Bienville's Dilemma

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Bienville's Dilemma Orleans New of Orleans Dilemma New Campanella amazon.com of on Dilemma Geography Bienville’s Campanella Richard amazon.com order by on Geography Bienville’s Historical Richard Please order A by B IENVILLE’S D Historical Please ILEMMA A Orleans New of Orleans Dilemma New Campanella amazon.com of on Dilemma Geography Bienville’s Campanella Richard amazon.com order by on Geography Bienville’s Historical Richard Please order A by Historical Please A Orleans New of Orleans Dilemma New Campanella amazon.com of on Dilemma Geography Bienville’s Campanella Richard amazon.com order by on Geography Bienville’s Historical Richard Please order A by B IENVILLE’S D Historical H Please ISTORICAL ILEMMA A OF R N ICHARD EW A C G O UNIVERSITYENTER OF FOR LOUISIANA AT LAFAYETTE EOGRAPHY RLEANS C AMPANELLA L OUISIANA 2008 S TUDIES Orleans New of Orleans Dilemma New Campanella amazon.com of on Dilemma Geography Bienville’s Campanella Richard amazon.com order by on Geography Bienville’s Historical Richard Please order © 2008 by Center for Louisiana Studies A by ISBN (paper): 1-887366-85-7 University of Louisiana at Lafayette Center for Louisiana Studies All rights reserved Bienville’s dilemma : a historical geography of New Orleans / Richard Lafayette, LA 70504-0831 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationThis book is printed Data on acid-free paper. Historical http://cls.louisiana.eduP.O. Box 40831 1. New Orleans (La.)--Historical geography. 2. Landscape--Louisiana-- New Orleans--History. 3. New OrleansPlease (La.)--Environmental conditions. A 4. Human geography--Louisiana--New Orleans. 5. New Orleans (La.)-- Includes bibliographical references and index. Front cover: (top) 1726, courtesy French National Archives; (middle) Currier & Ives, 1885, courtesy Library of Congress; (bottom) aerial photograph Campanella, Richard. by Vincent Laforet, August 30, 2005, courtesy the Associated Press. Rear cover ISBN 1-887366-85-7 (alk. paper) and spine graphic by Richard Campanella using Landsat satellite imagery. Campanella. 2008025952 p. cm. Ethnic relations. I. Title. Veue et Perspective de la Nouvelle Orléans by F379.N557C238 Jean-Pierre Lassus, 2008 911’.76335--dc22 The City of New Orleans by Orleans New of Orleans Dilemma New Campanella amazon.com of on Dilemma Geography Bienville’s Campanella Richard amazon.com order by on Geography Bienville’s Historical Richard Please order A by Mr. and Mrs. Mario and Rose Ann Campanella Historical Please Sr. and Sra. Ernesto López and Porfiria Morán de López To My Wife, Marina A To My Parents, Brooklyn, New York San Juan Trujano, Oaxaca, México To Marina’s Parents, and Orleans New of Orleans Dilemma New Campanella amazon.com of on Dilemma Geography Bienville’s Campanella Richard amazon.com order by on Geography Bienville’s Historical Richard Please order A by Historical Please A Orleans New of Orleans Dilemma New Campanella amazon.com of on Dilemma Geography Bienville’s Campanella Richard amazon.com order by on Geography Bienville’s Historical Richard Please order A by Historical Please I begin to understand the town a little… A —Benjamin H. B.and Latrobe, a curious 1819 town it is. Orleans New of Orleans Dilemma New Campanella amazon.com of on Dilemma Geography Bienville’s Campanella Richard amazon.com order by on Geography Bienville’s Historical Richard Please order A by Historical Please A CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 15 Orleans ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................... 17 TIMELINE ................................................................................................................................ 19 Historical eventsNew of geographical significance in the New Orleans area FORMING THE LANDSCAPE of OF ICE, WATER, AND SEDIMENT .................................................................................................77Orleans DilemmaGeological origins of southeastern Louisiana and the New Orleans region THE TOPOGRAPHY OF OOZE .......................................................................................................79 The high stakes of low elevation “MUD, MUD, MUD” ..............................................................................................................................83New Soils as Campanellaa stealth factor to New Orleans’ historical geography amazon.com GRAY, TURBID, AND BROAD ...........................................................................................................86 Magnitude and significance of the Mississippi River of THE CONTINENTAL AND THEon MARITIME ............................................................................92 Climate and weather in New