INDEX

Abolition of memory 85 n. 27, 268, Antonine Plague 7, 195, 197, 201–217 267 demographic effect 195 Abrittus 106 in Egypt 204–206 Abrochia 205–206 Antoniniani 247, 251, 252, 256, Accessibility 271 286–288, 300, 303–306 Acclamation 323 n. 29, 328 Antoninus Pius 26, 199, 298, 369 as Imperator 64, 329 Apamea (Syria) 99, 100, 101, 102, formulas 332 103, 106 Account money 250 Aphrodisias 35 Achaia 27, 113, 124 Appianus 157 Ad edictum praetoris 265 Apollodorus of Damascus 146 Adaeratio 227, 228 Apollonius of Tyana 397, 399 Adulis 242 Appointment policy 112 Aemilius Aemilianus 116 Aqueducts 186 Aemulatio, aristocratic 69, 70, 72 Arabia 264, 269 Aerarium 224 Area Palatina 329 Africa 5, 26–27, 48–49, 57–60, 106, Arenas 186 108, 114–116, 118, 120, 122–124, Argenteus 257 222–225, 231, 272 Arius 417 Ager Gallicus 166 Army pay 250 Ager per mensura extremitatem Arrien de Nicomédie 102, 103 comprehensus 230 Ascension to the throne 327–336 Ager publicus 157 Asia Minor 27, 113, 122–123, 133, Aggregate income 185 137, 148 n. 42, 203, 220–224, 227, Aggregate production 197 253 Agricola, life of 106 Assaria 253 Agricultural change 197 Assayers 246–247 Agricultural decline 197 Asses 253 Agrippina 89 n. 35 Assidui 158, 161, 162 Aila 235 Athens 371, 399, 402, 406 Ala Contariorum 101 inhabitants of 406, 408 Alamans 104 Atmospheric metal pollution 189 Alani 102 Attalus 156 Albano 103 Atticus, A. 106 Alexander of Aphrodisias 408, 409 Attius Suburanus, Sex. 68 Alexandria 236, 371, 408 Augustae 267, 302 Allectus 53, 54, 55 Augustus 23, 67, 70, 71, 162, 164, Ammianus Marcellinus 145–147, 149 262, 263, 298 Ampli cator 272 Res Gestae 78–80 Anatolia, inhabitants of 107 Aula 331 Animal bones assemblages 191 Aurei 248, 249, 250, 254 in Roman Italy 192 Aurelianianus 256 in the provinces 191 Aurelianus 17, 51, 73, 107, 108, Annales 184 118–119, 122, 295 n. 11, 249, Antiochia (Syria) 34, 134, 136, 256–257 295 n. 11, 303, 306, 307 n. 59, currency reform 256 308, 371 Aurelius Theokritos 320, 322

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Aurelius Victor 98 Caledonians 49, 55 Aureus 252, 253, 256, 257 Campania 158 Avidius Cassius, C. (suff. 166?) 125, Candidatus 115 127, 132–134, 136, 138 Cappadocia 102 Caracalla 45, 46, 48, 49, 99, 100, 101, Baebius Massa 75 114–115, 122, 265, 266, 267, 312, Bagnall, R. 205 315–326, 333, 367, 369, 371 Balbinus 287, 433 Carausius 53, 54 Balkans 99, 101 Carinus 52, 118, 303, 305, 433 Ballista (artillery) 141, 145, 148, 149, Carus 118, 303, 305, 433 150 Cassius Longinus, L. 155 Ballista (praef. praet. of Castrum 329 Valerianus) 107 Cato 160 Bank 250 Censors 163–164, 168, 170, 172–174, Bank money 245 179, 222 Bankers 247, 253–255 Census 162, 172–174, 178–179, 181, Basilica Nova 73, 74 215 Bataves 104, 370 gures 162–165, 168–170, 178, 181, Berenike 234 215 Bichapour 106 gures, augustan 172, 174, 179 Bildung, see also education 400, 402, decentralized 173–174 405, 408, 410 Ceremony 328 Black Death 