces/nm 5-9 pieces/nm

Grenada 12 1-5 pieces/nm -82 -72 -62 West Longitude

Figure 18. Mean densities of plastic particles found in neuston tows along the cruise track.

Another form of ocean pollution studied during the cruise was oil. Although direct discharge of oil from ships or shore-based sources can be difficult to observe, such discharges leave behind evidence. The heavy tar residue of crude oil forms into resilient tar balls because of weathering in the ocean and it was the distribution of this pelagic tar that Taylor Rock was studying. These balls can range in size from less than 1mm to 10- 20 cm in diameter. The North Atlantic of the Sargasso Sea are two major external sources of tar for the Caribbean, which, due to its nature as a flow-through system, tends to have low endemic tar levels; full fifty percent of the tar enters the western Caribbean through the Windward, Mona and Anegada passages. Tar was sampled using the neuston net all through the cruise track. Fully seventeen of the twenty two tows were retrieved with no tar (Fig. 19). The average amount of tar found along cruise track W178 was 0.01 mg/m2, fully two orders of magnitude less that found fifteen years ago during SEA cruises through the same waters. The two tows, 030-NT and 037-NT, that collected tar later in

23 the cruise track were south of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Shipping routes and the Windward and Mona Passages help explain the tar that was found in these locations, as there is a lot of traffic that runs north from Venezuela. The Caribbean Current that runs east to west will carry small amounts of oil that may be spilled in routine shipping operations. Lessening input is most likely the reason for the decreasing amount of tar in the Caribbean. This decrease may seem odd because oil production has been increasing and there is more oil being carried through the shipping roots of the Caribbean. However, legislation like the MARPOL Annex 1 has improved transportation of crude oil by outlawing routine tanks washes and other routine incidental, non-accidental spills.

22

Cuba

Hispanola

>0.10 mg/m2

0.05 - 0.09 mg/m2 0.01 - 0.04 mg/m2

12 -83 -73 -63 West Longitude

Figure 19. Mean densities of tar balls found in neuston tows along the cruise track.

24 Appendix A – Oceanographic sampling stations

Local Cast Station # Date time Log Lat. (N) Lon. (W) Depth General Locale

Hydrocasts 006-HC 1-Dec-01 15:15 192.5 16°19.5' 61°55.4' 773 Guadeloupe 010-HC 2-Dec-01 2:00 229 15°54.7' 62°18.6' 793 Guadeloupe 011-HC 2-Dec-01 11:00 270.2 16°54.7' 61°49.4' 693 West of Guadeloupe 012-HC 3-Dec-01 4:00 344.5 14°57.3' 61°22.8' 792 Dominica Channel 014-HC 3-Dec-01 16:40 384.2 14°31.3' 61°08.1' 767 Off Martinique 018-HC 4-Dec-01 4:10 402.5 14°31.7' 61°34.3' 1187 West of Martinique 034-HC 14-Dec-01 6:55 1215.5 17°02.0' 71°13.2' 10 S of Dom. Republic 035-HC 14-Dec-01 14:10 1244.8 17°00.9' 71°49.7' 1399 SW of Haiti 044-HC 17-Dec-01 14:10 1602.3 18°44.0' 77°03.1' 1344 North of Jamaica