Orleans Dilemma Geography Bienville’s SEttLING THE LANDSCAPE Campanella “FORESTRichard PRIMEVAL” RECONSIDERED ......................................................................................99 amazon.com Indigenous occupationorder of the Gulf Coast region CONTACT, 1519-1699.........................................................................................................................101 by Initial Spanish and French forays into the lower Mississippi region on FOUNDATION OF LOUISIANA, 1699 .........................................................................................104 End of the exploratory phase, beginning of Geographythe settlement phase “MUD TO ONE’S KNEES; WATERBienville’s TO ONE’S WAIST” ..........................................................105 Historical The delta landscape in 1699 Richard “BAD COUNTRY,Please BAD PEOPLE,” 1699-1717 ..............................................................................108order A Troubled times in early Louisiana FOUNDATION OF NEW ORLEANS, 1717-1718by ......................................................................109 The when, where, and why of Bienville’s colossal decision BIENVILLE’S DILEMMA ...................................................................................................................111 Questionable geography, questionable future: 1718-1722 EYEWITNESS: NEW ORLEANS,Historical CIRCA 1730 ...........................................................................114 A French woman and a Dutch man describe the early NewPlease Orleans cityscape A URBANIZING THE LANDSCAPE IMPOSING ORDER .............................................................................................................................123 Getting the wild deltaicOrleans landscape under control EYEWITNESS: NEW ORLEANS, CIRCA 1770 ...........................................................................126 An Englishman and a Spaniard describe Spanish colonial New Orleans ANTECEDENT CADASTERS, ANTECEDENT AXES ............................................................131 The influence of old plantations, railroads, and canals on the modern streetscape New ARCHITECTURAL CHRONOLOGY, 1700s TO 2000s ...........................................................136 A brief history of stylistic phases ARCHITECTURALof GEOGRAPHY, 1710s TO 1810s ................................................................138Orleans Spatial diffusions and dispersions of early New Orleans architecture ARCHITECTURALDilemma GEOGRAPHY, 1810s TO 1860s ................................................................141 Spatial patterns of New Orleans’ antebellum architecture SHOTGUN GEOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................143 The where and wherefore of the South’s most famous house type New Campanella HOW THE POOR THIRD BECAMEamazon.com THE LOWER NINTH .................................................147 Three centuries of urban transformation in the Lower Ninthof Ward GEOGRAPHY OF URBAN GROWTH, 1788-2008 ....................................................................154 Explaining the patterns onof New Orleans’ expansionDilemma Geography POPULATING THE LANDSCAPE Bienville’s Campanella CREOLISMRichard AND PLACE ...................................................................................................................161amazon.com The convoluted and controversial history of New Orleans’ home-grown ethnicity EXTRAORDINARY orderMULTICULTURALISM, EXTRAORDINARILY EARLY ................ 167 New Orleans as America’s first genuinely multicultural metropolis by on ANTEBELLUM ETHNIC GEOGRAPHIES .................................................................................170 Residential settlement patterns from Americanization to the Civil War Geography THE RISE AND FALL OF THE IMMIGRANT BELT ...............................................................175 Residential settlement patternsBienville’s around the turn of the twentieth century Historical “TWO CENTURIES OF PARADOX” .............................................................................................179Richard PleaseThe geography of the African-American population order A THE WHITE TEAPOT .......................................................................................................................185 Explaining a peculiar demographic pattern by VERTICAL MIGRATION...................................................................................................................188 Residential shifts from higher to lower ground NEW ORLEANS’ ETHNIC GEOGRAPHY IN A NATIONAL CONTEXT ........................190 Similarities and distinctionsHistorical compared to other American cities Please A MANIPULATING
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