185, 201, 205–207 Cheiroballistra 141, 142, 143, 144, Black Sea 432, 436 145, 150 Bolsena 272 Cheques 245 Bona castrensia 368 China 184 Bona paganica 368 Christian texts 12, 13, 419–420 Bonosus 52 Christianity 199, 359 Bourgeoisie 184 Chronological resolution 193 Bremenium 266 Chronology of archaeological Brenner, B. 198 nds 190 Bretagne 107–108 Cicero 414 Bretagnes 107 Cimbric war 156 Britannia 46–48, 51–52 Citizenship 198, 370–371 division of 46 Civilis princeps 263, 264, 272 Brittones 49 Civitates decumanae 226 Brown, P. 183 Civium capita 180 Building activity 26, 38, 53, 189, Claudius 89 n. 35, 292, 330 212–214 Claudius Gothicus 262, 272, 433 Bullion 245, 246, 254 Claudius Pulcher, Ap. 155, 164 Burgundians 48, 51 Climate 195, 196 Clodius Albinus 114, 263, 280 Caesar (as name) 68, 70 Clysma 238 Caesar 23, 37, 62, 68, 70, 80, 86, 271, Codex Justinianus 369, 371, 374, 376 292, 297–306, 308 Codex Théodisianus 269 Caesonii 111 Codices Gregorianus and Caesonius Bassus 119 Hermogenianus 358 Caesonius Macer Ru nianus, C. Coin hoards 284 112 Coin types 285 Caesonius Lucillus Macer Coinage 17, 32, 34–38, 40–41, 49–50, Ru nianus, L. 115 52, 54, 196, 227, 229, 245–257, 276, Caesonius Ovinius Manlius 280–309, 433 Ru nianus Bassus, L. 117 martelage 266, 270 Caledonia 45 Coloni 198

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Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium Deditio 230 (CCAA), see also Köln 30, 34, 35, Demographic history 186 37, 43 Demographic transition 184 Comes 114 Denarii 246–247, 251–253, 257 Commodus 72, 111, 113, 275, 298, Designation 329 332 Devaluation 256 Concordia 271 Devictor 272 Conditor 269, 272 Diet 191 Consecratio 297 quality of 193 Constantius Chlorus 262, 269, 272 Digest 269, 356, 359, 362–363, 371 Constantinus I 17, 55, 73, 74, 103, Dio Cassius 12, 13, 99, 100, 101, 237, 261, 262, 269, 270, 272, 315, 263–265, 268 316 n. 15, 359, 372 Diocletianus 3, 23, 30, 52, 54, 55, 73, Arch of 272 111, 125, 199, 237, 271, 275, 312, Constantinople 74, 328, 331, 333–334, 315, 324 n. 33, 358, 359, 433 419, 423 reforms 249, 256, 257 Hebdomon 328 Diogenes of Oinoanda 407 Hippodrome 328 Discontinuity 184 Constantius I 54, 55 Discours 265, 273 Constitutio Antoniniana 9, 198, 360, Disease 196 361, 364, 371 Divus 265–266 Control of an imperial mint 306 divae 266 Coptos 240 diva memoria 269 Corpus Iuris Civilis 370 divina lex 269 Cosa 158, 164 divine association 286 Cost of wage labour 187 divinum iudicium 269 Cremna 148, 149 Dokimastai 255 Crimen maiestatis 269 Domar 187 Cultores 268 Domestic animals 191 Curator 24, 78, 113–118, 120, 122, Domitianus 72, 292, 299, 304, 370 124, 137 n. 35 Domitius Corbulo, Cn. (suff. 39) curator alvei Tiberis 114 128–130, 133 curator rei publicae 113 Domus 267 Curia 329 Domus Augusta 266 Currency 245, 246, 248 Donatistenstreit 421 Currency decree 257 Drei Kapitel 419, 423 Cursus honorum 118 Donau 27, 35 Drachmae 253 Dacia 101, 108, 126, 268, 295 n. 10 Drains 