CTD casts 003-CTD 30-Nov-01 17:13 118.9 16°58.4' 62°51.6' 1255 W of Nevis Island 006-CTD 17-Nov-01 15:15 192.5 16°19.5' 61°55.4' 868 Guadaloupe 010-CTD 2-Dec-01 2:00 229 15°34.8' 62°18.6' 846 Guadaloupe 011-CTD 2-Dec-01 11:00 270.2 16°05.7' 61°49.4' 797 W of Guadaloupe 012-CTD 3-Dec-01 4:00 344.5 14°57.3' 61°22.0' 831 Dominica Channel 013A-CTD 3-Dec-01 13:21 383.2 14°32.8' 61°05.5' 10 Off Martinique 013B-CTD 3-Dec-01 14:10 383.2 14°31.9' 61°06.2' 10 Off Martinique 013D-CTD 3-Dec-01 15:00 383.2 14°31.7' 61°06.5' 10 Off Martinique 014-CTD 3-Dec-01 16:40 384.2 14°31.2' 61°08.1' 867 Off Martinique 018-HC 4-Dec-01 4:10 402.5 14°31.7' 61°34.3' 1301 West of Martinique 021-HC 5-Dec-01 5:55 482 13°25.9' 61°15.8' 1457 W. of St. vincent 025-CTD 9-Dec-01 22:30 647.3 13°20.8' 62°11.4' 1245 E Caribbean 028-CTD 12-Dec-01 10:20 994.8 16°16.5' 67°30.7' 1000 S of Puerto Rico 031-CTD 13-Dec-01 9:24 1109.9 16°51.9' 69°16.6' 2201 S of Dom. Republic 034-CTD 14-Dec-01 6:55 1121.5 17°2.0' 71°13.2' 1466 S of Dom. Republic 035-CTD 14-Dec-01 14:10 1244.8 17°0.9' 71°49.7' 1411 South of Haiti 038-CTD 16-Dec-01 2:20 1405.5 17°34.5' 74°9.6' 2017 South of Haiti 041-CTD 17-Dec-01 1:35 1553.3 18°24.3' 76°12.4' 1412 N of Jamaica 043-HC 17-Dec-01 9:20 1591.9 18°40.1' 76°49.5' 1230 N of Jamaica 044-HC 17-Dec-01 14:10 1602.3 18°44.0' 77°3.1' 1357 N of Jamaica 049-CTD 3-Jan-02 22:00 2251.5 24°18.7' 82°9.6' 200 Off Key West 053-CTD 4-Jan-02 4:50 2570.5 24°9.3' 82°7.5' 500 Off Key West 054-CTD 4-Jan-02 10:35 2578.5 24°4.2' 81°58.9' 200 Off Key West

Neuston tows 001-NT 29-Nov-01 23:56 65.7 17°30.7' 63°40.3' 0 Saba Bank 002-NT 30-Nov-01 10:57 104.5 17°9.9' 63°3.9' 0 West of Saint Christopher 004-NT 1-Dec-01 0:44 140.7 16°40.4' 62°34.8' 0 West of Monsorate

25 005-NT 1-Dec-01 10:58 177.25 16°24.7' 62°4.6' 0 South of Monsurate 007-NT 1-Dec-01 20:33 210.75 16°10.2' 62°8.0' 0 Guadaloupe 008-NT 1-Dec-01 21:41 216.5 16°5.1' 62°10.4' 0 Guadaloupe 009-NT 1-Dec-01 22:48 223.75 15°58.8' 62°13.6' 0 Martinique passage 015-NT 3-Dec-01 20:14 385.4 14°27.5' 61°10.8' 0 Martinique 016-NT 4-Dec-01 0:00 394 14°28.8' 61°23.0' 0 Southwest of Martinique 017-NT 4-Dec-01 2:50 401.3 14°31.2' 61°32.4' 0 West of south Martinique 020-NT 4-Dec-01 23:37 456.5 13°44.9' 61°28.5' 0 west of saint Lucia 026-NT 10-Dec-01 1:59 648.3 13°19.8' 62°14.2' 0 eastern Caribbean 028-NT 12-Dec-01 12:56 995.1 16°15.4' 67°32.2' 0 South of Puerto Rico 030-NT 13-Dec-01 1:17 1059.3 16°30.5' 69°35.8' 0 South of Mona Passage 033-NT 13-Dec-01 22:56 1168.6 16°57.5' 70°20.0' 0 S of Dom. Republic 037-NT 15-Dec-01 11:56 1341.9 17°20.4' 73°21.6' 0 South of Haiti 038-NT 16-Dec-01 1:17 1403.5 17°34.2' 74°8.4' 0 South of Haiti 039-NT 16-Dec-01 11:36 1463.7 17°49.5' 74°57.7' 0 Straits of Jamaica 040-NT 17-Dec-01 0:33 1552 18°27.2' 76°12.6' 0 North of Jamaica 045-NT 18-Dec-01 0:06 1644.5 19°1.6' 77°50.5' 0 N of Montego Bay, Jamaica 047-NT 19-Dec-01 0:39 1741 19°42.4' 79°5.5' 0 SE of Cienfuegos, Cuba 048-NT 19-Dec-01 10:34 1787.8 20°12.3' 79°49.3' 0 S. of Cuba 050-NT 4-Jan-02 0:34 2557.7 24°16.5' 82°7.8' 0 Key West 051-Nt 4-Jan-02 1:38 2558.8 24°18.6' 82°5.6' 0 Key West