186 Dalmates 104 Duncan-Jones, R.P. 195, 197, Dalmatia 108 210–211 Darab 106 Dusandria 177 De Calataÿ, F. 188 Dutch Republic 186 Debasement 196, 246 n. 4, 247 Decennalia 340 Economy Decius, see also Traianus Decius 116, change 188 302, 303, 306, 433 growth 184, 191 persecution 13 recovery 199 Decline 16, 157–158, 163, 167–169, Edessa 106 177, 183, 185–188, 190–191, 193, Edictum Diocletiani 257, 266 195–199, 202, 209, 216, 237–238, Education, see also Bildung 87 240, 243, 246, 355, 359–360, 365, legal 358 371, 408–409 Lehrstühle, see Philosophy 402, 406, Decumani 224 408

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Egypt 107, 122, 127, 133, 196, Gallienus 6, 8, 23–24, 34–38, 40, 204–207, 233–236, 242, 247, 50, 98, 103–104, 107–109, 292, 250–251, 253, 256, 311–326 304, 307, 315, 321, 323, 326, 337, Elite 14, 18, 24, 87, 112, 123, 157, 411 187, 198, 202, 233, 261, 351, 401, legionary coin-issues 49 405, 410–411 Genius 319, 320, 321, 324, 326 family 111, 119, 121–123 German peoples 28–29, 31–32, 36, incomes 185, 197 87, 103, 106 Emesa, inhabitants of 104 Germania 46, 49, 106–108, 113 England 186 Inferior 35, 107 Epallagè 254 Superior 114 Ephesus 253, 271 Germanicus 127, 129, 134, 262 Epidemic 185 Geta 267–268, 287, 292, 320 n. 22, Epithet 311–326 322 n. 25 Equilibrium 196 Gibbon, E. 16, 183, 365 Equites singulares Augusti 105, 108 Gordianus I 48, 59, 62, 287, 397, Exchange banks 254 433 Exchange commissions 254 Gordianus II 59, 61, 287, 433 Exchange rates 252, 253, 256 Gordianus III 47–48, 62–65, 106, Exemplum 76, 80–81, 83–85 116–117, 122, 287, 302, 398, 433 Gracchan land reforms 167, 170 Face value 252, 254 Gracchus, Tib. 155, 156, 157, 158, Facundus of Hermiane 419 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166 Faustina 267 Gradus Palatii 329 Faustina the Younger 292, 298, 299, Greek language 269, 362–364 307 Greenland 188 Femur 194 Grenoble 109 Feriale Duranum 262 Gresham’s law 249, 251, 252 Finley, M.I. 183 Firmator 269 Habermann, W. 205 Fistulae aquariae 211 Hadrian 34, 278, 299 Flaminius, C. 166 as builder 213 Florus 367–369, 371–372 Pantheon 72–74 Fogel, R. 193 Hadrian’s Wall 45, 374 Forum Augusti 70 Hatra 142, 143 Forum boarium 267 Heliogabalus 114, 278 Fragmenta Sinaitica 364 Herennius Etruscus 287 Franks 37, 41 Herennius Senecio 75 Fronto 264 Hero of Alexandria 146 Fruits 191 Herodianus 12, 13, 99–102, 263–264, Frumentum 268 aestimationem 226 n. 38, Hispania Tarraconensis 108, 272 228 n. 46 Historia Augusta 100 emptum 226 Historia Lausiaca 379–383, 385, 388, Fundator 269 390–391, 394 Hoards 247, 249, 250, 251 Gaius 363 Honestiores 198 Galba 67, 68, 70 Hopkins, K. 188 Gallia 17, 27, 107, 225, 339, 348, Horster, M. 212–213 350–351 Hostilianus 287 Lugdunensis 107 Hostis publicus 265 Narbonnensis 107, 109 Housing 186 Gallic Empire, see Imperium Galliarum Humiliores 198