Metern net tows 002-MN 30-Nov-01 10:57 104.5 17°9.9' 63°3.9' 17 West of St. Christopher 004-MN 1-Dec-01 0:33 140.5 16°40.4' 62°34.8' 15 West of Montserrat 005-MN 1-Dec-01 10:36 176.9 16°25.3' 62°4.0' 300 South of Montserrat 019-MNa 4-Dec-01 6:19 402.8 14°31.3' 61°35.8' 300 West of Martinique 019-MNb 4-Dec-01 6:19 402.8 14°31.3' 61°35.8' 100 West of Martinique 024-MNa 9-Dec-01 11:30 599.6 12°51.2' 61°30.9' 500 10 nm off Petit Canouan 024-MNb 9-Dec-01 11:30 599.6 12°51.2' 61°30.9' 300 10 nm off Petit Canouan 027-MNa 11-Dec-01 21:54 927.2 15°46.18' 66°28.41' 300 S of Puerto Rico 027-MNb 11-Dec-01 21:54 927.2 15°46.18' 66°28.41' 100 S of Puerto Rico 029-MNa 12-Dec-01 22:30 1058.7 16°32.5' 68°35.2' 300 Caribbean 029-MNb 12-Dec-01 22:30 1058.7 16°32.5' 68°35.2' 100 Caribbean 032-MNa 13-Dec-01 21:40 1168.1 16°59.0' 70°19.5' 100 S of Dominican Republic 032-MNb 13-Dec-01 21:40 1168.1 16°59.0' 70°19.5' 50 S of Dominican Republic 036-MN 15-Dec-01 9:11 1339.4 17°25.2' 73°20.9' 2 42nm South of Haiti 046-MN 18-Dec-01 11:15 1700.5 19°20.7' 78°39.8' 1000 Cayman Trench

Shipek Grabs 013A-SG 3-Dec-01 13:21 383.2 14°32.8' 61°5.5' 32 off Martinique 013B-SG 3-Dec-01 14:10 383.2 14°31.9' 61°6.2' 282 off Martinique 013D-SG 3-Dec-01 15:00 383.2 14°31.7' 61°6.5' 450 off Martinique 022A-SG 8-Dec-01 23:40 573 12°43.5' 61°24.4' 35 off Martinique 022B-SG 8-Dec-01 23:50 573 12°43.3' 61°24.5' 34 off Martinique 022C-SG 9-Dec-01 0:30 575 12°43.4' 61°26.3' 187 off Martinique

26 022D-SG 9-Dec-01 1:00 576 12°43.1' 61°27.3' 325 off Martinique 023A-SG 9-Dec-01 7:10 fouled 12°47.6' 61°19.6' 38 W x N of Petit Canouan 023B-SG 9-Dec-01 7:53 587.5 12°48.6' 61°21.4' 96 W x N of Petit Canouan 023C-SG 9-Dec-01 8:32 588.8 12°48.6' 61°22.3' 263 W x N of Petit Canouan 023D-SG 9-Dec-01 9:11 590.1 12°48.6' 61°23.2' 435 W x N of Petit Canouan

Phyto Net Tows 002-PN 30-Nov-01 11:03 104.5 17°9.9' 63°3.9' 0 W of St. Christopher 005-PN 1-Dec-01 10:58 177.3 16°24.7' 62°4.6' 0 South of Monteserrat 010-PN 1-Dec-01 2:00 229 15°54.7' 62°18.6' 0 West of Guadeloupe 011-PN 2-Dec-01 11:00 270.2 16°5.7' 61°49.4' 0 West of Guadeloupe 012-PN 3-Dec-01 2:00 344.5 14°58.12' 61°19.7' 0 Dominica Channel 014-PN 3-Dec-01 16:45 384.2 14°31.2' 61°8.1' 0 Off Martinique 018-PN 4-Dec-01 4:50 402.5 14°31.7' 61°34.3' 0 West of Martinique 031-PN 13-Dec-01 10:00 1109.9 16°51.9' 69°16.6' 0 South of Dom. Repub. 041-PN 17-Dec-01 1:47 1553.3 18°23.8' 76°12.5' 0 N of Jamaica 043-PN 17-Dec-01 9:40 1591.9 18°40.1' 76°49.5' 0 20 nm N of Jamaica 045-PN 18-Dec-01 0:23 1644.7 19°1.6' 77°50.5' 0 N of Montego Bay, Jamaica 046-PN 18-Dec-01 11:34 1700.8 19°20.0' 78°39.3' 0 Cayman Trench 052-PN 4-Jan-02 4:36 2570.5 24°9.3' 84°7.2' 0 Key West

27 Appendix B – Hydrocast station data summary

O2 Chl a Depth Temp Salinity PO4 SiO2 NO3 -1 -1 Station Bottle (m) (ūC) (PSU) (mg*l ) (µM) (µg*l ) (µM) (µM) W178-006-HC 1 773 6.26 34.70 3.49 0.000 W178-006-HC 2 693 6.96 34.74 3.35 0.000 W178-006-HC 3 594 8.35 34.82 3.22 0.86 0.000 24.8 40.8 W178-006-HC 4 396 12.69 35.49 3.50 0.000 W178-006-HC 5 297 15.85 35.97 3.75 0.86 0.000 12.6 20.9 W178-006-HC 6 197 19.36 36.71 4.44 0.000 W178-006-HC 7 147 22.83 37.09 4.44 0.29 0.008 6.6 4.8 W178-006-HC 8 98 25.26 37.09 5.10 0.24 0.151 10.8 W178-006-HC 9 49 28.09 36.59 5.20 0.16 0.030 14.6 10.8 W178-006-HC 10 29 28.79 35.85 4.93 0.18 0.036 12.1 W178-006-HC 12 5 28.31 34.90 5.51 0.19 0.000 13.4 0.0 W178-006-HC 13 0 27.80 34.60 0.017 W178-010-HC 1 793 6.33 34.73 3.38 0.000 30.0 39.8 W178-010-HC 2 594 8.40 34.78 3.17 2.35 0.000 W178-010-HC 3 494 11.02 35.08 3.36 0.000 19.1 W178-010-HC 4 395 12.89 35.56 3.34 0.001 W178-010-HC 5 297 15.93 36.01 3.88 0.85 0.000 W178-010-HC 6 198 19.76 36.67 4.42 0.000 W178-010-HC 7 148 22.06 37.09 4.54 0.24 0.008 14.3 W178-010-HC 8 123 24.25 37.13 5.32 0.20 0.036 13.2 0.0 W178-010-HC 9 98 25.19 37.07 4.86 0.21 0.085 11.9 W178-010-HC 10 28 28.08 36.46 5.09 0.22 0.000 3.4 W178-010-HC 11 29 28.61 34.78 4.73 0.08 0.010 12.2 W178-010-HC 12 5 28.51 34.79 4.81 0.12 0.029 9.0 W178-010-HC 13 0 28.20 34.50 0.19 0.011 12.4 0.7 W178-011-HC 1 693 6.92 34.69 W178-011-HC 2 595 8.04 34.69 3.09 2.38 0.000 22.4 60.6 W178-011-HC 3 495 9.35 34.97 2.06 16.2 W178-011-HC 4 396 11.85 34.93 3.33 W178-011-HC 5 297 15.96 36.14 0.82 0.001 13.3 W178-011-HC 6 197 20.03 36.85 4.02 0.001 W178-011-HC 7 148 22.39 37.02 4.18 0.19 0.011 13.2 W178-011-HC 8 123 24.14 37.08 0.15 0.009 12.9 3.7 W178-011-HC 9 97 25.31 36.94 4.69 0.19 0.031 13.5 W178-011-HC 10 49 28.07 36.39 0.10 0.014 9.6 1.5 W178-011-HC 11 30 28.59 35.27 4.95 0.11 0.015 12.0 7.3 W178-011-HC 12 4 28.38 34.63 0.12 0.005 7.6 W178-011-HC 13 0 28.70 34.40 4.80 0.23 0.020 12.6 8.8 W178-012-HC 1 792 6.53 34.80 3.26 1.95 22.7 57.8 W178-012-HC 2 692 7.38 34.70 W178-012-HC 3 594 8.75 34.97 3.06 1.84 18.6 W178-012-HC 4 495 10.53 35.21 3.10 0.000 20.4 W178-012-HC 5 397 12.26 35.36 3.18 1.27 0.000 14.1 W178-012-HC 6 198 19.49 36.55 3.77 0.001 W178-012-HC 7 148 21.62 37.02 4.02 0.23 0.007 10.3 W178-012-HC 8 122 23.06 37.12 0.18 0.017 4.8 W178-012-HC 9 98 24.18 37.15 4.44 0.23 0.011 10.7 W178-012-HC 10 48 27.72 36.64 0.17 0.083 8.2 2.2 W178-012-HC 11 30 28.44 35.54 4.83 0.20 0.064 9.3 3.5 W178-012-HC 12 4 28.26 34.73 0.22 0.055 8.4 W178-012-HC 13 0 28.30 34.40 4.81 0.18 0.087 9.1 7.0