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Ice cores 188 population 162–164, 167, 170, 172, Ideology 62, 64, 70, 74, 230, 270–271, 178, 214–216 277–280, 282, 297, 313, 331, 337, Iulia Domna 9, 267, 268, 292, 307, 344–345, 347–349 397 of stability 291 Iulia Mammaea 267 Ideological war 348 Iulius Priscus, C. 125, 127, 132, Illiteracy 281 134–138 Illyria 97 Illyriens 108 Jugurthine war 156, 162 Immunität von öffentlichen Julianus 269 Leistungen 402 Julius Caesar 83, 221, 224–227, 229, Imperator 263, 272 369 Imperial communications 393, 416 Julius Placidianus 109 Imperial coinage 276, 291–293, 295, Jurisprudenz 410 297, 300, 306–307, 393 Justinianus 370, 373, 376, 419, 420 Imperial family 7, 283–284, 289–291, codi cation 355, 356 293, 296, 304, 319 Digest 356, 359, 371 Imperial power 62, 64–65, 67, Novellae 363 71, 73, 77–78, 81–85, 88–90, 92, 118–119, 275, 277, 279–280, Kaisergeschichte 52 282–284, 286, 288, 298, 303, Köln, see also CCAA 30, 38, 42–43, 312, 315, 325, 329, 330–331, 301 334–335, 337, 341, 344–345, Kollybos 253 348–350 Imperial representation 36, 270, 275, Labour incomes 185 277–282, 284–286, 288, 311–313, Labour productivity 185, 197 315, 325 Laetitia 272 Imperial titulature 311–326 Lambaesis 268 n. 32 Imperium 23, 71, 86–88, 90–92, 127, Land con scation 165 129–133, 137–138, 361 Land-labour ratio 185, 197 Imperium Galliarum 49–52, 300, 301, Language of the law 362–364 337, 341–342, 348, 351 Larhibôl 268 India 235 Late Antiquity 20, 195, 358, 397, 407, Industrial Revolution 184 413, 415–418, 421, 424–428 In ation 252, 256, 257 Legal tender 251, 254 Innovations of legends and images Legio II Parthica 99, 100, 101, 103 292 Legio IV Scythica 101 Inscriptions 8, 17, 18, 26, 46, 48–50, Legio XII Fulminata 102 52, 55, 63, 99–101, 103, 106, 109, Legio XIII Gemina 101 112–113, 115, 117–119, 134, 236, Legio XV Apollinaris 102 238, 252–253, 266–268, 270, 280, Legitimation 57, 59–65, 69, 81–82, 291 84, 90, 123, 261–262, 268, 279–280, building inscriptions in Italy 311–312, 325, 328–331, 335, 337, 209–214 343, 345, 347, 350, 425, 427 Inswinging Theory 144 Lesepublikum 413 Interregional trade 187 Levy 161–162, 173 Invictus 312, 349 Lex de imperio Vespasiani 82–84 Italy 26, 28–29, 32, 58–60, 65, 71, Licinius 270, 271, 272 73, 97, 113–114, 117, 120, 123, Licinius Ru nus, M.Cn. 363 158–160, 162–163, 166–168, Licinius Stolo, C. 157 170–173, 175–178, 191, 193, 199, Life expectancy 184 204, 206–216, 219, 221, 254, 296, Literaturrezeption 413 348 Litus Saxonicum 53

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Lo Cascio, E. 203, 214–216 Money supply 189, 197 Longinus 398, 399 n. 8, 409 Monumentum 262 Longue durée 183 Mortality 196, 203, 209 Lucius Verus 263, 264 Mucius Scaevola, P. 155 Ludi saeculares 272 Mucius Scaevola, Q. 356 Lycia 129, 269 Musonius Rufus 406, 408 Myos Hormos 234 Macrinus 107, 263, 264, 265, 287 Maecius Laetus 324 n. 33 Naqs-i-Rustem 106 Malthusian scenario 177, 185 Naristes 106 Manufacturing 187 Nemesianus 52 Marcus Antonius 271–272 Nero (emperor) 67, 72, 84, 128, 130, Marcus Aurelius 