28 O2 Chl a Depth Temp Salinity PO4 SiO2 NO3 -1 -1 Station Bottle (m) (ūC) (PSU) (mg*l ) (µM) (µg*l ) (µM) (µM) W178-014-HC 1 767 6.14 34.73 3.42 2.45 8.3 56.9 W178-014-HC 2 694 6.79 34.74 W178-014-HC 3 594 7.75 34.81 3.10 2.09 26.4 W178-014-HC 4 495 8.64 34.88 3.03 0.000 20.5 W178-014-HC 5 396 10.96 35.23 3.06 1.70 0.002 22.1 W178-014-HC 6 198 17.62 36.41 3.83 0.001 W178-014-HC 7 148 21.23 36.91 3.68 0.44 0.000 16.6 W178-014-HC 8 123 23.73 37.16 0.20 0.022 9.7 79.3 W178-014-HC 9 98 24.72 37.17 4.73 0.23 0.039 13.1 W178-014-HC 10 48 27.93 36.37 0.23 0.057 9.4 10.6 W178-014-HC 11 29 28.44 35.95 5.17 0.19 0.030 6.6 0.5 W178-014-HC 12 4 28.47 35.01 0.23 0.012 11.9 W178-014-HC 13 0 28.30 34.60 4.87 0.33 0.004 10.4 5.5 W178-018-HC 1 1187 4.53 34.95 4.74 1.79 12.8 41.9 W178-018-HC 2 990 5.25 34.88 4.10 W178-018-HC 3 792 6.29 34.77 3.36 2.20 31.9 W178-018-HC 4 595 8.03 34.81 3.16 W178-018-HC 5 395 11.26 35.28 3.06 1.65 0.000 23.8 W178-018-HC 6 197 18.94 36.71 3.85 0.000 W178-018-HC 7 149 21.33 36.93 4.09 0.22 0.010 28.3 W178-018-HC 8 123 23.11 37.17 0.16 0.021 9.8 2.0 W178-018-HC 9 96 24.40 37.06 4.09 0.11 0.071 12.7 W178-018-HC 10 50 28.22 36.18 0.15 0.012 13.11 6.81 W178-018-HC 11 30 28.51 35.04 4.90 0.16 0.007 1.19 W178-018-HC 12 4 28.50 35.04 0.20 0.016 12.67 W178-018-HC 13 0 28.60 34.70 4.94 0.21 0.005 9.70 1.98 W178-031-HC 13 0 28.00 34.40 0.07 0.060 7.70 W178-034-HC 13 0 27.90 34.50 0.03 0.062 8.52 3.37 W178-034-HC 12 10 27.82 34.96 0.00 0.060 4.08 5.08 W178-035-HC 1 1399 4.25 34.98 5.21 1.68 0.001 18.59 31.43 W178-035-HC 2 1187 4.79 34.98 4.97 1.79 0.001 20.40 39.88 W178-035-HC 3 890 5.93 34.88 3.99 2.31 0.001 14.42 41.47 W178-035-HC 4 693 7.58 34.87 3.16 2.56 0.000 1.55 45.52 W178-035-HC 5 497 11.57 35.40 3.31 1.76 0.000 11.36 34.37 W178-035-HC 6 297 16.80 36.26 3.98 0.80 0.000 5.90 14.40 W178-035-HC 7 198 21.08 36.90 4.38 0.15 0.001 6.05 6.19 W178-035-HC 8 148 23.84 36.94 4.58 0.23 0.006 5.53 5.70 W178-035-HC 9 98 26.10 36.52 4.65 0.07 0.124 8.93 3.98 W178-035-HC 10 49 27.66 35.08 4.89 0.00 6.63 2.88 W178-035-HC 11 19 27.64 35.07 4.91 0.09 0.014 6.56 3.25 W178-035-HC 12 9 27.63 35.10 4.87 0.04 0.017 6.82 W178-035-HC 13 0 27.90 34.70 5.01 0.08 0.016 6.64 3.00 W178-044-HC 1 1344 4.46 34.96 5.27 1.99 0.000 4.77 21.50 W178-044-HC 2 1285 4.51 34.96 5.27 1.98 0.001 21.68 17.58 W178-044-HC 3 1088 4.88 34.94 4.83 2.20 0.000 15.50 28.12 W178-044-HC 4 792 7.66 34.93 3.48 2.58 0.001 17.03 31.07 W178-044-HC 5 495 13.28 35.70 3.64 1.35 0.001 9.05 21.50 W178-044-HC 6 296 18.35 36.54 4.59 0.14 0.001 3.68 7.78 W178-044-HC 7 196 22.72 36.92 4.39 0.00 0.007 10.67 4.47 W178-044-HC 8 149 25.02 36.71 4.10 0.08 0.019 4.09 4.84 W178-044-HC 9 124 26.50 36.41 4.64 0.06 0.030 7.25 W178-044-HC 10 97 27.54 36.08 4.60 0.10 0.049 9.29 7.05 W178-044-HC 11 50 27.68 36.04 4.94 0.00 0.010 3.79 5.21 W178-044-HC 12 21 27.70 36.03 W178-044-HC 13 0 27.80 36.10 5.18 0.05 0.010 4.77 5.70

29 Appendix C – CTD station summaries

Salinity(ppt) Density(¶t) Temperature ( C 33.5 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

200 200 200

400 400 400

600 600 600

800 800 800

1000 1000 1000

1200 1200 1200

1400 1400 1400

Station W178-003

Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

100 100 100

200 200 200

300 300 300

400 400 400

500 500 500

600 600 600

700 700 700

800 800 800

900 900 900

1000 1000 1000

Station W178-006

Temperature ( C) Salinity(ppt) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 0 0

100 100 100

200 200 200

300 300 300

400 400 400

500 500 500

600 600 600

700 700 700

800 800 800

900 900 900

Station W178-010

30 Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

100 100 100

200 200 200

300 300 300

400 400 400

500 500 500

600 600 600

700 700 700

800 800 800

900 900 900

Station W178-011

Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

100 100 100

200 200 200

300 300 300

400 400 400

500 500 500

600 600 600

700 700 700

800 800 800

900 900 900

Station W178-012

Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

100 100 100

200 200 200

300 300 300

400 400 400

500 500 500

600 600 600

700 700 700

800 800 800

900 900 900

1000 1000 1000 Station W178-014

31 Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

200 200 200

400 400 400

600 600 600

800 800 800

1000 1000 1000

1200 1200 1200

1400 1400 1400 Station W178-018

Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

200 200 200

400 400 400

600 600 600

800 800 800

1000 1000 1000

1200 1200 1200

1400 1400 1400

1600 1600 1600 Station W178-021

Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

500 500 500

1000 1000 1000

1500 1500 1500

2000 2000 2000

2500 2500 2500

Station W178-025

32 Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

500 500 500

1000 1000 1000

1500 1500 1500

2000 2000 2000

2500 2500 2500

3000 3000 3000 Station W178-028

Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

500 500 500

1000 1000 1000

1500 1500 1500

2000 2000 2000

2500 2500 2500 Station W178-031

Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

200 200 200

400 400 400

600 600 600

800 800 800

1000 1000 1000

1200 1200 1200

1400 1400 1400

1600 1600 1600 Station W178-034

33 Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

200 200 200

400 400 400

600 600 600

800 800 800

1000 1000 1000

1200 1200 1200

1400 1400 1400

1600 1600 1600 Station W178-035

Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0 0

500 500 500

1000 1000 1000

1500 1500 1500

2000 2000 2000

2500 2500 2500 Station W178-038

Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(st) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 23 24 25 26 27 28 0 0 0