31, 48, 108, 112, 330, 292 125, 132–134, 136, 261, 264, 275, Nerva 370 292, 298, 402, 403, 407–409 Nexum 160 Marcus Valerius Maximianus 106 Nominal values 256 Marius 70, 158, 162 Noricum 108 Market conditions 198 Noviomagus 30 Market crops 186–187 Numantia 164 Mater castrorum, senatus et Numerianus 52, 118, 305, 433 patriae 267, 299 n. 24 Nummularii 255 Mater universi generis humani 267 Nummus 257 Material culture 186 Nymphidius Sabinus 67 Maures 104 Maxentius 73, 272, 273 Obols 253 Maximianus 73, 271, 272, 273, 315 Octavianus 233, 272 Maximinus 263 Octavius, M. 155, 156 Maximinus Daia 417 Odenathus 107 Maximinus Thrax 108, 116, 433 Onager 145–151 Maximus Tyrus 404 Oneirokritik 402 Meat Oppresion 198 consumption 191 Or-ova 143, 144, 145 health bene ts 193 Osrhoene, inhabitants of 104 income elasticity 193 Melitena 102 Palace 330, 334, 335 Memoria 70, 77 n. 8, 84, 261, 262, Palmyra 107 266, 270, 272 inhabitants of 104 Menander Rhetor 263, 266, 411 n. 46 Pamphlets 421 Moesia 108 Pannonia 107, 108, 113, 128, 133 Moesia Superior 113, 126 Pantheon 72–74 Metal extraction 189 Papinianus 363, 409, 433 Milan 104 Papyri 311–326 Military testament 367, 371–372 Parens generis humani 265 Mines 197 Patrician 115 Mithraism 199 Patrocinium orbis terrae 220 Mnaieia 254 Paulus 363, 409 Mnésichè 106 Pentakontadrachma 254 Mobilization rates 175 Pepaideuómenoi 405 Modestinus 362, 363 Per capita incomes 185, 191 Mommsen, Th. 202–203 Perception 280, 282, 311 n. 1, 312, Monarchical character of the 314 n. 7, 325 regime 292 Periplus Maris Erythraei 234 Monetary stock 196 perpetuus 269 Monetary theory 196 Persépolis 106

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Persians 102, 106 Pre-industrial economic growth 186 Pertinax 264, 327, 332 Pre-industrial economy 199 Philippus junior 287 Prices 196 Philippopolis 269 of slaves 187 Philippus Arabs 116, 125, 134–137, Princeps 73, 81, 83, 88, 90–93, 272 263, 264, 268–269, 433 modèle augustéen 272 Philo of Byzantium 146 Princeps iuventutis legend 299–300, Philosophical education 398–399, 406, 303–305, 308 409–411 Princeps optimus 268 Philosophy 9, 398–406, 409–412 Principate 3, 8, 19, 67–74, 219, 225, Aristoteliker 407–409 227, 230, 293, 299, 330, 335, 432, Cynici 401 436 Epictetus 400, 406, 408 strains within 69–73 Epicurus 403 weaknesses 67–69 Epikureer 409 Principia historiae 264 Epikureismus 406, 407, 409 Privatus 265 Neuplatoniker 410–412 Pro salute imperi 5, 34 Plato 400, 403, 404 Probus 48, 51, 52, 53, 118, 300, 301, Platoniker 409 305, 308, 433 Platonopolis 412 vine edict 52 Plotinus 398, 408, 411–412 Proclamation 62–63, 264, 329 Sophists 406, 412 Proculus 52 Stoa 406, 407, 409 Productivity 185 Stoïcism 261 Projet tétrarchique 271 Stoiker 409 Proletarians 169–172 Philostratus 397–399, 405–406, 412 Proconsul Africae 118 Phrygia 35 Propaganda 278 Picts 45, 54, 55 Prosperity 186 Plague under Marcus Aurelius Provinces 17, 26–29, 31, 35, 37, 43, 201–217 45–46, 49–52, 54, 57, 