200 200 200

400 400 400

600 600 600

800 800 800

1000

1000 1000

1200

1200 1200

1400

1400 1400

1600

1600 1600 Station W178-041

34 Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 23 24 25 26 27 28 0 0 0

200 200 200

400 400 400

600 600 600

800 800 800

1000 1000 1000

1200 1200 1200

1400 1400 1400

1600 1600 1600 Station W178-044

Salinity(ppt) Density(σt) Temperature ( C) 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35.4 35.6 35.8 36 36.2 36.4 36.6 36.8 0 0 0

50 50 50

100 100 100

150 150 150

200 200 200

250 250 250 Station W178-049

Salinity(ppt) Density(σt) Temperature ( C) 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 0 0

100 50 100

200 200 100

300 300

150

400 400

200 500 500

600 250 600 Station W178-053

35 Salinity(ppt) Temperature ( C) Density(σt) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 0 0 0

50 50 50

100 100 100

150 150 150

200 200 200

250 250 250

300 300 300

350 350 350

400 400 400

450 450 450

500 500 500

Station W178 -053

Appendix D – Neuston net data summary

Zooplankto Biomass nBiomass Density Station Temp Salinity Tow Length (g) (g/nm) Tar(g) W178-001-NT 27.9 34.6 1111 11 0.00990099 0 W178-002-NT 28.6 34.3 1176.5 3 0.00254994 0 W178-004-NT 27.5 34.2 555.6 9 0.0161987 0 W178-005-NT 28.3 34.6 1073.9 3 0.00279356 0 W178-007-NT 28.1 34.6 2315 7.5 0.00323974 0 W178-008-NT 28.3 34.3 1852 8 0.00431965 0.13 W178-009-NT 28.2 34.2 2315 4 0.00172786 0.03 W178-015-NT 28.4 34.5 1852 6 0.00323974 0.03 W178-016-NT 28.5 34.6 1111.2 6 0.00539957 0 W178-017-NT 28.6 34.8 1852 15 0.00809935 0 W178-020-NT 28.8 34.8 1852 3 0.00161987 0 W178-026-NT 28.5 34.6 1666.8 12.5 0.0074994 0 W178-028-NT 28.4 34.2 2037.2 0.8 0.0003927 0 W178-030-NT 28.6 34.6 2222.4 32 0.01439885 0.15 W178-033-NT 27.9 34.4 555.6 16 0.0287977 0 W178-037-NT 28.2 35 555.6 1.4 0.0025198 0.06 W178-038-NT 28.1 35.2 2222.4 32 0.01439885 0 W178-039-NT 28.3 35.5 740.8 5.7 0.00769438 0 W178-040-NT 27 36 2037 15 0.00736377 0 W178-045-NT 28 35.5 1111.2 7.5 0.00674946 0 W178-047-NT 27.3 35.9 1852 13 0.00701944 0 W178-048-NT 27.9 35.8 1111.2 8.3 0.0074694 0 W178-050-NT 24.5 36.2 nd nd nd nd W178-051-NT 24.5 36 nd nd nd nd

36 Appendix E – Meter Net data summary

Net Diameter Tow Depth Plankton Plankton Station Length (m) (m) (m2) Biomass Density W-178-002-MN 1176.5 17 1 30 0.0325 W-178-004-MN 780.5 15 1 17.5 0.0286 W-178-005-MN 3195.1 300 1 42 0.0167 W-178-019-MNa 3737 300 1 46 0.0157 W-178-019-MNb 1945 100 1 32 0.0210 W-178-024-MNa 700 500 1 80 0.1456 W-178-024-MNb 400.3 300 1 70 0.2228 W-178-027-MNa 3239.3 300 1 47 0.0185 W-178-027-MNb 3239.3 100 1 21 0.0083 W-178-029-MNa 2985.2 300 1 24 0.0102 W-178-029-MNb 2985.2 100 1 24 0.0102 W-178-032-MNa 976.66 100 1 45 0.0587 W-178-032-MNb 976.66 50 1 78 0.1017 W-178-036-MN nd nd nd nd nd W-178-046-MN 7805.5 1000 1 nd nd

37

Appendix F – Surface station data summary

Temp Salinity PO4 Chl-a NO3 SiO2 Station Date Time Log Lat (N) Lon (W) (ÞC) (PSU) µM µM µM µM SS-001 29-Nov-01 12:30 0 17°46.3' 64°41.9' 28.1 34.6 0.54 0.022 0.23 6.36 SS-002 30-Nov-01 0:00 65.9 17°30.7' 63°40.3' 27.9 34.6 2.86 13.28 SS-003 30-Nov-01 12:00 105.5 17°9.9' 63°3.9' 28.6 34.3 0.5 0.03 6.49 SS-004 1-Dec-01 0:48 140.7 16°39.9' 62°34.5' 27.5 34.2 0.034 3.52 16.06 SS-005 1-Dec-01 11:09 177.25 16°24.6' 62°4.6' 28.3 34.9 0.09 0.029 9.79 SS-006 1-Dec-01 21:00 212 16°9.1' 62°8.5' 28.3 34.9 0.08 0.003 4.84 16.06 SS-007 1-Dec-01 22:00 217.5 16°4.2' 62°10.8' 28.2 34 0.13 0.008 2.2 14.04 SS-008 1-Dec-01 23:00 224.5 15°58.0' 62°14.1' 28.1 34.4 0.022 3.96 13.45 SS-009 3-Dec-01 20:00 385.5 14°27.5' 61°10.2' 28.4 34.5 0.06 0.019 13.92 SS-010 4-Dec-01 0:02 394.1 14°28.8' 61°23.4' 28.5 34.6 0.03 0.022 0.23 14.48 SS-011 4-Dec-01 3:00 402 14°31.4' 61°33.0' 28.6 34.8 0.06 0.012 SS-012 4-Dec-01 23:51 457.1 13°44.6' 61°28.3' 28.8 34.8 0.02 0.04 15.05 SS-013 5-Dec-01 6:00 482 13°25.7' 61°15.9' 28.7 34.6 0.11 15.45 SS-014 9-Dec-01 1:00 576 12°43.1' 61°27.3' 28.2 34.8 0.27 2.51 5.4 SS-015 9-Dec-01 7:30 12°47.5' 61°19.9' 28.5 35.1 0.134 2.14 4.39 SS-016 9-Dec-01 14:00 606.3 12°51.6' 61°36.8' 28.6 34.7 0.1 6.55 9.36 SS-017 9-Dec-01 18:00 627.2 13°6.5' 61°52.5' 28.6 34.5 0.13 0.02 2.7 3.55 SS-018 9-Dec-01 20:40 638.4 13°16.0' 62°1.9' 28.6 34.5 0.017 2.88 5.16 SS-019 9-Dec-01 22:40 647.3 13°20.8' 62°11.4' 28.3 34.4 0.02 0.012 1.9 3 SS-020 10-Dec-01 2:05 648.3 13°19.7' 62°14.3' 28.5 34.6 0.011 1.41 2.88 SS-021 10-Dec-01 3:58 656.2 13°22.4' 62°21.1' 28.2 34.6 0.03 0.025 2.88 3.09 SS-022 11-Dec-01 22:00 927.2 15°41.2' 66°28.4' 28.3 34.4 0.01 2.14 2.64 SS-023 12-Dec-01 11:00 994.7 16°16.2' 67°31.1' 28.4 34.2 0.03 3.98 2.6 SS-024 12-Dec-01 23:00 1058.8 16°31.8' 68°35.4' 28.1 34.4 0.02 2.51 6.16 SS-025 13-Dec-01 22:56 1168.8 16°57.5' 70°20.0' 27.9 34.4 0.11 0.037 3.12 6.13 SS-026 15-Dec-01 10:02 1340 17°23.7' 73°21.2' 27.8 35.1 0.036 3.25 7.69 SS-027 16-Dec-01 1:10 1402.9 17°34.1' 74°8.1' 28.1 35.2 2.14 7.77 SS-028 16-Dec-01 11:40 1463.7 17°49.5' 74°57.2' 28.3 35.5 0.043 3.61 3.81 SS-029 17-Dec-01 0:00 1552 18°27.2' 76°12.6' 28 35.9 0.051 2.51 3.67 SS-030 18-Dec-01 0:20 1645 19°1.6' 77°50.5' 27.9 35.7 0.02 2.14 6.15 SS-031 18-Dec-01 11:30 1701 19°20.7' 78°39.8' 28.3 35.4 0.015 3.37 3.81 SS-032 19-Dec-01 0:34 1740.7 19°42.5' 79°5.7' 27.3 35.9 0.028 2.51 4.34 SS-033 19-Dec-01 10:37 1787.8 20°12.5' 79°40.3' 27.9 35.8 0.04 0.04 1.41 5.5

38