59–60, 62, Plautianus 267 64, 97–98, 106–109, 111, 114, 116, Plautilla 267, 268, 299 118, 120, 123, 125–139, 173, 183, Plautius 268 191–192, 219–231, 242, 296, 312, Plinius Caecilius Secundus, C. (suff. 100) 314, 319, 321, 324–325, 349, 350, 75, 129, 131–133, 138, 332, 400, 414 436–437 Plotina 334 Pseudo-Aelius Aristide 263–266, 268 Plural Augustorum 302 Pseudo-Mamertin 262, 271 Plutarch 157 Public baths 186 Polybius 163 Publicani 229 Pomeranz, K. 184 societates publicanorum 224, 229 Pompeus 271 Pupienus 62–64, 287 Pons Milvius 272 Population 158–160, 162–172, Quanti cation 295 175–178, 180, 185, 187, 191, 197 Quinquennales 340 density 186 pressure 177, 185–186, 191 Radiates 248, 256–257 Portoria 224–226 Raetia 107 Portraits 271–270 Rates of military participation Postumus 8, 37, 38, 40, 41, 49, 50, 175–176 104, 107, 300, 308, 337–351, 433 Rechtswissenschaft 409–411 Pouvoir normatif 270 Red Sea 233 Praefectus urbi, iudicial task 116 Redemptores 229 Praetensio 46 Regii Emeseni Iudaei 104 Praetorian guard 329–330 Registration 169–170

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Reichsrecht und Volksrecht 361, 362 Senate 18, 60–65, 68, 71, 76, 80–81, Religion 199, 268–269, 425 83–84, 88–89, 116, 126–127, Roman 18, 71, 73 129–131, 133–134, 138, 222, Renaissance 186 225–226, 228, 264, 267–268, 314, Rents 185 320, 323, 329–332, 350 Reparator 269 career 111–122, 124, 138 Representation, see also Imperial elite 112 representation 7, 275, 311, 312, Senate House 73, 329–333, 335 314 n. 7, 315, 323 n. 30, 325 Senators 50, 67, 75, 90, 111, 113–114, Res Gestae Diui Saporis 106 116–117, 120, 123, 155, 225, Respublica 261 264–265, 330, 335, 412 Restitutores orbis totius 268 Senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone 261 Rhetoric 268, 402, 403, 404, 405, 411 Seneca 70, 261 Rhine 31, 32, 35, 37, 43, 103, 349 Sennius Sollemnis 249 Ritual of accession 327–336 Septimius Severus 45–46, 98, 101, Roma 7, 12, 18, 27, 28, 58–65, 67–74, 113, 263, 267–268, 280, 292, 312, 79, 90, 103, 107, 119–120, 123, 128, 315, 316, 317, 318, 322, 323, 324, 136, 186, 204, 207–208, 219, 224, 325, 326, 328, 368 249, 255, 269, 272–273, 295–296, Sextius, L. 157 302–305, 307, 314, 321, 323–324, Severan regime 199 328–329, 338–343, 345–346, 350, Severus Alexander 17, 23, 30, 31, 49, 357, 364–365, 397, 406, 411–412 100, 114, 267, 333 Aeterna 70, 297 Severus and Antoninus 316, 317, 319, aeternae memoriae 273 n. 56 320 foundation myths 71–72 Shipwrecks 188 public buildings 70–74 Sibylline oracles 203 rôle 73–74 Sicily 164, 219, 222–228, 231 Roman law 371, 374–377 Silver 197, 246–247, 249, 251–252, classical 355–365 254–257, 280, 286, 292, 296, 300, Roman roads 186–187 436 Romula 268 Similitudo 271 Romulus 273 Skeletal 194 Rostovzeff, M. 202 Slave mode of production 158 Rural social relations 197 Slaves 157, 160, 178, 183, 198 demand and supply 157, 187, 198, Sacralisation 7–8, 261–262, 266, 270, 215 337, 349–350 number of 160 Sacratissimus 269 prices 187, 191, 198 Sacrilegium 269 in Italy 214–217 Saint Gregory the Miracle Worker 371 Smyrna 271 Saloninus 37, 287 Sociability 199 Saltus Burunitanus 198 Social equality 197 Sapor 106, 107 Social relations 199 Sarmatians 48, 103 South Etruria Survey 158, 159 Sassanide cavalry 103 Spain 27, 52, 67, 113, 122, 155, 219, Satala 102 222, 228–231 Sättigung an Gebäuden 214 St. John Lateran 74 Scheidel, W. 204–207 Standard of living 185, 191, 193 Scipio Aemilianus 155, 164 Stark, R. 199 Scipio Nasica 156 Statio principis 261, 262, 265, 266, Scriptura 224, 226 271 Second Punic War 157, 160, 161 Statue, imperial 270 Second serfdom 198 Stature data 193

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Stipendiarii 222, 225, 227 Tributum ex censu 221, 225 Stipendiarium 219, 222, 223, Tributum soli 228 227–228 Trichrysa 254 Stipendium 223, 227, 228 Twelve Tables 355 Strategos 254–255, 316–317, 319–320 Strobel, K. 203 Ulpianus 9, 265, 269, 363, 370–371, Subelite 187 409–410 Subsistence 185 Underregistration 181 Sulla 70 Uranius Antoninus 104 Sulpicius Rufus, Ser. 356 Urbs 273 Surface enrichment 246 Usurpators 51, 54, 98, 284, 301, 345, Survey 176 348 Syria 101, 107, 128–129, 132, Usurpations 17, 52, 54, 57, 59, 65, 135–136, 269, 363 107, 116, 120, 123 Utica 272 Tabula Heracleensis 173, 180 Tabula Pameiobrigensis 230 Valaon 106 Tacitus 70, 75–76, 80, 85–87, 106, Valerianus 35, 37, 38, 106, 116, 304, 127–128, 355, 403, 432 433 Tacitus (emperor) 42, 118, 433 Valerius Maximianus, M. 106 Taxes 7, 197, 219–231, 235–236, 239, Vandals 48, 51 249 Vectigal 221–224, 227–228 vicesima, vicensuma 228 Vegetius 144, 145, 150 Tectricus 50, 433 Veii 165 Temples 186 Velocity of circulation 196 Mars Ultor 70 Vertu 264 Peace 71 Vespasian 71, 292, 402 the Sun 73, 74 Vice Caesaris 118 Tetradrachms 247, 251, 253, 255 Victorinus 50, 51, 300, 308 Tetrarchs 55, 266, 268, 272 Villa Giulia 272 Tetrarchy 52, 98, 139, 262, 265, Vindolanda 47, 368, 370–371 270–271, 303 Vipsanius Agrippa, M. 127 Thysdrus 48 Virgilius 281 Time series analysis 187 Visual programme 278 Titanianus 320, 321, 326 Vitae Sophistarum 397 Titulature 266, 311–326 Vitellius 68 impériales 268 Vitruvius 141, 145, 146, 149 Titus 292, 370 Volusianus 306 Total factor productivity 185 Votis decennalibus 345 Town walls 53 Traditional values and images 293 Wage data 191 Traianus 68, 72, 81, 130, 132, 241, Wage labour 187 263, 264, 291, 292, 332, 370 Wall 46 Forum of 72 Walldürn 49 Traianus Decius, see also Decius 106, Weather 195 268 Wingham, R. 373–374, 376–377 Transduriana 230 Witschel, Chr. 203 Transformation 3, 11, 15, 17, 18 Wood remains 189 Transhumant pasturage 160 Working population 187 Transition 3, 184 Transportation 199 Xanten 41 Traumdeuter 402 Trebonianus Gallus 116, 306 Yersinia pestis bacillus 201

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Greek

311, 315–326 317–318 316–318 μ 328 319–320

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